556:
31:
56:
672:
hunter-gatherers, and the bird assistance has been shown to increase honey-hunters' rates of finding bee colonies by 560%, and led men to significantly higher yielding nests than those found without honeyguides. Contrary to most depictions of the human-honeyguide relationship, the Hadza did not
673:
actively repay honeyguides, but instead, hid, buried, and burned honeycomb, with the intent of keeping the bird hungry and thus more likely to guide again. Some experts believe that honeyguide co-evolution with humans goes back to the stone-tool making human ancestor
569:
Most honeyguides are dull-colored, though some have bright yellow coloring in the plumage. All have light outer tail feathers, which are white in all the
African species. The smallest species by body mass appears to be the
745:
African honeyguide birds are known to lay their eggs in underground nests of other bee-eating bird species. The honeyguide chicks kill the hatchlings of the host using their needle-sharp beaks just after hatching, much as
750:
hatchlings do. The honeyguide mother ensures her chick hatches first by internally incubating the egg for an extra day before laying it, so that it has a head start in development compared to the hosts' offspring.
253:
relationship between the honeyguides and the eight other families that make up the order
Piciformes is shown in the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by
233:. These birds are best known for their interaction with humans. Honeyguides are noted and named for one or two species that will deliberately lead humans (but, contrary to popular claims, most likely not
249:
The
Indicatoridae were noted for their barbet-like structure and brood-parasitic behavior and morphologically considered unique among the non-passerines in having nine primaries. The
690:
Although most members of the family are not known to recruit "followers" in their quest for wax, they are also referred to as "honeyguides" by linguistic extrapolation.
953:, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
940:, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
664:, while others disagree. Wild honeyguides understand various types of human calls that attract them to engage in the foraging mutualism. In northern
1104:
Dean, W. R. J.; Siegfried, W. Roy; MacDonald, I. A. W. (1 March 1990). "The
Fallacy, Fact, and Fate of Guiding Behavior in the Greater Honeyguide".
555:
1251:
714:
in a nest of another species, laying eggs in series of about five during a period of 5–7 days. Most favor hole-nesting species, often the related
2047:
2073:
781:
1276:
738:. Honeyguide nestlings have been known to physically eject their hosts' chicks from the nests and they have needle-sharp hooks on their
2021:
1449:
2060:
263:
782:"Do honey badgers and greater honeyguide birds cooperate to access bees' nests? Ecological evidence and honey-hunter accounts"
1235:
1171:
972:
818:
Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).
2065:
1307:
656:. Once the hive is open and the honey is taken, the bird feeds on larvae and wax. This behavior has been studied in the
2078:
1192:
1140:
1442:
55:
1982:
636:
1987:
1271:
904:
255:
1051:
1828:
1654:
805:
Birds of the world : a survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families
661:
2137:
1300:
1960:
1435:
571:
2104:
1922:
579:
575:
559:
43:
2099:
2052:
1594:
563:
142:
2091:
683:
million years ago. Despite popular belief, no evidence indicates that honeyguides guide the
2142:
2114:
2008:
1969:
1589:
1521:
1223:
1113:
1003:
820:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
652:
Honeyguides are named for a remarkable habit seen in one or two species: guiding humans to
8:
1293:
1280:
908:
760:
259:
1117:
1007:
889:
862:
578:, at an average of 10 cm (3.9 in), while the largest species by weight is the
2147:
1859:
1806:
1622:
1245:
1125:
1067:
1027:
657:
583:
215:, although the latter term is also used more narrowly to refer to species of the genus
50:
38:
1974:
989:
2086:
1995:
1852:
1822:
1617:
1526:
1483:
1231:
1167:
1071:
1050:
Wood, Brian M.; Pontzer, Herman; Raichlen, David A.; Marlowe, Frank W. (2014-11-01).
1031:
1019:
994:
968:
846:
735:
687:; though videos about this exist, there have been accusations that they were staged.
