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is widely accepted that it was Church who refused to back a larger refinery unless Humble could “prove” that a smaller one would comply with the county's restrictions. On May 18, 1966, Humble Oil announced a suspension of all activities at Moss
Landing, publicly stating that a prime reason for abandoning the site was the difficulty of achieving a permit for a larger refinery. Public outcry and a legal challenge plus engineering problems also discouraged Humble Oil, and they eventually pulled out of Monterey County and decided to build a bigger refinery up north in more-welcoming
319:
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1971 and early 1972 at rebranded Enco/Esso stations in certain U.S. cities. The name change, one of the most expensive in the history of the U.S. oil industry, not only involved advertisements and identifying street signs at service stations, but also gasoline pumps, product packaging, tankers, transport and delivery trucks, hundreds of smaller signs at more than 25,000 service stations, and millions of credit cards sent to account holders to replace their previous Esso/Enco cards.
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374:. In the spring of 1961, Humble stations in Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona were rebranded as Enco, and the Enco brand appeared on gasoline and lubricant products at Humble stations in Texas that same year, although service stations in the Lone Star State were not changed to Enco until 1962. During that time, Humble also expanded the Enco brand to new marketing areas it entered for the first time, including the West Coast.
437:— then a 50-state marketer and the only company selling products under one brand name in each state. Humble officials realized that, by the late 1960s, the time had come to swallow its pride by developing a new brand name that could be used nationwide throughout the U.S. At first, consideration was given to simply rebranding all stations as "Enco", but that was shelved when it was learned that "Enco" means "stalled car" in
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354:) protested that Enco (Humble's acronym for "ENergy COmpany") sounded and looked too much like Esso as it shared the same oval logo with blue border and red letters with the two middle letters the only difference. At that point, the stations in Ohio were rebranded Humble (but the gasoline, motor oil, and lubricant products kept the name Enco) until the name change to Exxon in 1972.
38:
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supervisorial district in favor with 82%. The board of supervisors, after a 17-hour marathon public meeting, voted 3–2 to back the plan, with Church in favor of it because his district overwhelmingly backed the plan. But Church and others added many tough restrictions to the project a few weeks later
444:
To create a unified brand, the company rebranded all its U.S. service stations, along with its gasoline and other petroleum products, from Esso and Enco (Humble in Ohio) to Exxon nationwide during the summer and fall of 1972, following the successful test marketing of the Exxon brand and logo in late
515:
By the spring of 1966, Humble Oil was expressing the need for a larger refinery than initially permitted. Church publicly declared that there was not a majority on the board of supervisors for a larger refinery. Although not identifying himself as the supervisor switching his position on Humble, it
357:
Humble Oil also had service/gas stations branded as "Carter" in
Colorado. They were changed to ENCO in the early 60's. Though the Enco brand was discontinued in Ohio, it was rolled out in other non-Esso states, including service stations in the Midwestern U.S. operated by Jersey affiliate Pate Oil
432:
Despite the success of the "Put A Tiger In Your Tank" advertising campaign introduced by Humble in 1959, to promote its Enco/Esso Extra gasolines, the similar oval logotypes, the Happy
Motoring! tagline used in advertisements that also appeared overhead of service bays at each station, use of the
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stated, “It is conceivable in the future that other areas debating the admittance of an oil refinery will look at
Monterey County as an example of strict regulations. The conditions are that unique.” One of the most restrictive conditions forbade Humble Oil from expanding significantly without
470:
In 1965 Humble had intended to kickstart a massive 60-square-mile development plan for the Moss
Landing area that would have significantly impacted the area's natural beauty and altered its economic development. The company wanted to build a 50,000-barrel-a-day refinery with plans to expand to
457:
In 1957, scientists from Humble Oil published a study tracking “the enormous quantity of carbon dioxide” contributed to the atmosphere since the
Industrial Revolution “from the combustion of fossil fuels.” Exxon was aware of these findings and later researched the effect of its own company on
448:
The corporate name change from
Standard Oil of New Jersey to Exxon Corporation took effect January 1, 1973, along with the name change of domestic refining/marketing division Humble Oil and Refining Co. to Exxon USA, and the mergers of Esso Chemicals and Enjay Chemicals into Exxon Chemicals.
