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is widely accepted that it was Church who refused to back a larger refinery unless Humble could “prove” that a smaller one would comply with the county's restrictions. On May 18, 1966, Humble Oil announced a suspension of all activities at Moss
Landing, publicly stating that a prime reason for abandoning the site was the difficulty of achieving a permit for a larger refinery. Public outcry and a legal challenge plus engineering problems also discouraged Humble Oil, and they eventually pulled out of Monterey County and decided to build a bigger refinery up north in more-welcoming
308:
367:
434:
1971 and early 1972 at rebranded Enco/Esso stations in certain U.S. cities. The name change, one of the most expensive in the history of the U.S. oil industry, not only involved advertisements and identifying street signs at service stations, but also gasoline pumps, product packaging, tankers, transport and delivery trucks, hundreds of smaller signs at more than 25,000 service stations, and millions of credit cards sent to account holders to replace their previous Esso/Enco cards.
1702:
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363:. In the spring of 1961, Humble stations in Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona were rebranded as Enco, and the Enco brand appeared on gasoline and lubricant products at Humble stations in Texas that same year, although service stations in the Lone Star State were not changed to Enco until 1962. During that time, Humble also expanded the Enco brand to new marketing areas it entered for the first time, including the West Coast.
426:— then a 50-state marketer and the only company selling products under one brand name in each state. Humble officials realized that, by the late 1960s, the time had come to swallow its pride by developing a new brand name that could be used nationwide throughout the U.S. At first, consideration was given to simply rebranding all stations as "Enco", but that was shelved when it was learned that "Enco" means "stalled car" in
1712:
343:) protested that Enco (Humble's acronym for "ENergy COmpany") sounded and looked too much like Esso as it shared the same oval logo with blue border and red letters with the two middle letters the only difference. At that point, the stations in Ohio were rebranded Humble (but the gasoline, motor oil, and lubricant products kept the name Enco) until the name change to Exxon in 1972.
27:
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supervisorial district in favor with 82%. The board of supervisors, after a 17-hour marathon public meeting, voted 3–2 to back the plan, with Church in favor of it because his district overwhelmingly backed the plan. But Church and others added many tough restrictions to the project a few weeks later
433:
To create a unified brand, the company rebranded all its U.S. service stations, along with its gasoline and other petroleum products, from Esso and Enco (Humble in Ohio) to Exxon nationwide during the summer and fall of 1972, following the successful test marketing of the Exxon brand and logo in late
504:
By the spring of 1966, Humble Oil was expressing the need for a larger refinery than initially permitted. Church publicly declared that there was not a majority on the board of supervisors for a larger refinery. Although not identifying himself as the supervisor switching his position on Humble, it
346:
Humble Oil also had service/gas stations branded as "Carter" in
Colorado. They were changed to ENCO in the early 60's. Though the Enco brand was discontinued in Ohio, it was rolled out in other non-Esso states, including service stations in the Midwestern U.S. operated by Jersey affiliate Pate Oil
421:
Despite the success of the "Put A Tiger In Your Tank" advertising campaign introduced by Humble in 1959, to promote its Enco/Esso Extra gasolines, the similar oval logotypes, the Happy
Motoring! tagline used in advertisements that also appeared overhead of service bays at each station, use of the
500:
stated, “It is conceivable in the future that other areas debating the admittance of an oil refinery will look at
Monterey County as an example of strict regulations. The conditions are that unique.” One of the most restrictive conditions forbade Humble Oil from expanding significantly without
459:
In 1965 Humble had intended to kickstart a massive 60-square-mile development plan for the Moss
Landing area that would have significantly impacted the area's natural beauty and altered its economic development. The company wanted to build a 50,000-barrel-a-day refinery with plans to expand to
446:
In 1957, scientists from Humble Oil published a study tracking “the enormous quantity of carbon dioxide” contributed to the atmosphere since the
Industrial Revolution “from the combustion of fossil fuels.” Exxon was aware of these findings and later researched the effect of its own company on
437:
The corporate name change from
Standard Oil of New Jersey to Exxon Corporation took effect January 1, 1973, along with the name change of domestic refining/marketing division Humble Oil and Refining Co. to Exxon USA, and the mergers of Esso Chemicals and Enjay Chemicals into Exxon Chemicals.