615:
160:
2000:
1900:
1866:
1671:
1337:
1210:
1121:
1063:
1011:
884:
874:
841:
831:
197:
1886:
1584:
1564:
1536:
1329:
1316:
660:; some authorities (following Friedmann, 1955) state that it also occurs in the
30:
1574:
1559:
1458:
1397:
879:
707:
574:, at an average of 10.2 g (0.36 oz), and by length appears to be the
465:
1265:
2131:
1945:
1579:
1554:
1531:
1516:
1075:
836:
819:
250:
1015:
1786:
1761:
1722:
1646:
1506:
1475:
1385:
1371:
1023:
988:
Spottiswoode, Claire N.; Begg, Keith S.; Begg, Colleen M. (July 22, 2016).
684:
675:
669:
598:
481:
396:
234:
167:
117:
2034:
1954:
1817:
1812:
1403:
603:
442:
217:
181:
1188:
1103:
1893:
1877:
1766:
1741:
1695:
1604:
1569:
1409:
1320:
1214:
727:
719:
609:
309:
293:
273:
204:
174:
107:
912:
2039:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1779:
1772:
1751:
1746:
1711:
1493:
731:
222:
67:
2026:
1916:
1285:
237:) directly to bee colonies, so that they can feast on the grubs and
1939:
1735:
1717:
1511:
1379:
1360:
715:
711:
665:
653:
419:
87:
1427:
1756:
1728:
1501:
1354:
1346:
1221:
620:
594:
364:
238:
127:
863:"Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes"
742:
with which they puncture the hosts' eggs or kill the nestlings.
1686:
1546:
1391:
747:
632:
226:
77:
225:
tropical distribution, with the greatest number of species in
2013:
1704:
1052:"Mutualism and manipulation in Hadza–honeyguide interactions"
817:
1797:
1636:
1466:
739:
230:
97:
1049:
628:
590:
597:
in most species, and presumably the waxy secretions of
582:, at 54.2 g (1.91 oz), and by length, is the
949:
Short, L.L., J. F. M. Horne, and G. M. Kirwan (2020).
802:
990:"Reciprocal signaling in honeyguide-human mutualism"
987:
903:
589:
They are among the few birds that feed regularly on
1204:
1277:Human and Birds Cooperate to Share Beehive Bounty
2129:
1162:Short, Lester L. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).
631:colonies, and on flying and crawling insects,
1443:
1301:
1097:
792:(a) – via Zoological Society of London.
1250:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1132:
780:van der Wal, J. E. M.; et al. (2023).
779:
635:, and occasional fruits. Many species join
1450:
1436:
1308:
1294:
951:Cassin's Honeyguide (Prodotiscus insignis)
698:The breeding behavior of eight species in
29:
888:
878:
845:
835:
1166:. London: Merehurst Press. p. 155.
1088:
938:Greater Honeyguide (Indicator indicator)
554:
1209:. U.S. National Museum (Bulletin 208).
962:
936:Short, L.L. and J. F. M. Horne (2020).
860:
2130:
1186:
1141:"Lies, damned lies, and honey badgers"
264:International Ornithological Committee
1921:
1920:
1431:
1315:
1289:
1161:
1045:
1043:
1041:
915:. International Ornithologists' Union
203:) are a family of birds in the order
1412:(woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks)
1138:
932:
930:
623:which are the larvae of the waxmoth
1457:
1267:Lesser Honeyguide (Indicator minor)
1155:
262:and David Donsker on behalf of the
13:
1189:"Underground chick-killers filmed"
1126:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00272.x
1068:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.07.007
1038:
963:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008).
913:"IOC World Bird List Version 14.1"
14:
2159:
1363:(puffbirds, nunbirds and nunlets)
1187:Davies, Ella (7 September 2011).
1091:Honey and fire in human evolution
965:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
927:
861:Stiller, J.; et al. (2024).
586:, at 19.5 cm (7.7 in).
445:– New World barbets (15 species)
1259:
1228:Toucans, Barbets and Honeyguides
1093:. Oxbow Books. pp. 149–167.
54:
1180:
1164:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
1139:Yong, Ed (September 19, 2011).
1082:
824:Molecular Biology and Evolution
562:juvenile fed by host parent, a
422:– African barbets (42 species)
981:
956:
943:
897:
854:
811:
803:Austin, Oliver Luther (1962).