504:
emissions. As a part of the imposed conditions on the approval for Humble Oil, Church asked that three air-pollution stations be set up in
Monterey County to monitor air quality for two-years prior to Humble starting to build. Church said that the county needed to do so in order to "obtain
479:. Monterey County was deeply divided on the plan with tourism proponents, some agricultural interests and a nascent environmental movement opposing the refinery. However, public opinion surveys showed greater than 2 to 1 support for the Humble Oil refinery with
412:
in 1966. Meanwhile, Humble gradually built up new and rebranded service stations in
California and other western states under the Enco brand and purchased a large number of stations from Signal Oil Company in 1967, followed by the opening of a new refinery in
495:
The Humble project was approved, but the planning commission (which had previously rejected the project by a 5–4 vote) had imposed 36 conditions many that had never been imposed on an industry before. Church added three more which included for parking,
433:
Humble name in all Esso/Enco ads and the uniformity in design and products of Humble stations nationwide, the company still had difficulties promoting itself as a nationwide gasoline marketer competing against truly national brands such as
400:, a major gasoline marketer along the eastern and western seaboards, to purchase Tidewater's refining and marketing operations on the west coast, a move that would have given Humble a large number of existing stations and a refinery in
226:
which acquired the rest of the company in
September 1959. The Humble brand was used by Standard Oil of New Jersey until 1973, when the company rebranded nationwide as Exxon and discontinued Humble, along with its other brands
385:(early 1970's). The Enco brand was not used in Ohio because of trademark infringement claims made by Standard Oil Co. of Ohio (Sohio); Exxon later withdrew from Ohio entirely by the end of the decade save for
281:(1881–1942), was the primary organizer. Farish served as vice president for five years and, in 1922, he became the president of Humble Oil and Refining Co. In 1933, he became chairman of the board of
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stations for decades as those operations were under the direction of Jersey Standard affiliate, Humble Oil, and in the mid-to-late 1950s, Humble expanded to other Southwestern states including
424:(a Standard Oil of California subsidiary by that time and in the process of rebranding the Kyso stations as Chevron). By 1967, stations in each of those states were rebranded as Enco.
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Esso is no longer used commercially in the United States, but remains a brand of ExxonMobil used outside of the United States, particularly Canada, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom
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505:'guidelines' to determine what pollutants an oil refinery may contribute." Church's intentions were that Humble be required to pay for and maintain the stations.
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In 1966, the Justice Department ordered Humble to "cease and desist" from using the Esso brand at stations in several Southeastern states following protests from
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prior to the decision. "It is the whole industrial complex which will inevitability follow and change the whole complexion of this Monterey County."
215:
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Peterson, Ken (October 20, 1985). "'65 Moss Landing Refinery Battle Determined Future of the County". The Sunday Peninsula Herald. pp. 1, 4.
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at a 12-hour meeting that set the conditions for the permit. "It is not just the Humble Oil refinery we are fighting at Moss Landing," said
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270:, who became assistant, and later full, secretary and treasurer of the company. The three siblings were often referred to as the "Trio."
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996:"Church Wants Smog Stations Built Now". No. Newspaper clipping. Monterey County Herald. September 29, 1965.
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985:"Church Calls for Air Monitoring Unit". No. Newspaper clipping. Salinas Californian. August 29, 1965.
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Brazil, Eric (February 15, 1965). "Humble Oil Plans For County Site". Salinas Californian. pp. 1–2.
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March, Ray (September 1, 1965). "Board to Act on Humble Oil". Salinas Californian. pp. 1, 4.
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This document was supplied to Noland, Hammerly, Etienne and Fulton who were representing Humble.
