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position and released. If the flow is sufficient, it will then cycle at least once. If it does not continue to cycle, it must be pushed down repeatedly until it cycles continuously on its own, usually after three or four manual cycles. If the ram stops with the waste valve in the down (open) position it must be lifted manually and kept up for as long as necessary for the supply pipe to fill with water and for any air bubbles to travel up the pipe to the source. This may take some time, depending on supply pipe length and diameter. Then it can be started manually by pushing it down a few times as described above. Having a valve on the delivery pipe at the ram makes starting easier. Closing the valve until the ram starts cycling, then gradually opening it to fill the delivery pipe. If opened too quickly it will stop the cycle. Once the delivery pipe is full the valve can be left open.
479:
Thus if the source is 2 metres (6.6 ft) above the ram and the water is lifted to 10 metres (33 ft) above the ram, only 20% of the supplied water can be available, the other 80% being spilled via the waste valve. These ratios assume 100% energy efficiency. Actual water delivered will be further reduced by the energy efficiency factor. In the above example, if the energy efficiency is 70%, the water delivered will be 70% of 20%, i.e. 14%. Assuming a 2-to-1 supply-head-to-delivery-head ratio and 70% efficiency, the delivered water would be 70% of 50%, i.e. 35%. Very high ratios of delivery to supply head usually result in lowered energy efficiency. Suppliers of rams often provide tables giving expected volume ratios based on actual tests.
287:
444:
farther than it is falling downhill from the source, the flow slows; when the flow reverses, the delivery check valve closes. Meanwhile, the water hammer from the closing of the waste valve also produces a pressure pulse which propagates back up the inlet pipe to the source where it converts to a suction pulse that propagates back down the inlet pipe. This suction pulse, with the weight or spring on the valve, pulls the waste valve back open and allows the process to begin again.
78:
91:
898:
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102:
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492:. The diameter of the supply pipe would normally match the diameter of the input fitting on the ram, which in turn is based on its pumping capacity. The drive pipe should be of constant diameter and material, and should be as straight as possible. Where bends are necessary, they should be smooth, large diameter curves. Even a large spiral is allowed, but
538:
problems are blockage of the valves with debris, or improper installation, such as using a supply pipe of non-uniform diameter or material, having sharp bends or a rough interior, or one that is too long or short for the drop, or is made of an insufficiently rigid material. A PVC supply pipe will work in some installations but a steel pipe is better.
895:
447:
A pressure vessel containing air cushions the hydraulic pressure shock when the waste valve closes, and it also improves the pumping efficiency by allowing a more constant flow through the delivery pipe. Although the pump could in theory work without it, the efficiency would drop drastically and the
478:
is 60%, but up to 80% is possible. This should not be confused with the volumetric efficiency, which relates the volume of water delivered to total water taken from the source. The portion of water available at the delivery pipe will be reduced by the ratio of the delivery head to the supply head.
448:
pump would be subject to extraordinary stresses that could shorten its life considerably. One problem is that the pressurized air will gradually dissolve into the water until none remains. One solution to this problem is to have the air separated from the water by an elastic diaphragm (similar to an
443:
that raises the pressure in the pump beyond the pressure caused by the water column pressing down from the outlet. This pressure differential now opens the delivery valve , and forces some water to flow into the delivery pipe . Because this water is being forced uphill through the delivery pipe
537:
It is not uncommon for an operating ram to require occasional restarts. The cycling may stop due to poor adjustment of the waste valve, or insufficient water flow at the source. Air can enter if the supply water level is not at least a few inches above the input end of the supply pipe. Other
520:
A ram newly placed into operation or which has stopped cycling should start automatically if the waste valve weight or spring pressure is adjusted correctly, but it can be restarted as follows: If the waste valve is in the raised (closed) position, it must be pushed down manually into the open
422:
A simplified hydraulic ram is shown in Figure 2. Initially, the waste valve is open (i.e. lowered) because of its own weight, and the delivery valve is closed under the pressure caused by the water column from the outlet . The water in the inlet pipe starts to flow under the force of
487:
Since both efficiency and reliable cycling depend on water hammer effects, the drive pipe design is important. It should be between 3 and 7 times longer than the vertical distance between the source and the ram. Commercial rams may have an input fitting designed to accommodate this optimum
465:
into the pressure vessel with some air in it and the valve closed. This tube is in effect the same as the diaphragm, but it is implemented with more widely available materials. The air in the tube cushions the shock of the water the same as the air in other configurations does.
