421:
40:
97:
72:
484:, most likely released by aquarists into the local waters. For example, they are present in a lake in the neighborhood of Hammock Trace Preserve in Melbourne, Florida. In Texas, reproducing populations occur in spring-influenced habitats of the San Antonio River (Bexar County), Comal Springs (Comal County), San Marcos River (Hays County), and San Felipe Creek (Val Verde County), as well as in drainage canals in the Rio Grande Valley and Houston.
406:) has sometimes been incorrectly used for several more-or-less similar loricariid catfishes, both in the popular and scientific literature. For example, it has sometimes been suggested that it occurs in southern Central America, but this is an entirely separate species,
599:, the species, among some other suckermouth catfishes has become invasive. The government is currently on its way to impose a ban on the farming, hatchling production, breeding, marketing and trading of the fish. It has also raised serious concern in India,
555:, and the less oxygen present in the water, the more frequently it surfaces to breathe air. The air is taken to the stomach where the oxygen is absorbed, and the air can be kept in the stomach to increase buoyancy, which may help it to feed on vegetation.
1210:
574:
only reaches 15 inches (38 cm) on average, which could be explained by the subpar oxygen levels in most home aquaria and other practices of bad fish husbandry. In the aquarium trade, this dark-colored, bottom-feeding,
1222:
1583:"The Global Invasion of the Suckermouth Armored Catfish Genus Pterygoplichthys (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): Annotated List of Species, Distributional Summary, and Assessment of Impacts"
1184:
570:. These fish are sold when they are young and small, but in the wild, they can grow to be a maximum size of 50 centimetres (20 in). In captivity, however, a full-grown
953:
638:
due to them sharing the local common names of "janitor fish" and "pleco". They were introduced in the 1970s via the aquarium trade and has since become highly invasive to
1363:
The
Transition to Air Breathing in Fishes:: I. Environmental Effects on the Facultative Air Breathing of Ancistrus Chagresi and Hypostomus Plecostomus Loricariidae.
1435:
1560:
1527:
1510:
1459:
516:
is named for its sucker-like mouth, which allows it to adhere to a surface, as well as to hold and rasp at food, including newly hatched and baby
1806:
1881:
1484:
1932:
1131:
1108:
1085:
1062:
1149:
1368:
921:
1780:
786:
1832:
1952:
1515:. Cartagena de Indias Convention Center, Cartagena, Columbia: 28th International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB 2017).
587:. They are difficult for other fish to harass, both due to the semi-aggressive nature of the fish as well as its thick armor.
355:
that cover the upper parts of the head and body (the lower surface of head and abdomen is naked soft skin). Although the name
1010:
1837:
1330:
1967:
1947:
1025:"Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Costa Rica: Additions and nomenclatural revisions"
505:
prefer to live in water between 72 and 86 degrees
Fahrenheit (~22.2 to 30 degrees Celsius), with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5.
1413:
1274:
1552:
1904:
1886:
1706:
1354:(Walbaum) with, special emphasis on aquatic respiration, Perna and Fernandes 1996 Fish Physiology and Biochemistry
1942:
491:
being one of the numerous names used to designate the species: DNA studies showed the alien fishes were actually
312:
298:
257:
232:
1972:
1642:
749:
611:
in
Malaysia allocated RM50,000 (approximately US$ 11,533) as an incentive to capture 50,000 kg of the fish in
472:
390:
This species' native range is tropical northeastern South
America; it naturally occurs in northeastern Brazil,
487:
The same identification issues have spread in the literature regarding the invasive catfishes in Taiwan, with
1868:
624:
460:
976:
892:
671:, where plecostomus and the shortened "pleco" are interchangeable in all common names. The names include:
1819:
1733:
1728:
1647:
873:
96:
420:
1962:
1909:
1369:
https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/96/1/53/23365/The-Transition-to-Air-Breathing-in-Fishes-I
945:
755:
701:
630:
466:
454:
426:
1553:"Fish jerky, anyone? Business hopes to sell Mexico's 'devil fish' to Canadians as sustainable snack"
1244:
Wu, Li-Wei; Chien-Chin, Liu; Si-Min, Lin (2011). "Identification of exotic sailfin catfish species (
1860:
1957:
552:
1148:
Pound, Katrina L.; Nowlin, Weston H.; Huffman, David G.; Bonner, Timothy H. (18 November 2010).