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and Humble brands. The Enco brand was introduced by Humble in the summer of 1960 at stations in
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Humble's restructuring allowed both companies to sell and market gasoline nationwide under the
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March, Ray (September 25, 1965). "Humble Gets Permit, 3-2". Salinas Californian. pp. 1–2.
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971:"Special Permit, Ordinance No. 1391 of Monterey County". Monterey County. September 1965.
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Giant Under the Hill, A History of the Spindletop Oil Discovery at Beaumont, Texas in 1901
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1007:"Reaction Varied to Refinery News". Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. March 31, 1966.
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Ross Sterling, Texan: A Memoir by the Founder of Humble Oil and Refining Company
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objected to Humble's plan and Tidewater's west coast operations were sold to
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History of Humble Oil and Refining Company. A study in industrial growth
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1018:"Humble Retreats from County". Monterey Peninsula Herald. May 18, 1966.
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150,000-200,000 barrels-a-day on a 444-acre site on the wetlands near
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Humble Oil and Refining Co. filing with US Atomic Energy Commission
404:, which was then the fastest-growing gasoline market. However, the
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947:"Ken Peterson: The battle that shaped Monterey County's future"
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HUMBLED: How California's Monterey Bay Escaped Industrial Ruin
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Discontinuation of the Humble, Enco brands in favor of Exxon
1471:
Exxon Corp. v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd
1137:
822:"Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change"
701:. Austin: Texas State Historical Association. p. 204.
347:
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978:
1458:
Accusations of ExxonMobil human rights violations in Aceh
222:. In 1919, a 50% interest in Humble was acquired by the
2430:
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1973
888:
877:
350:, but was soon blackballed after Standard Oil of Ohio (
277:
and incorporated with a capitalization of $ 1 million.
1033:
Larson, Henrietta M.; Porter, Kenneth Wiggins (1959).
697:
Linsley, Judith; Rienstrad, Ellen; Stiles, Jo (2002).
696:
266:, in February 1911. They were joined by their sister,
918:
916:
726:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 62–63.
452:
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Non-renewable resource companies established in 1911
1500:
People of the State of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp.
1034:
913:
863:. Royal Oaks, California: Vista Verde Publishing.
627:Clark, James A.; Odintz, Mark (August 31, 2015) .
273:On June 21, 1917, the company was re-organized as
238:Today, Humble's assets are owned and operated by
2396:
1065:Sterling, Ross S.; Kilman, Ed (1 January 2010).
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854:
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293:National expansion, introduction of Enco brand
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1046:Olien, Diana Davids; Olien, Roger M. (2002).
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242:, which formed from the merger of Exxon and
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2405:Defunct oil companies of the United States
1888:National Register of Historic Places Sites
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36:
2450:American companies disestablished in 1973
859:Church, Glenn; McKenzie, Kathryn (2020).
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254:The Humble Oil Company was chartered by
1048:Oil in Texas: The Gusher Age, 1895-1945
724:Oil in Texas, The Gusher Age, 1895-1945
14:
2455:American companies established in 1911
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1482:ExxonMobil climate change controversy
1089:
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841:from the original on 15 January 2022.
802:"MARKETING: Farewell to Esso? - TIME"
2420:Energy companies established in 1911
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812:
672:McArthur, Judith N. (15 June 2010).
667:
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381:Humble-branded forecourt located in
246:(Standard Oil of New York) in 1999.
722:Olien, Diana; Olien, Roger (2002).
24:
1767:
1488:Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation
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684:Texas State Historical Association
639:Texas State Historical Association
453:Early research into global warming
396:In 1963, Humble was approached by
283:Standard Oil Company of New Jersey
25:
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1893:Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
1477:Longford, Victoria gas plant fire
819:Rich, Nathaniel (5 August 2018).
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715:
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662:
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1050:. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press.
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2440:1973 disestablishments in Texas
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18:Humble Oil and Refining Company
2445:Former ExxonMobil subsidiaries
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1622:Sable Offshore Energy Project
1071:. University of Texas Press.
