1730:
31:
1601:
1797:(1663–1705) presented, to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris, a report on his invention: a wheel that was made to turn by heat. The wheel was mounted vertically. Around the wheel's hub were water-filled chambers. Air-filled chambers on the wheel's rim were heated by a fire under one side of the wheel. The heated air expanded and, via tubes, forced water from one chamber to another, unbalancing the wheel and causing it to turn.
1892:
stated by
Chambers to have been unsuccessful, owing to mechanical defects and to “the unforeseen accumulation of heat, not fully extracted by the sieves or small passages in the cool part of the regenerator, of which the external surface was not sufficiently large to throw off the unrecovered heat when the engine was working with highly compressed air.”
1908:
greater benefits on civilized life than any that has ever preceded it. For the object of it is the production of mechanical power by the agency of heat, at an expenditure of fuel so exceedingly small, that man will have an almost unlimited mechanical force at his command, in regions where fuel may now be said hardly to exist".
1644:
1899:
In 1829 Arnott patented his air expansion machine where a fire is placed on a grate near the bottom of a close cylinder, and the cylinder is full of fresh air recently admitted. A loose piston is pulled upwards so that all the air in the cylinder above will be made to pass by a tube through the fire,
1907:
Ericsson built his third hot air engine (the caloric engine) in 1833 "which excited so much interest a few years ago in
England; and which, if it should be brought into practical operation, will prove the most important mechanical invention ever conceived by the human mind, and one that will confer
1914:
So far all these air engines have been unsuccessful, but the technology was maturing. In 1842, James
Stirling, the brother of Robert, build the famous Dundee Stirling Engine. This one at least lasted 2–3 years but then was discontinued due to improper technical contrivances. Hot air engines is a
1891:
Stirling patented a second hot air engine, together with his brother James, in 1827. They inverted the design so that the hot ends of the displacers were underneath the machinery and they added a compressed air pump so the air within could be increased in pressure to around 20 atmospheres. It is
1903:
He is followed the next year (1830) by
Captain Ericsson who patented his second hot air engine. The specification describes it more particularly, as consisting of a “circular chamber, in which a cone is made to revolve on a shaft or axis by means of leaves or wings, alternately exposed to the
1895:
Parkinson and
Crossley, English patent, 1828 came up with their own hot air engine. In this engine the air-chamber is partly exposed, by submergence in cold water, to external cold, and its upper portion is heated by steam. An internal vessel moves up and down in this chamber, and in so doing
1896:
displaces the air, alternately exposing it to the hot and cold influences of the cold water and the hot steam, changing its temperature and expansive condition. The fluctuations cause the reciprocation of a piston in a cylinder to whose ends the air-chamber is alternately connected.
1884:, stored heat from the hot portion of the engine as the air passed to the cold side, and released heat to the cooled air as it returned to the hot side. This innovation improved the efficiency of Stirling's engine and should be present in any air engine that is properly called a
1915:
story of trials and errors, and it took another 20 years before hot air engines could be used on an industrial scale. The first reliable hot air engines were built by Shaw, Roper, Ericsson. Several thousands of them were built.
1923:
Hot engines found a market for pumping water (mainly to a household water tank) as the water inlet provided the cold required to maintain the temperature difference, though they did find other commercial uses.
1320:
1904:
pressure of steam; these wings or leaves being made to work through slits or openings of a circular plane, which revolves obliquely to, and is thereby kept in contact with the side of the cone.”
1855:
type engine (Mead termed it the transferrer). It is unlikely that either of these patents resulted in an actual engine and the earliest workable example was probably the open cycle
1647:
Illustration of a low temperature differential (LTD) hot air engine. 1. Power piston, 2. Cold end of cylinder, 3.Displacer piston 4. Hot end of cylinder Q1. Heat in, Q2. Heat out.
1155:
1100:
1045:
852:
805:
720:
673:
585:
538:
756:
624:
990:
1848:
1840:
489:
828:
781:
696:
649:
561:
514:
1789:
describes devices that might be used to automatically open temple doors when a fire was lit on a sacrificial altar. Devices called hot air engines, or simply
1630:
2882:
1331:
1219:
2671:
453:
1765:, in which heat is added to the working fluid by combustion of fuel within the working cylinder. Continuous combustion types, such as
2838:
1851:, an engineer from Sculcoats Yorkshire (English patent 979 of 1791), the latter in particular containing the essential elements of a
1309:
3044:
1900:
and will receive an increased elasticity tending to the expansion or increase of volume, which the fire is capable of giving it.
