1790:'s 2014 Religious Landscape Study. Trejo did not use self-identification to measure humanists but combined the answers of two questions: "Do you believe in God or a universal spirit?" (she chose those who answered 'no') and "when it comes to questions of right or wrong, which of the following do you look to most for guidance?" (picking answers 'scientific information' and 'philosophy and reason'). According to Trejo, most humanists identify as atheist or agnostic (37% and 18%), 29% as "nothing in particular", while 16% of humanists identify as religious. She also found most humanists (80%) were raised in a religious background. Sixty percent of humanists are married to non-religious spouses, while one quarter are married to a Christian. There is a gender divide among humanists: 67 percent are male. Trejo says this can be explained by the fact that more males self-identify as atheist, while women have stronger connections to religion because of socialization, community influence, and stereotypes; some women, especially Catholic Latinas, are expected to be religious and many of them abide by their community expectations. Other findings note the high level of education of most humanists, indicating a higher socioeconomic status. The population of humanists is overwhelming non-Hispanic white; according to Trejo, this is because minority groups are usually very religious.
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1852:, this criticism is a malicious campaign by religious fanatics, the so-called Moral Majority, who need a demonic scapegoat to rally its followers. Other religious opponents scorn humanism by stating it is materialistic thereby diminishing humanity because it denies the spiritual nature and needs of man. Also, because the goal in life is the acquisition of material goods, humanism produces greed and selfishness. In response to this criticism Norman states that there is absolutely no reason why humanists should be committed to the view that the only things worth living for are 'material goods'. Such an accusation, he says, is based on a "sloppy" understanding of
2611:, chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece:According to Law "Three early Greek philosophers â Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes â are of particular interest. The manner in which these Milesian philosophers thought critically and independently, largely putting aside mythological and religious explanations and instead attempting to develop their own ideas and theories grounded in observation and reason, obviously makes them particularly important from a humanist point of view. They collectively exhibit several of the key ideas and values of humanism." In the next paragraph, he also mentions presocratic philosopher, Protagoras.;
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954:, humanistic ideas resurfaced, this time further from religion and classical literature. Science and intellectualism advanced, and humanists argued that rationality could replace deism as the means with which to understand the world. Humanistic values, such as tolerance and opposition to slavery, started to take shape. New philosophical, social, and political ideas appeared. Some thinkers rejected theism outright; and atheism, deism, and hostility to organized religion were formed. During the Enlightenment,
2216:: "When I say that pleasure is the goal of living I do not mean the pleasures of libertines ... I mean, on the contrary, the pleasure that consists of freedom from bodily pain and mental agitation. Pleasant life is not the product of one drinking party after another or sexual intercourse with women and young men or of the seafood and other delicacies afforded by the serious table. On the contrary, it is the result of sober thinking ... " Copson is citing 66 Epicurus,
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2834:, pp. 8â14:Mann writes "This enthusiasm is reflected in his search for new texts, first manifested in a journey to the north in 1333, when he found a manuscript of Cicero's forgotten Pro Archia in Liege, and one of Propertius in Paris, stemming from the 13th-century scholar Richard of Fournival. Both these texts he studied assiduously and transmitted to posterity with his annotations and emendations, as he did also with De chorographia of Pomponius Mel";
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1411:, which states one should act in accordance with maxims one could will to become a universal law, shaped the humanist moral narrative until the early 20th century. Because the concepts of free will and reason are not based on scientific naturalism, their influence on humanists remained in the early 20th century but was reduced by social progressiveness and egalitarianism. As part of social changes in the late 20th century, humanist ethics evolved to support
1471:, "if God does not exist, then everything is permitted". This argument suggests chaos will ensue if religious belief disappears. For humanists, theism is an obstacle to morality rather than a prerequisite for it. According to humanists, acting only out of fear, adherence to dogma, and expectation of a reward is a selfish motivation rather than morality. Humanists point to the subjectivity of the supposedly objective divine commands by referring to the
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754:' atomist theoryâa materialistic theory that suggests the fundamental unit of the universe is an indivisible atom. Human happiness, living well, friendship, and the avoidance of excesses were the key ingredients of Epicurean philosophy that flourished in and beyond the post-Hellenic world. It is a repeated view among scholars that the humanistic features of ancient Greek thought are the roots of humanism 2,000 years later.
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at times been a pretext for
Western countries to expand their influence to other parts of the world to humanize "barbarians". Asad has also said humanism is not a purely secular phenomenon but takes the idea of the essence of humanity from Christianity. According to Asad, Western humanism cannot incorporate other humanistic traditions, such as those from India and China, without subsuming and ultimately eliminating them.
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also argues that secularism helps plurality and diversity, which are fundamental aspects of our modern world. While barbarism and violence can be found in most civilizations, Haworth notes religion usually fuels rhetoric and enables these actions. He also said the values of hard work, honesty, and charity are found in other civilizations. According to
Haworth, humanism opposes the irrationality of
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450:, humanistic values were reinforced by advances in science and technology, giving confidence to humans in their exploration of the world. By the early 20th century, organizations dedicated to humanism flourished in Europe and the United States, and have since expanded worldwide. In the early 21st century, the term generally denotes a focus on human well-being and advocates for human
1501:, and Galileo to illustrate how scientific discoveries added to the deconstruction of the religious narrative in favor of human-generated knowledge. This ultimately uncoupled the fate of humans from the divine will, prompting social and political shifts. The relation of state and citizens changed as civic humanistic principles emerged; people were no longer to be servile to
729:, put forward some fundamental humanist ideas, although only fragments of his work survive. He made one of the first agnostic statements; according to one fragment: "About the gods I am able to know neither that they exist nor that they do not exist nor of what kind they are in form: for many things prevent me for knowing this, its obscurity and the brevity of man's life".
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was shaped by gender and race. According to
Crosson, the shift from man to human started during enlightenment and is still ongoing. Crosson also argues that enlightenment, especially in Britain, produced not only a notion of universal man, but also gave birth to pseudoscientific ideas, such as those about differences between races, that shaped European history.
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glorification of a supernatural
Supreme Being ... It heartily welcomes all life-enhancing and healthy pleasures, from the vigorous enjoyments of youth to the contemplative delights of mellowed age, from the simple gratifications of food and drink, sunshine and sports, to the more complex appreciation of art and literature, friendship and social communion.
640:, writing in 1974, humanists are opposed to the imposition of one culture in some civilizations, do not belong to a church or established religion, do not support dictatorships, and do not justify the use of violence for social reforms. Hook also said humanists support the elimination of hunger and improvements to health, housing, and education. In the same
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is overlooked. According to humanist professor Peter Derks, elements that contribute to the meaning of life are a morally worthy purpose in life, positive self-evaluation, an understanding of one's environment, being seen and understood by others, the ability to emotionally connect with others, and a desire to have a meaning in life. Humanist professor
1139:. Utilitarianism, a moral philosophy, centers its attention on human happiness, aiming to eliminate human and animal pain via natural means. In Europe and the US, as philosophical critiques of theistic beliefs grew, large parts of society distanced themselves from religion. Ethical societies were formed, leading to the contemporary humanist movement.
1905:, while departing from a humanistic, pro-Enlightenment viewpoint, criticized humanism for illusions on a number of topics, especially the nature of truth. According to Nietzsche, objective truth is an anthropomorphic illusion and humanism is meaningless, and replacing theism with reason and science simply replaces one religion with another.
1032:". According to scholar Tony Davies, this was intended to be an atheist cult based on some humanistic tenets, and had some prominent members but soon declined. It was nonetheless influential during the 19th century, and its humanism and rejection of supernaturalism are echoed in the works of later authors such as
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Antihumanism is a philosophical theory that rejects humanism as a pre-scientific ideology. This argument developed during the 19th and 20th centuries in parallel with the advancement of humanism. Prominent thinkers questioned the metaphysics of humanism and the human nature of its concept of freedom.
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Personal humanist interpretations of the meaning of life vary from the pursuit of happiness without recklessness and excesses to participation in human history, and connection with loved ones, living animals, and plants. Some answers are close to those of religious discourse if the appeal to divinity
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writes: "First, and most simply, the
Presocratics invented the very idea of science and philosophy. They hit upon that special way of looking at the world which is the scientific or rational way. They saw the world as something ordered and intelligible, its history following an explicable course and
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is destined to push a heavy rock up a hill; the rock slips back and he must repeat the task. Sisyphus is negating Gods and preset meanings of life, but argues that life has value and significance, and that each individual is able to create their meanings of life. Camus thus highlights the importance
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has a concept of morality that must have been with the species since the beginning of human history, developing by recognizing and thinking upon behaviors. He adds morality is universal among human cultures and all cultures strive to improve their moral level. Shook concludes that while morality was
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In the
Humanist ethics the chief end of thought and action is to further this-earthly human interests on behalf of the greater glory of people. The watchword of Humanism is happiness for all humanity in this existence as contrasted with salvation for the individual soul in a future existence and the
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Human autonomy is another hallmark of humanist philosophy. For people to be autonomous, their beliefs and actions must be the result of their own reasoning. For humanists, autonomy dignifies each individual; without autonomy, people's humanity is lessened. Humanists also consider human essence to be
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Humanist values spread from Italy in the 15th century. Students and scholars went to Italy to study before returning to their homelands carrying humanistic messages. Printing houses dedicated to ancient texts were established in Venice, Basel, and Paris. By the end of the 15th century, the center of
852:, who is often referred to as the father of humanism, is a significant figure. Petrarch was raised in Avignon; he was inclined toward education at a very early age and studied alongside his well-educated father. Petrarch's enthusiasm for ancient texts led him to discover manuscripts such as Cicero's
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argues humanism is a project of modernity and a secularized continuation of
Western Christian theology. According to Asad, just as the Catholic Church passed the Christian doctrine of love to Africa and Asia while assisting in the enslavement of large parts of their population, humanist values have
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attacks humanism for its connection to human rights. According to Moyn, the concept of human rights in the 1960s was a declaration of anti-colonial struggle, but that idea was later transformed into an impossible utopian vision, replacing the failing utopias of the 20th century. The humanist use of
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The hallmark of contemporary humanism in politics is the demand for secularism. Philosopher Alan
Haworth said secularism delivers fair treatment to all citizens of a nation-state since all are treated without discrimination; religion is a private issue and the state should have no power over it. He
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Humanism has widely been seen as antithetical to religion. Philosopher of religion David Kline, traces the roots of this animosity since the
Renaissance, when humanistic views deconstructed the previous religiously defined order. Kline describes several ways this antithesis has evolved. Kline notes
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provided the modern philosophical basis of the humanist narrative. His theory of critical philosophy formed the basis of the world of knowledge, defending rationalism and grounding it in the empirical world. He also supported the idea of the moral autonomy of the individual, which is fundamental to
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Scholar J. Brent
Crosson argues that, while there is a widely-held belief that the birth of humanism was solely a European affair, intellectual thought from Africa and Asia significantly contributed as well. He also notes that during enlightenment, the universal man did not encompass all humans but
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The intellectual movement later known as Renaissance humanism first appeared in Italy and has greatly influenced both contemporaneous and modern Western culture. Renaissance humanism emerged in Italy and a renewed interest in literature and the arts occurred in 13th-century Italy. Italian scholars
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Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and
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from a supernatural source to understand the world. Humanists tend to advocate for human rights, free speech, progressive policies, and democracy. People with a humanist worldview maintain religion is not a precondition of morality, and object to excessive religious entanglement with education and
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its different parts arranged in some comprehensible system. The world was not a random collection of bits, its history was not an arbitrary series of events. Still less was it a series of events determined by the will- or the caprice â of the gods." See whole subchapter "First philosophy" pp 17â25
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According to Stephen Law, humanist adherence to secularism placed humans at odds with religion, especially nationally dominant religions striving to retain privileges gained in the last centuries. Worth notes religious persons can be secularists. Law notes secularism is criticized for suppressing
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Humanism is strongly linked to rationality. For humanists, humans are reasonable beings, and reasoning and the scientific method are means of finding truth. Humanists argue science and rationality have driven successful developments in various fields while the invocation of supernatural phenomena
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that leads to oppression and a lack of ethical diversity. Other critics, namely feminists, black activists, postcolonial critics, and gay and lesbian advocates, say humanism is an oppressive philosophy because it is not free from the biases of the white, heterosexual males who shaped it. History
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Yet, the difficulty of defining humanism is not necessarily a problem. Davies avoids offering a definition, choosing instead âto stress the plurality, complexity and fluidity of meaningsâ. Jeaneane Fowler argues that humanism is indefinable precisely because of its âparticular dynamismâ and the
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but could pursue their own destinies. Kline also points at the aspects of personal belief that added to the hostility between humanism and religion. Humanism was linked with prominent thinkers who advocated against the existence of God using rationalistic arguments. Critique of theism continued
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being the leading humanist scholar. The longest-lasting effect of Renaissance humanism was its education curriculum and methods. Humanists insisted on the importance of classical literature in providing intellectual discipline, moral standards, and a civilized taste for the eliteâan educational
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introduced the term "theoretical antihumanism" to attack both humanism and humanist-like socialist currents, eschewing more structural and formal interpretations of Marx. According to Althusser, Marx's early writings resonate with the humanistic idealism of Hegel, Kant, and Feuerbach, but Marx
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respectively, but a range of combinations exists. Individualistic humanists often have a philosophical perspective of humanism; in politics, these are inclined to libertarianism and in ethics tend to follow a scientistic approach. Collectivists have a more-applied view of humanism, lean toward
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According to Andrew Copson, humanism is not incompatible with some aspects of religion. He observes that components like belief, practice, identity, and culture can coexist, allowing an individual who subscribes to only a few religious doctrines to also identify as a humanist. Copson adds that
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The term "Renaissance humanism" was given to a tradition of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers that developed during the 14th and early 15th centuries. By the late 15th century, these academics began to be
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places the meaning of life in the quest of what he calls "complex subjectivity". Pinn, who is advocating for a non-theistic, humanistic religion inspired by African cultures, says seeking the never-reaching meaning of life contributes to well-being, and that rituals and ceremonies, which are
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is elicited if God creates goodness. Another argument against this religious criticism is the human-made nature of morality, even through religious means. The interpretation of holy scriptures almost always includes human reasoning; different interpreters reach contradictory theories.