1847:
1811:
1720:
1668:
1296:
1124:
1101:
1078:
1055:
608:
481:
39:
211:
1896:
1754:
1715:
743:
517:
850:
8:
1937:
1147:
1023:
Angulo, Arturo; Garita-Alvarado, Carlos A.; Bussing, William A.; López, Myrna I. (2013).
566:
is one of a number of species commonly referred to as "plecostomus" or "common pleco" by
395:
61:
1615:
1582:
1176:
888:
773:
521:
439:
241:
91:
1741:
1620:
1602:
1006:
816:
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1610:
1594:
1180:
1168:
1036:
868:
448:
348:
48:
1322:
1135:
1112:
1089:
1066:
336:
1873:
1381:
1691:
1406:
1267:
643:
584:
138:
1436:"Bangladesh to ban 'suckermouth catfish' as it threatens aquatic biodiversity"
1172:
1926:
1606:
917:
859:
760:
639:
529:
408:
375:
308:
294:
253:
228:
81:
76:
1824:
1624:
1485:"Selangor govt offers RM1 per kg pleco captured this month [WATCH]"
647:
612:
371:
367:
344:
340:
168:
158:
1598:
737:
are also used for other species, which augments the confusion surrounding
1855:
1793:
1700:
664:
619:
580:
391:
360:
178:
20:
705:, which is originally known as the crocodile fish or tentacled flathead)
1785:
1772:
596:
533:
434:, though the latter species is restricted to the rivers of the Guianas.
188:
1798:
1581:
Orfinger, Alexander
Benjamin; Douglas Goodding, Daniel (2018-02-14).
1041:
1024:
768:
759:. In 2012, Weber, Covain, and Fisch-Muller showed the type series of
604:
576:
108:
1662:
1248:, Loricariidae) in Taiwan based on morphology and mtDNA sequences".
1767:
1685:
1150:"Trophic ecology of a nonnative population of suckermouth catfish (
930:
600:
567:
379:
363:
sold in aquarium shops, most are actually members of other genera.
128:
1528:"Imported 'invasive' species threaten Philippine fishery industry"
1509:
Chavez, Jose M.; Carandang, Jose Santos R.; Arcilla, Esperanza I.
1350:
Gill morphometry of the facultative air-breathing loricariid fish,
1022:
825:
species from the
Guianas (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae)"
446:. It is erroneous, and the concerned species belong to the genus
148:
1759:
1512:
Taxonomic
Impediment: A Handicap in Invasive Species Management
118:
370:, although they are at least occasionally consumed over their
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
525:
352:
815:
Weber, Claude; Covain, Raphaël; Fisch-Muller, Sonia (2012).
547:
is one of many species of fish that is able to breathe air.
583:
from fish tanks but also contributes a lot of waste to the
551:
relies on its gills for respiration in normal and slightly
799:
891:}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch, |date= / |doi= mismatch (
1580:
1211:"The Continuing Problem of Non-Native Fishes in Florida"
1407:"Common Pleco Care: Diet, Size, Lifespan, Tank Size..."
1268:"Common Pleco Care: Diet, Size, Lifespan, Tank Size..."
814:
442:
to several countries around the world and reported as
51:
Basin, published along with the 2012 revision of the
1297:"Care Guide for Plecos – The Mighty Armored Catfish"
874:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T176017246A176017284.en
480:species has been introduced to some regions in the
366:Suckermouth catfish are of little or no value as a
1508:
1460:"The alien fish invading India's rivers and lakes"
1365:1982 GRAHAM, J. B., & BAIRD, T. A.
