1048:
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683:
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1222:
419:
1402:
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970:
340:
329:
44:
447:, or clenching a hand into a fist, are examples of flexion. When a person is sitting down, the knees are flexed. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, flexion is movement in the anterior direction. When the chin is against the chest, the neck is flexed, and the trunk is flexed when a person leans forward. Flexion of the shoulder or hip is movement of the arm or leg forward.
1414:
457:
the angle between body parts. For example, when standing up, the knees are extended. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, extension is movement in the posterior direction. Extension of the hip or shoulder moves the arm or leg backward. Even for other upper extremity
1114:
is a rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned so the thumbs point towards the body. When the forearm and hand are supinated, the thumbs point away from the body. Pronation of the foot is turning of the sole outwards, so that weight is borne on the medial part of the foot.
910:
refer to extension or flexion of the foot at the ankle. These terms refer to flexion in direction of the "back" of the foot, which is the upper surface of the foot when standing, and flexion in direction of the sole of the foot. These terms are used to resolve confusion, as technically
303:
motions) occur when an object is around another object increasing or decreasing the angle. The different parts of the object do not move the same distance. Examples include a movement of the knee, where the lower leg changes angle compared to the femur, or movements of the
381:
of a joint, and is not always because of a voluntary movement. It may be a result of accidents, falls, or other causes of trauma. It may also be used in surgery, such as in temporarily dislocating joints for surgical procedures. Or it may be used as a
1101:
the palm or sole is facing anteriorly when in supination and posteriorly when in pronation. As an example, when a person is typing on a computer keyboard, their hands are pronated; when washing their face, they are supinated.
372:
describes the total range of motion that a joint is able to do. For example, if a part of the body such as a joint is overstretched or "bent backwards" because of exaggerated extension motion, then it can be described as
222:
they occur in, although movement is more often than not a combination of different motions occurring simultaneously in several planes. Motions can be split into categories relating to the nature of the joints involved:
595:
muscles. In the case of fingers and toes, it is bringing the digits together, towards the centerline of the hand or foot. Dropping the arms to the sides, and bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction.
162:
and others use a unified set of terms to describe most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes.
458:
joints – elbow and wrist, backward movement results in extension. The knee, ankle, and wrist are exceptions, where the distal end has to move in the anterior direction for it to be called extension.
985:
Palmarflexion and dorsiflexion refer to movement of the flexion (palmarflexion) or extension (dorsiflexion) of the hand at the wrist. These terms refer to flexion between the hand and the body's
839:, but may also be performed by other parts of the body such as fingers, hands, feet, and head. For example, circumduction occurs when spinning the arm when performing a serve in
939:
Plantar flexion or plantarflexion is the movement which decreases the angle between the sole of the foot and the back of the leg; for example, the movement when depressing a
1123:
of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards. Supination of the foot is turning of the sole of the foot inwards, shifting weight to the lateral edge.
1047:
565:
muscles. In the case of fingers and toes, it is spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot. For example, raising the arms up, such as when
122:
1380:
is an anterior (protraction) or posterior (retraction) movement, such as of the arm at the shoulders, although these terms have been criticised as non-specific.
491:
Abduction is the motion of a structure away from the midline while adduction is motion towards the center of the body. The center of the body is defined as the
870:
831:. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Circumduction can be best performed at ball and socket joints, such as the
2011:
949:
997:
surface, which in anatomical position is considered the anterior side of the arm. The direction of terms are opposite to those in the foot because of
743:
400:
These are general terms that can be used to describe most movements the body makes. Most terms have a clear opposite, and so are treated in pairs.
783:
767:
1157:
Inversion and eversion are movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body.
673:
669:
115:
915:
of the joint is dorsiflexion, which could be considered counter-intuitive as the motion reduces the angle between the foot and the leg.
1358:
downwards and anteriorly, as with lumbar extension (nutation); or upwards and posteriorly, as with lumbar flexion (counternutation).
1197:
2528:
1829:
108:
1309:
2858:
2486:
2379:
2360:
2322:
2303:
1428:
640:
154:, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the
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636:
478:
474:
413:
317:
1321:
2417:
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1141:
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409:
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95:
80:
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is eye movement that affects the vertical axis of the eye, such as the movement made when looking in to the nose.
