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565:, within a billion years after the Big Bang. It has also enabled improved characterization of the distribution of galaxies, their numbers, sizes and luminosities at different epochs, aiding investigation into the evolution of galaxies. Galaxies at high redshifts have been confirmed to be smaller and less symmetrical than ones at lower redshifts, illuminating the rapid evolution of galaxies in the first couple of billion years after the Big Bang.
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necessary to identify high redshift objects as they should not be seen in the visible bands. In order to obtain deep visible exposures on top of the NICMOS parallel fields a follow-up program, HUDF05, was approved and granted 204 orbits to observe the two parallel fields (GO-10632). The orientation of the HST was chosen so that further NICMOS parallel images would fall on top of the main UDF field.
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190:(ACS) detector was installed on the HST, it was realized that an ultra-deep field could observe galaxy formation out to even higher redshifts than had currently been observed, as well as providing more information about galaxy formation at intermediate redshifts (z~2). A workshop on how to best carry out surveys with the ACS was held at
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The sensitivity of the ACS limits its capability of detecting galaxies at high redshift to about 6. The deep NICMOS fields obtained in parallel to the ACS images could in principle be used to detect galaxies at redshift 7 or higher but they were lacking visible band images of similar depth. These are
581:
The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (HXDF), released on
September 25, 2012, is an image of a portion of space in the center of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field image. Representing a total of two million seconds (about 23 days) of exposure time collected over 10 years, the image covers an area of 2.3 arcminutes
284:
The observations were done in two sessions, from
September 23 to October 28, 2003, and December 4, 2003, to January 15, 2004. The total exposure time is just under 1 million seconds, from 400 orbits, with a typical exposure time of 1200 seconds. In total, 800 ACS exposures were taken over the course
289:
observed for 4.5 days. All the individual ACS exposures were processed and combined by Anton
Koekemoer into a set of scientifically useful images, each with a total exposure time ranging from 134,900 seconds to 347,100 seconds. To observe the whole sky to the same sensitivity, the HST would need to
585:
The HXDF contains about 5,500 galaxies, the oldest of which are seen as they were 13.2 billion years ago. The faintest galaxies are one ten-billionth the brightness of what the human eye can see. The red galaxies in the image are the remnants of galaxies after major collisions during their elderly
272:
set to give equal sensitivity in all filters. These wavelength ranges match those used by the GOODS sample, allowing direct comparison between the two. As with the Deep Fields, the HUDF used
Directors Discretionary Time. In order to get the best resolution possible, the observations were
1029:
Borlaff, Alejandro; Trujillo, Ignacio; Román, Javier; Beckman, John E.; Eliche-Moral, M. Carmen; Infante-Sáinz, Raúl; Lumbreras, Alejandro; de
Almagro, Rodrigo Takuro Sato Martín; Gómez-Guijarro, Carlos (January 2019). "The missing light of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field".
162:. The new images improve the previous reduction of the WFC3/IR images, including careful sky background subtraction around the largest galaxies on the field of view. After this update, some galaxies were found to be almost twice as big as previously measured.
114:(less than 34 arcminutes), smaller than a 1 mm piece of paper held 1 m away, and equal to roughly one twenty-six-millionth of the total area of the sky. The image is oriented so that the upper left corner points toward north (−46.4°) on the
23:
The original NASA release, containing about 10,000 galaxies of various ages, sizes, shapes, and colors. The smallest, reddest ones are some of the most distant galaxies to have been imaged by an optical telescope, probably existing shortly after the
627:
198:
of the
Universe. Following the workshop, the STScI Director Steven Beckwith decided to devote 400 orbits of Director's Discretionary time to the UDF and appointed Stiavelli as the lead of the Home Team implementing the observations.
963:
Martínez-Lombilla, Cristina; Akhlaghi, Mohammad; Cardiel, Nicolás; Dorta, Antonio; Cebrián, María; Gómez-Guijarro, Carlos; Almagro, Rodrigo Takuro Sato Martín de; Lumbreras-Calle, Alejandro; Infante-Sáinz, Raúl (January 1, 2019).
607:
90:
from
September 2003 to January 2004 and the first version of the image was released on March 9, 2004. It includes light from galaxies that existed about 13 billion years ago, some 400 to 800 million years after the Big Bang.
393:
on Hubble in 2009, the HUDF09 programme (GO-11563) devoted 192 orbits to observations of three fields, including HUDF, using the newly available F105W, F125W and F160W infra-red filters (which correspond to the Y, J and H
586:
years. Many of the smaller galaxies in the image are very young galaxies that eventually developed into major galaxies, similar to the Milky Way and other galaxies in our galactic neighborhood.