1342:
3196:
1911:
1838 sees the patent of
Franchot hot air engine, certainly the hot air engine that was best following the Carnot requirements.
912:
1742:
1623:
1210:
879:
446:
324:
262:
3334:
2875:
2499:
2431:. 1→2 accomplishes both the heat rejection and the compression. Originally developed for use in reciprocating engines.
2347:. Originally developed for use in reciprocating engines. The external combustion version of this cycle is known as the
1699:
1394:
1368:
889:
343:
3110:
2819:
2719:
2655:
2546:
295:
1808:(Means of conveniently substituting the action of fire for the force of men and horses in order to move machines),
1447:
918:
317:
3148:
2348:
1806:"Moyen de substituer commodement l'action du feu, Ă la force des hommes et des chevaux pour mouvoir les machines"
1616:
1547:
79:
1442:
2868:
1952:
1522:
1295:
272:
3095:
2010:
1934:
W.H. Bailey & Co, Salford. Engines for pumping domestic water and operating stable machinery c1885-1887
907:
110:
100:
115:
105:
3298:
3189:
3009:
2899:
2479:
2405:
2062:
1762:
1399:
1363:
141:
75:
1824:(fire mill) is explained on pages 123-126; his machine is illustrated on the plate following page 126.
1437:
3163:
1192:
940:
386:
199:
189:
1880:(patented in 1816) was the first air engine put to practical work. The economiser, now known as the
1729:
3364:
3256:
2924:
1805:
3143:
3128:
3118:
3074:
2401:
1604:
1432:
1229:
1110:
1055:
1000:
932:
871:
407:
396:
62:
834:
787:
702:
655:
567:
520:
2675:
2616:
1943:
1537:
1254:
338:
92:
67:
2633:
1832:
1457:
738:
603:
3182:
2989:
2949:
1975:
1881:
1472:
1049:
362:
208:
57:
1928:
Hayward, Tyler & Co of London. Engines for pumping water and working
Punkahs c1876-1883.
960:
3251:
3133:
2843:
1985:(at constant temperature, maintained with heat added or removed from a heat source or sink)
1552:
1477:
1467:
267:
129:
1829:
Historical and
Descriptive Anecdotes of Steam-engines and of Their Inventors and Improvers
8:
3345:
3271:
3246:
3138:
3039:
2891:
2484:
2277:
2248:
2022:
1971:
1965:
1750:
1497:
1259:
281:
247:
242:
155:
1946:& Co, Delamater Iron Works, New York. 'Rider' and 'Ericsson' type engine. 1870s-1898
1492:
471:
3216:
2995:
2494:
2109:
2070:
2006:
1982:
1856:
1794:
1782:
1586:
1249:
1244:
1197:
813:
766:
681:
634:
546:
499:
429:
413:
300:
252:
237:
227:
36:
30:
3158:
2980:
2815:
2715:
2651:
2542:
2462:
2162:
2000:
1994:
1741:, Germany, and powered by a miniature hot air engine. It is now in the collection of
1710:
1581:
1542:
1532:
1104:
902:
730:
232:
222:
164:
1940:
Norris & Henty, London. Resellers of 'Robinson' type pumping engines. c1898-1901
1931:
Hayward-Tyler & Co of London. Domestic water supply (Rider's patent) c1888-1901.