108:
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and was arranged concentrically around the input pipe. Initially patented as a fluid pressure amplifier due to its different design, it is currently sold as the "Papa Pump". Additionally to this a large scale version named the "Venturo Pump" is also being manufactured.
131:
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129:
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167:, water emptied via a large vertical channel into a second reservoir beneath, creating a whirlpool that in turn propelled water through a much smaller pipe up six metres whilst most water drained into a second, slightly larger pipe.
133:
529:
Failure to deliver sufficient water may be due to improper adjustment of the waste valve, having too little air in the pressure vessel, or simply attempting to raise the water higher than the level of which the ram is capable.
533:
The ram may be damaged by freezing in winter, or loss of air in the pressure vessel leading to excess stress on the ram parts. These failures will require welding or other repair methods and perhaps parts replacement.
698:"Specification of the patent granted to Matthew Boulton, of Soho, in the county of Stafford, esquire; for his invention of improved apparatus and methods of raising water, and other fluids. ... Dated Dec. 13, 1797"
305:(1755-1825) in 1809. US interest in hydraulic rams picked up around 1840, as further patents were issued and domestic companies started offering rams for sale. Toward the end of the 19th century, interest waned as
456:
installed close to the drive side of the delivery valve. This automatically inhales a small amount of air each time the delivery valve shuts and the partial vacuum develops. Another solution is to insert an
511:
based on the expected flow. Typically the pipe size will be about half that of the supply pipe, but for very long runs a larger size may be indicated. PVC pipe and any necessary valves are not a problem.
217:
took out a
British patent on his behalf in 1797. The sons of Montgolfier obtained a British patent for an improved version in 1816, and this was acquired, together with Whitehurst's design, in 1820 by
104:
315:, built in 1890 in Idaho, was a "marvelous" invention, apparently independent, which lifted water 110 feet (34 m) to provide irrigation. The ram survives and is listed on the U.S.
228:
Easton's firm, inherited by his son James (1796–1871), grew during the nineteenth century to become one of the more important engineering manufacturers in
England, with a large works at
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264:
had three working rams – their noisy "thump" every minute or so resonated through the valley night and day: these rams served farms that needed much water for their dairy herds.
496:
are to be avoided. PVC will work in some installations, but steel pipe is preferred, although much more expensive. If valves are used they should be a free flow type such as a
507:
The delivery pipe is much less critical since the pressure vessel prevents water hammer effects from traveling up it. Its overall design would be determined by the allowable
1000:
338:
for their work developing ram pumps that could be easily maintained for use in remote villages. The hydraulic ram principle has been used in some proposals for exploiting
66:
and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of
357:
were designed to pump treated water using an untreated drive water source, which overcomes some of the problems of having drinking water sourced from an open stream.
62:
to be lifted to a point higher than where the water originally started. The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of
1215:. Communications on Hydraulic and Geotechnical Engineering. Vol. Report 88-1. Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering. 1988.
268:
1056:
Kypuros, Javier A.; Longoria, Raul G. (2004-01-29). "Model
Synthesis for Design of Switched Systems Using a Variable Structure System Formulation".