493:
emissions. As a part of the imposed conditions on the approval for Humble Oil, Church asked that three air-pollution stations be set up in
Monterey County to monitor air quality for two-years prior to Humble starting to build. Church said that the county needed to do so in order to "obtain
468:. Monterey County was deeply divided on the plan with tourism proponents, some agricultural interests and a nascent environmental movement opposing the refinery. However, public opinion surveys showed greater than 2 to 1 support for the Humble Oil refinery with
401:
in 1966. Meanwhile, Humble gradually built up new and rebranded service stations in
California and other western states under the Enco brand and purchased a large number of stations from Signal Oil Company in 1967, followed by the opening of a new refinery in
484:
The Humble project was approved, but the planning commission (which had previously rejected the project by a 5–4 vote) had imposed 36 conditions many that had never been imposed on an industry before. Church added three more which included for parking,
422:
Humble name in all Esso/Enco ads and the uniformity in design and products of Humble stations nationwide, the company still had difficulties promoting itself as a nationwide gasoline marketer competing against truly national brands such as
389:, a major gasoline marketer along the eastern and western seaboards, to purchase Tidewater's refining and marketing operations on the west coast, a move that would have given Humble a large number of existing stations and a refinery in
215:
which acquired the rest of the company in
September 1959. The Humble brand was used by Standard Oil of New Jersey until 1973, when the company rebranded nationwide as Exxon and discontinued Humble, along with its other brands
374:(early 1970's). The Enco brand was not used in Ohio because of trademark infringement claims made by Standard Oil Co. of Ohio (Sohio); Exxon later withdrew from Ohio entirely by the end of the decade save for
270:(1881–1942), was the primary organizer. Farish served as vice president for five years and, in 1922, he became the president of Humble Oil and Refining Co. In 1933, he became chairman of the board of
351:
stations for decades as those operations were under the direction of Jersey Standard affiliate, Humble Oil, and in the mid-to-late 1950s, Humble expanded to other Southwestern states including
413:(a Standard Oil of California subsidiary by that time and in the process of rebranding the Kyso stations as Chevron). By 1967, stations in each of those states were rebranded as Enco.
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Esso is no longer used commercially in the United States, but remains a brand of ExxonMobil used outside of the United States, particularly Canada, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom
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494:'guidelines' to determine what pollutants an oil refinery may contribute." Church's intentions were that Humble be required to pay for and maintain the stations.
409:
In 1966, the Justice Department ordered Humble to "cease and desist" from using the Esso brand at stations in several Southeastern states following protests from
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prior to the decision. "It is the whole industrial complex which will inevitability follow and change the whole complexion of this Monterey County."
204:
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Peterson, Ken (October 20, 1985). "'65 Moss Landing Refinery Battle Determined Future of the County". The Sunday Peninsula Herald. pp. 1, 4.
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at a 12-hour meeting that set the conditions for the permit. "It is not just the Humble Oil refinery we are fighting at Moss Landing," said
1871:
259:, who became assistant, and later full, secretary and treasurer of the company. The three siblings were often referred to as the "Trio."
1881:
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985:"Church Wants Smog Stations Built Now". No. Newspaper clipping. Monterey County Herald. September 29, 1965.
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974:"Church Calls for Air Monitoring Unit". No. Newspaper clipping. Salinas Californian. August 29, 1965.
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Brazil, Eric (February 15, 1965). "Humble Oil Plans For County Site". Salinas Californian. pp. 1–2.
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278:), which held substantial stock interest in Humble, and in 1937, he became president of Standard.