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577:Carl E. Reistle Jr, 1961–1963
555:Carl E. Reistle Jr, 1963–1966
549:Leonidas T. Barrow, 1948–1955
523:
466:Monterey Bay County expansion
31:Humble Oil & Refining Co.
2435:1911 establishments in Texas
1431:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
945:Peterson, Ken (2008-07-13).
658:(Report). December 20, 1972.
586:Thomas D. Barrow, 1970–1973
573:Hines H. Baker Sr, 1948–1957
569:Robert L. Blaffer, 1933–1937
545:Robert L. Blaffer, 1937–1941
27:Defunct American oil company
7:
1883:National Historic Landmarks
1464:Allison v. ExxonMobil Corp.
827:The New York Times Magazine
584:Charles F. Jones, 1964–1970
562:Ross S. Sterling, 1917–1922
557:Myron A. Wright, 1966–1973
212:Humble Oil and Refining Co.
10:
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1587:Hebron-Ben Nevis oil field
1577:East-Prinovozemelsky field
1522:2010 Port Arthur oil spill
1273:Magnolia Petroleum Company
791:, Handbook of Texas Online
779:, Handbook of Texas Online
748:"From Anahuac to Millions"
575:Morgan J. Davis, 1957–1961
553:Morgan J. Davis, 1961–1963
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224:Standard Oil of New Jersey
203:Standard Oil of New Jersey
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2367:List of counties in Texas
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1494:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
1453:Overview of controversies
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1527:2013 Mayflower oil spill
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422:Standard Oil of Kentucky
279:William Stamps Farish II
1597:Kearl Oil Sands Project
674:"Sterling, Florence M."
629:"Exxon Company, U.S.A."
508:The Salinas Californian
406:U.S. Justice Department
308:Humble Oil refinery in
1678:Mobil Showcase Network
1673:ExxonMobil Electrofrac
789:FARISH, WILLIAM STAMPS
551:J. A. Neath, 1955–19??
531:Chairman of the Board
512:getting a new permit.
393:
1663:History of ExxonMobil
1617:Prudhoe Bay Oil Field
1582:Goose Creek Oil Field
1436:Upper Zakum oil field
1426:Port Stanvac Refinery
1411:Imperial Oil Building
777:EXXON COMPANY, U.S.A.
758:(1): 61. January 1920
398:Tidewater Oil Company
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141:Exxon Company, U.S.A.
1565:Oil & gas fields
1540:Greenpoint oil spill
1381:Baton Rouge Refinery
1283:Superior Oil Company
1227:ExxonMobil Australia
565:William S. Farish II
547:Harry C. Wiess, 1948
268:Florence M. Sterling
1918:Tourist attractions
1345:John D. Rockefeller
1335:Samuel J. Palmisano
1293:Standard Vacuum Oil
1041:. New York: Harper.
682:(online ed.).
637:(online ed.).
580:J. Kenneth Jamieson
415:Benicia, California
218:founded in 1911 in
150:Humble Oil Building
32:
2415:Petroleum in Texas
2022:Blackland Prairies
1699:Universe of Energy
1592:Hibernia oil field
1421:Nanticoke Refinery
1288:Vacuum Oil Company
1232:ExxonMobil Nigeria
808:. 25 October 1971.
410:Phillips Petroleum
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256:Walter Fondren Sr.
93:Walter Fondren Sr.