298:
218:
603:
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280:
452:); however, this solution can be problematic in developing countries where replacements are difficult to procure. Another solution is a
1031:
984:
1007:
607:
248:, farms, and village communities. Some of their installations still survived as of 2004, one such example being at the hamlet of
842:
113:
1111:
182:, invented a manually controlled precursor of the hydraulic ram called the "pulsation engine" and installed the first one at
1262:
1094:
Longoria, R.G.; Kypuros, J.A.; Raynter, H.M. (1997). "Bond graph and wave-scattering models of switched power conversion".
968:
360:
In 1996 English engineer
Frederick Philip Selwyn patented a more compact hydraulic ram pump where the waste valve used the
316:
1448:
95:
163:
of
Granada beginning in 1238, used a hydram to raise water. Through a first reservoir, filled by a channel from the
1159:
1144:
54:" (pressure) and flow rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic head and lower flow rate. The device uses the
1453:
782:
See also Robert Fulton's hydraulic ram pump: letter to Thomas
Jefferson, March 28, 1810. Available on-line at:
291:
1096:
1997 IEEE International
Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Computational Cybernetics and Simulation
1484:
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384:
312:
767:
Letter from
Stephen S. Hallet to U.S. President James Madison, September 9, 1808. Available on-line at:
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1082:
The hydraulic-ram pump ... structure parallels that of the boost converter making it a hydraulic analog
783:
758:
Executive
Documents of the House of Representatives at the Second Session of the Twenty-first Congress
1336:
1326:
905:, "Fluid pressure amplifier", U.S. Patent no. 6,206,041 (filed: 2 April 1997; issued: 27 March 2001).
828:
NOTE: This pump claims to have no moving valves and uses high-pressure air, so it may actually be a
302:
1316:
1255:
761:
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Descriptions of
Whitehurst's and Montgolfier's pumps appear in: James Ferguson and David Brewster,
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388:
322:
By the end of the twentieth century, interest in hydraulic rams has revived, due to the needs of
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Indeed, this self-acting pump has much to offer in a parallel study with its electrical cousin.
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in developed ones. An example is Aid Foundation International in the Philippines, who won an
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A traditional hydraulic ram has only two moving parts, a spring or weight loaded "waste"
331:
19:
This article is about the water-powered water pump. For the vehicle extraction tool, see
1035:
244:
projects. Eastons had a good business supplying rams for water supply purposes to large
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to raise water to a height of 4.9 metres (16 ft). In 1783, he installed another in
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801:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Priestly's Hydraulic Ram"
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58:
effect to develop pressure that allows a portion of the input water that powers the
1190:
1099:
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677:[Note on the hydraulic ram, and on the method of calculating its effects]
625:"Account of a Machine for Raising Water, executed at Oulton, in Cheshire, in 1772"
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of the water flow in the inlet pipe against the now closed waste valve causes a
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Hydraulic rams – a comparative investigation (by J.H.P.M. Tacke)
1205:. Spons' Workshop Receipts. Vol. II. London: Spon. 1921. pp. 457–465.
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675:"Note sur le bélier hydraulique, et sur la manière d'en calculer les effets"
659:, 3rd ed. (Edinburgh, Scotland: Stirling & Slade, etc., 1823), vol. 2,
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it, and details are obscure, but it is known to have had an air vessel.
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Figure 1: A John Blake's hydram that drives a fountain at the
738:
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381:, making it cheap to build, easy to maintain, and very reliable.
261:
187:
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121:
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399:
1181:
Iversen, H.W. (June 1975). "An analysis of the hydraulic ram".
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The firm closed in 1909, but the ram business was continued by
256:. Until about 1958 when the mains water arrived, the hamlet of
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191:
149:
866:
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Green and Carter – Hydraulic Ram Pump inventors and patentees
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The first self-acting ram pump was invented by the Frenchman
141:
279:, who were engaged in the manufacturing and installation of
462:
233:
59:
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force lifts the waste valve's weight and closes it. The
1160:"Hydraulic rams furnish water supply to country homes"
1145:"Hydraulic rams furnish water supply to country homes"
1093:
964:
962:
600:
The hidden world beneath the ancient Alhambra fortress
377:
sometimes known as the "clack" valve and a "delivery"
271:. In 1929, it was acquired by Green & Carter of
1058:
Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control
342:, one of which was discussed as long ago as 1931 by
959:
403:
Figure 2: Basic components of a hydraulic ram:
1177:, 25 Atlantic Reporter, pp. 182–190.