344:
333:
52:
1807:
386:
method to force a person to take a certain action, such as allowing a police officer to take him into custody.
17:
1129:
1991:
969:
815:
flow refer to movement of blood or other fluids in a normal (anterograde) or abnormal (retrograde) direction.
1449:
1209:
1098:
648:
are movements above and below the horizontal. The words derive from the Latin terms with similar meanings.
75:
690:
Rotation of body parts may be internal or external, that is, towards or away from the center of the body.
1221:
1454:
1302:
are sometimes used to describe the anterior (protrusion) and posterior (retrusion) movement of the jaw.
1097:(facing up) positions. In the extremities, they are the rotation of the forearm or foot so that in the
654:
is movement in a superior direction. For example, shrugging is an example of elevation of the scapula.
395:
90:
2797:
2783:
1459:
70:
2042:
1054:
933:
the ankle is described as being in dorsiflexion. Similarly, dorsiflexion helps in assuming a deep
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620:
356:
139:
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608:
429:
are movements that affect the angle between two parts of the body. These terms come from the
2475:
2552:
1413:
855:
is a motion returning a bone to its original state, such as a shoulder reduction following
206:, describe movement above or below the horizontal plane. Many anatomical terms derive from
182:
motions, in which two axes of a joint are brought closer together or moved further apart.
8:
2733:
2609:
990:
856:
231:
155:
1692:
465:, flexion is curling them downward whereas extension is uncurling them or raising them.
2879:
2429:
1362:
1238:
934:
578:
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1005:
819:
682:
591:
the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb, carried out by one or more
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2774:
2770:
2505:
2498:
2482:
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2436:
2413:
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1025:
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2003:
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1038:
940:
243:
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167:
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483:
270:
motion along a longitudinal axis, such as turning the head to look to either side.
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383:
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is considered the back of the arm; and flexion between the hand and the body's
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492:
443:
the angle between a segment and its proximal segment. For example, bending the
257:
151:
1298:
1175:
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851:
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2614:
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1188:
612:
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is sometimes added to describe movement beyond the normal limits, such as in
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235:
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2504:(illustrated in full color 19th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co.
1180:
418:
309:
2007:
2802:
2682:
2186:
1992:"Ankle Joint Dorsiflexion Measurement Using the Deep Squatting Posture"
1086:
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1939:
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956:
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31:
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and causes them to either increase or decrease angles between bones.
2894:
2889:
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836:
570:
378:
339:
328:
267:
187:
2336:(5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2114:
1704:
1243:
Unique terminology is also used to describe the eye. For example:
925:. This decreases the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the
2752:
1285:
1111:
1018:
1014:
660:
is movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation.
159:
43:
1666:
1366:
is the movement that involves grasping of the thumb and fingers.
289:
motion is motion in a straight line between two points, whereas
1351:
998:
860:
840:
722:) is rotation away from the center of the body, carried out by
313:
135:
2568:
2370:
Marieb, Elaine N.; Wilhelm, Patricia B.; Mallat, Jon (2010).
1257:
moving synchronously and symmetrically in the same direction.
1034:
922:
624:
600:
573:. When the legs are splayed at the hip, such as when doing a
500:
444:
430:
239:
207:
147:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1990:
Kasuyama, Tatsuya; Sakamoto, Masaaki; Nakazawa, Rie (2009).
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
2298:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
1010:
930:
754:
704:) is rotation towards the axis of the body, carried out by
247:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1742:
1740:
1738:
453:
is the opposite of flexion, a straightening movement that
2537:
2427:
Seeley, Rod R.; Stephens, Trent D.; Tate, Philip (1998).
2334:
Muscles : testing and function with posture and pain
2054:
2025:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1788:
926:
832:
462:
1989:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1603:
1601:
1599:
2477:
Textbook of
Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination
2410:
Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and
Function
1973:
1971:
1886:
1735:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1586:
1584:
1582:
138:, the process of movement, is described using specific
2391:
Color Atlas of Human
Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System
2260:(32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
2210:
2174:
1951:
1927:
1915:
1862:
1776:
1187:. For example, inversion describes the motion when an
2296:
Orthopedic Manual
Therapy: An Evidence Based Approach
2090:
1716:
1642:
1630:
1596:
2102:
1968:
1654:
1613:
1579:
980:
898:
561:
the midline of the body, carried out by one or more
308:
The study of movement in the human body is known as
230:
motions occur between flat surfaces, such as in the
30:"Extorsion" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1764:
285:motions), which move in a line between two points.