788:. A wide range of Islamic writings on love, poetry, history, and philosophical theology show medieval Islamic thought was open to humanistic ideas of individualism, occasional secularism, skepticism, liberalism, and free speech; schools were established at Baghdad, Basra and Isfahan.
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notes that the suggestion that there are two types of humanism â religious and secular â âhas begun to seriously muddy the conceptual waterâ. According to Tony Davies, âthe meaning of âhumanismâ is the semantic tangle, or grapple, that makes its meaning so difficult to graspâ. For
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A naturalistic criticism of humanistic morality is the denial of the existence of morality. For naturalistic skeptics, morality was not hardwired within humans during their evolution; humans are primarily selfish and self-centered. Defending humanist morality, humanist philosopher
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Also during the Enlightenment, the abstract conception of humanity started formingâa critical juncture for the construction of humanist philosophy. Previous appeals to "men" now shifted toward "man"; to illustrate this point, scholar Tony Davies points to political documents like
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initially generated by our genes, culture shaped human morals and continues to do so. He calls "moral naturalism" the view that morality is a natural phenomenon, can be scientifically studied, and is a tool rather than a set of doctrines that was used to develop human culture.
1856:. However, he does acknowledge a "tension" in humanism that because of its championing of scientific knowledge, it appears to be committed to a materialistic conception of human beings as physical systems and therefore as not much different from anything else in the universe.
1997:" award to honor individuals who promote science. By the 1970s, it became a well-recognized organization, initiating campaigns for abortion rights and opposing discriminatory policies. This resulted in the organization becoming a target of the religious right by the 1980s.
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Humanism has been a part of both major 20th-century ideological currentsâliberalism and Marxism. Early 19th-century socialism was connected to humanism. In the 20th century, a humanistic interpretation of Marxism focused on Marx's early writings, viewing Marxism not as
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was used in Germany with several meanings and from there, it re-entered the English language with two distinct denotations; an academic term linked to the study of classic literature and a more-common use that signified a non-religious approach to life contrary to
697:, humanism is " ... a doctrine, attitude, or way of life centered on human interests or values; especially: a philosophy that usually rejects supernaturalism and stresses an individual's dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization through reason".
1980:, who are known for their participation in public debate, promoting secularism, and objecting to state funding for faith-based institutions. Humanists UK organizes and conducts non-religious ceremonies for weddings, namings, comings of age, and funerals.
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said the definition of humanism should include a rejection of divinity, and an emphasis on human well-being and freedom. She also noted there is a lack of shared belief system or doctrine but, in general, humanists aim for happiness and self-fulfillment.
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points out that most of the people in the past who have called themselves or been called humanists would reject many of today's tenets. The origins of humanism, he writes, âare so contradictory and confusing that it is often meaningless on its ownâ.
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and creativity. It also recognizes the importance of moral questions about one's interactions with people according to one's worldview. This is examined using a process of dialogue. Humanist counseling originated in post-World War II Netherlands.
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his philosophy. According to Kant, morality is the product of the way humans live and not a set of fixed values. Instead of a universal ethic code, Kant suggested a universal procedure that shapes the ethics that differ among groups of people.
1735:, and focusing on social and political dimensions of problems. Humanist counseling focuses on respecting the client's worldview and placing it in the correct cultural context. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards
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spoke of the need to "know thyself"; his thought changed the focus of then-contemporary philosophy from nature to humans and their well-being. He was a theist executed for atheism, who investigated the nature of morality by reasoning.
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advocates a social humanist theory of morality called "social contractual utilitarianism", which is based on Hume's naturalism and empathy, Aristotelian virtue theory, and Kant's idealism. According to Ellis, morality should aim for
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Early 20th century naturalists, who viewed their humanism as a religion and participated in church-like congregations, used the term "religious humanism". Religious humanism appeared mostly in the US and is now rarely practiced. The
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project that inaccurately attempts to present itself as radical. After the atrocities of World War II, questions about human nature and the concept of humanity were renewed. During the Cold War, influential Marxist philosopher
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offered naturalists an explanation for the plurality of species. Darwin's theory also suggested humans are simply a natural species, contradicting the traditional theological view of humans as more than animals. Philosophers
880:, in which he described humanist ideas. His most-significant contribution was a list of books outlining the four major disciplinesârhetoric, moral philosophy, poetry, and grammarâthat became the basis of humanistic studies (
1868:, âHumanism is so charged with levels of emotion and rhetoric that its meaning is often vague and ambiguousâ. For Giustiniani, âthe meaning of âhumanismâ has so many shades that to analyze all of them is hardly feasibleâ.
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Digital humanism: an emerging philosophical and ethical framework that seeks to preserve and promote human values, dignity, and well-being in the context of rapid technological advancements, particularly in the digital
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emphasizes some principles of humanist ethics; respect for personal moral autonomy, rejection of god-given moral commands, an aim for human well-being, and "emphasiz the role of reason in making moral judgements".
1475:, originally posed by Socrates: "does God command something because it is good or is something good because God commands it?" If goodness is independent from God, humans can reach goodness without religion but
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Humanism's godless approach to morality has driven criticism from religious commentators. The necessity for a divine being delivering sets of doctrines for morals to exist is a common argument; according to
2897::"The two most fundamental aspects of the victory of Renaissance Humanism was its conquest of pre-university education and its concomitant success in changing the consciousness of educated Western society".
1323:: coined in the mid-20th century, it was initially an attempt to denigrate humanism, but some humanist associations embraced the term. Secular humanism is synonymous with the contemporary humanist movement.
1693:, especially his anthropological views rejecting his political practices. A factor that repels many humanists from the libertarian view is the neoliberal or capitalistic consequences they feel it entails.
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human rights rhetoric thus turns human rights into a moral tool that is impractical and ultimately non-political. He also notes a commonality between humanism and the Catholic discourse on human dignity.
1751:. It introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what Rogers and Maslow viewed as the over-pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of
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was the dominant outlook of pre-university education. Parallel with advances in education, Renaissance humanists made progress in fields such as philosophy, mathematics, and religion. In philosophy,
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Criticism of humanism focus on its adherence to human rights, which some critics have called "Western". Critics say humanist values have become a tool of Western moral dominance, which is a form of
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became more prominent. Unlike religions, humanism does not have a definite view on the meaning of life. Humanists commonly say people create rather than discover meaning. While philosophers such as
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in the eighth and ninth centuries influenced Islamic philosophers. Many medieval Muslim thinkers pursued humanistic, rational, and scientific discourse in their search for knowledge, meaning, and
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has stated that humanism's focus on empathy and compassion, rather than goodness and justice, is a problem. According to Fassin, humanism originated in the Christian tradition, particularly the
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adopted the term. In the 20th century, the word was further refined, acquiring its contemporary meaning of a naturalistic approach to life, and a focus on the well-being and freedom of humans.
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freedom of expression of religious persons but firmly denies such accusation; instead, he says, secularism protects this kind of freedom but opposes the privileged status of religious views.
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thought that accepts basic humanistic tenets such as secularism and naturalism, but differs from other strands of humanism because of its vague stance on democracy and rejection of free will.
1945:
is a global organization. The three countries with the highest numbers of Humanist International member organisations are the UK, India, and the US. The largest humanist organisation is the
1705:". In the US, liberalism is associated mostly with humanistic principles, which is distinct from the European use of the same word, which has economical connotations. In the post-1945 era,
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Adams, Hazard; Behler, Ernst; Birus, Hendrik; Derrida, Jacques; Iser, Wolfgang; Krieger, Murray; Miller, Hillis; Pfeiffer, Ludwig; Readings, Bill; Wang, Ching-Hsien; Yu, Pauline (2019).
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The humanist attitude toward morality has changed since its beginning. Starting in the 18th century, humanists were oriented toward an objective and universalist stance on ethics. Both
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evolved out of the Ethical Union, and merged with many smaller ethical and rationalist groups. Elsewhere in Europe, humanist organizations also flourished. In the Netherlands, the
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through the humanistic revolutions in Europe, challenging religious worldviews, attitudes and superstitions on a rational basisâa tendency that continued to the 20th century.
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1832:, in which empathy is universalized. Fassin has also argued that humanism's central essence, the sanctity of human life, is a religious victory hidden in a secular wrapper.
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The rise of rationalism and the scientific method was followed in the late 19th century in Britain by the start of many rationalist and ethical associations, such as the
1292:: a historical current in the late Middle Ages in which Christian scholars combined Christian faith with interest in classical antiquity and a focus on human well-being.
1345:) but in general humanism no longer needs any qualification "because the lifestance is by definition naturalistic, scientific, and secular". However, according to
1209:(AHA) was established in 1941 and became as popular as some of its European counterparts. The AHA spread to all states, and some prominent public figures such as
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redefined God as signifying the totality of nature; Spinoza was accused of atheism but remained silent on the matter. Naturalism was also advanced by prominent
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were the first Western philosophers to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason and natural law without relying on myth, tradition, or religion.
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Humanist counseling is humanism-inspired applied psychology, which is a major current of counseling. There are various approaches such as discussion and
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or exhibit a curiosity about religion's effects in society and politics, commenting: "Only a few are regularly outraged by other people's false beliefs
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universal, irrespective of race and social status, diminishing the importance of collective identities and signifying the importance of individuals.
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The etymological link of the word humanism to the humanity or human nature of Christ has often been repeated, but typically the association is to
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takes a consequentialist and utilitarian approach to morality; according to Copson, all humanist ethical traits aim at human welfare. Philosopher
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2838:, pp. 8â10:Both Mann and Monfasani note that Petrarch failed his attempt to learn Greek, he was not the actual translator of ancient texts.
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for leaning towards materialism and naturalism but, for Lamont, the first solid materialist philosopher was Democritus with his atomic theory;
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argued humanism is a concept focusing on improving humanity's social conditions by increasing the autonomy and dignity of all humans. In 1999,
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738:(384â322 BCE) taught rationalism and a system of ethics based on human nature that also parallels humanist thought. In the third century BCE,
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Werthner, Hannes; Prem, Erich; Lee, Edward A.; Ghezzi, Carlo (2022). Werthner, Hannes; Prem, Erich; Lee, Edward A.; Ghezzi, Carlo (eds.).
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Bakewell, Sarah (2023) Humanly Possible: Seven Hundred Years of Humanist Freethinking, Inquiry, and Hope. Penguin Press, New York, p.11.
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discovered Ancient Greek thought, particularly that of Aristotle, through Arabic translations from Africa and Spain. Other centers were
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Humanism is naturalistic in its understanding of the universe; science and free inquiry will help us comprehend more about the universe.
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4993:(2011). "Kant's Humanist Ethics". In C. Dierksmeier; W. Amann; E. Von Kimakowitz; H. Spitzeck; M. Pirson; Ernst Von Kimakowitz (eds.).
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The meaning of the term "humanism" has changed according to successive intellectual movements that have identified with it. During the
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uses the singular form of the word, revealing a universal conception of "man". In parallel, Baconian empiricismâthough not humanism
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There is no single, widely accepted definition of humanism, and scholars have given different meanings to the term. For philosopher
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the view that there are still two types of humanism â religious and secular â "has begun to seriously muddy the conceptual water".
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According to professor Joseph O. Baker, in political theory, contemporary humanism is formed by two main tendencies; the first is
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Defining the Humanities: How Rediscovering a Tradition Can Improve Our Schools : with a Curriculum for Today's Students
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initiated the translation of Hebrew and Greek biblical texts, and other texts in those languages, to contemporaneous Latin.
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Other predecessor movements that sometimes use the same or equivalent vocabulary to modern Western humanism can be found in
2007:
1882:, humanism âis a semantic cloud of meanings and implications, none attachable to any particular theorist or practitionerâ.
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1282:(humanists). While modern humanism's roots can be traced to the Renaissance, Renaissance humanism vastly differs from it.
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and other French existentialists advocated for humanism, linking it to socialism while trying to stay neutral during the
580:'s many opponents during the celebrated Unitarian disputes. Because of the different doctrinal meanings of Unitarian and
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created schools based on humanistic principles; their curriculum was widely adopted and by the 16th century, humanistic
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1960:
In 2015, London-based Humanists UK had around 28,000 members. Its membership includes some high-profile people such as
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to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools. Soon, other scholars such as
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and entered the English language in the 16th century. The word "humanist" was used to describe a group of students of
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462:. It views humanity as responsible for the promotion and development of individuals, espouses the equal and inherent
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A Bibliographical History of Thomas Howes' "Critical Observations" (1776â1807) and His Dispute with Joseph Priestley
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free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality.