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March, Ray (September 1, 1965). "Board to Act on Humble Oil". Salinas Californian. pp. 1, 4.
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This document was supplied to Noland, Hammerly, Etienne and Fulton who were representing Humble.
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and Humble brands. The Enco brand was introduced by Humble in the summer of 1960 at stations in
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Humble's restructuring allowed both companies to sell and market gasoline nationwide under the
40:
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March, Ray (September 25, 1965). "Humble Gets Permit, 3-2". Salinas Californian. pp. 1–2.
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960:"Special Permit, Ordinance No. 1391 of Monterey County". Monterey County. September 1965.
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Giant Under the Hill, A History of the Spindletop Oil Discovery at Beaumont, Texas in 1901
8:
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March, Ray (September 3, 1965). "Humble Wins 3-2". Salinas Californian. pp. 1–2.
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996:"Reaction Varied to Refinery News". Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. March 31, 1966.
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and in the Pacific Northwest by affiliate Carter Oil. The Humble brand was used at
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Ross Sterling, Texan: A Memoir by the Founder of Humble Oil and Refining Company
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objected to Humble's plan and Tidewater's west coast operations were sold to
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History of Humble Oil and Refining Company. A study in industrial growth
2125:
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1007:"Humble Retreats from County". Monterey Peninsula Herald. May 18, 1966.
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150,000-200,000 barrels-a-day on a 444-acre site on the wetlands near
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Humble Oil and Refining Co. filing with US Atomic Energy Commission
393:, which was then the fastest-growing gasoline market. However, the
360:
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936:"Ken Peterson: The battle that shaped Monterey County's future"
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HUMBLED: How California's Monterey Bay Escaped Industrial Ruin
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340:
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Discontinuation of the Humble, Enco brands in favor of Exxon
1460:
Exxon Corp. v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd
1126:
811:"Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change"
690:. Austin: Texas State Historical Association. p. 204.
336:
328:
217:
173:
967:
1447:
Accusations of ExxonMobil human rights violations in Aceh
211:. In 1919, a 50% interest in Humble was acquired by the
2419:
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1973
877:
866:
339:, but was soon blackballed after Standard Oil of Ohio (
266:
and incorporated with a capitalization of $ 1 million.
1022:
Larson, Henrietta M.; Porter, Kenneth Wiggins (1959).
686:
Linsley, Judith; Rienstrad, Ellen; Stiles, Jo (2002).
685:
255:, in February 1911. They were joined by their sister,
907:
905:
715:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 62–63.
441:
2414:
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1911
1489:
People of the State of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp.
1023:
902:
852:. Royal Oaks, California: Vista Verde Publishing.
616:Clark, James A.; Odintz, Mark (August 31, 2015) .
262:On June 21, 1917, the company was re-organized as
227:Today, Humble's assets are owned and operated by
2385:
1054:Sterling, Ross S.; Kilman, Ed (1 January 2010).
454:
843:
841:
839:
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1053:
953:
893:
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282:National expansion, introduction of Enco brand
1742:
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1035:Olien, Diana Davids; Olien, Roger M. (2002).
978:
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1021:
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231:, which formed from the merger of Exxon and
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2394:Defunct oil companies of the United States
1877:National Register of Historic Places Sites
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710:
25:
2439:American companies disestablished in 1973
848:Church, Glenn; McKenzie, Kathryn (2020).
933:
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243:The Humble Oil Company was chartered by
1037:Oil in Texas: The Gusher Age, 1895-1945
713:Oil in Texas, The Gusher Age, 1895-1945
2444:American companies established in 1911
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897:
1730:
1471:ExxonMobil climate change controversy
1078:
911:
883:
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830:from the original on 15 January 2022.
791:"MARKETING: Farewell to Esso? - TIME"
2409:Energy companies established in 1911
1711:
807:
801:
661:McArthur, Judith N. (15 June 2010).