2497:
2474:
2451:
2428:
1203:Example showing inversion and eversion of the foot
274:Apart from this motions can also be divided into:
186:motion may occur at other joints, for example the
166:In general, motion is classified according to the
2907:
2496:Venes, Donald; Thomas, Clayton L., eds. (2001).
2332:Kendall, Florence Peterson; et al. (2005).
1394:is restoring an object to its natural condition.
823:is a conical movement of a body part, such as a
733:, a group of muscles that help to stabilize the
2526:Hypermuscle: Muscles in Action at med.umich.edu
2313:Houglum, Peggy A.; Bertoli, Dolores B. (2012).
1838:
1388:is alternating motions in opposing directions.
1001:rotation of the limbs in opposite directions.
2553:
377:. Hyperextension increases the stress on the
116:
921:is where the toes are brought closer to the
569:-walking, is an example of abduction at the
1071:
729:Internal and external rotators make up the
674:List of external rotators of the human body
670:List of internal rotators of the human body
630:
587:is a motion that pulls a structure or part
557:is a motion that pulls a structure or part
536:
520:
504:
2560:
2546:
1407:Nutation at left, counternutation at right
1315:Examples showing protrusion and retrusion.
468:
123:
109:
2450:Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmung (1989).
1152:
615:). Abduction of the wrist is also called
293:motion is motion following a curved path.
2258:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
681:
619:which moves the hand moving towards the
482:
417:
403:
338:
327:
312:. A categoric list of movements and the
2407:
2388:
2350:
2331:
2312:
2216:
2180:
1962:
1933:
1921:
1868:
1782:
1770:
1729:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1607:
789:Rotating the arm closer to the body is
773:Rotating the arm away from the body is
14:
2908:
2472:
2426:
2369:
2096:
2060:
2036:
1897:
1801:
1660:
1590:
2541:
2500:Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary
2495:
2355:(5th ed.). F. A. Davis Company.
2279:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2274:
2228:
2192:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2108:
1977:
1945:
1816:, "adduction", "abduction", "abduct".
975:Dorsi and plantar flexion of the foot
2293:
1746:
1327:Elevation and depression of the jaw.
1135:Supination and pronation of the foot
1009:is flexion of the wrist towards the
641:List of depressors of the human body
581:, the legs are abducted at the hip.
2481:(6th ed.). Saunders/Elsevier.
2449:
2255:
2240:
2204:
2168:
2120:
2084:
2072:
2048:
1996:Journal of Physical Therapy Science
1909:
1880:
1856:
1844:
1813:
1758:
1710:
1698:
1147:Supination and pronation of the arm
929:. For example, when walking on the
637:List of elevators of the human body
479:List of adductors of the human body
475:List of abductors of the human body
414:List of extensors of the human body
318:list of movements of the human body
24:
2051:, "palmarflexion", "dorsiflexion".
1680:from the original on June 29, 2014
1676:. Openstax college at Connexions.
1253:is an eye movement involving both
876:The swinging action made during a
509:being the Latin prefix indicating
323:
25:
2927:
2519:
2435:(4th ed.). WCB/McGraw-Hill.
2315:Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology
1288:making contact between the teeth.
981:Flexion and extension of the hand
899:Flexion and extension of the foot
893:
888:
607:which moves the hand towards the
410:List of flexors of the human body
389:
218:Motions are classified after the
213:
2353:Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy
1465:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
1427:
1412:
1400:
1320:
1308:
1269:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1140:
1128:
1046:
968:
948:
869:
782:
766:
742:
42:
2014:from the original on 2024-05-23
1983:
1819:
1552:
1527:
1502:
1354:defined by the rotation of the
1239:Eye movement § Terminology
345:hypermobility spectrum disorder
334:hypermobility spectrum disorder
2207:, "protraction", "retraction".
1912:, "anterograde", "retrograde".
1477:
266:motions move a structure in a
142:. Motion includes movement of
27:Terms describing animal motion
13:
1:
2454:The Oxford English Dictionary
2412:(5th ed.). McGraw Hill.