6124:
10214:
8236:
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7426:
4782:. Shiban Khan, Ernst von Kimakowitz, Michael Pirson, Wolfgang Amann. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26â51.
831:, 1501â1504. Artistic work during the Renaissance illustrates the emphasis given to anatomical details of humans.
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Humanism has frequently been criticised for its vagueness and the difficulty of defining the term. According to
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made his city a prominent center of Renaissance humanism; his circle included other notable humanistsâincluding
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3324:"Die Conditio Humana im digitalen Zeitalter: Zur Grundlegung des Digitalen Humanismus und des Wiener Manifests"
1946:
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These varieties of humanism are now largely of historical interest only. Some ethical movements continue (eg
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613:
498:
273:
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1983:
The American Humanist Association (AHA) was formed in 1941 from previous humanist associations. Its journal
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socialism, and have a humanitarian approach to ethics. The second group has connections with the thought of
533:âthe arts, philosophy, history, literature, and related disciplines. The word reappeared during the Italian
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1362:. Humanists are skeptical of explanations of natural phenomena or diseases that rely on hidden agencies.
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2862:, p. 8: That was the reason Cicero was named as the grandfather of humanism by classicist scholar
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1756:
895:, who rediscovered, translated, and popularized ancient texts. Humanists heavily influenced education.
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occasions for reflection, provide an opportunity to assess the meaning of life, improving well-being.
1514:
religious critics usually frame humanism as an enemy of religion but most humanists are proponents of
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1607:
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The revival of classicist authors continued after Petrarch's death. Florence chancellor and humanist
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177:
49:
35:
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radically moved toward scientific socialism in 1845, rejecting concepts such as the essence of man.
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Advances in science and philosophy provided scholars with further alternatives to religious belief.
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1937:
accepting the Services to Humanism award 2012 at the British Humanist Association Annual Conference
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of human beings, whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry.
17:
5066:
Engelke, Matthew (2015). "Humanist Ceremonies: The Case of Non-Religious Funerals in England". In
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8689:
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6149:. Shiban Khan, Ernst von Kimakowitz, Michael Pirson, Wolfgang Amann. Cambridge University Press.
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3410:
2200:
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1942:
1587:
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715:
490:
268:
237:
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Humanism & Politics: Studies in the Relationship of Power and Value in the Western Tradition
1493:, repelled the church from its authoritative position. Kline uses the paradigm of non-humanists
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that were influential in the development of the Renaissance. Petrarch wrote Latin poems such as
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404:
263:
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1080:
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9782:
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8704:
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Auguste Comte and the Religion of Humanity: The Post-theistic Program of French Social Theory
6659:
5881:
2079:
2013:
1965:
1722:
1502:
1299:, was prominent in the US in the early 20th century and focused on relations between humans.
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Ljamai, Abdelilah (2015). "Humanistic Thought in the Islamic World of the Middle Ages". In
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1994:
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arose from religious humanism. The same term has been used by religious groups such as the
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To illustrate the importance of pursuing happiness without excesses, Andrew Copson quotes
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makes three observations that lead him to the acceptance of morality. According to Shook,
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2059:
1787:
1786:
Demographic data about humanists is sparse. Scholar Yasmin Trejo examined the results of
1732:
1515:
1359:
1302:
1154:. In the 20th century, humanism was further promoted by the work of philosophers such as
1112:
982:
929:' skepticism. Religious studies were affected by the growth of Renaissance humanism when
896:
439:
432:
376:
162:
9017:
7496:
7471:
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Butler, Philip (2020). "Humanism and the Conceptualization of Value and Well-Being". In
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Humanists place importance of the pursuit of a self-defined, meaningful, and happy life.
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9807:
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9698:
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9311:
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9113:
8917:
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8750:
8745:
8651:
8646:
8623:
8542:
8356:
8283:
7949:
7811:
7801:
7786:
7776:
7730:
7618:
7441:
7162:
5699:
5683:
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3384:
3336:
2879:
2427:
2354:
2150:
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2054:
1736:
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1289:
1271:
1063:
758:
303:
212:
182:
167:
139:
131:
42:
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4321:. In, The Philosophy of Humanism, Eighth Edition, Revised. pp.xiii-xv. Humanist Press.
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2883:
968:, claiming that religion was built on fear and had helped tyrants throughout history.
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4990:
4964:
4905:
4860:
4816:
4783:
4747:
4702:
4662:
4627:
4379:
Walter, Nicolas (1998) Humanism: Finding Meaning in the Word. Prometheus Books, p.15.
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242:
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68:
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6143:(2009). "Philosophical grounds of humanism in economics". In Heiko Spitzeck (ed.).
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2018:
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667:
This scientific approach does not reduce humans to anything less than human beings.
625:
577:
568:. In a later edition of the dictionary, the meaning "a term used in the schools of
470:
466:
of all human beings, and emphasizes a concern for humans in relation to the world.
347:
298:
217:
187:
7874:
4927:
693:
Dictionaries define humanism as a worldview or philosophical stance. According to
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9435:
9346:
9334:
9319:
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5793:
5765:
5728:
5724:
5623:
5583:
5543:
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5435:
5361:
5266:
5226:
5222:
5186:
5145:
5108:
5071:
4994:
4931:
4887:
4850:
4810:
4777:
4729:
4696:
4652:
4648:
4609:
2863:
1961:
1934:
1918:
1886:
acknowledged vagueness of the term âfar from being a disadvantage, is an assetâ.
1804:
1767:
1658:
1570:
1535:
1420:
1296:
1037:
930:
918:
9091:
8013:
6421:
Shook, John R (2015). "Humanism, Moral Relativism, and Ethical Objectivity". In
481:
view centered on human agency, and a reliance on science and reason rather than
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7816:
7806:
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7355:
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5957:
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5336:
5262:
5258:
5182:
5141:
5067:
4846:
4688:
3420:
3323:
2125:
1969:
1879:
1869:
1849:
1841:
1752:
1748:
1681:
1408:
1404:
1377:
1242:
1132:
1128:
1099:
1090:
955:
921:
further contributed to the understanding of ancient classical philosophers and
892:
859:
676:
Humanists engage in practical action to improve personal and social conditions.
645:
549:
222:
9301:
9076:
5042:
3370:
1848:, is that humanism destroys traditional family and moral values. According to
990:, in which he says "Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains". Likewise,
742:
developed an influential, human-centered philosophy that focused on achieving
10367:
9915:
9827:
9757:
9499:
9289:
9223:
9180:
9049:
8674:
8460:
8442:
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8091:
8071:
7735:
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7588:
7491:
7421:
7335:
7290:
7275:
7172:
7121:
6432:
6391:
6254:
5927:
5847:
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5687:
5441:
5272:
5192:
5151:
5077:
5050:
4856:
4842:
4658:
4318:
3345:
2350:
1973:
1874:
1825:
1775:
1673:
1449:
1369:
1346:
1314:
1147:
1120:
1070:
1021:
1005:
996:
657:
232:
94:
84:
1530:
In the 19th century, along with the decline of religion and its accompanied
1049:
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9875:
9647:
9610:
9569:
9455:
9405:
9066:
9044:
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8580:
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7781:
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was created from a revision of this article dated 6 November 2008
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in the UK and the Netherlands draws on elements of humanistic psychology.
1489:
the emergence of a confident human-made knowledge, which was a new way of
1358:
fails to coherently explain the world. One form of irrational thinking is
9941:
9880:
9752:
9732:
9637:
9574:
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6073:
5913:
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5502:
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2160:
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2120:
2115:
1977:
1853:
1809:
1744:
1654:
1591:
1453:
1218:
1159:
1033:
884:). Petrarch's list relied heavily on ancient writers, especially Cicero.
637:
621:
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197:
192:
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6314:
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2334:
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7226:
7083:
7058:
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6986:
6622:
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6380:
Schuhmann, Carmen (2015). "Counselling and the Humanist Worldview". In
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5679:
5663:
5506:
5327:
5303:
4692:
3880:, Chapter: The meaning of life, part: Humanism and the meaning of life.
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2379:
2089:
1865:
1845:
1817:
1690:
1494:
1476:
1462:
1445:
1412:
1310:
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1222:
1214:
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In the US, humanism evolved with the aid of significant figures of the
1155:
870:
854:
811:
751:
743:
719:
673:
Humanism is moral; morality is a way for humans to improve their lives.
530:
482:
474:
428:
3299:
2741:
2422:
2405:
1622:
Humanists, Atheists, & Agnostics of Manitoba (HAAM) booth in 2012.
1233:
became members. Humanist organizations from all continents formed the
9802:
9797:
9657:
9584:
9519:
9390:
9324:
9136:
9126:
9121:
9096:
8892:
8452:
8414:
7157:
7078:
6744:
3328:
MedienPĂ€dagogik: Zeitschrift fĂŒr Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung
2825:
2084:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1762:
Some modern counseling organizations have humanist origins, like the
1685:
1539:
1531:
1116:
747:
735:
559:
516:
478:
202:
56:
9027:
5319:
4213:
4211:
3641:
3565:
2652:, chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece ":fragment (80B4 DK)"
2438:
925:
undermined the dominance of Aristotelian philosophy by revitalizing
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9539:
9504:
9462:
9238:
9032:
8932:
8875:
8679:
8633:
8517:
7516:
7104:
6965:
6498:
Trejo, A.G. Yasmin (2020). "Changing demographics of humanism". In
3712:
3696:
3668:
2213:
1710:
1557:
1407:âwhich aims to increase human happiness and decrease sufferingâand
1067:
987:
849:
807:
739:
730:
569:
459:
455:
6850:
Heidegger and French Philosophy: Humanism, Antihumanism, and Being
3605:
2769:
2698:
1953:– formerly the British Humanist Association – and the
1317:; scientific humanism is largely synonymous with secular humanism.
529:. This etymology survives in the modern university concept of the
9259:
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9228:
9170:
9165:
8997:
8885:
8880:
8839:
8661:
8507:
8389:
5181:
Freeman, Charles R (2015). "Humanism in the Classical World". In
4812:
The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism
4208:
3172:
3147:
3145:
3081:
3079:
3077:
2135:
2049:
1662:
1330:
1180:
gained a wide base of support after World War II; in Norway, the
1024:(1798â1857) introduced the ideaâwhich is sometimes attributed to
969:
905:
845:
463:
451:
431:
stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and
9524:
9445:
9175:
8834:
8824:
8522:
8424:
7187:
6979:
4585:
4573:
4056:
4054:
2809:
2726:
2616:
1543:
1498:
1267:
1250:
1246:
841:
837:
766:
609:
600:". This theological origin of humanism is considered obsolete.
522:
489:
Contemporary humanist organizations work under the umbrella of
469:
Starting in the 20th century, humanist movements are typically
6538:
Walker, Corey D. B. (2020). "Humanism and the Modern Age". In
4319:
Introduction to the Sixth Edition. Exposing the Moral Majority
4003:
3162:
3160:
3142:
3074:
2382:. The Virginia Quarterly Review, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 198. JSTOR.
1701:" but as a philosophical critique aimed at the overcoming of "
442:, ancient works inspired Italian scholars, giving rise to the
41:"Humanist" and "Humanistic" redirect here. For the album, see
9340:
9002:
8288:
8221:
7073:
6315:"The Development of Non-Religious Pastoral Support in the UK"
5723:
Kristeller, Paul Oskar (2008). "Humanism". In C. B. Schmitt;
5430:
Haworth, Alan (2015). "Humanism and the Political Order". In
3513:
3491:
3489:
1743:
Humanistic counseling is based on the works of psychologists
1546:
wrote on the meaning of life in a godless world, the work of
597:
510:
4051:
4039:
4027:
2264:
5792:
Monfasani, John (2020). "Humanism and the Renaissance". In
4886:
Crosson, J. Brent (2020). "Humanism and Enlightenment". In
4776:(2009). "The Humanist Tradition". In Heiko Spitzeck (ed.).
4361:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3157:
2318:
Critical Observations on Books, Antient and Modern. Vol IV.
1205:
emerged from newly founded, small, ethicist societies. The
976:
combined their materialism with sharp, political critique.
592:" when referring to those like Priestley "who maintain the
6578:
White, Carol Wyene (2020). "Humanism in the Americas". In
5760:
Kurtz, P. (1973). "Epilogue: Is Everyone a Humanist?". In
5582:
Hussain, Khuram (2020). "Humanism in the Middle East". In
4561:
4549:
4276:
4274:
3955:
3943:
3486:
2927:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2385:
9185:
6750:
The Party of Humanity: Essays in the French Enlightenment
4223:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3820:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3728:
2939:
2869:
2517:
1415:, civil rights, personal autonomy, religious toleration,
937:
humanism had shifted from Italy to northern Europe, with
5996:(1996). "The origins of humanism". In Jill Kraye (ed.).