796:
773:
550:
16:Family of near passerine birds
1:
766:
468:– toucan barbets (2 species)
399:– Asian barbets (35 species)
1056:Evolution and Human Behavior
637:mixed-species feeding flocks
367:– woodpeckers (240 species)
7:
1230:. Oxford University Press.
1205:Friedmann, Herbert (1955).
967:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
754:
693:
668:, honeyguides partner with
642:
613:and the smaller species of
351:– honeyguides (16 species)
244:
10:
2164:
1089:Wrangham, Richard (2011).
880:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1
647:
607:and to a lesser extent in
1929:
1876:
1829:Dolichovespula adulterina
1796:
1694:
1685:
1663:
1644:
1635:
1603:
1545:
1492:
1474:
1465:
1370:
1345:
1327:
847:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C
662:scaly-throated honeyguide
479:
463:
456:
440:
433:
417:
410:
394:
387:
362:
346:
339:
332:
312:– puffbirds (38 species)
307:
291:
284:
277:
207:. They are also known as
155:
150:
51:Scientific classification
49:
37:
28:
23:
911:, eds. (December 2023).
296:– jacamars (18 species)
1016:10.1126/science.aaf4885
706:is known. They are all
572:green-backed honeyguide
484:– toucans (43 species)
837:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
807:. Hamlyn. p. 186.
580:lyre-tailed honeyguide
566:
560:Brown-backed honeybird
241:that are left behind.
44:brown-backed honeybird
2100:Paleobiology Database
1595:Channel-billed cuckoo
564:rock-loving cisticola
558:
1878:Lycaenid butterflies
1590:Great spotted cuckoo
1522:Brown-headed cowbird
1106:Conservation Biology
619:. They also feed on
1281:Scientific American
1222:Short, Lester, and
1118:1990ConBi...4...99D
1008:2016Sci...353..387S
761:List of honeyguides
625:Galleria mellonella
576:Cassin's honeyguide
260:Pamela C. Rasmussen
1860:Vespula infernalis
1823:Cuckoo paper wasps
1807:Ammophila sabulosa
1773:Bombus (Psithyrus)
1623:Greater honeyguide
1406:(American barbets)
907:; Donsker, David;
786:Journal of Zoology
658:greater honeyguide
584:greater honeyguide
567:
39:Greater honeyguide
2125:
2124:
2087:Open Tree of Life
1923:Taxon identifiers
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1853:Vespula austriaca
1681:
1680:
1631:
1630:
1618:Lesser honeyguide
1527:Screaming cowbird
1484:Black-headed duck
1425:
1424:
1382:(African barbets)
1237:978-0-19-854666-5
1173:978-1-85391-186-6
1002:(6297): 387–389.
974:978-1-4200-6444-5
909:Rasmussen, Pamela
547:
546:
538:
537:
529:
528:
520:
519:
511:
510:
502:
501:
493:
492:
376:
375:
321:
320:
191:
190:
146:
2155:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1918:
1917:
1901:Phengaris rebeli
1867:Vespula squamosa
1692:
1691:
1672:Pungtungia herzi
1642:
1641:
1472:
1471:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1400:(toucan-barbets)
1310:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1268:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1218:
1197:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1047:
1036:
1035:
985:
979:
978:
960:
954:
947:
941:
934:
925:
924:
922:
920:
901:
895:
894:
892:
882:
858:
852:
851:
849:
839:
815:
809:
808:
800:
794:
793:
777:
682:
459:
458:
436:
435:
413:
412:
390:
389:
342:
341:
335:
334:
287:
286:
280:
279:
270:
269:
141:
59:
58:
33:
21:
20:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2138:Brood parasites
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1925:
1915:
1906:
1894:Phengaris arion
1887:Phengaris alcon
1872:
1792:
1677:
1659:
1627:
1599:
1585:Diederik cuckoo
1565:Pheasant cuckoo
1541:
1537:Bronzed cowbird
1488:
1461:
1459:Brood parasites
1456:
1426:
1421:
1388:(Asian barbets)
1366:
1341:
1323:
1314:
1266:
1262:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1207:The Honeyguides
1201:
1200:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1102:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1048:
1039:
986:
982:
975:
961:
957:
948:
944:
935:
928:
918:
916:
902:
898:
859:
855:
816:
812:
801:
797:
778:
774:
769:
757:
708:brood parasites
696:
680:
650:
645:
553:
548:
539:
530:
521:
512:
503:
494:
377:
322:
247:
221:. They have an
209:indicator birds
187:
140:
53:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2161:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1992:
1979:
1966:
1951:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1655:Cuckoo catfish
1651:
1649:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:Jacobin cuckoo
1572:
1567:
1562:
1560:Striped cuckoo
1557:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1398:Semnornithidae
1395:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1236:
1224:Jennifer Horne
1219:
1199:
1198:
1179:
1172:
1154:
1131:
1096:
1081:
1062:(6): 540–546.