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1325:William W. George
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1078:978-0-292-77347-9
679:Handbook of Texas
634:Handbook of Texas
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2460:Defunct brands
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2205:
2196:
2187:
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2175:Greater Austin
2164:
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2072:Llano Estacado
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2019:
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1923:Transportation
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1815:Climate change
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1367:
1362:
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1352:
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1322:
1320:Larry Faulkner
1317:
1315:Michael Boskin
1311:
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1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:Exxon Neftegas
1219:
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1199:
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1190:
1187:
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1021:
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811:
793:
781:
769:
739:
732:
714:
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689:
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612:
609:
608:
598:
597:
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536:
535:
532:
525:
522:
477:Elkhorn Slough
467:
464:
460:global warming
454:
451:
429:
426:
387:Southeast Ohio
323:
316:
315:
310:Baytown, Texas
307:
300:
299:
298:
297:
296:
294:
291:
264:Frank Sterling
251:
248:
207:
206:
200:
194:
193:
182:
178:
177:
168:
164:
163:
160:Houston, Texas
158:
147:
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128:
124:
123:
113:
109:
108:
106:
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103:Frank Sterling
100:
95:
89:
87:
83:
82:
79:
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69:
65:
64:
62:
61:
55:
48:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2477:
2466:
2465:Humble, Texas
2463:
2461:
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2456:
2453:
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2402:
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2387:
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2373:
2369:
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2356:
2350:
2349:Wichita Falls
2347:
2345:
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2337:
2335:
2332:
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2327:
2325:
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2320:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:New Braunfels
2307:
2304:
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2299:
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2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:The Woodlands
2237:
2234:
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2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2197:
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2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
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2144:
2138:
2135:
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2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Permian Basin
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Cross Timbers
2045:
2043:
2042:Concho Valley
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Central Texas
2030:
2028:
2027:Brazos Valley
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
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1996:
1990:
1987:
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1982:
1980:
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1720:
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1684:
1683:Power Players
1681:
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1637:Tern oilfield
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1555:Esso Brussels
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1448:
1446:Controversies
1444:
1437:
1434:
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1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
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1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Milford Haven
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:Rex Tillerson
1358:
1356:
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1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1057:0-292-76056-6
1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1030:
1014:
1003:
992:
981:
974:
967:
952:
948:
941:
930:
919:
917:
905:
903:
891:
880:
872:
870:9781735109206
866:
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836:
832:
828:
823:
815:
807:
803:
797:
790:
785:
778:
773:
757:
753:
752:Petroleum Age
749:
743:
735:
729:
725:
718:
710:
708:9780876112366
704:
700:
693:
685:
681:
680:
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623:
619:
603:
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581:
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560:
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542:
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530:
529:
521:
519:
513:
510:
509:
503:
500:recovery and
499:
493:
491:
488:photographer
487:
482:
481:Warren Church
478:
474:
463:
461:
450:
446:
442:
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436:
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418:
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383:Gahanna, Ohio
379:
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365:
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349:
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341:
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326:
320:
311:
304:
290:
288:
287:Exxon Company
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
260:Ross Sterling
257:
247:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
225:
221:
220:Humble, Texas
217:
213:
204:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:(1963–1973),
156:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
114:
110:
104:
101:
99:
98:Ross Sterling
96:
94:
91:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
59:
56:
53:
50:
49:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2376:
2364:
2344:Wagner Creek
2147:Metropolitan
2117:South Plains
2087:Osage Plains
2067:Hill Country
2037:Coastal Bend
1979:Homelessness
1954:Demographics
1806:Architecture
1781:
1656:Other topics
1642:Tuapse field
1632:Tengiz Field
1554:
1546:
1533:Exxon Valdez
1532:
1498:
1486:
1469:
1462:
1365:Darren Woods
1267:
1237:Imperial Oil
1203:Subsidiaries
1067:
1047:
1036:
1013:
1002:
991:
980:
972:
966:
954:. Retrieved
950:
940:
929:
890:
879:
860:
826:
814:
805:
796:
784:
772:
760:. Retrieved
755:
751:
742:
723:
717:
698:
692:
677:
647:
632:
622:
602:
561:
539:
514:
506:
494:
473:Moss Landing
469:
456:
447:
443:
431:
419:
395:
356:
337:
331:, built 1963
325:Headquarters
274:
272:
253:
237:
211:
210:
146:Headquarters
130:Acquired by
45:Company type
2306:San Antonio
2190:Brownsville
2185:Port Arthur
2132:Trans-Pecos
2122:South Texas
2102:Piney Woods
2082:North Texas
1984:LGBT rights
1692:Sponsorship
1607:Ormen Lange
1340:Lee Raymond
1217:Aera Energy
582:, 1963–1964
567:, 1922–1933
543:, 1922–1925
490:Ansel Adams
417:, in 1969.