94:
The HUDF image was taken in a section of the sky with a low density of bright stars in the near-field, allowing much better viewing of dimmer, more distant objects. Located southwest of
151:
light. A composite of separate exposures taken in 2002 to 2012 with Hubble's
Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Camera 3, it shows some 10,000 galaxies.
237:
and two interesting objects already observed in the GOODS sample at the same location: a redshift 5.8 galaxy and a supernova. The coordinates of the field are
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camera, were able to take advantage of the increased observing time on these zones by using wavelengths with higher noise to observe at times when
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140:). The XDF reveals galaxies from 13.2 billion years ago, including one thought to have formed only 450 million years after the Big Bang.
158:
released an even deeper version of the infrared images of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field obtained with the WFC3 instrument, named the
1780:
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in late 2002. At the workshop
Massimo Stiavelli advocated an Ultra Deep Field as a way to study the objects responsible for the
155:
1878:
252:). The field is 200 arcseconds to a side, with a total area of 11 square arcminutes, and lies in the constellation of Fornax.
202:
Unlike the Deep Fields, the HUDF does not lie in Hubble's
Continuous Viewing Zone (CVZ). The earlier observations, using the
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On June 3, 2014, NASA released the Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2014 image, the first HUDF image to use the full range of
613:
HXDF image shows mature galaxies in the foreground plane, nearly mature galaxies from 5 to 9 billion years ago, and
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by 2 arcminutes, or about 80% of the area of the HUDF. This represents about one thirty-two millionth of the sky.
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contaminated the observations; however, ACS does not observe at these wavelengths, so the advantage was reduced.
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As with the earlier fields, this one was required to contain very little emission from our galaxy, with little
121:
In August and September 2009, the HUDF field was observed at longer wavelengths (1.0 to 1.6 μm) using the
1232:
1218:
813:; Illingworth, G.D.; Oesch, P.A.; Stiavelli, M.; van Dokkum, P.; Trenti, M.; Magee, D.; Labbe, I.; Franx, M.;
129:(WFC3). This additional data enabled astronomers to identify a new list of potentially very distant galaxies.
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ever taken and has been used to search for galaxies that existed between 400 and 800 million years after the
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1165:
M. Stiavelli; S.M. Fall; N. Panagia (2004). "Observable Properties of Cosmological Reionization Sources".
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by pointing the telescope at slightly different positions for each exposure—a process trialled with the
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The field imaged by the ACS contains over 10,000 objects, the majority of which are galaxies, many at
1675:
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817:; Gonzalez, V. (2009). "Discovery of z~8 Galaxies in the HUDF from ultra-deep WFC3/IR Observations".
234:
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281:—so that the final image has a higher resolution than the pixels on their own would normally allow.
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8:
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790:"HubbleSite: News - Hubble's Deepest View of Universe Unveils Never-Before-Seen Galaxies"
651:
126:
71:
19:
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On September 25, 2012, NASA released a new version of the Ultra-Deep Field dubbed the
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511:(redshifts between 7 and 12). Several galaxies in the HUDF are candidates, based on
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such that it could be observed both by southern hemisphere instruments, such as the
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Four filters were used on the ACS, centered on 435, 606, 775 and 850 nm, with
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greater than 3, and some that probably have redshifts between 6 and 7. The
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1352:
1298:"Hubble Goes to the eXtreme to Assemble Farthest Ever View of the Universe"
874:"Hubble Goes to the eXtreme to Assemble Farthest-Ever View of the Universe"
218:
195:
43:
Hubble Deep UV (HDUV) Legacy Survey; 15k galaxies, released August 16, 2018
1366:
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614:
245:
144:
106:
to an edge, or 3.4 arcminutes diagonally. This is about one-tenth of the
75:
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527:
207:
49:
706:"Hubble's Deepest View Ever of the Universe Unveils Earliest Galaxies"
474:
962:
640:
Video (02:42) about how the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field image was made.
520:
1361:
896:"IAC PRESS RELEASE - Making the Hubble's deepest images even deeper"
260:
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1143:
1110:
Beckwith, S.V.; et al. (2006). "The Hubble Ultra Deep Field".
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938:"Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias - IAC - Educational Outreach"
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504:
183:
122:
83:
25:
1346:
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Scalable interactive UDF with 10,000 galaxies mapped. Wikisky.org
549:
measurements may have discovered galaxies at redshifts up to 12.
481:
182:
sample were analyzed, providing increased statistics at the high
809:
55:
ABYSS WFC3/IR Hubble Ultra Deep Field; released January 24, 2019
1550:
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226:
99:
79:
490:
534:
near the center of the field is USNO-A2.0 0600–01400432 with
249:
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Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR)
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Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS)
1028:
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225:, and northern hemisphere ones, such as those located on
496:
Hidden to visible light, another object above the galaxy
229:. It was ultimately decided to observe a section of the
86:. The original data for the image was collected by the
1793:
1333:- How did the first galaxies get so large so quickly?