3369:
3100:
1988:
1754:
1502:
1487:
1427:
1422:
1239:
1234:
884:
352:
217:
3293:
3221:
3123:
2474:
2453:
2223:
1885:
1873:
1718:
1695:
1679:
1452:
1300:
954:
595:
418:
179:
146:
1827:
For an account of
Amontons' fire-powered wheel in English, see: Robert Stuart,
3090:
3049:
3034:
3019:
2954:
2944:
2939:
2849:
2380:
2285:
2255:
2206:
2116:
1766:
1675:
1661:
1507:
1277:
377:
257:
194:
184:
52:
22:
2598:
2580:
3358:
3303:
3281:
3266:
3153:
3069:
3024:
2985:
2959:
2929:
2489:
2373:
2315:
2230:
2183:
2138:
1860:
1844:
1758:
1691:
1687:
1576:
894:
463:
424:
136:
2562:
3316:
3276:
3059:
3054:
3029:
2975:
2934:
2412:
2356:
2155:
2092:
1734:
1703:
1643:
1527:
1512:
1462:
945:
3321:
3241:
3226:
3205:
2033:
Some examples (not all hot air cycles, as defined above) are as follows:
1770:
1667:
1482:
290:
1749:
The term "hot air engine" specifically excludes any engine performing a
3261:
3236:
3064:
2860:
2436:
2344:
1937:
Adam
Woodward & Sons, Ancoats, Manchester. Robinson's patent. c1887
1571:
1517:
1835:; an illustration of the machine appears on around the time when the
1709:
In a typical implementation, air is repeatedly heated and cooled in a
3286:
2428:
2397:
2340:
1852:
1738:
169:
2695:
2336:
2026:
1836:
1285:
1202:
994:
402:
174:
2014:
391:
1781:
The expansive property of heated air was known to the ancients.
3174:
2648:
Hot air caloric and stirling engines. Vol.1, A history, page 56
2332:
1714:
1713:
and the resulting expansion and contraction are used to move a
2013:(no heat is added or removed from the working fluid - and the
2812:
Stirling and Vuilleumier heat pumps: design and applications
2519:
2855:
1820:, which was published in 1732. The operation of Amontons'
367:
2520:"An Inquiry into the Hot Air Engines of the 19th Century"
1876:'s air engine of 1818, which incorporated his innovative
1671:
16:
External combustion engine using air as the working fluid
2709:
1839:
were first set out, and early patents include those of
1674:
under the influence of a temperature change to convert
2698:
Hot air caloric and stirling engines. Vol.1, A history
2539:
Hot air caloric and stirling engines. Vol.1, A history
1831:(London, England: Wightman and Cramp, 1829), vol. 1,
1818:
Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, année 1699
1686:
encompassing both open cycle devices such as those of
2003:(no heat is added or removed from the working fluid)
1793:, have been recorded from as early as 1699. In 1699,
1698:. Hot air engines are distinct from the better known
1113:
1058:
1003:
963:
837:
816:
790:
769:
741:
705:
684:
658:
637:
606:
570:
549:
523:
502:
474:
2856:
Inquiry into the Hot Air Engines of the 19th Century
1978:(typically 4). The processes can be any of these:
1149:
1094:
1039:
984:
846:
822:
799:
775:
750:
714:
690:
667:
643:
618:
579:
555:
532:
508:
483:
1949:Rider Engine Company, Walden, New York. 1879-1898
3356:
2850:Apparatus for the Method of Heat Differentiation
2609:
2809:
3190:
2876:
2650:(1st Edition (Revised) ed.). L.A. Mair.
2541:(1st Edition (Revised) ed.). L.A. Mair.
1847:Shropshire (English patent 739 of 1759) and
1682:. These engines may be based on a number of
1624:
2645:
2536:
1918:
1670:that uses the expansion and contraction of
3197:
3183:
2883:
2869:
2591:
2573:
1810:Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences
1631:
1617:
29:
1683:
2890:
2512:
2275:
2060:
1728:
1642:
3045:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
2839:Introduction to Stirling-Cycle Machines
2714:. Professional Engineering Publishing.
1974:can (ideally) be made out of 3 or more
1959:
1753:in which the working fluid undergoes a
3357:
3178:
2864:
1773:, could be seen as borderline cases.
2555:
2133:The second Ericsson cycle from 1853
1743:Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum
2710:Finkelstein, T; Organ, A.J (2001).
1859:gas engine of the English inventor
13:
3335:Timeline of heat engine technology
2500:Timeline of heat engine technology
838:
791:
706:
659:
571:
524:
344:Intensive and extensive properties
14:
3381:
2832:
2599:"Stirling's life and Air Engines"
2581:"Ericsson's life and Air Engines"
2302:Differs from Otto cycle in that V
1761:. Also excluded are conventional
3204:
1700:internal combustion based engine
1600:
1599:
919:Table of thermodynamic equations
2803:
2788:
2773:
2758:
2743:
2728:
2703:
2689:
2563:"Cayley's life and Air Engines"
1769:'s Ready Motor and the related
1694:and the closed cycle engine of
1395:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
2846:(Select the desired biography)
2844:Pioneers in Air Engine Designs
2799:. 26 January 1901. p. 59.
2739:. 30 November 1877. p. 4.