1573:
1438:of the thumb and index finger
503:words with similar meanings,
499:plane. These terms come from
433:words with the same meaning.
210:terms with the same meaning.
2408:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2010).
2277:Gross Anatomy (Board Review)
2159:, "protrusion", "retrusion".
1450:Anatomical terms of location
1099:standard anatomical position
158:of the body parts involved.
7:
2458:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1443:
1227:Inversion of the right foot
663:
439:is a bending movement that
10:
2932:
2916:Anatomical terms of motion
2725:Anatomical terms of motion
2567:
2249:
1674:"Anatomy & Physiology"
1455:Anatomical terms of muscle
1332:
1236:
1215:Eversion of the right foot
1075:
667:
634:
472:
407:
396:Anatomical terms of muscle
393:
29:
2838:
2742:
2712:
2575:
2351:Lippert, Lynn S. (2011).
2275:Chung, Kyung Won (2005).
1701:, "flexion", "extension".
316:involved can be found at
2814:specialized/lower limbs:
2791:specialized/upper limbs:
2473:Swartz, Mark H. (2010).
2431:Anatomy & Physiology
2393:(5th ed.). Thieme.
2389:Platzer, Werner (2004).
1470:
1460:Anatomical terms of bone
1072:Pronation and supination
943:or standing on tiptoes.
798:
761:of the thigh at the hip.
646:Elevation and depression
631:Elevation and depression
332:Hyperextended finger in
51:This article is part of
2317:. F. A. Davis Company.
2256:Albert, Daniel (2012).
1232:
1179:is the movement of the
1165:is the movement of the
1089:refer generally to the
487:Abduction and adduction
469:Abduction and adduction
343:Hyperextended thumb in
198:. Other terms, such as
190:, and are described as
2294:Cook, Chad E. (2012).
1563:
1546:
1538:
1521:
1513:
1496:
1488:
1153:Inversion and eversion
687:
537:
521:
505:
488:
423:
347:
336:
61:Anatomical terminology
2673:Ball and socket joint
2603:Interosseous membrane
1827:for appropriate image
1337:Other terms include:
1078:Pronation of the foot
825:ball and socket joint
685:
486:
427:Flexion and extension
422:Flexion and extension
421:
404:Flexion and extension
394:Further information:
342:
331:
1350:are movement of the
859:, or reduction of a
857:shoulder dislocation
232:intervertebral discs
2691:by range of motion:
2063:, pp. 591–592.
2039:, pp. 591–593.
2008:10.1589/jpts.21.195
1804:, pp. 590–591.
1749:, pp. 180–193.
1516:), "to lead away" (
1037:joint, towards the
991:anatomical position
256:motions occur over
156:anatomical position
2531:2016-07-29 at the
2231:, "reciprocation".
1832:2015-12-22 at the
1483:"to stretch out" (
989:surface, which in
688:
489:
424:
348:
337:
2903:
2902:
2854:Synovial membrane
2775:External rotation
2771:Internal rotation
2488:978-1-4160-6203-5
2381:978-0-321-61611-1
2362:978-0-8036-2363-7
2324:978-0-8036-2352-1
2305:978-0-13-802173-3
1900:, pp. 590–1.
1385:Reciprocal motion
1280:is motion of the
1093:(facing down) or
1041:side of forearm.
880:is an example of
791:internal rotation
775:external rotation
759:external rotation
724:external rotators
712:External rotation
706:internal rotators
694:Internal rotation
623:(or, towards the
611:(or, towards the
603:is also known as
599:Adduction of the
220:anatomical planes
133:
132:
16:(Redirected from
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2859:Fibrous membrane
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1189:ankle is twisted
1167:sole of the foot
1144:
1132:
1062:, demonstrating
1050:
972:
959:, demonstrating
952:
873:
786:
770:
757:, demonstrating
746:
716:lateral rotation
617:radial deviation
550:
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531:
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244:metacarpal bones
178:are examples of
168:anatomical plane
140:anatomical terms
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2658:Condyloid joint
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2533:Wayback Machine
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2199:
2195:, "opposition".
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2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2087:, "supination".
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2015:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1887:
1883:, "depression".