966:"The missing light of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field"
264:Location of the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field on the sky
217:. The field was also required to be in a range of
1865:
1331:Exploring galaxy formation in the early universe
1276:"Highlight HUDF Center at 3 32 39.0 -27 47 29.1"
1483:Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS/HRS)
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530:is the furthest star resolved by the HUDF. The
233:, due to existing deep X-ray observations from
1353:The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field in Light and Sound
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577:Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (HXDF) taken in 2012
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888:
689:
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1432:Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS)
248:−27° 47′ 29.1″ (
1396:
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290:observe continuously for a million years.
1498:Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2)
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204:Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2)
98:in the southern-hemisphere constellation
1239:
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402:Observations made of the HUDF with WFC3
294:Observations made of the HUDF with ACS.
259:
18:
1692:Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey
598:XDF size compared with the size of the
1866:
1493:Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC)
800:
1370:
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866:
552:
503:The HUDF is the deepest image of the
1776:
1300:. September 25, 2012. Archived from
1245:
900:Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
557:The HUDF has revealed high rates of
156:Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
13:
863:
14:
1930:
1723:Space Telescope Science Institute
1417:Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)
1412:Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)
1342:Hubblesite page for the XDF image
1319:
517:most distant astronomical objects
82:, containing an estimated 10,000
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1827:
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561:during the very early stages of
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170:In the years since the original
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36:
1478:Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS)
1290:
1225:
1211:
1022:
956:
732:"HubbleSite: Categories - news"
255:
125:channel of the recently fitted
102:, the rectangular image is 2.4
1248:"As far as the Hubble can see"
930:
914:"Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2014"
906:
782:
753:
724:
223:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
1:
1879:Hubble Space Telescope images
1362:ABYSS Hubble Ultra Deep Field
1349:from the UCO/Lick Observatory
683:
285:of 11.3 days, two per orbit;
160:ABYSS Hubble Ultra Deep Field
1032:Astronomy & Astrophysics
970:Astronomy & Astrophysics
849:10.1088/2041-8205/709/2/L133
186:probed by the HDF. When the
7:
1728:Goddard Space Flight Center
1718:Great Observatories program
1488:High Speed Photometer (HSP)
1233:"11563 Program Information"
1219:"10632 Program Information"
1062:10.1051/0004-6361/201834312
1000:10.1051/0004-6361/201834312
657:List of UDF objects (1–500)
645:
464:
376:346,620 s (144 orbits)
359:347,110 s (144 orbits)
188:Advanced Camera for Surveys
165:
110:of a full moon viewed from
74:image of a small region of
10:
1937:
1437:Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3)
1422:Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)
876:. NASA. September 25, 2012
389:After the installation of
342:135,320 s (56 orbits)
325:134,880 s (56 orbits)
1759:
1710:
1676:Hubble eXtreme Deep Field
1606:
1506:
1473:Faint Object Camera (FOC)
1460:
1443:
1404:
1326:NASA site with animations
569:Hubble eXtreme Deep Field
235:Chandra X-ray Observatory
154:On January 23, 2019, the
1894:Astronomy image articles
1255:Arizona State University
231:Chandra Deep Field South
1874:Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
1642:Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
1634:Hubble Deep Field South
1054:2019A&A...621A.133B
992:2019A&A...621A.133B
617:beyond 9 billion years.
176:Hubble Deep Field South
64:Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
1398:Hubble Space Telescope
578:
526:at distance of 59,000
265:
88:Hubble Space Telescope
29:
16:Deep-field space image
1167:Astrophysical Journal
819:Astrophysical Journal
576:
513:photometric redshifts
430:16 orbits, 14 usable
263:
78:in the constellation
22:
1751:Hubble Origins Probe
1650:Extended Groth Strip
1461:Previous instruments
1246:Malhotra, Sangeeta.
1113:Astronomical Journal
515:, to be amongst the
1702:List of deep fields
1684:Hubble Legacy Field
1617:Pillars of Creation
1405:Current instruments
1189:2004ApJ...600..508S
1136:2006AJ....132.1729B
902:. January 24, 2019.
841:2010ApJ...709L.133B
765:homepages.wmich.edu
652:List of deep fields
403:
308:Total exposure time
295:
127:Wide Field Camera 3
1884:Physical cosmology
1747:(2010 documentary)
1697:Anniversary images
1304:on October 6, 2013
944:. January 24, 2019
579:
553:Scientific results
536:apparent magnitude
455:1600 nm ± 150
441:1250 nm ± 150
427:1050 nm ± 150
401:
293:
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134:eXtreme Deep Field
30:
1919:Color photographs
1914:2010s photographs
1909:2000s photographs
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1626:Hubble Deep Field
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708:(Press release).
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279:Hubble Deep Field
172:Hubble Deep Field
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1180:astro-ph/0309835
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1127:astro-ph/0607632
1120:(5): 1729–1755.