2696:Detailed contents of the book
2664:
2639:
2627:
2530:
1129:
1117:
1074:
1062:
1019:
1007:
979:
967:
1:
2784:. 3 December 1887. p. 4.
2737:Friend of India and Statesman
2505:
2406:continuous detonation engines
1995:isometric / isochoric process
1953:Rider-Ericsson Engine Company
1863:
1724:
1296:Mechanical equivalent of heat
2754:. 14 March 1896. p. 64.
2011:reversible adiabatic process
1843:, Vicar of High Ercall near
908:Onsager reciprocal relations
7:
2950:Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)
2769:. 10 July 1886. p. 64.
2468:
2461:Yet another example is the
2276:Power cycles normally with
2061:Power cycles normally with
1763:internal combustion engines
1400:Entropy as energy dispersal
1211:"Perpetual motion" machines
1150:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1095:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1040:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
10:
3386:
2480:Thermoacoustic heat engine
1963:
1776:
847:{\displaystyle \partial T}
800:{\displaystyle \partial V}
715:{\displaystyle \partial p}
668:{\displaystyle \partial V}
580:{\displaystyle \partial T}
533:{\displaystyle \partial S}
3343:
3330:
3312:
3212:
3109:
3083:
3008:
2968:
2909:
2898:
2672:"Stirling engine history"
2454:Gasoline / petrol engines
2244:isochoric then adiabatic
2087:A reversed Brayton cycle
1955:, Walden, New York. 1898-
1321:An Inquiry Concerning the
1919:Commercial Manufacturers
1804:Amontons (20 June 1699)
1737:made by Ernst Plank, of
1655:(historically called an
1334:Heterogeneous Substances
751:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
619:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
2810:Wurm, Jaroslav (1991).
2712:Chapter 2.2 Air Engines
2065:- or heat pump cycles:
2617:"Amontons' Fire Wheel"
1991:(at constant pressure)
1812:, pages 112-126. The
1746:
1648:
1151:
1096:
1041:
986:
985:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
848:
824:
801:
777:
752:
716:
692:
669:
645:
620:
581:
557:
534:
510:
485:
464:Specific heat capacity
68:Quantum thermodynamics
3277:Steam (reciprocating)
1732:
1646:
1332:On the Equilibrium of
1152:
1097:
1050:Helmholtz free energy
1042:
987:
849:
825:
802:
778:
753:
717:
693:
670:
646:
621:
582:
558:
535:
511:
486:
3134:Regenerative cooling
3012:combustion / thermal
2911:Without phase change
2902:combustion / thermal
2892:Thermodynamic cycles
2646:Robert Sier (1999).
2537:Robert Sier (1999).
2349:first Ericsson cycle
2249:Manson-Guise engines
2053:Heat rejection, 4→1
1997:(at constant volume)
1960:Thermodynamic cycles
1684:thermodynamic cycles
1345:Motive Power of Fire
1111:
1056:
1001:
961:
913:Bridgman's equations
890:Fundamental relation
835:
814:
788:
767:
739:
703:
682:
656:
635:
604:
568:
547:
521:
500:
472:
3346:Thermodynamic cycle
3257:Pistonless (Rotary)
3247:Photo-Carnot engine
2485:Manson-Guise Engine
2278:internal combustion
2063:external combustion
2047:Heat addition, 2→3
2037:
2023:isenthalpic process
1972:thermodynamic cycle
1966:Thermodynamic cycle
1751:thermodynamic cycle
1717:and produce useful
1323:Source ... Friction
1255:Loschmidt's paradox
447:Material properties
325:Conjugate variables
2852:Vuilleumier patent
2495:Carnot heat engine
2110:Carnot heat engine
2036:
2007:isentropic process
1983:isothermal process
1872:It is likely that
1795:Guillaume Amontons
1783:Hero of Alexandria
1747:
1649:
1587:Order and disorder
1343:Reflections on the
1250:Heat death paradox
1147:
1092:
1037:
982:
844:
820:
797:
773:
748:
712:
688:
665:
641:
616:
577:
553:
530:
506:
484:{\displaystyle c=}
481:
454:Property databases
430:Reduced properties
414:Chemical potential
378:Functions of state
301:Thermal efficiency
37:Carnot heat engine
3352:
3351:
3172:
3171:
3149:Vapor-compression
3075:Staged combustion
3004:
3003:
2969:With phase change
2621:hotairengines.org
2603:hotairengines.org
2585:hotairengines.org
2567:hotairengines.org
2524:hotairengines.org
2463:Vuilleumier cycle
2459:
2458:
2191:variable pressure
2044:Compression, 1→2
2001:adiabatic process
1970:A hot air engine
1861:Sir George Cayley
1688:Sir George Cayley
1641:
1640:
1582:Self-organization
1407:
1406:
1105:Gibbs free energy
903:Maxwell relations
861:
860:
857:
856:
823:{\displaystyle V}
776:{\displaystyle 1}
731:Thermal expansion
725:
724:
691:{\displaystyle V}
644:{\displaystyle 1}
590:
589:
556:{\displaystyle N}
509:{\displaystyle T}
437:
436:
353:Process functions
339:Property diagrams
318:System properties
308:
307:
273:Endoreversibility
165:Equation of state
3377:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3144:Vapor absorption
2907:
2906:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2826:
2825:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2674:. Archived from
2668:
2662:
2661:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2224:Stirling engines
2038:
2035:
1989:isobaric process
1868:
1865:
1755:phase transition
1633:
1626:
1619:
1603:
1602:
1310:Key publications
1291:
1290:("living force")
1240:Brownian ratchet
1235:Entropy and life
1230:Entropy and time
1181:
1180:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
991:
989:
988:
983:
885:Clausius theorem
880:Carnot's theorem
853:
851:
850:
845:
829:
827:
826:
821:
806:
804:
803:
798:
782:
780:
779:
774:
761:
760:
757:
755:
754:
749:
721:
719:
718:
713:
697:
695:
694:
689:
674:
672:
671:
666:
650:
648:
647:
642:
629:
628:
625:
623:
622:
617:
586:
584:
583:
578:
562:
560:
559:
554:
539:
537:
536:
531:
515:
513:
512:
507:
494:
493:
490:
488:
487:
482:
460:
459:
333:
332:
152:
151:
33:
19:
18:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3365:Hot air engines
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3339:
3326:
3308:
3208:
3203:
3173:
3168:
3105:
3079:
3011:
3000:
2990:Organic Rankine
2964:
2918:
2915:hot air engines