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1834:Wayback Machine
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1736:
1728:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1639:, pp. 1–7.
1635:
1631:
1623:
1614:
1610:, pp. 6–7.
1606:
1597:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1557:
1553:
1541:), "to raise" (
1532:
1528:
1508:"to bring in" (
1507:
1503:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1348:counternutation
1335:
1328:
1325:
1316:
1313:
1272:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1051:
983:
976:
973:
964:
961:plantar flexion
953:
935:squat position.
908:plantar flexion
901:
896:
891:
884:
874:
801:
794:
787:
778:
771:
762:
747:
698:medial rotation
680:
666:
643:
633:
605:ulnar deviation
548:
546:to draw or pull
545:
542:
532:
529:
526:
516:
513:
510:
481:
471:
416:
406:
398:
392:
384:pain compliance
370:range of motion
326:
324:Abnormal motion
258:synovial joints
234:or between the
216:
129:
100:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:extracapsular:
2883:
2882:
2876:Articular disk
2873:
2871:Synovial bursa
2868:
2866:Synovial fluid
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2823:
2817:Plantarflexion
2810:
2809:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2699:Amphiarthrosis
2696:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2521:
2520:External links
2518:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2493:
2487:
2470:
2464:
2447:
2441:
2424:
2419:978-0077361358
2418:
2405:
2399:
2386:
2380:
2367:
2361:
2348:
2342:
2329:
2323:
2310:
2304:
2291:
2285:
2272:
2267:978-1416062578
2266:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2219:, p. 302.
2209:
2197:
2185:
2183:, p. 333.
2173:
2161:
2149:
2147:, "occlusion".
2137:
2125:
2113:
2111:, p. 108.
2101:
2099:, p. 591.
2089:
2077:
2075:, "pronation".
2065:
2053:
2041:
2024:
2002:(2): 195–199.
1982:
1980:, p. 123.
1967:
1965:, p. 371.
1950:
1948:, "reduction".
1938:
1936:, p. 304.
1926:
1924:, p. 300.
1914:
1902:
1885:
1873:
1871:, p. 303.
1861:
1859:, "elevation".
1849:
1837:
1818:
1806:
1787:
1785:, p. 258.
1775:
1763:
1761:, "extension".
1751:
1734:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1665:
1663:, p. 229.
1653:
1651:, p. G-4.
1641:
1629:
1612:
1595:
1593:, p. 212.
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1551:
1533:"press down" (
1526:
1501:
1491:), "to bend" (
1475:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1419:An example of
1418:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1381:
1367:
1359:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1289:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1237:Main article:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1169:away from the
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1127:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1060:Albrecht Dürer
1052:
1045:
1031:hyperextension
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
967:
965:
954:
947:
900:
897:
895:
894:Hands and feet
892:
890:
889:Special motion
887:
886:
885:
875:
868:
865:
864:
848:
816:
800:
797:
796:
795:
788:
781:
779:
772:
765:
763:
751:lotus position
748:
741:
735:shoulder joint
665:
662:
632:
629:
621:radial styloid
470:
467:
405:
402:
391:
390:General motion
388:
366:hyperextension
325:
322:
306:
305:
294:
272:
271:
261:
251:
215:
214:Classification
212:
170:it occurs in.
131:
130:
128:
127:
120:
113:
105:
102:
101:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
18:Hyperextension
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2928:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:Joint capsule
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Synchondrosis
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:Cartilaginous
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2511:0-8036-0655-9
2507:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2465:9780198611868
2461:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2444:
2442:0-697-41107-9
2438:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2400:3-13-533305-1
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2372:Human Anatomy
2368:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2343:0-7817-4780-5
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2286:0-7817-5309-0
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2171:, "nutation".
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1732:, p. 56.
1731:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1627:, p. 57.
1626:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:Jaw and teeth
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1066:of the hands.