1243:
19:For other species with the same common name, see
1924:
848:
1382:"How Big Do Plecos Get? (Full Adult Body Size)"
579:catfish is often purchased for its ability to
1202:
726:(στόμα, meaning "mouth"), and the Latin word
696:sweeper fish – 'ikan sapu sapu' in Indonesian
763:was heterogenous and comprised two species:
430:has been repeatedly erroneously reported as
438:Some Loricariidae species have been widely
385:
1141:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
733:Many of the common names used to identify
690:municipal fish – 'ikan bandaraya' in Malay
374:. A demand exists for them, however, as a
70:
38:
1614:
1525:
1040:
872:
1643:"Don't Dump Your Aquarium in the River!"
1208:
787:List of freshwater aquarium fish species
699:crocodile fish (not to be confused with
524:. This omnivorous species also feeds on
419:
1379:
1154:) in a central Texas spring-fed stream"
916:
899:
722:(υπό, meaning "under"), the Greek word
1925:
844:
842:
821:(Linnaeus, 1758), with an overview of
347:), named for the longitudinal rows of
1667:
1666:
977:"Suckermouth Catfish Species Profile"
849:Armbruster, J.W. (14 February 2021).
1933:IUCN Red List least concern species
1526:Fernandez, Rudy (16 January 2016).
974:
860:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
839:
767:(for which the authors designate a
590:
413:(also known under another synonym,
13:
1635:
1190:from the original on 25 April 2012
634:, were initially misidentified as
558:
14:
1984:
718:, is derived from the Greek word
359:is often used to refer to common
304:Pterygoplichthys plecostomus
1416:from the original on 2 June 2021
1277:from the original on 2 June 2021
1003:Freshwater fishes of Costa Rica.
956:from the original on 3 July 2021
642:(including tributaries like the
95:
1574:
1563:from the original on 2021-07-03
1545:
1519:
1502:
1477:
1452:
1428:
1399:
1373:
1357:
1344:
1333:from the original on 2019-05-08
1315:
1289:
1260:
1237:
1161:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1138:, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species
1118:
1115:, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species
1095:
1092:, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species
1069:, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species
741:and other Loricariidae such as
684:water old lady (vieja del agua)
658:
1127:Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus
1072:
1049:
1016:
995:
968:
938:
750:Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus
714:The species' scientific name,
499:(that hybridise extensively).
1:
1953:Suckermouth catfish of Brazil
1081:Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
1079:Vermiculated Sailfin Catfish(
792:
625:Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
539:
622:, two very similar species,
7:
1968:Fish of Trinidad and Tobago
1948:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1648:San Antonio River Authority
780:
709:
476:). In the United States, a
10:
1989:
1327:Smithsonian's National Zoo
867:: e.T176017246A176017284.
18:
1675:
1173:10.1007/s10641-010-9741-7
1125:Orinoco Sailfin Catfish (
1104:Pterygoplichthys anisitsi
1058:Pterygoplichthys pardalis
702:Papilloculiceps longiceps
653:
631:Pterygoplichthys pardalis
609:Selangor state government
607:. In September 2024, the
427:Pterygoplichthys pardalis
247:
240:
217:
210:
92:Scientific classification
90:
68:
59:
46:
37:
30:
1380:Momchil (4 April 2022).
1209:Shafland, P. L. (1976).
1102:Paraná Sailfin Catfish (
1056:Amazon Sailfin Catfish (
946:"Hypostomus plecostomus"
920:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
522:Malaysian trumpet snails
398:. Confusingly, the name
386:Distribution and habitat
284:Plecostomus brasiliensis
1221:(6): 24. Archived from
678:pez diablo (devil fish)
636:Hypostomus plecostomus
508:
404:Plecostomus plecostomus
291:Plecostomus plecostomus
47:An individual from the
1943:Fish described in 1758
1721:Hypostomus_plecostomus
1707:Hypostomus plecostomus
1677:Hypostomus plecostomus
1352:Hypostomus plecostomus
1152:Hypostomus plecostomus
1001:Bussing, W.A. (1998).
924:Hypostomus plecostomus
853:Hypostomus plecostomus
819:Hypostomus plecostomus
735:Hypostomus plecostomus
716:Hypostomus plecostomus
572:Hypostomus plecostomus
549:Hypostomus plecostomus
545:Hypostomus plecostomus
514:Hypostomus plecostomus
435:
400:Hypostomus plecostomus
357:Hypostomus plecostomus
324:Hypostomus plecostomus
277:Plecostomus bicirrosus
221:Hypostomus plecostomus
53:Hypostomus plecostomus
32:Hypostomus plecostomus
1973:Fish of the Caribbean
1599:10.6620/ZS.2018.57-07
1440:The Financial Express
934:. April 2024 version.