695:
482:
1471:
81:Valve arrangement of the Papa hydraulic ram pump
1055:
969:Homemade Hydraulic Ram Pump for Livestock Water
794:
792:
760:, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Duff Green, 1831),
629:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
798:
672:
524:
1256:
225:-born engineer who had just moved to London.
789:
309:and electric pumps became widely available.
720:"New Patents: Pierre François Montgolfier,"
1263:
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622:
640:
1201:
1001:"Practical Answers: Hydraulic Ram Pumps"
398:
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353:Some later ram designs in the UK called
285:
126:
100:
89:
76:
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1142:
867:Hanns GĂĽnther (Walter de Haas) (1931).
369:Construction and principle of operation
236:. They specialised in water supply and
16:Cyclic water pump powered by hydropower
1472:
702:The Repertory of Arts and Manufactures
1244:
515:
290:Hydraulic ram, System Lambach now at
23:. For the piston-based actuator, see
799:Thomas B. Renk (February 22, 1974).
317:National Register of Historic Places
201:(best known as a co-inventor of the
1203:Hydraulic Ram: Fixing & Working
1098:. Vol. 2. pp. 1522–1526.
818:accompanying two pictures from 1973
240:systems worldwide, as well as land
205:) in 1796 for raising water in his
13:
1135:
1032:"Hydraulic Ram Pumps, John Perkin"
843:"AID Foundation 2007 Ashden Award"
387:, described in detail in the 1947
297:The first US patent was issued to
14:
1511:
1229:
96:Centre for Alternative Technology
1158:Crowley, C.A. (September 1937).
1087:
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565:, a similar device made from a
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483:Drive and delivery pipe design
292:Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum
1:
1183:Journal of Fluids Engineering
1143:Crowley, C.A. (August 1937).
673:de Montgolfier, J.M. (1803).
586:
469:
50:. It takes in water at one "
1236:Ram pump complete blueprints
881:Interpretation board at the
685:(in French). pp. 42–51.
7:
729:(41) : 405 (May 1816).
657:Lectures on Select Subjects
552:electronic–hydraulic analog
541:
525:Common operational problems
407:2. Free flow at waste valve
303:Stephen (Étienne) S. Hallet
10:
1516:
990:, accessed 2 December 2022
975:, accessed 2 December 2022
946:Water Powered Technologies
920:Water Powered Technologies
745:, accessed 2 December 2022
696:(Editorial staff) (1798).
683:Journal des Mines, 13 (73)
85:
18:
1441:
1360:
1337:Hydrological optimization
1327:Groundwater flow equation
1309:
1278:
1104:10.1109/ICSMC.1997.638209
894:Frederick Philip Selwyn,
623:Whitehurst, John (1775).
409:3. Outlet – delivery pipe
199:Joseph Michel Montgolfier
159:, built by Nasrid Sultan
723:The Annals of Philosophy
385:Priestly's Hydraulic Ram
313:Priestly's Hydraulic Ram
1332:Hazen–Williams equation
1322:Darcy–Weisbach equation
883:Lost Gardens of Heligan
427:and picks up speed and
391:, has no moving parts.
389:Encyclopedia Britannica
985:DTU Ram Pump Programme
784:U.S. National Archives
769:U.S. National Archives
743:www.greenandcarter.com
642:10.1098/rstl.1775.0026
419:
324:sustainable technology
294:
152:
124:
98:
82:
21:Hydraulic rescue tools
1352:Pipe network analysis
1317:Bernoulli's principle
1301:Hydraulic engineering
805:National Park Service
554:of the hydraulic ram.