656:
654:
370:Humble-branded forecourt located in
235:(Standard Oil of New York) in 1999.
711:Olien, Diana; Olien, Roger (2002).
13:
1756:
1477:Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation
1015:
673:Texas State Historical Association
628:Texas State Historical Association
442:Early research into global warming
385:In 1963, Humble was approached by
272:Standard Oil Company of New Jersey
14:
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1882:Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
1466:Longford, Victoria gas plant fire
808:Rich, Nathaniel (5 August 2018).
729:
704:
679:
651:
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1039:. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press.
306:
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2429:1973 disestablishments in Texas
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264:Humble Oil and Refining Company
2434:Former ExxonMobil subsidiaries
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771:
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634:
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1:
1611:Sable Offshore Energy Project
1060:. University of Texas Press.
602:
566:Carl E. Reistle Jr, 1961–1963
544:Carl E. Reistle Jr, 1963–1966
538:Leonidas T. Barrow, 1948–1955
512:
455:Monterey Bay County expansion
20:Humble Oil & Refining Co.
2424:1911 establishments in Texas
1420:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
934:Peterson, Ken (2008-07-13).
647:(Report). December 20, 1972.
575:Thomas D. Barrow, 1970–1973
562:Hines H. Baker Sr, 1948–1957
558:Robert L. Blaffer, 1933–1937
534:Robert L. Blaffer, 1937–1941
16:Defunct American oil company
7:
1872:National Historic Landmarks
1453:Allison v. ExxonMobil Corp.
816:The New York Times Magazine
573:Charles F. Jones, 1964–1970
551:Ross S. Sterling, 1917–1922
546:Myron A. Wright, 1966–1973
201:Humble Oil and Refining Co.
10:
2470:
1576:Hebron-Ben Nevis oil field
1566:East-Prinovozemelsky field
1511:2010 Port Arthur oil spill
1262:Magnolia Petroleum Company
780:, Handbook of Texas Online
768:, Handbook of Texas Online
737:"From Anahuac to Millions"
564:Morgan J. Davis, 1957–1961
542:Morgan J. Davis, 1961–1963
238:
213:Standard Oil of New Jersey
192:Standard Oil of New Jersey
2399:Automotive fuel retailers
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2356:List of counties in Texas
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1591:Kizomba deepwater project
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1506:2010 ExxonMobil oil spill
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1483:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
1442:Overview of controversies
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1561:Colony Shale Oil Project
1516:2013 Mayflower oil spill
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411:Standard Oil of Kentucky
268:William Stamps Farish II
1586:Kearl Oil Sands Project
663:"Sterling, Florence M."
618:"Exxon Company, U.S.A."
497:The Salinas Californian
395:U.S. Justice Department
297:Humble Oil refinery in
1667:Mobil Showcase Network
1662:ExxonMobil Electrofrac
778:FARISH, WILLIAM STAMPS
540:J. A. Neath, 1955–19??
520:Chairman of the Board
501:getting a new permit.
382:
1652:History of ExxonMobil
1606:Prudhoe Bay Oil Field
1571:Goose Creek Oil Field
1425:Upper Zakum oil field
1415:Port Stanvac Refinery
1400:Imperial Oil Building
766:EXXON COMPANY, U.S.A.
747:(1): 61. January 1920
387:Tidewater Oil Company
369:
130:Exxon Company, U.S.A.
1554:Oil & gas fields
1529:Greenpoint oil spill
1370:Baton Rouge Refinery
1272:Superior Oil Company
1216:ExxonMobil Australia
554:William S. Farish II
536:Harry C. Wiess, 1948
257:Florence M. Sterling
1907:Tourist attractions
1334:John D. Rockefeller
1324:Samuel J. Palmisano
1282:Standard Vacuum Oil
1030:. New York: Harper.
671:(online ed.).
626:(online ed.).