5360:
JakeliÄ, Slavica (2020). "Humanism and Its Critics". In
4608:
Baker, Joseph O. (2020). "The Politics of Humanism". In
4499:
4487:
4451:
4337:
3800:
3593:
3581:
3229:
3227:
3026:
2483:
2481:
1309:
as a component of humanism as described in the works of
6972:
5037:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 135â139.
4463:
4439:
4271:
4259:
4235:
4136:
4015:
3991:
3684:
3658:
3656:
3629:
3617:
3287:
3251:
3062:
3004:
3002:
2963:
2900:
2671:
2403:
1342:
6628:
The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism
5767:
The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism
5542:
Huang, Chun-chien (2020). "Humanism in East Asia". In
5512:
The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism
4698:
The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism
4511:
4415:
4394:
3895:
3883:
3832:
3050:
3038:
2853:
2757:
2541:
2466:
2237:
1119:
attacked religion on several grounds, and theologians
10317:
5622:
Kline, David (2020). "Humanism Against Religion". In
4475:
4349:
4247:
4196:
4112:
3979:
3967:
3859:
3788:
3553:
3525:
3501:
3358:
3224:
2888:
2785:
2505:
2493:
2478:
1774:'s Humanist Counselling Service. Modern-day humanist
1764:
British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy
6243:
Norman, Richard (2015). "Life Without Meaning?". In
4427:
4382:
4184:
4172:
4160:
4148:
3653:
3474:
3263:
3239:
3212:
3188:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3014:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2951:
2841:
2566:
2190:
The word Humanism is not included in the dictionary.
1285:
Other terms using "humanism" in their name include:
4124:
4100:
3275:
3200:
2529:
2454:
1941:Humanist organizations exist in several countries.
6340:Schröder, Stefan (2020). "Humanism in Europe". In
1556:, he quotes a Greek myth in which the absurd hero
5730:The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy
4940:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
4523:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3130:
3118:
3091:
2797:
1172:further popularized humanist ideas. In 1963, the
525:and other thinkers to describe values related to
10365:
5733:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111â138.
2587:, chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece;
2406:"Hendrik Birus's "The Archeology of 'Humanism'""
2254:
2252:
1191:. Humanist magazines began to appear, including
545:and those advocating for a classical education.
5999:The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism
5304:"Homo, Humanus, and the Meanings of 'Humanism'"
2695:, chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece.
2203:to whom is attributed its earliest use in 1812.
1716:
584:, Howes used "the more precise appellations of
30:For the philosophy during the Renaissance, see
6664:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15â25.
6029:Masolo, D.A. (2020). "Humanism in Africa". In
5916:(2015). "Science, Reason, and Scepticism". In
4808:
4217:
1989:is the continuation of a previous publication
1957:are two of the oldest humanist organizations.
1680:. The trajectory of each tendency can lead to
1131:was developed in Britain through the works of
8237:
7002:
2878:, pp. 9â10:Other notable humanists were
2249:
1077:, also contributed to new forms of humanism.
1015:
405:
7131:
7102:
7088:
6139:
6068:
4591:
4579:
4009:
3519:
3495:
3166:
2563:. Humanists International, General Assembly.
942:approach that reached the contemporary era.
563:
562:or grammarian, derived from the French word
7197:
6435:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 403â425.
6394:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 173â193.
6257:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 325â246.
5850:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 153â169.
5444:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 255â279.
5301:
5261:(2015). "The Good and Worthwhile Life". In
5195:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 119â132.
5154:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 133â152.
5140:Fowler, Merv R (2015). "Ancient China". In
5080:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 216â233.
4989:
4367:
3543:
2391:
1835:
1241:, and promotes the humanist agenda via the
514:
8244:
8230:
7009:
6995:
6621:(1974). "Humanism's many definitions". In
5722:
5661:
5029:(30 March 2010). "Humanism and Morality".
4809:Childers, Joseph W.; Hentzi, Gary (1995).
2945:
2243:
1550:has echoed and shaped humanism. In Camus'
521:, which was first used in ancient Rome by
412:
398:
6379:
6330:
5930:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 55â71.
5791:
5413:(132). Gale Academic OneFile: 24â29, 38.
5275:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 87â84.
4996:Humanistic Ethics in the Age of Globality
4060:
4045:
4033:
3335:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2894:
2875:
2859:
2835:
2819:
2775:
2763:
2421:
1925:
7016:
6974:International Humanist and Ethical Union
6949:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
6932:
6843:
6827:Post- and transhumanism: an introduction
6698:
6428:The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism
6387:The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism
6339:
6250:The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism
6108:
5923:The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism
5843:The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism
5437:The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism
5268:The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism
5257:
5188:The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism
5147:The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism
5073:The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism
4859:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1â72.
4852:The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism
4687:
2779:
2720:
2704:
2523:
1929:
1859:
1798:
1256:
1235:International Humanist and Ethical Union
1079:
817:
801:
682:International Humanist and Ethical Union
477:. Most frequently, humanism refers to a
6867:
6824:
6805:
5581:
5505:(1974). "The snare of definitions". In
5470:
5429:
5359:
5221:
5180:
5065:
4885:
4691:(1974). "A definition of humanism". In
4567:
4555:
4280:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4202:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3322:Schmölz, Alexander (13 November 2020).
3321:
3056:
3044:
2747:
2708:
2665:
2588:
2328:
2326:
493:. Well-known humanist associations are
14:
10366:
6617:
6537:
6312:
6242:
6211:
6175:
6028:
5956:
5835:
5727:; Eckhard Kessler; Jill Kraye (eds.).
5407:"Humanist history: a selective review"
5404:
5139:
5106:
4956:
4841:
4772:
4727:
4647:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4457:
4433:
4421:
4400:
4388:
4343:
4292:
4106:
3901:
3889:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3826:
3806:
3794:
3718:
3702:
3690:
3674:
3662:
3635:
3571:
3559:
3531:
3507:
3309:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3218:
3194:
3182:
3178:
3151:
3112:
3085:
3068:
3032:
3020:
3008:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2751:
2677:
2661:
2628:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2572:
2553:
2547:
2535:
2499:
2487:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2444:
2274:
1525:
9983:
8725:
8263:
8225:
7247:
7028:
6990:
6726:The Case for Humanism An Introduction
6719:
6594:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.11
6577:
6554:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.17
6514:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.15
6497:
6461:
6420:
6356:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.32
6283:
6045:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.28
5812:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.30
5759:
5638:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.20
5621:
5598:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.35
5558:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.31
5541:
5302:Giustiniani, Vito (AprilâJune 1985).
5025:
4902:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.33
4744:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.20
4624:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.20
4607:
4469:
4445:
4355:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4021:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3706:
3678:
3623:
3611:
3599:
3587:
3575:
3547:
3408:
2591:See also Foreword of the book, p xi;
2332:
612:. It is probable Bavarian theologian
509:The word "humanism" derives from the
6774:
6678:from the original on 16 January 2023
6645:from the original on 16 January 2023
6485:from the original on 16 January 2023
6449:from the original on 16 January 2023
6408:from the original on 16 January 2023
6300:from the original on 23 October 2022
6271:from the original on 16 January 2023
6199:from the original on 16 January 2023
6163:from the original on 16 January 2023
6123:(Fall 2020 ed.). Archived from
6096:from the original on 16 January 2023
6016:from the original on 16 January 2023
5992:
5980:from the original on 16 January 2023
5944:from the original on 16 January 2023
5900:from the original on 16 January 2023
5864:from the original on 16 January 2023
5747:from the original on 16 January 2023
5710:from the original on 16 January 2023
5529:from the original on 16 January 2023
5501:
5489:from the original on 2 February 2022
5458:from the original on 16 January 2023
5417:from the original on 16 January 2023
5392:from the original on 1 February 2022
5376:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.8
5347:from the original on 16 January 2023
5289:from the original on 16 January 2023
5245:from the original on 16 January 2023
5209:from the original on 16 January 2023
5168:from the original on 16 January 2023
5127:from the original on 16 January 2023
5094:from the original on 16 January 2023
5013:from the original on 16 January 2023
4977:from the original on 16 January 2023
4944:from the original on 16 January 2023
4925:
4873:from the original on 16 January 2023
4829:from the original on 16 January 2023
4796:from the original on 16 January 2023
4760:from the original on 1 February 2022
4715:from the original on 16 January 2023
4675:from the original on 16 January 2023
4088:from the original on 16 January 2023
3206:
2847:
2831:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2632:
2511:
2323:
2288:A Dictionary of the English language
2270:
2008:Alternatives to the Ten Commandments
1993:. In 1953, the AHA established the "
1565:that lie at the centre of humanism.
1343:New York Society for Ethical Culture
962:. Baron d'Holbach wrote the polemic
603:In the early 19th century, the term
558:, the word humanist is defined as a
555:A Dictionary of the English Language
6743:
6657:
6294:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6120:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6109:Nederman, Cary (8 September 2020).
5912:
5883:Humanism: A Very Short Introduction
5876:
4937:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3877:
3815:Humanism, a Very Short Introduction
3782:
3647:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3136:
3124:
3100:
2692:
2649:
2608:
2584:
2010:â secular and humanist alternatives
1770:, which he developed alongside the
1127:questioned the Bible. In parallel,
710:Traces of humanism can be found in
284:Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands
24:
6919:
6692:
5334:
2561:IHEU Minimum Statement on Humanism
2290:. Sixth Edition, Volume 1, p. 981.
2258:
1376:Philosopher and humanist advocate
1329:: one of several rival schools of
25:
10385:
6900:
6829:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
1642:
10351:
10339:
10327:
10301:
10300:
10287:
8205:
8204:
6931:
4845:(2015). "What is Humanism?". In
4406:
4373:
4324:
4311:
4286:
4066:
3362:Perspectives on Digital Humanism
2206:
1627:
1615:
1599:
1579:
1305:: this emphasizes belief in the
945:
83:
6661:An Introduction to Confucianism
6585:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
6545:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
6505:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
6347:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
6036:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
5799:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
5662:Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1978).
5632:. Pemberton. pp. 224â244.
5629:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
5589:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
5549:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
5370:. Pemberton. pp. 264â293.
5367:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
5308:Journal of the History of Ideas
5110:Humanism: Beliefs and Practices
4893:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
4738:. Pemberton. pp. 644â664.
4735:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
4615:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism
3402:
3352:
3315:
2714:
2643:
2397:
2193:
1889:
1781:
1503:religiously grounded monarchies
1465:'s character Ivan KaramĂĄzov in
1295:Ethical humanism: a synonym of
1166:, whose advocacy of atheism in
705:
27:Philosophical school of thought
8251:
6002:. Cambridge University Press.
5341:Online Etymological Dictionary
3337:10.21240/mpaed/00/2020.11.13.X
2721:Bingming, Xiong (April 1991).
2372:
2310:
2293:
2280:
2184:
1947:Norwegian Humanist Association
1647:
1237:(IHEU), which is now known as
1182:Norwegian Humanist Association
1062:, along with the 19th-century
791:
294:Norwegian Humanist Association
13:
1:
9984:
6967:American Humanist Association
4815:. Columbia University Press.
4332:The Material Face of Humanism
3614:, pp. 407â410 & 421.
3425:American Humanist Association
3409:Doerr, Ed (1 November 2022).
2615:, p. 41â42:Lamont cites
2231:
1955:American Humanist Association
1830:Parable of the Good Samaritan
1793:
1352:
1264:American Humanist Association
1207:American Humanist Association
1152:Rationalist Press Association
923:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
723:
660:defined humanism as follows:
631:
614:Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer
499:American Humanist Association
274:American Humanist Association
99:
9773:Ordinary language philosophy
8264:
7248:
7134:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
6810:. Indiana University Press.
6784:. Indiana University Press.
6729:. Rowman & Littlefield.
6588:. Pemberton. pp. 1â40.
6548:. Pemberton. pp. 1â18.
6508:. Pemberton. pp. 1â25.
6350:. Pemberton. pp. 1â24.
6039:. Pemberton. pp. 1â30.
5592:. Pemberton. pp. 1â17.
5552:. Pemberton. pp. 1â29.
5107:Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1999).
4999:. Springer. pp. 79â93.
4896:. Pemberton. pp. 1â35.
4618:. Pemberton. pp. 1â20.
3813:makes a similar argument in
2035:Existentialism Is a Humanism
1772:British Humanist Association
1717:In psychology and counseling
1661:, whether these are part of
1174:British Humanist Association
656:In 2015, prominent humanist
504:
7:
9823:Contemporary utilitarianism
9738:Internalism and externalism
7103:
6806:Proctor, Robert E. (1998).
6218:On Humanism. Second Edition
5231:. Oxford University Press.
2000:
1676:and the second inclines to
1483:
1398:
572:" was added. In the 1780s,
10:
10390:
9087:Svatantrika and Prasangika
8726:
7029:
6876:Cambridge University Press
6468:Humanism and Anti-humanism
5963:The Philosophy of Humanism
5473:"Confucianism as humanism"
4600:
4218:Childers & Hentzi 1995
3785:, Humanism and secularism.
2224:, trans. Strodach, p. 159.