2912:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2814:. McGraw-Hill.
2808:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2782:Widnes Examiner
2779:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2535:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2475:Stirling engine
2471:
2309:
2305:
2192:
2050:Expansion, 3→4
1968:
1962:
1921:
1886:Stirling engine
1874:Robert Stirling
1866:
1779:
1727:
1719:mechanical work
1696:Robert Stirling
1680:mechanical work
1637:
1592:
1591:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1387:
1373:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1289:
1282:
1264:
1245:Maxwell's demon
1207:
1178:
1177:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
962:
959:
958:
957:
955:Internal energy
950:
935:
925:
924:
899:
874:
864:
863:
862:
836:
833:
832:
815:
812:
811:
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701:
700:
683:
680:
679:
657:
654:
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636:
633:
632:
605:
602:
601:
596:Compressibility
569:
566:
565:
548:
545:
544:
522:
519:
518:
501:
498:
497:
473:
470:
469:
449:
439:
438:
419:Particle number
372:
331:
320:
310:
309:
268:Irreversibility
180:State of matter
147:Isolated system
132:
122:
121:
120:
95:
85:
84:
80:Non-equilibrium
72:
47:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3350:
3349:
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3338:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3299:Thermoacoustic
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
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3194:
3187:
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3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
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3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3081:
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3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
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3006:
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3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2966:
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2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
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2904:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2834:
2833:External links
2831:
2828:
2827:
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2688:
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1964:Main article:
1961:
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1957:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1944:C.H. Delamater
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1920:
1917:
1870:
1869:
1837:laws of gasses
1825:
1816:appear in the
1778:
1775:
1767:George Brayton
1757:, such as the
1726:
1723:
1676:thermal energy
1653:hot air engine
1639:
1638:
1636:
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1628:
1621:
1613:
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1397:
1389:
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1386:
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1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:Thermodynamics
1360:
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1352:
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1350:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1306:
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1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1281:
1280:
1278:Caloric theory
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
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1021:
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783:
772:
758:
747:
744:
734:
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708:
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687:
676:
675:
664:
661:
651:
640:
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615:
612:
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591:
588:
587:
576:
573:
563:
552:
541:
540:
529:
526:
516:
505:
491:
480:
477:
467:
458:
457:
456:
450:
445:
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441:
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435:
434:
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432:
427:
422:
411:
400:
381:
380:
374:
373:
371:
370:
365:
359:
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355:
349:
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341:
322:
321:
316:
315:
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306:
305:
304:
303:
298:
293:
285:
284:
278:
277:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
258:Free expansion
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
212:
211:
205:
204:
203:
202:
197:
195:Control volume
192:
187:
185:Phase (matter)
182:
177:
172:
167:
159:
158:
150:
149:
144:
139:
133:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
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108:
103:
97:
96:
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87:
86:
83:
82:
71:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
48:
45:
44:
41:
40:
35:The classical
34:
26:
25:
23:Thermodynamics
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3382:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3304:Manson engine
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:Steam turbine
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:Carnot engine
3215:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Transcritical
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3119:Hampson–Linde
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3111:Refrigeration
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Gas-generator
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Brayton/Joule
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3007:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Brayton/Joule
