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river, he ordered his men to destroy the bridge. The enemy was shocked not only by
Horatius' suicidal last stand, but also by his decision to use a pile of bodies as a shield wall. Horatius was struck by enemy missiles many times including a spear in the buttocks. Hearing word from his men they'd torn up the bridge, he "leaped fully armed into the river and swimming across ... he emerged upon the shore without having lost any of his weapons."
425:(2009), begins with the much older Churchill reciting from "Horatius": "And how can man die better, than facing fearful odds, for the ashes of his fathers, and the temples of his gods." Later in the film, the same verses feature prominently in a nostalgic and morose address Churchill delivers to his war cabinet. Churchill also recites from "Horatius" in a scene from the biographical film
228:
Horatius was awarded a crown for his valor (akin to a modern military decoration) and conducted into the city by a singing crowd joined by a grateful city. Horatius was now disabled and so could no longer serve in the army or hold public office, but he was provided "as much of the public land as he
213:
Livy's briefer and more skeptical account tells of no battle, only that
Horatius' "own men, a panic-struck mob, were deserting their posts and throwing away their arms"; however, Horatius' courage manages to shame the two veteran commanders, Herminius and Lartius, to assist him momentarily with his
217:
Dionysius' account explains, "Herminius and
Lartius, their defensive arms being now rendered useless by the continual blows they received, began to retreat gradually." They order Horatius to retreat with them, but he stood his ground. Understanding the threat to Rome if the enemy were to cross the
367:
The story of the redoubtable
Horatius at the Bridge began to be depicted in art during the Renaissance, but was never an especially popular theme. It tended to be shown by artists who favored recondite classical stories, and appear in the minor arts, such as
116:, meaning "one-eyed", because he lost an eye in the Battle of the Sublician Bridge. However, this may be a later elaboration, as the famous statue of Horatius, lame and one-eyed, which was still visible, though heavily weathered, in the time of
170:
Battle ensued. The
Etruscan right wing was successful in wounding Valerius and Lucretius, the commanders of the Roman left wing. After both were carried off the field, the Romans began to panic and ran for the bridge. The enemy pursued.
350:
deems these various accounts invented by "unscrupulous annalists" as "face-saving victories in the immediate aftermath of these defeats", insisting "The annalists of the first century BC are thus seen principally as entertainers...."
239:' account uses Horatius as an example of the men who have "devoted themselves to inevitable death...to save the lives of other citizens....e threw himself into the river with his armor, and there lost his life as he had designed."
60:. By defending the narrow end of the bridge, he and his companions were able to hold off the attacking army long enough to allow other Romans to destroy the bridge behind him, blocking the Etruscans' advance and saving the city.
343:
Livy viewed the story as legendary, dubious of
Horatius' fully armed swim, noting "though many missiles fell over him he swam across in safety to his friends, an act of daring more famous than credible with posterity."
532:
Pliny, xxxiv. 11: "It was for a very different, and more important reason, that the statue of
Horatius Cocles was erected, he having singly prevented the enemy from passing the important Sublician bridge."
261:
151:, the only regional bridge across the Tiber. The Romans awaited in the Naevian Meadow between Porsena and the bridge. The Tarquins commanded the Etruscan left wing facing the Roman troops of
229:
himself could plow around in one day with a yoke of oxen," and each citizen of Rome was obligated to give him one day's ration of food. He would also be honoured with a bronze statue in the
245:
207:, plus Publius Horatius Cocles, a junior officer "on guard at the bridge when he saw the Janiculum taken by a sudden assault and the enemy rushing down from it to the river ...."
446:), the first verse refers to the heroism of "ancient freemen, For Greece and Rome who bravely stood, three hundred men and three men", references the three hundred Spartans at
284:
Horatius' defense stymied Lars
Porsena's direct assault on the city walls, forcing him into a siege. The siege would conclude with a peace treaty, leaving Rome intact.
411:, which enjoyed great popularity in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The details of the poem often vary from the traditional tale by poetic license.