2095:Index of humanism articles
1893:
1720:
1667:MarxistâLeninist communism
1382:The Philosophy of Humanism
1016:From Darwin to current era
795:
700:
695:Merriam Webster Dictionary
54:
40:
29:
10281:
10233:
10133:
10095:
10042:
10009:
10000:
9996:
9979:
9929:
9841:
9679:
9670:
9603:
9386:
9377:
9355:
9310:
9252:
9204:
9158:
9149:
9112:
8983:
8848:
8795:
8786:
8736:
8732:
8721:
8660:
8632:
8589:
8541:
8498:
8451:
8423:
8375:
8347:
8309:Philosophy of mathematics
8299:Philosophy of information
8274:
8270:
8259:
8191:
8145:
8047:
8004:
7983:
7930:
7899:
7883:
7830:
7764:
7716:
7680:
7647:
7566:
7525:
7369:
7258:
7254:
7243:
7148:Methodological skepticism
7039:
7035:
7024:
6079:Humanism as the Next Step
5471:Heavens, Timothy (2013).
5113:. Sussex Academic Press.
5043:10.1007/s11841-010-0164-x
3371:10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5
1608:Giordano Bruno Foundation
1393:
1085:Henry William Pickersgill
716:Pre-Socratic philosophers
289:Humanist Society Scotland
50:Humanist (disambiguation)
36:Humanism (disambiguation)
6825:Ranisch, Robert (2014).
6699:Cummings, Dolan (2018).
5674:(4). Springer: 586â595.
5405:Hardie, Glenn M (2000).
4928:"Presocratic Philosophy"
4592:Morain & Morain 1998
4580:Morain & Morain 1998
3650:, Humanism and morality.
3167:Morain & Morain 1998
2723:"At peace with the past"
2177:
2131:Objectivity (philosophy)
1840:The main criticism from
1836:Amoral and materialistic
1184:gained popular support.
1169:Why I Am Not a Christian
1144:National Secular Society
778:Ancient Greek literature
712:ancient Greek philosophy
55:Not to be confused with
9778:Postanalytic philosophy
9719:Experimental philosophy
6284:Rohlf, Michael (2020).
5804:Oxford University Press
4926:Curd, Patricia (2020).
3550:, Morality and freedom.
2725:. Perceptions of Time.
2307:, Vol. 54, pp. 285â295.
2305:Studies in Bibliography
2286:Johnson, Samuel (1785)
2141:Pluralistic Rationalism
1943:Humanists International
1816:Anthropology professor
1766:, which was founded by
1588:Humanists International
1561:of personal agency and
1239:Humanists International
1178:Dutch Humanist Alliance
776:Arabic translations of
644:, Humanist philosopher
491:Humanists International
269:Humanists International
9911:Social constructionism
8923:Hellenistic philosophy
8339:Theoretical philosophy
8314:Philosophy of religion
8304:Philosophy of language
7198:
7132:
7098:Enlightened absolutism
7089:
6927:
6907:Listen to this article
6753:. Borzoi book. Knopf.
6705:. Andrews UK Limited.
6658:Yao, Xinzhong (2000).
6313:Savage, David (2021).
4654:Early Greek Philosophy
4330:Waggoner, R.L. (1988)
4074:"Harold John Blackham"
3330:(in German): 208â234.
2333:Gibbs, Robert (2015).
2316:Howes, T. (1776â1800)
2166:Unitarian Universalism
2070:Humanist International
1938:
1926:Humanist organizations
1842:evangelical Christians
1534:, the question of the
1468:The Brothers Karamazov
1405:Utilitarian philosophy
1391:
1203:American Ethical Union
1197:, which published the
1095:
832:
815:
722:, who lived in Athens
691:
564:
515:
264:Humanist International
48:. For other uses, see
34:. For other uses, see
10294:Philosophy portal
9813:Scientific skepticism
9793:Reformed epistemology
8319:Philosophy of science
7064:Counter-Enlightenment
6926:
4957:Davies, Tony (1997).
3411:"Humanism unmodified"
2080:Humanistic psychology
2014:Amsterdam Declaration
1991:The Humanist Bulletin
1933:
1860:Vague and indefinable
1799:Western and Christian
1723:Humanistic psychology
1637:in London Pride 2023.
1439:Humanist philosopher
1386:
1257:Varieties of humanism
1083:
1040:âwho coined the word
821:
805:
686:
446:movement. During the
358:Humanistic capitalism
353:Humanistic psychology
9714:Critical rationalism
9421:Edo neo-Confucianism
9265:Acintya bheda abheda
9244:Renaissance humanism
8955:School of the Sextii
8329:Practical philosophy
8324:Political philosophy
7018:Age of Enlightenment
6958:More spoken articles
6868:Wernick, A. (2001).
6776:Levi, Albert William
6146:Humanism in Business
6141:Nida-RĂŒmelin, Julian
6127:on 12 September 2021
5806:. pp. 150â175.
4963:. Psychology Press.
4779:Humanism in Business
4531:"The global picture"
4297:. Baker Book House.
4293:Lahaye, Tim (1980).
2299:Chandler, D. (2001)
2222:The Art of Happiness
2065:Humanistic economics
2024:Community organizing
1995:Humanist of the Year
1824:Sociology professor
1699:scientific socialism
1553:The Myth of Sisyphus
1199:Humanist Manifesto I
1030:religion of humanity
952:Age of Enlightenment
939:Erasmus of Rotterdam
877:De viris illustribus
798:Renaissance humanism
543:classical literature
448:Age of Enlightenment
444:Renaissance humanism
363:Humanistic economics
343:Religion of Humanity
122:Renaissance humanism
32:Renaissance humanism
9285:Nimbarka Sampradaya
9196:Korean Confucianism
8943:Academic Skepticism
8024:FeijĂło y Montenegro
7975:Vorontsova-Dashkova
6332:10.3390/rel12100812
4295:Battle for the Mind
3940:, pp. 261â262.
3928:, pp. 259â261.
3916:, pp. 255â256.
3773:, pp. 236â240.
3761:, pp. 230â236.
3749:, pp. 225â232.
3737:, pp. 224â225.
3602:, pp. 407â408.
3590:, pp. 421â422.
3574:, pp. 98â105;
2668:, pp. 124â125.
2378:Schafer, R. (1930)
2335:"Of Time and Pages"
2218:Letter to Menoeceus
2060:Humanistic Buddhism
1788:Pew Research Center
1733:existential anxiety
1586:Organizations like
1526:The meaning of life
1516:religious tolerance
1303:Scientific humanism
1272:humanistic theology
1113:Friedrich Nietzsche
1020:French philosopher
983:The Social Contract
897:Vittorino da Feltre
440:Italian Renaissance
9906:Post-structuralism
9808:Scientific realism
9763:Quinean naturalism
9743:Logical positivism
9699:Analytical Marxism
8918:Peripatetic school
8830:Chinese naturalism
8357:Aesthetic response
8284:Applied philosophy
7163:Natural philosophy
6928:
6082:. Humanist Press.
5680:10.1007/BF01100334
5411:Humanist in Canada
4991:Dierksmeier, Claus
4594:, pp. 100â05.
4582:, pp. 105â12.
4570:, pp. 216â21.
4558:, pp. 216â18.
4317:Lamont, C. (1982)
4220:, pp. 140â41.
4063:, pp. 173â74.
4048:, pp. 182â88.
4036:, pp. 173â82.
3964:, pp. 263â77.
3952:, pp. 263â66.
3856:, pp. 334â35.
3829:, pp. 326â28.
3809:, pp. 25â28:
3721:, pp. 87â88;
3705:, pp. 88â89;
3681:, pp. 404â05.
3626:, pp. 135â37.
3308:, pp. 28â29;
3035:, pp. 108â09.
2880:Poggio Bracciolini
2754:, pp. 153â56.
2664:, pp. 34â35;
2631:, pp. 17â18;
2339:College Literature
2151:Religious humanism
2101:Letter on Humanism
2055:Humanist celebrant
1939:
1737:self-actualization
1563:self-determination
1290:Christian humanism
1270:to describe their
1096:
1064:Biblical criticism
882:studia humanitatis
833:
816:
759:Chinese philosophy
650:Jeaneane D. Fowler
304:Center for Inquiry
140:Humanist Manifesto
127:in Northern Europe
10315:
10314:
10277:
10276:
10273:
10272:
10269:
10268:
9975:
9974:
9971:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9694:Analytic feminism
9666:
9665:
9628:Kierkegaardianism
9590:Transcendentalism
9550:Neo-scholasticism
9396:Classical Realism
9373:
9372:
9145:
9144:
8960:Neopythagoreanism
8717:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8334:Social philosophy
8219:
8218:
8187:
8186:
8183:
8182:
7239:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7212:Scientific method
7069:Critical thinking
6924:
6885:978-0-521-66272-7
6860:978-0-415-11181-2
6817:978-0-253-33421-3
6791:978-0-253-13900-9
6760:978-90-10-04434-1
6736:978-0-7425-1393-8
6712:978-1-84540-690-5
6702:Debating Humanism
6671:978-0-521-64430-3
6638:978-0-87975-013-8
6603:978-0-19-092153-8
6563:978-0-19-092153-8
6523:978-0-19-092153-8
6478:978-0-8126-9017-0
6442:978-1-119-97717-9
6401:978-1-119-97717-9
6365:978-0-19-092153-8
6264:978-1-119-97717-9
6228:978-1-136-70659-2
6192:978-1-136-70659-2
6156:978-0-521-89893-5
6089:978-0-931779-09-1
6054:978-0-19-092153-8
6009:978-0-521-43624-3
5973:978-0-8044-6379-9
5937:978-1-119-97717-9
5893:978-0-19-161400-2
5857:978-1-119-97717-9
5821:978-0-19-092153-8
5740:978-1-139-82748-5
5647:978-0-19-092153-8
5607:978-0-19-092153-8
5567:978-0-19-092153-8
5522:978-0-87975-013-8
5451:978-1-119-97717-9
5385:978-0-19-092153-8
5335:Harper, Douglas.
5282:978-1-119-97717-9
5238:978-0-19-988500-8
5202:978-1-119-97717-9
5161:978-1-119-97717-9
5120:978-1-898723-70-7
5087:978-1-119-97717-9
5006:978-0-230-31413-9
4970:978-0-415-11052-5
4911:978-0-19-092153-8
4866:978-1-119-97717-9
4822:978-0-231-07242-7
4789:978-0-521-89893-5
4753:978-0-19-092153-8
4708:978-0-87975-013-8
4668:978-0-14-044461-2
4633:978-0-19-092153-8
4508:, pp. 57â60.
4496:, pp. 50â52.
4472:, pp. 12â13.
4460:, pp. 36â37.
4448:, pp. 11â12.
4346:, pp. 55â56.
4304:978-0-8007-5043-5
4232:, pp. 12â14.
4145:, pp. 11â12.
4078:Humanist Heritage
4024:, pp. 79â81.
4012:, pp. 17â18.
4010:Nida-RĂŒmelin 2009
4000:, pp. 10â11.
3817:(2011) at page 23
3693:, pp. 89â90.
3638:, pp. 21â22.
3522:, pp. 16â17.
3520:Nida-RĂŒmelin 2009
3496:Nida-RĂŒmelin 2009
3483:, pp. 57â61.
3380:978-3-030-86144-5
3312:, pp. 56â57.
3296:, pp. 21â22.
3260:, pp. 15â16.
3071:, pp. 26â30.
2972:, pp. 16â18.
2936:, pp. 12â13.
2924:, pp. 10â11.
2794:, pp. 14â15.
2680:, pp. 34â35.
2526:, pp. 35â37.
2514:, pp. 31â33.
2451:, pp. 18â19.
2423:10.7202/1064841ar
2380:What is Humanism?
2111:List of humanists
2075:Humanist Movement
1729:critical thinking
1473:Euthyphro dilemma
1307:scientific method
1125:Julius Wellhausen
1104:natural selection
1059:The Age of Reason
889:Coluccio Salutati
782:Abbasid Caliphate
680:According to the
642:edited collection
527:liberal education
473:and aligned with
422:
421:
388:Philosophy portal
90:Leonardo da Vinci
16:(Redirected from
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9871:Frankfurt School
9818:Transactionalism
9768:Normative ethics
9748:Legal positivism
9724:Falsificationism
9709:Consequentialism
9704:Communitarianism
9677:
9676:
9545:New Confucianism
9384:
9383:
9191:Neo-Confucianism
9156:
9155:
8965:Second Sophistic
8950:Middle Platonism
8793:
8792:
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8566:Epiphenomenalism
8433:Consequentialism
8367:Institutionalism
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5223:Goodman, Lenn E.
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3544:Dierksmeier 2011
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2550:, pp. 6â24.
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2475:, pp. 9â10.
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2447:, pp. 1â2;
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2392:Giustiniani 1985
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2156:Secular humanism
2106:Martin Heidegger
2040:Jean-Paul Sartre
2019:Anthropocentrism
1912:, humanism is a
1707:Jean-Paul Sartre
1631:
1619:
1603:
1583:
1417:multiculturalism
1384:(1997), states:
1327:Marxist humanism
1321:Secular humanism
1231:Gene Roddenberry
1194:The New Humanist
1189:Unitarian Church
1164:Bertrand Russell
1137:John Stuart Mill
1109:Ludwig Feuerbach
1075:Ludwig Feuerbach
1008:'s materialism.