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2823:
2821:0-07-053567-1
2817:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2721:1-86058-338-5
2717:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2678:on 2009-09-20
2677:
2673:
2667:
2659:
2657:0-9526417-0-4
2653:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2548:0-9526417-0-4
2544:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Vacuum engine
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2452:
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2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:Diesel engine
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
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2250:
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2240:
2237:
2234:
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2222:
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2216:
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2210:
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2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:Steam engines
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
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2046:
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2039:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1954:
1951:
1948:
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1942:
1939:
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1883:
1879:
1875:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:Coalbrookdale
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:pages 130-132
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:Rankine cycle
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:John Ericsson
1689:
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1677:
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1612:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:Self-assembly
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1548:van der Waals
1546:
1544:
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1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
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1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:von Helmholtz
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
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1451:
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1444:
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1225:
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1221:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
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1103:
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1016:
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993:
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964:
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953:
952:
947:
944:
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929:
928:
921:
920:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
895:Ideal gas law
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
873:
868:
867:
841:
831:
817:
810:
809:
794:
784:
770:
763:
762:
759:
745:
742:
735:
732:
729:
728:
709:
699:
685:
678:
677:
662:
652:
638:
631:
630:
627:
613:
610:
607:
600:
597:
594:
593:
574:
564:
550:
543:
542:
527:
517:
503:
496:
495:
492:
478:
475:
468:
465:
462:
461:
455:
452:
451:
448:
443:
442:
431:
428:
426:
425:Vapor quality
423:
421:
420:
415:
412:
410:
409:
404:
401:
398:
394:
393:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
379:
376:
375:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
358:
357:
354:
351:
350:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
330:
326:
319:
314:
313:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
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288:
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266:
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263:Reversibility
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28:
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24:
21:
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3317:Beale number
3272:Split-single
3231:
3206:Heat engines
2996:Regenerative
2925:Bell Coleman
2914:
2811:
2805:
2796:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2745:
2736:
2730:
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2697:
2691:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:the original
2666:
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2593:
2584:
2575:
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2538:
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2523:
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2460:
2071:Bell Coleman
2032:
2029:is constant)
2017:is constant)
1969:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1877:
1871:
1828:
1822:moulin Ă feu
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1748:
1735:praxinoscope
1708:
1704:steam engine
1660:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1438:Carathéodory
1369:Heat engines
1341:
1330:
1319:
1301:Motive power
1286:
946:Free entropy
917:
417:
416: /
406:
405: /
397:introduction
390:
389: /
328:
291:Heat engines
78: /
3322:West number
3242:Minto wheel
3227:Gas turbine
3164:Ionocaloric
3159:Vuilleumier
2981:Hygroscopic
2351:from 1833.
2247:Manson and
2163:Hygroscopic
2106:isothermal
1882:regenerator
1867: 1807
1849:Thomas Mead
1791:air engines
1771:gas turbine
1668:heat engine
1260:Synergetics
941:Free energy
387:Temperature
248:Quasistatic
243:Isenthalpic
200:Instruments
190:Equilibrium
142:Open system
76:Equilibrium
58:Statistical
3359:Categories
3262:Rijke tube
3129:Pulse tube
3101:Mixed/dual
2795:"Advert".
2780:"Advert".
2765:"Advert".
2750:"Advert".
2735:"Advert".