431:until the increasing
405:1. Inlet – drive pipe
402:
395:Sequence of operation
289:
139:
111:
93:
80:
1174:Toothe v. Bryce
461:of a car or bicycle
328:developing countries
1485:Liquid-piston pumps
973:lgpress.clemson.edu
332:energy conservation
140:A hydraulic ram in
64:low-head hydropower
901:2017-02-03 at the
718:See, for example:
550: –
516:Starting operation
420:
418:6. Pressure vessel
295:
153:
125:
99:
83:
74:of flowing water.
32:hydraulic ram pump
25:Hydraulic cylinder
1500:French inventions
1467:
1466:
1342:Open-channel flow
1195:10.1115/1.3447251
1165:Popular Mechanics
1150:Popular Mechanics
1113:978-0-7803-4053-4
1070:10.1115/1.1636774
971:2 September 2019
869:In hundert Jahren
762:pages 328 and 332
663:; plates, p. 421.
476:energy efficiency
348:In hundert Jahren
301:(or Curneau) and
283:and Vacher Rams.
137:
109:
44:cyclic water pump
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184:Oulton, Cheshire
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429:kinetic energy
411:4. Waste valve
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362:venturi effect
299:Joseph Cerneau
260:just south of
246:country houses
112:A ram pump in
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1393:Drive system
1361:Technologies
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1040:. Retrieved
1036:the original
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1008:the original
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949:. Retrieved
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808:. Retrieved
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581:Water rocket
571:airlift pump
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441:water hammer
421:
413:5. Delivery
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346:in his book
336:Ashden Award
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227:
196:
169:
161:Ibn al-Ahmar
154:
56:water hammer
39:
35:
31:
29:
1373:Accumulator
1296:Fluid power
916:"Papa Pump"
830:pulser pump
635:: 277–279.
576:Tesla valve
563:Pulser pump
415:check valve
379:check valve
307:electricity
258:East Dundry
165:Darro River
118:Nordjylland
46:powered by
1474:Categories
1459:Manchester
1286:Hydraulics
1272:Hydraulics
1168:: 437–477.
1153:: 306–311.
1042:2013-04-22
1017:2007-06-03
951:2 December
926:2 December
885:, Cornwall
853:2008-07-09
587:References
502:gate valve
498:ball valve
474:A typical
470:Efficiency
459:inner tube
340:wave power
273:Winchester
207:paper mill
48:hydropower
1449:Liverpool
1368:Machinery
1221:0169-6548
1078:0022-0434
871:. Kosmos.
277:Hampshire
170:In 1772,
1398:Manifold
1388:Cylinder
1310:Modeling
1279:Concepts
1122:58941781
899:Archived
542:See also
437:momentum
242:drainage
238:sewerage
223:Somerset
176:Cheshire
157:Alhambra
36:ram pump
1383:Circuit
612:youtube
425:gravity
262:Bristol
188:Ireland
180:England
122:Denmark
86:History
1454:London
1219:
1120:
1110:
1076:
567:trompe
494:elbows
330:, and
281:Vulcan
254:Dorset
211:Voiron
192:patent
150:Poland
146:Warmia
40:hydram
1495:Water
1490:Pumps
1413:Press
1403:Motor
1378:Brake
1118:S2CID
1011:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
816:With
754:See:
679:(PDF)
490:slope
375:valve
252:, in
230:Erith
142:Kajny
68:power
42:is a
38:, or
1433:Seal
1418:Pump
1217:ISSN
1108:ISBN
1074:ISSN
953:2022
928:2022
812:2019
610:and
463:tire
433:drag
234:Kent
221:, a
155:The
114:Vogn
60:pump
1423:Ram
1191:doi
1100:doi
1066:doi
1062:125
637:doi
608:BBC
500:or
326:in
209:at
174:of
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