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1055:Praying Hands
1049:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1006:Palmarflexion
1002:
1000:
999:embryological
996:
992:
988:
971:
966:
962:
958:
951:
946:
945:
944:
942:
937:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
914:
909:
905:
883:
882:circumduction
879:
872:
867:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
849:
846:
843:or bowling a
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
820:Circumduction
817:
814:
813:
808:
807:
803:
802:
792:
785:
780:
776:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
740:
739:
738:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
679:
675:
671:
661:
659:
655:
653:
649:
647:
642:
638:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:little finger
610:
609:ulnar styloid
606:
602:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
539:
523:
507:
502:
498:
494:
485:
480:
476:
466:
464:
459:
456:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
432:
428:
420:
415:
411:
401:
397:
387:
385:
380:
376:
375:hyperextended
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:
357:hypermobility
353:
346:
341:
335:
330:
321:
319:
315:
311:
302:
298:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
276:
275:
269:
265:
262:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
225:
224:
221:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
126:
121:
119:
114:
112:
107:
106:
104:
103:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2886:
2845:
2821:Dorsiflexion
2813:
2790:
2749:
2724:
2694:Synarthrosis
2690:
2681:
2663:Saddle joint
2628:
2499:
2476:
2453:
2430:
2409:
2390:
2371:
2352:
2333:
2314:
2295:
2276:
2257:
2236:
2224:
2217:Kendall 2005
2212:
2200:
2188:
2181:Houglum 2012
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2135:, "torsion".
2128:
2123:, "version".
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2016:. Retrieved
1999:
1995:
1985:
1963:Kendall 2005
1941:
1934:Kendall 2005
1929:
1922:Saladin 2010
1917:
1905:
1876:
1869:Kendall 2005
1864:
1852:
1840:
1821:
1809:
1783:Platzer 2004
1778:
1771:Kendall 2005
1766:
1754:
1730:Kendall 2005
1713:, "flexion".
1706:
1694:
1684:November 16,
1682:. Retrieved
1668:
1656:
1649:Kendall 2005
1644:
1637:Lippert 2011
1632:
1625:Kendall 2005
1608:Lippert 2011
1554:
1529:
1504:
1479:
1435:
1420:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1297:
1291:
1284:towards the
1275:
1260:
1248:
1242:
1185:median plane
1183:towards the
1174:
1171:median plane
1160:
1159:
1156:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1104:
1081:
1064:dorsiflexion
1063:
1053:
1026:Dorsiflexion
1024:
1023:
1004:
1003:
994:
986:
984:
960:
938:
919:Dorsiflexion
917:
912:
907:
904:Dorsiflexion
903:
902:
881:
878:tennis serve
850:
845:cricket ball
818:
810:
804:
790:
774:
758:
731:rotator cuff
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:
689:
678:Eye movement
657:
656:
651:
650:
645:
644:
616:
604:
598:
592:
588:
584:
583:
562:
558:
554:
553:
497:longitudinal
490:
460:
454:
450:
449:
440:
436:
435:
426:
425:
399:
374:
365:
362:hyperflexion
361:
355:
351:
349:
307:
300:
299:motions (or
296:
290:
286:
282:
281:motions (or
278:
273:
263:
253:
236:carpal bones
227:
217:
203:
199:
195:
191:
183:
179:
175:
171:
165:
134:
96:Neuroanatomy
85:
81:Microanatomy
36:
2794:Protraction
2720:Kinesiology
2713:Terminology
2704:Diarthrosis
2648:Pivot joint
2643:Hinge joint
2635:Plane joint
2598:Syndesmosis
2374:. Pearson.