2682:2007-07-09
2506:References
2450:isochoric
2447:isentropic
2441:isentropic
2429:Pulse jets
2398:Shcramjets
2391:isentropic
2385:isentropic
2370:isochoric
2299:isochoric
2296:isentropic
2290:isentropic
2241:isothermal
2235:isothermal
2220:isochoric
2217:isothermal
2211:isothermal
2199:isochoric
2193:and volume
2127:isothermal
2121:isothermal
2103:isentropic
2100:isothermal
2097:isentropic
1878:Economiser
1841:Henry Wood
1787:Pneumatica
1725:Definition
1657:air engine
1572:Nucleation
1416:Scientists
1220:Philosophy
933:Potentials
296:Heat pumps
253:Polytropic
238:Isentropic
228:Isothermal
3287:Aeolipile
3124:Kleemenko
3010:Internal
2444:isochoric
2425:isobaric
2422:adiabatic
2419:isochoric
2394:isobaric
2388:isochoric
2367:adiabatic
2361:adiabatic
2337:turbojets
2329:isobaric
2326:adiabatic
2320:adiabatic
2293:isochoric
2269:isobaric
2266:adiabatic
2260:adiabatic
2238:isochoric
2214:isochoric
2196:adiabatic
2188:adiabatic
2176:isobaric
2173:adiabatic
2167:adiabatic
2152:isobaric
2149:adiabatic
2143:adiabatic
2130:isobaric
2084:isobaric
2081:adiabatic
2075:adiabatic
1976:processes
1853:displacer
1739:Nuremberg
1666:) is any
1553:Waterston
1503:von Mayer
1458:de Donder
1448:Clapeyron
1428:Boltzmann
1423:Bernoulli
1384:Education
1355:Timelines
1139:−
1084:−
872:Equations
839:∂
792:∂
743:α
707:∂
660:∂
614:−
608:β
572:∂
525:∂
233:Adiabatic
223:Isochoric
209:Processes
170:Ideal gas
53:Classical
3294:Stirling
3222:Fluidyne
3091:Combined
3050:Humphrey
3035:Expander
3020:Atkinson
2955:Stoddard
2945:Stirling
2940:Ericsson
2900:External
2634:page 351
2469:See also
2381:Humphrey
2364:isobaric
2323:isobaric
2286:Atkinson
2263:isobaric
2256:Stoddard
2207:Stirling
2170:isobaric
2146:isobaric
2124:isobaric
2117:Ericsson
2078:isobaric
2027:enthalpy
1814:MĂ©moires
1711:cylinder
1605:Category
1543:Thompson
1453:Clausius
1433:Bridgman
1287:Vis viva
1269:Theories
1203:Gas laws
995:Enthalpy
403:Pressure
218:Isobaric
175:Real gas
63:Chemical
46:Branches
3370:Engines
3232:Hot air
3154:Siemens
3070:Scuderi
2986:Rankine
2345:-shafts
2333:Ramjets
2316:Brayton
2184:Scuderi
2139:Rankine
2015:entropy
1857:furnace
1777:History
1662:caloric
1528:Smeaton
1523:Rankine
1513:Onsager
1498:Maxwell
1493:Massieu
1198:Entropy
1193:General
1184:History
1174:Culture
1171:History
395: (
392:Entropy
329:italics
130:Systems
3267:Rocket
3252:Piston
3060:Miller
3055:Lenoir
3030:Diesel
2976:Kalina
2960:Manson
2935:Carnot
2818:
2718:
2654:
2545:
2413:Lenoir
2402:pulse-
2357:Diesel
2343:, and
2341:-props
2306:< V
2231:Manson
2093:Carnot
2056:Notes
2041:Cycle
1715:piston
1664:engine
1518:Planck
1508:Nernst
1483:Kelvin
1443:Carnot
733:
598:
466:
408:Volume
323:Note:
282:Cycles
111:Second
101:Zeroth
3084:Mixed
2797:Field
2767:Field
2752:Field
2025:(the
1800:See:
1678:into
1566:Other
1533:Stahl
1488:Lewis
1478:Joule
1468:Gibbs
1463:Duhem
156:State
116:Third
106:First
3096:HEHC
3065:Otto
2816:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2652:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2437:Otto
2404:and
1702:and
1690:and
1538:Tait
368:Heat
363:Work
93:Laws
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1672:air
1659:or
1381:Art
327:in
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