216:oil company
152:(1921–1963)
2399:Categories
2301:San Angelo
2244:Sugar Land
2217:Fort Worth
2171:Round Rock
2137:West Texas
2052:East Texas
2017:Boca Chica
2007:Ark‑La‑Tex
1866:Newspapers
1861:Mass media
1856:Literature
1836:Healthcare
1831:Government
1627:Sakhalin-I
1510:Oil spills
1416:Mossmorran
1374:Facilities
1268:Humble Oil
1247:XTO Energy
1160:On the Run
1117:ExxonMobil
733:0292760566
614:References
534:President
524:Leadership
402:California
364:New Mexico
240:ExxonMobil
187:(1960–73)
175:motor oils
119:1973-01-01
58:Subsidiary
2324:Texarkana
2221:Arlington
2194:Harlingen
2092:Panhandle
1964:Education
1846:Languages
1826:Geography
1786:(capital)
1535:oil spill
1165:Speedpass
835:0028-7822
205:(1959–73)
192:(1960–73)
138:Successor
72:Petroleum
60:(1959–73)
54:(1911–59)
2359:Counties
2334:Victoria
2282:Edinburg
2268:Longview
2181:Beaumont
2162:Amarillo
2012:Big Bend
1989:Politics
1974:Gun laws
1969:Gambling
1939:Abortion
1717:Category
956:3 August
839:Archived
762:14 April
439:Japanese
391:Columbus
372:Oklahoma
171:Gasoline
167:Products
68:Industry
2319:Denison
2315:Sherman
2291:Midland
2286:Mission
2278:McAllen
2273:Lubbock
2254:Killeen
2236:Houston
2231:El Paso
2157:Abilene
1999:Regions
1959:Economy
1944:Culture
1932:Society
1903:Symbols
1841:History
1821:Cuisine
1811:Climate
1801:Outline
1727:Commons
1210:Current
1153:Mobil 1
1131:Current
518:Benicia
475:at the
368:Arizona
329:Houston
285:(later
250:History
117: (
112:Defunct
86:Founder
78:Founded
52:Private
2296:Odessa
2263:Laredo
2258:Temple
2213:Dallas
2167:Austin
2127:Texoma
1908:Texans
1898:Sports
1793:Topics
1783:Austin
1308:People
1278:Petron
1256:Former
1174:Former
1124:Brands
1075:
1054:
867:
833:
730:
705:
498:sulfur
435:Texaco
370:, and
312:, 1958
198:Parent
181:Brands
2365:See:
2329:Tyler
2203:Bryan
2149:areas
1949:Crime
1871:Radio
1773:Texas
1769:State
1438:(28%)
1148:Mobil
1143:Exxon
656:(PDF)
594:Notes
360:Texas
352:Sohio
244:Mobil
132:Exxon
2339:Waco
1913:Time
1181:Enco
1138:Esso
1073:ISBN
1052:ISBN
958:2017
865:ISBN
831:ISSN
806:Time
764:2016
728:ISBN
703:ISBN
389:and
348:Ohio
344:Enco
340:Esso
262:and
233:Enco
231:and
229:Esso
190:Enco
185:Esso
127:Fate
81:1911
2225:DFW
1851:Law
1771:of
1553:SS
1545:SS
327:in
2401::
1876:TV
949:.
915:^
901:^
847:^
837:.
825:.
804:.
754:.
750:.
676:.
664:^
631:.
520:.
462:.
441:.
366:,
342:,
235:.
173:,
2317:–
2308:–
2284:–
2280:–
2256:–
2250:)
2246:(
2242:–
2238:–
2227:)
2223:(
2219:–
2215:–
2201:–
2192:–
2183:–
2177:)
2173:(
2169:–
1817:)
1813:(
1761:e
1754:t
1747:v
1109:e
1102:t
1095:v
1081:.
1060:.
960:.
873:.
766:.
756:7
736:.
711:.
686:.
641:.
121:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