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825:(2): L133–L137.
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767:. Archived from
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738:. Archived from
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563:galaxy formation
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116:celestial sphere
108:angular diameter
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761:"Moon Illusion"
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712:. March 9, 2004
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1197:10.1086/380110
1173:(2): 508–519.
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918:HubbleSite.org
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811:Bouwens, R.J.
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771:on 2017-05-09
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742:on 2016-11-11
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678:UDFy-38135539
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673:UDFj-39546284
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149:near-infrared
146:
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27:
21:
1858:Solar System
1781:
1769:
1742:
1738:Edwin Hubble
1665:
1641:
1615:
1594:
1580:
1567:
1555:
1542:
1533:
1525:
1516:
1308:February 26,
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1241:
1227:
1213:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1117:
1111:
1035:
1031:
1024:
973:
969:
958:
946:. Retrieved
941:
932:
921:. Retrieved
917:
908:
899:
890:
878:. Retrieved
822:
818:
793:
784:
773:. Retrieved
769:the original
764:
755:
744:. Retrieved
740:the original
735:
726:
714:. Retrieved
584:
580:
556:
540:
502:
388:
384:
283:
267:
256:Observations
219:declinations
212:
201:
196:reionization
169:
159:
153:
142:
137:
133:
131:
120:
93:
67:
63:
61:
1889:Sky regions
1846:Outer space
1834:Spaceflight
1347:XDF Project
1282:October 28,
1260:October 28,
948:February 5,
815:Carollo, M.
528:light-years
373:850 nm
356:775 nm
339:606 nm
322:435 nm
246:declination
145:ultraviolet
1904:2019 works
1899:2004 works
1868:Categories
1609:and images
1534:Servicing:
1045:1810.10298
983:1810.10298
942:www.iac.es
923:2022-01-25
775:2014-02-26
746:2014-02-26
684:References
538:of 18.95.
458:28 orbits
444:16 orbits
413:Wavelength
311:Exposures
305:Wavelength
208:earthshine
104:arcminutes
72:deep-field
1810:Astronomy
1653:(2004–05)
1645:(2003–04)
1568:Discovery
1556:Discovery
1543:Endeavour
1526:Discovery
1278:. Wikisky
1152:119504137
1078:119232262
1070:0004-6361
1016:119232262
1008:0004-6361
857:118083736
832:0909.1803
543:redshifts
521:red dwarf
242:3 32 39.0
184:redshifts
1770:Category
1595:Atlantis
1581:Columbia
1510:missions
1038:: A133.
976:: A133.
716:March 9,
667:UDF 2457
662:HUDF-JD2
646:See also
524:UDF 2457
509:Big Bang
505:universe
465:Contents
275:dithered
178:and the
166:Planning
123:infrared
84:galaxies
26:Big Bang
1796:Portals
1782:Commons
1711:Related
1592:(2009,
1589:STS-125
1578:(2002,
1575:STS-109
1566:(1999,
1563:STS-103
1554:(1997,
1540:(1993,
1523:(1990,
1517:Launch:
1205:1176087
1185:Bibcode
1132:Bibcode
1050:Bibcode
988:Bibcode
837:Bibcode
482:UDF 423
70:) is a
1744:Hubble
1687:(2019)
1679:(2012)
1671:(2010)
1661:(2006)
1658:SWEEPS
1637:(1998)
1629:(1995)
1621:(1995)
1551:STS-82
1537:STS-61
1520:STS-31
1203:
1150:
1076:
1068:
1014:
1006:
855:
669:(star)
547:NICMOS
519:. The
410:Filter
407:Camera
370:F850LP
302:Filter
299:Camera
287:NICMOS
227:Hawaii
174:, the
100:Fornax
80:Fornax
1822:Stars
1251:(PDF)
1201:S2CID
1175:arXiv
1148:S2CID
1122:arXiv
1074:S2CID
1040:arXiv
1012:S2CID
978:arXiv
853:S2CID
827:arXiv
452:F160W
438:F125W
424:F105W
396:bands
353:F775W
336:F606W
319:F435W
250:J2000
192:STScI
180:GOODS
112:Earth
96:Orion
76:space
1733:NASA
1357:APOD
1310:2014
1284:2010
1262:2010
1066:ISSN
1004:ISSN
950:2019
882:2012
718:2024
710:NASA
600:Moon
532:star
449:WFC3
435:WFC3
421:WFC3
391:WFC3
379:288
362:288
345:112
328:112
68:HUDF
62:The
1355:at
1193:doi
1171:600
1140:doi
1118:132
1058:doi
1036:621
996:doi
974:621
845:doi
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398:):
367:ACS
350:ACS
333:ACS
316:ACS
147:to
138:XDF
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