2097:Swartz 2010
2061:Swartz 2010
2037:Swartz 2010
1898:Swartz 2010
1802:Swartz 2010
1661:Seeley 1998
1591:Marieb 2010
1434:Example of
1371:Protraction
963:of the feet
806:Anterograde
577:or doing a
525:indicating
493:midsagittal
350:The prefix
310:kinesiology
291:curvilinear
287:Rectilinear
283:translatory
2839:Components
2803:Supination
2798:Retraction
2784:Depression
2734:Antagonist
2683:synostosis
2229:Taber 2001
2193:Taber 2001
2157:Taber 2001
2145:Taber 2001
2133:Taber 2001
2109:Kyung 2005
2018:2024-05-23
1978:Kyung 2005
1946:Taber 2001
1574:References
1558:"to nod" (
1436:opposition
1421:opposition
1392:Reposition
1377:retraction
1363:Opposition
1356:promontory
1293:Protrusion
1120:Supination
1087:supination
1076:See also:
812:retrograde
668:See also:
658:Depression
635:See also:
473:See also:
408:See also:
268:rotational
264:Rotational
242:, and the
204:depression
184:Rotational
160:Anatomists
2846:capsular:
2830:Inversion
2807:Pronation
2780:Elevation
2766:Abduction
2762:Adduction
2757:Extension
2620:Symphysis
2588:Gomphosis
1747:Cook 2012
1539:deprimere
1514:adductere
1489:extendere
1299:retrusion
1282:mandibula
1277:Occlusion
1176:Inversion
1107:Pronation
1083:Pronation
957:ballerina
941:car pedal
913:extension
852:Reduction
720:extorsion
702:intorsion
652:Elevation
585:Adduction
575:star jump
567:tightrope
559:away from
555:Abduction
455:increases
451:Extension
441:decreases
379:ligaments
200:elevation
176:extension
32:Extortion
2910:Category
2895:Enthesis
2890:Ligament
2880:Meniscus
2826:Eversion
2750:general:
2630:synovial
2529:Archived
2241:OED 1989
2205:OED 1989
2169:OED 1989
2121:DMD 2012
2085:OED 1989
2073:OED 1989
2049:OED 1989
2012:Archived
1910:OED 1989
1881:OED 1989
1857:OED 1989
1845:OED 1989
1830:Archived
1814:OED 1989
1759:OED 1989
1711:OED 1989
1699:OED 1989
1678:Archived
1522:abducere
1497:flectere
1444:See also
1343:Nutation
1162:Eversion
1017:side of
837:shoulder
686:Rotation
664:Rotation
593:adductor
571:shoulder
563:abductor
541:meaning
461:For the
196:external
192:internal
188:shoulder
76:Location
53:a series
2753:Flexion
2743:Motions
2730:Agonist
2583:Fibrous
2250:Sources
1547:elevare
1286:maxilla
1262:Torsion
1250:version
1112:forearm
1110:at the
1033:of the
1019:forearm
1015:ventral
827:or the
589:towards
437:Flexion
314:muscles
297:Angular
254:Angular
246:of the
238:of the
228:Gliding
180:angular
172:Flexion
2593:Suture
2569:Joints
2508:
2485:
2462:
2439:
2416:
2397:
2378:
2359:
2340:
2321:
2302:
2283:
2264:
1564:Nutare
1352:sacrum
1095:supine
1039:dorsal
995:palmar
987:dorsal
861:hernia
841:tennis
676:, and
538:ducere
535:, and
530:toward
368:. The
352:hyper-
304:ankle.
301:rotary
279:Linear
148:joints
144:organs
136:Motion
91:Muscle
86:Motion
2576:Types
1825:See:
1560:Latin
1543:Latin
1535:Latin
1518:Latin
1510:Latin
1493:Latin
1485:Latin
1471:Notes
1333:Other
1091:prone
1035:wrist
931:heels
799:Other
625:thumb
601:wrist
579:split
501:Latin
445:elbow
431:Latin
240:wrist
208:Latin
152:limbs
2506:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2262:ISBN
1686:2013
1374:and
1346:and
1296:and
1255:eyes
1233:Eyes
1181:sole
1085:and
1013:and
1011:palm
923:shin
906:and
835:and
809:and
755:yoga
749:The
639:and
514:away
477:and
463:toes
412:and
248:hand
202:and
174:and
71:Bone
2669:3°
2654:2°
2639:1°
2004:doi
1058:by
1029:is
927:leg
833:hip
829:eye
753:of
718:or
700:or
627:).
522:ad-
506:ab-
495:or
364:or
194:or
2912::
2027:^
2010:.
2000:21
1998:.
1994:.
1970:^
1953:^
1888:^
1790:^
1737:^
1718:^
1615:^
1598:^
1581:^
1562::
1545::
1537::
1524:)
1520::
1512::
1499:)
1495::
1487::
1247:A
1191:.
1173:.
1021:.
955:A
737:.
726:.
708:.
672:,
551:.
519:,
360:,
320:.
150:,
146:,
55:on
2878:/
2828:/
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2796:/
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2755:/
2732:/
2632::
2561:e
2554:t
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2327:.
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2006::
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714:(
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517:'
511:'
250:.
124:e
117:t
110:v
34:.
20:)
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