324:
tacitly acknowledges the extraordinary nature of the story: "It was on this occasion that those three prodigies and marvels of Rome made their appearance, Horatius,
438:" was a popular Irish rebel song, written in the early to mid-1840s by Thomas Osborne Davis (1814–1845) in furtherance of Irish nationalism. First published in
461:
who single-handedly clears an entire German trench before being killed. His actions are likewise compared to both the
Spartans and the Roman defenders.
359:
147:
hill and seized it and all its materiel from the terrified Roman guard. Porsena left an
Etruscan garrison to hold it, then proceeded towards the
188:
167:. Porsena commanded the center, facing the two Roman consuls. Porsena had the Romans outnumbered and intended to intimidate them into retreat.
419:, he gained a prize open to the whole school by reciting the whole "twelve hundred lines" of "Horatius". A biographical film about Churchill,
195:
bridge across the Tiber. Janiculum Hill is to the west, just beyond the map; between the hill and the bridge is the Naevian Meadow.
481:, the protagonist paraphrases Macaulay's "Horatius", and quotes many parts of the poem before confronting an overwhelming enemy.
930:
945:
340:" (Rome's most important temple). This could be understood to mean that Rome surrendered during or after this battle.
57:
21:
925:
225:: "Tiberinus, holy father, I pray thee to receive into thy propitious stream these arms and this thy warrior."
824:
164:
76:. This animated depiction shows the phases of the battle, including the defense of the bridge by Horatius.
465:
874:
804:
602:
421:
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472:
who heroically holds back an attack by Russian forces at a bridge by himself, but dies in the effort.
183:
Anachronistic map of Rome, with dark lines marking the city walls; the innermost wall is the relevant
408:
204:
105:
793:
81:
332:, who, were they not recorded in our annals, would seem fabulous characters at the present day."
837:
160:
124:, and only became identified with Horatius when its original subject was no longer recognizable.
210:
The three defenders withstood sword and missile attacks until the Roman troops had all crossed.
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commanded the Etruscan right wing consisting of rebel Latins; they faced Romans under
541:"Horatius" is not quite 600 lines; perhaps Churchill was referring to another of the
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301:
156:
26:
900:
888:, T. J. Cornell, I. S. Moxon, John Woodman, eds., Cambridge University Press (1986).
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Roman soldier who prevented an Etruscan army from crossing the bridge over the Tiber
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304:; a grotesque head in the larger scale above Horatius at the bridge in the smaller
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618:
468:," recounting the story of a simple-minded but honest and dutiful soldier in the
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The story of Horatius at the Bridge appears in many ancient sources, including
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37:
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T. J. Cornell, "The Formation of the Historical Tradition of Early Rome", in
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Early Rome: From the Foundation of the City to Its Destruction by the Gauls
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notes in passing that "when was surrendered, did not violate the seat of
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184:
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128:
101:
85:
73:
49:
586:
History of Rome: from the building of the city to the ruin of the Republic
498:, a statue in honour of Horatius Cocles was said to have been set up here.
199:
Three Romans now defended the Pons Sublicius; the right wing's commanders
469:
454:
447:
398:
390:"The Horatius Cocles of Tyrol" for his solo defense of a bridge over the
347:
68:
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The story of "Horatius at the Bridge" is retold in verse in the poem "
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Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing
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135:. Concentrating his forces on the Etruscan (west) side of the
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The story of Horatius is echoed in a poem about Sven Dufva, "
136:
819:
665:
317:
457:'s 1915 poem "The Longest Odds" about the exploits of a
431:, and these lines occur in numerous works of fiction.
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wrote that while he "stagnated in the lowest form" at
749:
Cornell, "Historical Tradition of Early Rome", p. 74.
869:
Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years
88:, celebrated in legend since the combat between the
515:Varro suggested that "Cocles" was derived from the
120:, was probably intended as a depiction of the god
450:, and the three defenders at the Pons Sublicius.
917:
865:Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC
221:Livy's version has him uttering this prayer to
25:Horatius Cocles, a fanciful 1586 engraving by
191:(indicated) in the Servian Wall leads to the
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659:
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655:
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442:on 13 July 1844 (two years after Macaulay's
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523:loan-word, from the same root as "cyclops".
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354:
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187:, the outer wall does not yet exist. The
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762:" (N.S. Gill, ed.); accessed 2019.04.09.