730:(meaning "pleated").
473:P. multiradiatus
423:
415:Hypostomus panamensis
250:Acipenser plecostomus
667:is used to describe
497:P. disjunctivus
461:P. disjunctivus
327:, also known as the
765:H. plecostomus
739:H. plecostomus
693:suckermouth catfish
669:H. plecostomus
663:A large variety of
518:golden apple snails
489:H. plecostomus
444:H. plecostomus
432:H. plecostomus
396:Trinidad and Tobago
329:suckermouth catfish
203:H. plecostomus
62:Conservation status
1587:Zoological Studies
1250:Zoological Studies
1225:on 20 January 2013
1134:2017-07-11 at the
1111:2017-10-13 at the
1088:2017-10-13 at the
1065:2017-10-13 at the
675:algae sucker/eater
436:
263:Hypostomus guacari
1920:
1919:
1669:Taxon identifiers
1489:New Straits Times
1303:. Acquarium Co-Op
1011:978-9977-67-489-6
975:Sanders, Jessie.
952:. PlanetCatfish.
744:H. punctatus
339:belonging to the
320:
319:
315:
301:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
85:
1980:
1963:Fish of Suriname
1913:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1877:
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1874:NHMSYS0021168917
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1423:
1421:
1412:. 11 July 2020.
1403:
1397:
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1377:
1371:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1341:
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1338:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1301:Aquariumcoop.com
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1273:. 11 July 2020.
1264:
1258:
1257:
1246:Pterygoplichthys
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1158:
1145:
1139:
1122:
1116:
1099:
1093:
1076:
1070:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:10.15560/9.5.987
1020:
1014:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
942:
936:
935:
914:
897:
896:
885:
883:
881:
876:
846:
837:
836:
812:
756:P. pardalis
591:Invasive species
493:P. pardalis
478:Pterygoplichthys
467:P. anisitsi
455:P. pardalis
449:Pterygoplichthys
335:, is a tropical
307:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
252:
223:
100:
99:
79:
74:
73:
49:Commewijne River
42:
28:
27:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
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1977:
1923:
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1636:Further reading
1633:
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1532:PhilStar Global
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1464:The Independent
1458:
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1419:
1417:
1410:Aquarium Source
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1271:Aquarium Source
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1136:Wayback Machine
1123:
1119:
1113:Wayback Machine
1100:
1096:
1090:Wayback Machine
1077:
1073:
1067:Wayback Machine
1054:
1050:
1035:(5): 987–1019.
1021:
1017:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
981:thesprucepe.com
973:
969:
959:
957:
944:
943:
939:
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847:
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813:
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795:
783:
774:H. watwata
712:
661:
656:
593:
561:
559:In the aquarium
542:
511:
388:
341:armored catfish
337:freshwater fish
302:
289:
282:
275:
270:Loricaria flava
268:
261:
236:
225:
219:
206:
94:
86:
75:
71:
64:
24:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
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1958:Fish of Guyana
1955:
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1427:
1398:
1372:
1356:
1343:
1329:. 2016-04-25.
1314:
1288:
1259:
1236:
1201:
1167:(3): 277–285.
1140:
1117:
1094:
1071:
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994:
967:
937:
918:Froese, Rainer
898:
838:
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685:
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679:
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660:
657:
655:
652:
644:Marikina River
592:
589:
585:nitrogen cycle
564:H. plecostomus
560:
557:
541:
538:
530:aquatic plants
510:
507:
503:H. plecostomus
387:
384:
376:bottom cleaner
318:
317:
266:Lacepède, 1803
245:
244:
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139:Actinopterygii
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69:
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35:
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15:
9:
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4:
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1387:
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1324:
1323:"Plecostomus"
1318:
1302:
1298:
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1272:
1269:
1263:
1256:(2): 235–246.