965:System of Nature
927:Sextus Empiricus
915:Nicholas of Cusa
911:Angelo Poliziano
901:Guarino Veronese
728:
725:
626:Jacob Burckhardt
616:coined the term
578:Joseph Priestley
567:
520:
414:
407:
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348:Ethical movement
299:Humanists Sweden
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9952:Russian cosmism
9925:
9921:Western Marxism
9886:New Historicism
9851:Critical theory
9837:
9833:Wittgensteinian
9729:Foundationalism
9662:
9599:
9580:Social contract
9436:Foundationalism
9369:
9351:
9335:Illuminationism
9320:Aristotelianism
9306:
9295:Vishishtadvaita
9248:
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8979:
8908:Megarian school
8903:Eretrian school
8844:
8805:Agriculturalism
8782:
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8478:Incompatibilism
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7091:Encyclopédistes
7054:Civil liberties
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6939:This audio file
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6693:Further reading
6690:
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6580:Anthony B. Pinn
6568:
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6540:Anthony B. Pinn
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6500:Anthony B. Pinn
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6342:Anthony B. Pinn
6303:
6301:
6290:"Immanuel Kant"
6286:Edward N. Zalta
6274:
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6213:Norman, Richard
6202:
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6111:Edward N. Zalta
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6031:Anthony B. Pinn
6019:
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5958:Lamont, Corliss
5947:
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5794:Anthony B. Pinn
5782:
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5725:Quentin Skinner
5713:
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5624:Anthony B. Pinn
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5584:Anthony B. Pinn
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5544:Anthony B. Pinn
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5362:Anthony B. Pinn
5350:
5348:
5320:10.2307/2709633
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4932:Edward N. Zalta
4916:
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4888:Anthony B. Pinn
4876:
4874:
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4730:Anthony B. Pinn
4718:
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4689:Blackham, H. J.
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4669:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4610:Anthony B. Pinn
4603:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4537:. 8 August 2013
4529:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4480:
4476:
4468:
4464:
4456:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4342:
4338:
4334:. TheBible.net.
4329:
4325:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4291:
4287:
4283:, pp. 7â8.
4279:
4272:
4268:, pp. 6â7.
4264:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4244:, pp. 3â6.
4240:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4121:, pp. 1â3.
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3988:, pp. 8â9.
3984:
3980:
3976:, pp. 1â7.
3972:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3904:, pp. 3â4.
3900:
3896:
3892:, pp. 2â3.
3888:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3805:
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3793:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3757:
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3745:
3741:
3733:
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3717:
3713:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3542:
3538:
3534:, pp. 4â6.
3530:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3381:
3357:
3353:
3320:
3316:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3236:, pp. 2â3.
3232:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3209:, pp. 1â2.
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3185:, pp. 3â4.
3177:
3173:
3165:
3158:
3154:, 20th Century.
3150:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3092:
3088:, 19th Century.
3084:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:, pp. 5â6.
3055:
3051:
3047:, pp. 1â3.
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2946:Kristeller 2008
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2884:NiccolĂČ Niccoli
2874:
2870:
2864:Berthold Ullman
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2830:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2750:, p. 155;
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2719:
2715:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2637:Jonothan Banres
2607:
2603:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:, pp. 3â4.
2486:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2443:
2439:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2277:, pp. 1â2.
2269:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2244:Kristeller 1978
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2003:
1962:Richard Dawkins
1935:Richard Dawkins
1928:
1919:Louis Althusser
1898:
1892:
1862:
1838:
1805:neo-colonialism
1801:
1796:
1784:
1768:Harold Blackham
1725:
1719:
1674:individualistic
1659:totalitarianism
1650:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1623:
1620:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1584:
1571:Anthony B. Pinn
1536:meaning of life
1528:
1486:
1421:cosmopolitanism
1401:
1396:
1355:
1297:Ethical culture
1278:referred to as
1259:
1038:George Holyoake
1018:
960:Encyclopédistes
948:
931:Pope Nicholas V
919:Marsilio Ficino
865:De Chorographia
800:
794:
726:
708:
703:
634:
552:'s influential
507:
418:
386:
368:
367:
334:
319:
318:
309:
308:
259:
258:
249:
248:
247:
157:
156:
147:
146:
145:
116:
115:
106:
102:
60:
53:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10387:
10377:
10376:
10361:
10360:
10348:
10336:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10309:
10297:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10275:
10274:
10271:
10270:
10267:
10266:
10264:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10237:
10235:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10161:
10160:
10150:
10145:
10139:
10137:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10101:
10099:
10097:Middle Eastern
10093:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10048:
10046:
10040:
10039:
10037:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10015:
10013:
10004:
9994:
9993:
9990:
9989:
9985:
9977:
9976:
9973:
9972:
9969:
9968:
9965:
9964:
9962:
9961:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9933:
9931:
9927:
9926:
9924:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9861:Existentialism
9858:
9856:Deconstruction
9853:
9847:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9689:Applied ethics
9685:
9683:
9674:
9668:
9667:
9664:
9663:
9661:
9660:
9655:
9653:Nietzscheanism
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9624:
9623:
9613:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9597:
9595:Utilitarianism
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9493:Transcendental
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9460:
9459:
9458:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9431:Existentialism
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9387:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9361:
9359:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9349:
9344:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9316:
9314:
9308:
9307:
9305:
9304:
9299:
9298:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9256:
9254:
9250:
9249:
9247:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9219:Augustinianism
9216:
9210:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9199:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9162:
9160:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9139:
9134:
9132:Zoroastrianism
9129:
9124:
9118:
9116:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9105:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9047:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8989:
8987:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8977:
8975:Church Fathers
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8946:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8857:
8855:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8801:
8799:
8790:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8780:
8779:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8748:
8742:
8740:
8730:
8729:
8719:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8666:
8664:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8638:
8636:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8595:
8593:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8547:
8545:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8504:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8490:Libertarianism
8487:
8486:
8485:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8463:
8457:
8455:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8429:
8427:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8381:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8353:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8294:Metaphilosophy
8291:
8286:
8280:
8278:
8268:
8267:
8257:
8256:
8249:
8248:
8241:
8234:
8226:
8217:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8053:
8051:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8010:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7993:
7987:
7985:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7936:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7887:
7885:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7836:
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7722:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7653:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7570:
7568:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7373:
7371:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7361:Wollstonecraft
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7262:
7260:
7252:
7251:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7138:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7100:
7095:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7040:
7033:
7032:
7022:
7021:
7014:
7013:
7006:
6999:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6951:
6937:
6930:
6918:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:External links
6899:
6898:
6897:
6884:
6865:
6859:
6841:
6835:
6822:
6816:
6803:
6790:
6772:
6759:
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6670:
6655:
6637:
6615:
6602:
6575:
6562:
6535:
6522:
6495:
6477:
6471:. Open Court.
6459:
6441:
6423:A. C. Grayling
6418:
6400:
6382:A. C. Grayling
6377:
6364:
6337:
6310:
6281:
6263:
6245:A. C. Grayling
6240:
6227:
6209:
6191:
6173:
6155:
6137:
6106:
6088:
6066:
6053:
6026:
6008:
5994:Mann, Nicholas
5990:
5972:
5954:
5936:
5918:A. C. Grayling
5910:
5892:
5886:. OUP Oxford.
5874:
5856:
5838:A. C. Grayling
5833:
5820:
5789:
5776:
5757:
5739:
5720:
5659:
5646:
5619:
5606:
5579:
5566:
5539:
5521:
5499:
5468:
5450:
5432:A. C. Grayling
5427:
5402:
5384:
5357:
5332:
5314:(2): 167â195.
5299:
5281:
5263:A. C. Grayling
5259:Grayling, A.C.
5255:
5237:
5219:
5201:
5183:A. C. Grayling
5178:
5160:
5142:A. C. Grayling
5137:
5119:
5104:
5086:
5068:A. C. Grayling
5063:
5023:
5005:
4987:
4969:
4954:
4923:
4910:
4883:
4865:
4847:A. C. Grayling
4843:Copson, Andrew
4839:
4821:
4806:
4788:
4770:
4752:
4725:
4707:
4685:
4667:
4645:
4632:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4584:
4572:
4560:
4548:
4522:
4520:, p. 160.
4510:
4498:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4424:, p. 125.
4414:
4405:
4403:, p. 128.
4393:
4381:
4372:
4370:, p. 165.
4360:
4358:, p. 176.
4348:
4336:
4323:
4310:
4303:
4285:
4270:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4222:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4065:
4061:Schuhmann 2015
4050:
4046:Schuhmann 2015
4038:
4034:Schuhmann 2015
4026:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3858:
3846:
3844:, p. 341.
3831:
3819:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3725:, p. 405.
3711:
3709:, p. 405.
3695:
3683:
3677:, p. 86;
3667:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3592:
3580:
3578:, p. 406.
3564:
3562:, p. 248.
3552:
3546:, p. 79;
3536:
3524:
3512:
3510:, p. 104.
3500:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3421:Washington, DC
3401:
3379:
3351:
3314:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3181:, p. 15;
3171:
3169:, p. 100.
3156:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3090:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2948:, p. 114.
2938:
2934:Monfasani 2020
2926:
2922:Monfasani 2020
2914:
2910:Monfasani 2020
2899:
2895:Monfasani 2020
2887:
2876:Monfasani 2020
2868:
2860:Monfasani 2020
2852:
2840:
2836:Monfasani 2020
2824:
2820:Monfasani 2020
2808:
2796:
2784:
2776:Monfasani 2020
2768:
2764:Monfasani 2020
2756:
2740:
2713:
2707:, p. 87;
2697:
2682:
2670:
2654:
2642:
2601:
2595:, p. 68;
2577:
2565:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2502:, p. 3â5.
2492:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2437:
2396:
2394:, p. 173.
2384:
2371:
2345:(2): 259â260.
2322:
2309:
2292:
2279:
2263:
2248:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2205:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Natural rights
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1970:Salman Rushdie
1927:
1924:
1894:Main article:
1891:
1888:
1880:Sarah Bakewell
1870:Nicolas Walter
1861:
1858:
1850:Corliss Lamont
1837:
1834:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1783:
1780:
1753:existentialism
1749:Abraham Maslow
1731:, replying to
1721:Main article:
1718:
1715:
1682:libertarianism
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:In public life
1641:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1578:
1527:
1524:
1485:
1482:
1409:Kantian ethics
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1380:, in his book
1378:Corliss Lamont
1354:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1300:
1293:
1258:
1255:
1245:organizations
1243:United Nations
1133:Jeremy Bentham
1129:utilitarianism
1100:Charles Darwin
1091:Jeremy Bentham
1066:of the German
1017:
1014:
956:Baruch Spinoza
947:
944:
893:Leonardo Bruni
860:Pomponius Mela
796:Main article:
793:
790:
727: 440 BCE
707:
704:
702:
699:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
646:H. J. Blackham
633:
630:
550:Samuel Johnson
506:
503:
420:
419:
417:
416:
409:
402:
394:
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
333:
332:
327:
321:
320:
316:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
260:
256:
255:
254:
251:
250:
246:
245:
240:
238:Transcendental
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
159:
158:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
136:
135:
134:
129:
118:
117:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
88:
80:
79:
73:
72:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10386:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10369:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10347:
10337:
10335:
10325:
10324:
10321:
10308:
10307:
10298:
10296:
10295:
10284:
10283:
10280:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10238:
10236:
10234:Miscellaneous
10232:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10159:
10156:
10155:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10136:
10132:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10094:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10047:
10045:
10041:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10012:
10008:
10005:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9987:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9960:
9959:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9930:Miscellaneous
9928:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9916:Structuralism
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9901:Postmodernism
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9891:Phenomenology
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9840:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9828:Vienna Circle
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9758:Moral realism
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9682:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9669:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9602:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9560:Phenomenology
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9500:Individualism
9498:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9465:
9464:
9461:
9457:
9454:
9453:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9376:
9366:
9365:Judeo-Islamic
9363:
9362:
9360:
9358:
9354:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9342:
9341:ÊżIlm al-KalÄm
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9309:
9303:
9300:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9290:Shuddhadvaita
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9258:
9257:
9255:
9251:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9224:Scholasticism
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9207:
9203:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9038:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8982:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8925:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8847:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8724:
8720:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8675:Conceptualism
8673:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8631:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8604:Particularism
8602:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8592:
8588:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8571:Functionalism
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8556:Eliminativism
8554:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8544:
8540:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8497:
8491:
8488:
8484:
8481:
8480:
8479:
8476:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8461:Compatibilism
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8450:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8426:
8422:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8400:Particularism
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8378:
8374:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8346:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8247:
8242:
8240:
8235:
8233:
8228:
8227:
8224:
8211:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8198:
8190:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8147:United States
8144:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8050:
8046:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
8003:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7933:
7929:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7907:Budai-Deleanu
7905:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7882:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7829:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7715:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7679:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7565:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7368:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7271:Ashley-Cooper
7269:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7246:
7242:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7173:Progressivism
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7122:Individualism
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7034:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7012:
7007:
7005:
7000:
6998:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6940:
6887:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6872:
6866:
6862:
6856:
6853:. Routledge.