569:J. Kenneth Jamieson
404:Benicia, California
207:founded in 1911 in
139:Humble Oil Building
21:
2404:Petroleum in Texas
2011:Blackland Prairies
1688:Universe of Energy
1581:Hibernia oil field
1410:Nanticoke Refinery
1277:Vacuum Oil Company
1221:ExxonMobil Nigeria
797:. 25 October 1971.
399:Phillips Petroleum
383:
245:Walter Fondren Sr.
82:Walter Fondren Sr.
19:
2381:
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2096:Rio Grande Valley
1724:
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1601:Pembina oil field
1380:Billings Refinery
1339:Walter V. Shipley
1319:James R. Houghton
1314:William W. George
1292:
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1231:SeaRiver Maritime
1178:
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1067:978-0-292-77347-9
668:Handbook of Texas
623:Handbook of Texas
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2374:Texas portal
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1636:West Qurna Field
1536:Atlantic Empress
1375:Baytown Refinery
1344:Walter C. Teagle
1252:Creole Petroleum
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2066:Northeast Texas
2051:Golden Triangle
2046:Edwards Plateau
1982:
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466:Elkhorn Slough
456:
453:
449:global warming
443:
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418:
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376:Southeast Ohio
312:
305:
304:
299:Baytown, Texas
296:
289:
288:
287:
286:
285:
283:
280:
253:Frank Sterling
240:
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196:
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183:
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149:Houston, Texas
147:
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92:Frank Sterling
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44:
37:
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31:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2454:Humble, Texas
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2338:Wichita Falls
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2299:New Braunfels
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2229:The Woodlands
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2036:Cross Timbers
2034:
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2031:Concho Valley
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2024:
2022:
2021:Central Texas
2019:
2017:
2016:Brazos Valley
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1435:Controversies
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1349:Rex Tillerson
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1046:0-292-76056-6
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741:Petroleum Age
738:
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718:
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697:9780876112366
693:
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489:recovery and
488:
482:
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477:photographer
476:
471:
470:Warren Church
467:
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372:Gahanna, Ohio
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279:
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276:Exxon Company
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
249:Ross Sterling
246:
236:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
214:
210:
209:Humble, Texas
206:
202:
193:
190:
188:
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175:
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161:
158:
154:
150:
146:(1963–1973),
145:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
103:
99:
93:
90:
88:
87:Ross Sterling
85:
83:
80:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
48:
45:
42:
39:
38:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2365:
2353:
2333:Wagner Creek
2136:Metropolitan
2106:South Plains
2076:Osage Plains
2056:Hill Country
2026:Coastal Bend
1968:Homelessness
1943:Demographics
1795:Architecture
1770:
1645:Other topics
1631:Tuapse field
1621:Tengiz Field
1543:
1535:
1522:Exxon Valdez
1521:
1487:
1475:
1458:
1451:
1354:Darren Woods
1256:
1226:Imperial Oil
1192:Subsidiaries
1056:
1036:
1025:
1002:
991:
980:
969:
961:
955:
943:. Retrieved
939:
929:
918:
879:
868:
849:
815:
803:
794:
785:
773:
761:
749:. Retrieved
744:
740:
731:
712:
706:
687:
681:
666:
636:
621:
611:
591:
550:
528:
503:
495:
483:
462:Moss Landing
458:
445:
436:
432:
420:
408:
384:
345:
326:
320:, built 1963
314:Headquarters
263:
261:
242:
226:
200:
199:
135:Headquarters
119:Acquired by
34:Company type
2295:San Antonio
2179:Brownsville
2174:Port Arthur
2121:Trans-Pecos
2111:South Texas
2091:Piney Woods
2071:North Texas
1973:LGBT rights
1681:Sponsorship
1596:Ormen Lange
1329:Lee Raymond
1206:Aera Energy
571:, 1963–1964
556:, 1922–1933
532:, 1922–1925
479:Ansel Adams
406:, in 1969.