1255:
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1129:) – FactSheet
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1059:
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1005:Pp. 160–162.
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817:"Identity of
811:
809:
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761:Carl Linnaeus
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77:Least Concern
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36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1676:
1653:. Retrieved
1651:. 2021-11-12
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1556:
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1531:
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1493:. Retrieved
1491:. 2024-09-01
1488:
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1468:. Retrieved
1466:. 2022-04-12
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1439:
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1409:
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1385:
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1326:
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1300:
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1270:
1262:
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1227:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1218:
1214:
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1120:
1103:
1097:
1080:
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1057:
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864:
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832:
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754:
748:
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734:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
713:
700:
687:janitor fish
668:
665:common names
662:
659:Common names
648:Agusan Marsh
635:
629:
623:
617:
613:Langat River
594:
571:
563:
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548:
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543:
532:, and small
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389:
372:native range
365:
356:
345:Loricariidae
333:common pleco
332:
328:
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322:
321:
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290:
283:
280:Gronow, 1854
276:
269:
262:
249:
248:
220:
218:
202:
201:
189:
169:Hypostominae
159:Loricariidae
149:Siluriformes
55:type series
52:
31:
25:
1856:NatureServe
1794:iNaturalist
1701:Wikispecies
1537:8 September
620:Philippines
581:clean algae
534:crustaceans
520:as well as
411:aspidolepis
392:the Guianas
361:plecostomus
179:Hypostomini
165:Subfamily:
21:Plecostomus
1938:Hypostomus
1927:Categories
1655:2021-11-19
1593:(57): e7.
1567:2020-05-10
1495:2024-09-02
1470:2022-11-17
1445:2022-11-17
1391:30 October
1386:Aquanswers
1337:2019-05-30
1229:31 October
1194:31 October
1029:Check List
960:28 October
823:Hypostomus
793:References
646:) and the
597:Bangladesh
540:Physiology
440:introduced
273:Shaw, 1804
190:Hypostomus
1607:1021-5506
1215:Fisheries
983:. DotDash
889:cite iucn
769:lectotype
605:Sri Lanka
577:nocturnal
568:aquarists
368:food fish
197:Species:
115:Kingdom:
109:Eukaryota
1861:2.103481
1812:11176418
1768:FishBase
1692:Q1768403
1686:Wikidata
1625:31966247
1561:Archived
1557:CBC News
1414:Archived
1331:Archived
1275:Archived
1185:Archived
1132:Archived
1109:Archived
1086:Archived
1063:Archived
954:Archived
950:Cat-eLog
931:FishBase
880:17 April
781:See also
710:Taxonomy
601:Malaysia
452:(either
380:aquarium
343:family (
309:Linnaeus
295:Linnaeus
254:Linnaeus
242:Synonyms
229:Linnaeus
155:Family:
129:Chordata
125:Phylum:
119:Animalia
105:Domain:
82:IUCN 3.1
1786:5202178
1616:6517723
1307:25 July
1181:2185296
987:25 July
618:In the
382:trade.
378:in the
185:Genus:
175:Tribe:
145:Order:
135:Class:
80: (
1910:862544
1897:129475
1894:uBio:
1887:163991
1838:164342
1825:114927
1799:194623
1760:995090
1734:256109
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1179:
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829:Cybium
771:) and
654:Naming
603:, and
394:, and
353:scutes
351:-like
306:
1905:WoRMS
1845:NAS:
1807:IRMNG
1747:6MR99
1188:(PDF)
1177:S2CID
1157:(PDF)
728:pleco
724:stoma
681:pleco
526:algae
482:South
349:armor
1882:NCBI
1833:ITIS
1781:GBIF
1773:3057
1729:BOLD
1621:PMID
1603:ISSN
1539:2024
1422:2021
1393:2022
1309:2021
1283:2021
1231:2011
1196:2011
1007:ISBN
989:2021
962:2011
893:help
882:2024
865:2023
753:and
720:hypo
628:and
509:Diet
495:and
402:(or
313:1758
299:1758
258:1758
233:1758
1869:NBN
1848:761
1820:ISC
1755:EoL
1742:CoL
1716:ADW
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