6852:
6851:
6846:
6845:Rockmore, Tom
6842:
6838:
6836:9783631606629
6832:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6809:
6804:
6793:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6773:
6762:
6756:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6721:Dacey, Austin
6718:
6714:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6656:
6644:
6640:
6634:
6631:. Pemberton.
6630:
6629:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6605:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6565:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6525:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6484:
6480:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6460:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6434:
6433:Andrew Copson
6430:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6392:Andrew Copson
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6367:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6282:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6256:
6255:Andrew Copson
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6230:
6224:
6221:. Routledge.
6220:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6185:. Routledge.
6184:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6070:Morain, Lloyd
6067:
6056:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5991:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5966:. Continuum.
5965:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5928:Andrew Copson
5925:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5849:
5848:Andrew Copson
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5823:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5779:
5773:
5770:. Pemberton.
5769:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5609:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5569:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5515:. Pemberton.
5514:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5443:
5442:Andrew Copson
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5274:
5273:Andrew Copson
5270:
5269:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5208:
5204:
5198:
5194:
5193:Andrew Copson
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5152:Andrew Copson
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5105:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5079:
5078:Andrew Copson
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4913:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4858:
4857:Andrew Copson
4854:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4807:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:. Pemberton.
4700:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4659:Penguin Books
4656:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4635:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4552:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4519:
4514:
4507:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4484:, p. 40.
4483:
4478:
4471:
4466:
4459:
4454:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4418:
4409:
4402:
4397:
4390:
4385:
4376:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4352:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4267:
4262:
4255:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4193:, p. 19.
4192:
4187:
4181:, p. 18.
4180:
4175:
4169:, p. 16.
4168:
4163:
4157:, p. 14.
4156:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4023:
4018:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3934:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3874:
3868:, p. 15.
3867:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3797:, p. 25.
3796:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3692:
3687:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3665:, p. 86.
3664:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3608:
3601:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3498:, p. 17.
3497:
3492:
3490:
3482:
3477:
3471:, p. 57.
3470:
3465:
3459:, p. 58.
3458:
3453:
3447:, p. 55.
3446:
3441:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3272:, p. 16.
3271:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3248:, p. 15.
3247:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3221:, p. 14.
3220:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3197:, p. 20.
3196:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3139:, p. 39.
3138:
3133:
3127:, p. 37.
3126:
3121:
3115:, p. 75.
3114:
3109:
3103:, p. 36.
3102:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3023:, p. 25.
3022:
3017:
3011:, p. 45.
3010:
3005:
3003:
2996:, p. 74.
2995:
2990:
2984:, p. 18.
2983:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2960:, p. 16.
2959:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2912:, p. 10.
2911:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2818:, p. 8;
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2780:Nederman 2020
2778:, p. 4;
2777:
2772:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2706:
2705:Grayling 2015
2701:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2575:, p. 26.
2574:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2524:Blackham 1974
2520:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2375:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Human dignity
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:Polly Toynbee
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1908:According to
1906:
1904:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:Andrew Copson
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:Didier Fassin
1822:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1791:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1776:pastoral care
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1757:phenomenology
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:Andrew Copson
1447:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1429:John R. Shook
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1370:Immanuel Kant
1367:
1363:
1361:
1350:
1348:
1347:Andrew Copson
1344:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:Julian Huxley
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:in 1933. The
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Ethical Union
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:David Strauss
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:'s theory of
1101:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:David Strauss
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:Auguste Comte
1013:
1009:
1007:
1006:Thomas Hobbes
1003:
999:
998:
997:Rights of Man
993:
989:
985:
984:
977:
975:
971:
967:
966:
961:
957:
953:
946:Enlightenment
943:
940:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
878:
873:
872:
867:
866:
861:
857:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
830:
826:
825:
820:
813:
809:
804:
799:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
721:
717:
713:
698:
696:
690:
685:
683:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
661:
659:
658:Andrew Copson
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
601:
599:
595:
594:mere humanity
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
561:
557:
556:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
518:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:non-religious
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
429:philosophical
426:
415:
410:
408:
403:
401:
396:
395:
393:
392:
389:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
372:
371:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
313:
312:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
257:Organizations
253:
252:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
151:
150:
142:
141:
137:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
110:
109:
97:
96:
95:Vitruvian Man
91:
86:
82:
81:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
51:
47:
45:
37:
33:
19:
10299:
10285:
9956:
9947:Postcritique
9937:Kyoto School
9896:Posthumanism
9876:Hermeneutics
9731: /
9672:Contemporary
9648:Newtonianism
9611:Cartesianism
9570:Reductionism
9450:
9406:Conservatism
9401:Collectivism
9339:
9067:SarvÄstivadÄ
9045:Anekantavada
8970:Neoplatonism
8938:Epicureanism
8871:Pythagoreans
8810:Confucianism
8776:Contemporary
8766:Early modern
8670:Anti-realism
8624:Universalism
8581:Subjectivism
8377:Epistemology
8195:
7940:Catherine II
7392:Beaumarchais
7222:Universality
7193:Reductionism
7140:
7117:Human rights
7111:
6981:Humanists UK
6980:
6973:
6966:
6889:. Retrieved
6870:
6849:
6826:
6807:
6795:. Retrieved
6780:
6764:. Retrieved
6749:
6725:
6701:
6680:. Retrieved
6660:
6647:. Retrieved
6627:
6609:23 September
6607:. Retrieved
6584:
6569:23 September
6567:. Retrieved
6544:
6529:23 September
6527:. Retrieved
6504:
6487:. Retrieved
6467:
6451:. Retrieved
6427:
6410:. Retrieved
6386:
6371:23 September
6369:. Retrieved
6346:
6322:
6318:
6302:. Retrieved
6273:. Retrieved
6249:
6234:15 September
6232:. Retrieved
6217:
6201:. Retrieved
6181:
6165:. Retrieved
6145:
6131:12 September
6129:. Retrieved
6125:the original
6118:
6098:. Retrieved
6078:
6074:Morain, Mary
6060:23 September
6058:. Retrieved
6035:
6018:. Retrieved
5998:
5982:. Retrieved
5962:
5946:. Retrieved
5922:
5914:Law, Stephen
5902:. Retrieved
5882:
5878:Law, Stephen
5866:. Retrieved
5842:
5825:. Retrieved
5798:
5783:22 September
5781:. Retrieved
5777:0301-73041-5
5766:
5749:. Retrieved
5729:
5712:. Retrieved
5671:
5667:
5653:23 September
5651:. Retrieved
5628:
5613:23 September
5611:. Retrieved
5588:
5573:23 September
5571:. Retrieved
5548:
5531:. Retrieved
5511:
5503:Hook, Sidney
5491:. Retrieved
5482:(1): 33â41.
5479:
5460:. Retrieved
5436:
5419:. Retrieved
5410:
5394:. Retrieved
5366:
5349:. Retrieved
5340:
5311:
5307:
5291:. Retrieved
5267:
5247:. Retrieved
5227:
5211:. Retrieved
5187:
5170:. Retrieved
5146:
5129:. Retrieved
5109:
5096:. Retrieved
5072:
5034:
5030:
5027:Ellis, Brian
5015:. Retrieved
4995:
4979:. Retrieved
4959:
4946:. Retrieved
4935:
4917:23 September
4915:. Retrieved
4892:
4875:. Retrieved
4851:
4831:. Retrieved
4811:
4798:. Retrieved
4778:
4774:Cherry, Matt
4762:. Retrieved
4734:
4717:. Retrieved
4697:
4677:. Retrieved
4653:
4639:23 September
4637:. Retrieved
4614:
4587:
4575:
4568:Engelke 2015
4563:
4556:Engelke 2015
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4534:
4525:
4513:
4501:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4453:
4441:
4436:, p. 7.
4429:
4417:
4408:
4396:
4391:, p. 3.
4384:
4375:
4363:
4351:
4339:
4326:
4313:
4294:
4288:
4281:JakeliÄ 2020
4266:JakeliÄ 2020
4261:
4256:, p. 6.
4254:JakeliÄ 2020
4249:
4242:JakeliÄ 2020
4237:
4230:JakeliÄ 2020
4225:
4205:, p. 2.
4203:JakeliÄ 2020
4198:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4133:, p. 8.
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:. Retrieved
4082:Humanists UK
4077:
4068:
4041:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3962:Haworth 2015
3957:
3950:Haworth 2015
3945:
3938:Haworth 2015
3933:
3926:Haworth 2015
3921:
3914:Haworth 2015
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3822:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3714:
3698:
3686:
3670:
3643:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3583:
3567:
3555:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3416:The Humanist
3414:
3404:
3394:17 September
3392:. Retrieved
3365:. Springer.
3361:
3354:
3327:
3317:
3301:
3289:
3284:, p. 2.
3277:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3174:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3064:
3057:Crosson 2020
3052:
3045:Crosson 2020
3040:
3028:
3016:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2890:
2871:
2855:
2843:
2827:
2822:, p. 1.
2811:
2806:, p. 8.
2799:
2787:
2771:
2766:, p. 1.
2759:
2748:Goodman 2003
2743:
2733:13 September
2731:. Retrieved
2729:. p. 20
2716:
2711:, p. 4.
2709:Crosson 2020
2700:
2673:
2666:Freeman 2015
2657:
2645:
2604:
2599:, p. 9.
2589:Freeman 2015
2580:
2568:
2559:IHEU (1996)
2555:
2543:
2538:, p. 9.
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2468:
2463:, p. 9.
2456:
2440:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2387:
2374:
2364:14 September
2362:. Retrieved
2342:
2338:
2320:, pp. 17â18.
2312:
2300:
2295:
2282:
2266:
2246:, p. 3.
2239:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2195:
2186:
2099:
2045:John N. Gray
2033:
2029:Extropianism
1990:
1986:The Humanist
1984:
1982:
1959:
1951:Humanists UK
1940:
1907:
1899:
1896:Antihumanism
1890:Antihumanism
1884:
1863:
1839:
1823:
1815:
1802:
1785:
1782:Demographics
1761:
1742:
1726:
1695:
1678:collectivism
1671:
1651:
1635:Humanists UK
1567:
1551:
1548:Albert Camus
1529:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1491:epistemology
1487:
1466:
1459:
1438:
1433:homo sapiens
1432:
1425:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1340:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1260:
1211:Isaac Asimov
1192:
1186:
1167:
1141:
1097:
1089:Portrait of
1088:
1057:
1054:E. S. Beesly
1046:George Eliot
1041:
1026:Thomas Paine
1019:
1010:
1001:
995:
992:Thomas Paine
981:
978:
963:
949:
935:
904:
886:
881:
875:
869:
863:
853:
834:
829:Michelangelo
822:
806:Portrait of
775:
771:Confucianism
756:
709:
706:Predecessors
692:
687:
679:
655:
635:
617:
604:
602:
593:
589:
585:
582:Unitarianism
574:Thomas Howes
553:
548:In 1755, in
547:
538:
508:
495:Humanists UK
488:
479:non-theistic
468:
437:
424:
423:
338:Confucianism
330:Posthumanism
325:Antihumanism
279:Humanists UK
138:
93:
76:
61:
43:
9942:Objectivism
9881:Neo-Marxism
9843:Continental
9753:Meta-ethics
9733:Coherentism
9638:Hegelianism
9575:Rationalism
9535:Natural law
9515:Materialism
9441:Historicism
9411:Determinism
9302:Navya-NyÄya
9077:SautrÄntika
9072:Pudgalavada
9008:Vaisheshika
8861:Presocratic
8761:Renaissance
8700:Physicalism
8685:Materialism
8591:Normativity
8576:Objectivism
8561:Emergentism
8551:Behaviorism
8500:Metaphysics
8466:Determinism
8405:Rationalism
8197:Romanticism
8019:Charles III
7860:Poniatowski
7797:Leeuwenhoek
7777:de la Court
7765:Netherlands
7609:Mendelssohn
7604:Lichtenberg
7482:Montesquieu
7200:Sapere aude
7183:Rationalism
7178:Rationality
7168:Objectivity
6463:Soper, Kate
6325:(10): 812.
6182:On Humanism
5480:CLA Journal
5351:3 September
4948:11 November
4679:11 November
4541:10 February
4535:FutureLearn
4518:Norman 2004
4506:Davies 1997
4494:Davies 1997
4482:Davies 1997
4458:Davies 1997
4434:Fowler 1999
4422:Davies 1997
4401:Davies 1997
4389:Copson 2015
4344:Norman 2012
4107:Savage 2021
3902:Butler 2020
3890:Butler 2020
3866:Copson 2015
3854:Norman 2015
3842:Norman 2015
3827:Norman 2015
3811:Stephen Law
3807:Copson 2015
3795:Copson 2015
3719:Norman 2004
3703:Norman 2004
3691:Norman 2004
3675:Norman 2004
3663:Norman 2004
3636:Copson 2015
3572:Norman 2004
3560:Lamont 1997
3532:Walker 2020
3508:Norman 2004
3430:14 December
3310:Davies 1997
3306:Lamont 1997
3294:Fowler 1999
3282:Copson 2015
3270:Wilson 1974
3258:Wilson 1974
3246:Wilson 1974
3234:Copson 2015
3219:Norman 2004
3195:Fowler 1999
3183:Copson 2015
3179:Wilson 1974
3152:Hardie 2000
3113:Lamont 1997
3086:Hardie 2000
3069:Davies 1997
3033:Davies 1997
3021:Davies 1997
3009:Lamont 1997
2994:Lamont 1997
2982:Fowler 1999
2970:Fowler 1999
2958:Fowler 1999
2752:Ljamai 2015
2678:Lamont 1997
2662:Lamont 1997
2629:Barnes 1987
2621:Anaximander
2613:Lamont 1997
2597:Davies 1997
2593:Lamont 1997
2573:Cherry 2009
2548:Copson 2015
2536:Fowler 1999
2500:Davies 1997
2488:Copson 2015
2473:Davies 1997
2461:Davies 1997
2449:Fowler 1999
2445:Copson 2015
2275:Copson 2015
2161:Sentientism
2146:Post-theism
2121:Misanthropy
2116:Materialism
1978:Stephen Fry
1854:materialism
1810:Samuel Moyn
1745:Carl Rogers
1655:nationalism
1648:In politics
1610:in Germany.