205:oil company
141:(1921–1963)
2388:Categories
2290:San Angelo
2233:Sugar Land
2206:Fort Worth
2160:Round Rock
2126:West Texas
2041:East Texas
2006:Boca Chica
1996:Ark‑La‑Tex
1855:Newspapers
1850:Mass media
1845:Literature
1825:Healthcare
1820:Government
1616:Sakhalin-I
1499:Oil spills
1405:Mossmorran
1363:Facilities
1257:Humble Oil
1236:XTO Energy
1149:On the Run
1106:ExxonMobil
722:0292760566
603:References
523:President
513:Leadership
391:California
353:New Mexico
229:ExxonMobil
176:(1960–73)
164:motor oils
108:1973-01-01
47:Subsidiary
2313:Texarkana
2210:Arlington
2183:Harlingen
2081:Panhandle
1953:Education
1835:Languages
1815:Geography
1775:(capital)
1524:oil spill
1154:Speedpass
824:0028-7822
194:(1959–73)
181:(1960–73)
127:Successor
61:Petroleum
49:(1959–73)
43:(1911–59)
2348:Counties
2323:Victoria
2271:Edinburg
2257:Longview
2170:Beaumont
2151:Amarillo
2001:Big Bend
1978:Politics
1963:Gun laws
1958:Gambling
1928:Abortion
1706:Category
945:3 August
828:Archived
751:14 April
428:Japanese
380:Columbus
361:Oklahoma
160:Gasoline
156:Products
57:Industry
2308:Denison
2304:Sherman
2280:Midland
2275:Mission
2267:McAllen
2262:Lubbock
2243:Killeen
2225:Houston
2220:El Paso
2146:Abilene
1988:Regions
1948:Economy
1933:Culture
1921:Society
1892:Symbols
1830:History
1810:Cuisine
1800:Climate
1790:Outline
1716:Commons
1199:Current
1142:Mobil 1
1120:Current
507:Benicia
464:at the
357:Arizona
318:Houston
274:(later
239:History
106: (
101:Defunct
75:Founder
67:Founded
41:Private
2285:Odessa
2252:Laredo
2247:Temple
2202:Dallas
2156:Austin
2116:Texoma
1897:Texans
1887:Sports
1782:Topics
1772:Austin
1297:People
1267:Petron
1245:Former
1163:Former
1113:Brands
1064:
1043:
856:
822:
719:
694:
487:sulfur
424:Texaco
359:, and
301:, 1958
187:Parent
170:Brands
2354:See:
2318:Tyler
2192:Bryan
2138:areas
1938:Crime
1860:Radio
1762:Texas
1758:State
1427:(28%)
1137:Mobil
1132:Exxon
645:(PDF)
583:Notes
349:Texas
341:Sohio
233:Mobil
121:Exxon
2328:Waco
1902:Time
1170:Enco
1127:Esso
1062:ISBN
1041:ISBN
947:2017
854:ISBN
820:ISSN
795:Time
753:2016
717:ISBN
692:ISBN
378:and
337:Ohio
333:Enco
329:Esso
251:and
222:Enco
220:and
218:Esso
179:Enco
174:Esso
116:Fate
70:1911
2214:DFW
1840:Law
1760:of
1542:SS
1534:SS
316:in
2390::
1865:TV
938:.
904:^
890:^
836:^
826:.
814:.
793:.
743:.
739:.
665:.
653:^
620:.
509:.
451:.
430:.
355:,
331:,
224:.
162:,
2306:–
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2273:–
2269:–
2245:–
2239:)
2235:(
2231:–
2227:–
2216:)
2212:(
2208:–
2204:–
2190:–
2181:–
2172:–
2166:)
2162:(
2158:–
1806:)
1802:(
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1736:v
1098:e
1091:t
1084:v
1070:.
1049:.
949:.
862:.
755:.
745:7
725:.
700:.
675:.
630:.
110:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