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358:
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36:was an officer in the army of the early
20:
572:. Longmans, Green & Co. p. 60.
56:in the late 6th century BC, during the
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582:
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545:as well; if so probably "The Armada".
80:Horatius was a member of the ancient
72:Siege of Rome by the Etruscans under
903:. Livius Articles on Ancient History
565:
267:Horatius at the bridge, Renaissance
108:, and is said to have obtained his
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519:"oculus"; others have suggested a
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453:Horatius figures prominently in
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758:Thomas Babington Macaulay, "
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165:Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus
58:war between Rome and Clusium
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589:. M. J. Godwin. p. 30.
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10:
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805:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
603:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
314:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
100:. He was a nephew of the
44:from the invading army of
40:who famously defended the
946:Roman Republican soldiers
849:Publius Cornelius Tacitus
409:Thomas Babington Macaulay
205:Titus Herminius Aquilinus
106:Marcus Horatius Pulvillus
831:Gaius Plinius Secundus (
583:Godwin, William (1809).
466:The Tales of Ensign Stål
288:Skeptical points of view
251:Horatius at the Bridge,
90:Horatii and the Curiatii
355:Later uses of the theme
214:defense of the bridge.
161:Marcus Valerius Volusus
34:Publius Horatius Cocles
881:, Dorset Press (1971).
760:Horatius at the Bridge
566:Ihne, Wilhelm (1877).
388:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
382:, after the battle of
364:
363:15th-century miniature
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196:
175:Horatius at the bridge
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30:
926:6th-century BC Romans
861:Lucius Annaeus Florus
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295:
182:
155:and Titus Herminius.
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24:
809:Romaike Archaiologia
607:Romaike Archaiologia
404:Lays of Ancient Rome
386:, nicknamed General
771:Winston Churchill,
436:A Nation Once Again
838:Historia Naturalis
625:, xxxiv. 5. s. 11.
623:Historia Naturalis
365:
306:
273:Wallace Collection
197:
78:
31:
901:"Horatius Cocles"
899:Lendering, Jona.
813:Roman Antiquities
701:Dionysius, v. 25.
692:Dionysius, v. 24.
683:Dionysius, v. 23.
647:Dionysius, v. 22.
475:In the 2013 film
413:Winston Churchill
302:Waddesdon Bequest
157:Octavius Mamilius
27:Hendrick Goltzius
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153:Spurius Larcius
133:marched on Rome
118:Pliny the Elder
92:in the time of
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905:. Retrieved
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775:, chapter 2.
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491:Horatia gens
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392:River Eisack
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298:Ghisi Shield
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189:Naevian Gate
185:Servian Wall
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129:Lars Porsena
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96:, the third
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74:Lars Porsena
50:Lars Porsena
33:
32:
18:
941:Last stands
879:Roman Myths
636:Roman Myths
470:Finnish War
455:Jessie Pope
448:Thermopylae
920:Categories
740:, iii. 72.
710:Polybius,
553:References
459:highlander
440:The Nation
370:plaquettes
143:assaulted
98:Roman king
64:Background
854:Historiae
794:Historiae
738:Historiae
736:Tacitus,
714:, vi. 55.
712:Historiae
674:, ii. 10.
503:Footnotes
280:Aftermath
269:plaquette
255:, 1642-43
145:Janiculum
82:patrician
907:5 August
789:Polybius
727:, i. 10.
723:Florus,
496:Vulcanal
485:See also
478:Oblivion
444:Horatius
399:Horatius
380:Napoleon
374:maiolica
310:Plutarch
237:Polybius
231:comitium
46:Etruscan
936:Horatii
384:Klausen
338:Jupiter
334:Tacitus
330:Cloelia
300:in the
141:Porsena
110:agnomen
86:Horatii
54:Clusium
417:Harrow
326:Mucius
322:Florus
316:, and
122:Vulcan
114:Cocles
102:consul
521:Greek
517:Latin
401:" in
137:Tiber
48:King
909:2009
820:Livy
666:Livy
543:Lays
372:and
328:and
318:Livy
203:and
163:and
835:),
822:),
407:by
320:.
52:of
922::
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871:).
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652:^
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376:.
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911:.
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857:.
841:(
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797:(
434:"
29:.
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