1592:Happy Human
1454:Stephen Law
1441:Brian Ellis
1219:Erich Fromm
1160:Antony Flew
1034:Oscar Wilde
950:During the
810:painted by
792:Renaissance
780:during the
638:Sidney Hook
622:Georg Voigt
576:was one of
535:Renaissance
486:the state.
208:Rationalist
173:Existential
103: 1490
10346:Psychology
10334:Philosophy
10241:Amerindian
10148:Australian
10087:Vietnamese
10067:Indonesian
9616:Kantianism
9565:Positivism
9555:Pragmatism
9530:Naturalism
9510:Liberalism
9488:Subjective
9426:Empiricism
9330:Avicennism
9275:Bhedabheda
9159:East Asian
9082:Madhyamaka
9062:Abhidharma
8928:Pyrrhonism
8695:Nominalism
8690:Naturalism
8619:Skepticism
8609:Relativism
8599:Absolutism
8528:Naturalism
8438:Deontology
8410:Skepticism
8395:Naturalism
8385:Empiricism
8349:Aesthetics
8253:Philosophy
8039:Villarroel
8034:Jovellanos
7970:Radishchev
7917:Micu-Klein
7855:Niemcewicz
7822:Swammerdam
7812:Nieuwentyt
7802:Mandeville
7657:Farmakidis
7543:Burlamaqui
7452:La Mettrie
7427:Fontenelle
7382:d'Argenson
7377:d'Alembert
7301:Harrington
7227:Utopianism
7127:Liberalism
7084:Empiricism
7059:Classicism
7049:Capitalism
6954:Audio help
6945:2008-11-06
6891:24 October
6797:20 October
6766:24 October
6745:Gay, Peter
6623:Paul Kurtz
6304:1 December
5762:Paul Kurtz
5714:29 October
5664:"HUMANISM"
5507:Paul Kurtz
5337:"Humanism"
5017:1 December
4693:Paul Kurtz
4470:Soper 1986
4446:Soper 1986
4356:Kurtz 1973
4191:Trejo 2020
4179:Trejo 2020
4167:Trejo 2020
4155:Trejo 2020
4143:Trejo 2020
4131:Trejo 2020
4119:Trejo 2020
4022:Soper 1986
3998:Baker 2020
3986:Baker 2020
3974:Baker 2020
3771:Kline 2020
3759:Kline 2020
3747:Kline 2020
3735:Kline 2020
3723:Shook 2015
3707:Shook 2015
3679:Shook 2015
3624:Ellis 2010
3612:Shook 2015
3600:Shook 2015
3588:Shook 2015
3576:Shook 2015
3548:Rohlf 2020
2625:Heraclitus
2232:References
2090:HumanLight
1866:Paul Kurtz
1846:Tim LaHaye
1844:, such as
1818:Talal Asad
1808:professor
1794:Criticisms
1703:alienation
1691:young Marx
1495:Copernicus
1477:relativism
1463:Dostoevsky
1446:eudaimonia
1413:secularism
1353:Philosophy
1311:John Dewey
1227:Carl Sagan
1223:Paul Kurtz
1215:John Dewey
1156:A. J. Ayer
1150:, and the
1056:. Paine's
1050:Ămile Zola
1042:secularism
986:(1762) of
871:Canzoniere
855:Pro Archia
812:Altichiero
752:Democritus
750:continued
748:Epicureans
744:eudaimonia
720:Protagoras
632:Definition
618:humanismus
605:humanismus
560:philologer
531:humanities
483:revelation
475:secularism
44:Humanistic
10120:Pakistani
10082:Taiwanese
10029:Ethiopian
10002:By region
9988:By region
9803:Scientism
9798:Systemics
9658:Spinozism
9585:Socialism
9520:Modernism
9483:Objective
9391:Anarchism
9325:Averroism
9214:Christian
9166:Neotaoism
9137:Zurvanism
9127:Mithraism
9122:Mazdakism
8893:Cyrenaics
8820:Logicians
8453:Free will
8415:Solipsism
8362:Formalism
8160:Jefferson
8102:Hutcheson
7991:ObradoviÄ
7960:Lomonosov
7955:Kheraskov
7865:Ćniadecki
7629:Weishaupt
7624:Thomasius
7614:Pufendorf
7457:Lavoisier
7442:d'Holbach
7437:Helvétius
7417:Descartes
7412:Condorcet
7407:Condillac
7341:Priestley
7158:Modernity
7079:Democracy
6319:Religions
5696:0026-4695
5688:1573-1871
5059:145380913
5051:0038-1527
3389:244480204
3346:1424-3636
3207:Mann 1996
2848:Mann 1996
2832:Mann 1996
2816:Mann 1996
2804:Mann 1996
2792:Mann 1996
2635::Scholar
2633:Curd 2020
2512:Hook 1974
2432:233039844
2351:0093-3139
2271:Mann 1996
2201:Coleridge
2085:Humanitas
1966:Brian Cox
1914:bourgeois
1910:Karl Marx
1903:Nietzsche
1686:socialism
1594:" symbol.
1590:use the "
1540:Nietzsche
1532:teleology
1117:Karl Marx
1068:Hegelians
974:Helvetius
763:religions
736:Aristotle
586:humanists
565:humaniste
517:humanitas
505:Etymology
243:Universal
213:Religious
203:Personism
168:Christian
132:in France
57:Humeanism
10374:Humanism
10368:Category
10358:Religion
10306:Category
10261:Yugoslav
10251:Romanian
10158:Scottish
10143:American
10072:Japanese
10052:Buddhist
10034:Africana
10024:Egyptian
9866:Feminist
9788:Rawlsian
9783:Quietism
9681:Analytic
9633:Krausism
9540:Nihilism
9505:Kokugaku
9468:Absolute
9463:Idealism
9451:Humanism
9239:Occamism
9206:European
9151:Medieval
9097:Yogacara
9057:Buddhist
9050:SyÄdvÄda
8933:Stoicism
8898:Cynicism
8886:Sophists
8881:Atomists
8876:Eleatics
8815:Legalism
8756:Medieval
8680:Idealism
8634:Ontology
8614:Nihilism
8518:Idealism
8276:Branches
8265:Branches
8210:Category
8155:Franklin
8122:Playfair
8092:Ferguson
8049:Scotland
7996:MrazoviÄ
7950:Kantemir
7945:Fonvizin
7884:Portugal
7850:Krasicki
7845:Konarski
7840:KoĆĆÄ
taj
7792:Koerbagh
7741:Genovesi
7726:Beccaria
7688:Berkeley
7619:Schiller
7584:Humboldt
7558:Saussure
7553:Rousseau
7517:Voltaire
7472:Maréchal
7447:Jaucourt
7402:ChĂątelet
7397:Chamfort
7346:Reynolds
7249:Thinkers
7153:Midlands
7142:LumiĂšres
7112:Humanism
7105:Haskalah
6956: ·
6847:(1995).
6778:(1969).
6747:(1964).
6723:(2003).
6676:Archived
6643:Archived
6483:Archived
6465:(1986).
6447:Archived
6406:Archived
6298:Archived
6269:Archived
6215:(2012).
6197:Archived
6179:(2004).
6161:Archived
6094:Archived
6076:(1998).
6014:Archived
5978:Archived
5960:(1997).
5942:Archived
5898:Archived
5880:(2011).
5862:Archived
5745:Archived
5708:Archived
5704:41820353
5527:Archived
5484:Archived
5456:Archived
5415:Archived
5390:Archived
5345:Archived
5287:Archived
5243:Archived
5225:(2003).
5207:Archived
5166:Archived
5125:Archived
5092:Archived
5011:Archived
4975:Archived
4960:Humanism
4942:Archived
4871:Archived
4827:Archived
4794:Archived
4758:Archived
4713:Archived
4673:Archived
4651:(1987).
4092:9 August
4086:Archived
3878:Law 2011
3783:Law 2015
3648:Law 2011
3481:Law 2015
3469:Law 2015
3457:Law 2015
3445:Law 2015
3137:Law 2011
3125:Law 2011
3101:Law 2011
2693:Law 2011
2650:Law 2011
2609:Law 2011
2585:Law 2011
2410:Surfaces
2359:24544107
2214:Epicurus
2001:See also
1711:Cold War
1606:Home of
1558:Sisyphus
1484:Religion
1399:Morality
1360:adducing
1280:umanisti
1004:âled to
988:Rousseau
850:Petrarch
808:Petrarch
765:such as
740:Epicurus
731:Socrates
590:humanism
570:Scotland
539:umanista
497:and the
460:progress
456:autonomy
425:Humanism
382:Category
317:See also
228:Theistic
178:Integral
163:Buddhist
77:Humanism
69:a series
67:Part of
18:Humanist
10320:Portals
10256:Russian
10225:Spanish
10220:Slovene
10210:Maltese
10205:Italian
10185:Finland
10153:British
10135:Western
10125:Turkish
10110:Islamic
10105:Iranian
10057:Chinese
10044:Eastern
10011:African
9958:more...
9643:Marxism
9473:British
9416:Dualism
9312:Islamic
9270:Advaita
9260:Vedanta
9234:Scotism
9229:Thomism
9171:Tiantai
9114:Persian
9102:Tibetan
9092:ĆĆ«nyatÄ
9033:CÄrvÄka
9023:ÄjÄ«vika
9018:MÄ«mÄáčsÄ
8998:Samkhya
8913:Academy
8866:Ionians
8840:Yangism
8797:Chinese
8788:Ancient
8751:Western
8746:Ancient
8705:Realism
8662:Reality
8652:Process
8533:Realism
8513:Dualism
8508:Atomism
8390:Fideism
8165:Madison
8137:Stewart
8077:Burnett
8072:Boswell
8057:Beattie
8029:MoratĂn
8014:Cadalso
7965:Novikov
7900:Romania
7875:Wybicki
7870:Staszic
7817:Spinoza
7787:Huygens
7782:Grotius
7736:Galvani
7731:Galiani
7681:Ireland
7662:Feraios
7634:Wieland
7599:Lessing
7594:Leibniz
7567:Germany
7548:Prévost
7533:Abauzit
7497:Quesnay
7487:Morelly
7477:Meslier
7462:Leclerc
7422:Diderot
7311:Johnson
7286:Collins
7281:Bentham
7266:Addison
7259:England
7207:Science
7044:Atheism
6943: (
6625:(ed.).
6582:(ed.).
6542:(ed.).
6502:(ed.).
6489:26 July
6425:(ed.).
6384:(ed.).
6344:(ed.).
6288:(ed.).
6247:(ed.).
6167:16 July
6113:(ed.).
6100:15 July
6033:(ed.).
6020:15 July
5984:19 July
5920:(ed.).
5840:(ed.).
5827:19 July
5796:(ed.).
5764:(ed.).
5668:Minerva
5626:(ed.).
5586:(ed.).
5546:(ed.).
5509:(ed.).
5434:(ed.).
5421:27 July
5396:19 July
5364:(ed.).
5328:2709633
5265:(ed.).
5185:(ed.).
5144:(ed.).
5070:(ed.).
4934:(ed.).
4890:(ed.).
4849:(ed.).
4833:26 July
4800:16 July
4764:20 July
4732:(ed.).
4695:(ed.).
4612:(ed.).
4601:Sources
2136:Paideia
1663:fascism
1331:Marxist
1268:Quakers
1094:, 1829.
1028:âof a "
970:Diderot
906:paideia
846:Avignon
814:in 1376
701:History
464:dignity
452:freedom
377:Outline
218:Secular
188:Marxist
114:History
46:(album)
10215:Polish
10195:German
10190:French
10175:Danish
10165:Canada
10115:Jewish
10077:Korean
10062:Indian
9604:People
9525:Monism
9478:German
9446:Holism
9379:Modern
9357:Jewish
9280:Dvaita
9253:Indian
9176:Huayan
9028:Ajñana
8985:Indian
8850:Greco-
8835:Taoism
8825:Mohism
8771:Modern
8738:By era
8727:By era
8642:Action
8523:Monism
8443:Virtue
8425:Ethics
8117:Newton
8107:Hutton
8087:Cullen
7984:Serbia
7932:Russia
7922:Èincai
7832:Poland
7772:Bekker
7746:Pagano
7708:Toland
7672:Korais
7667:Kairis
7649:Greece
7579:Herder
7574:Goethe
7538:Bonnet
7526:Geneva
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