1037:
980:
973:
955:
942:
926:
896:
853:
830:(1): 108–127.
810:
795:
771:
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
756:
753:
695:
692:
649:
646:
644:
641:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
540:
536:
535:
532:
531:
527:
526:
523:
522:
518:
517:
514:
513:
509:
508:
505:
504:
500:
499:
496:
495:
491:
490:
487:
486:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
466:Semnornithidae
462:
457:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
439:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
416:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
401:
393:
388:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
374:
373:
370:
369:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
345:
340:
338:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
319:
318:
315:
314:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
290:
285:
283:
278:
276:
268:
246:
243:
189:
188:
186:
185:
178:
171:
164:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2160:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Indicatoridae
1971:
1967:
1962:
1961:Indicatoridae
1956:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1931:Indicatoridae
1928:
1924:
1919:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
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1507:Cuckoo-finch
1476:Anseriformes
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1386:Megalaimidae
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726:parasitizes
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168:Melichneutes
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124:Infraorder:
18:
2143:Honeyguides
2035:iNaturalist
1955:Wikispecies
1813:Ceropalinae
1696:Cuckoo bees
1404:Capitonidae
1215:10088/10101
905:Gill, Frank
873:: 851–860.
728:cup-nesters
724:Prodotiscus
720:woodpeckers
704:Prodotiscus
679:, about 1.9
604:Prodotiscus
551:Description
443:Capitonidae
229:and two in
218:Prodotiscus
213:honey birds
194:Honeyguides
182:Prodotiscus
24:Honeyguide
2132:Categories
1767:Rhathymini
1742:Isepeolini
1613:Honeyguide
1605:Piciformes
1570:Asian koel
1361:Bucconidae
1357:(jacamars)
1355:Galbulidae
1321:Piciformes
1143:. Kalmbach
767:References
732:white-eyes
610:Melignomon
310:Bucconidae
294:Galbulidae
274:Piciformes
256:Frank Gill
205:Piciformes
175:Melignomon
114:Suborder:
108:Piciformes
2148:Symbiosis
1846:Stizoides
1840:Sapygidae
1835:Nyssonini
1780:Sphecodes
1752:Nomadinae
1747:Melectini
1712:Coelioxys
1394:(toucans)
1246:cite book
1076:1090-5138
1032:206648494
700:Indicator
616:Indicator
223:Old World
161:Indicator
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
1940:Wikidata
1736:Exaerete
1718:Dioxyini
1512:Viduidae
1380:Lybiidae
1330:Suborder
1226:(2002).
1024:27463674
890:11111414
755:See also
736:warblers
730:such as
694:Breeding
666:Tanzania
643:Behavior
621:waxworms
420:Lybiidae
245:Taxonomy
143:Swainson
134:Family:
88:Chordata
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
1946:Q214137
1757:Osirini
1729:Euaspis
1687:Insects
1502:Cowbird
1410:Picidae
1347:Galbuli
1272:YouTube
1195:Nature.
1147:July 8,
1114:Bibcode
1004:Bibcode
995:Science
919:17 June
716:barbets
648:Guiding
633:spiders
595:beeswax
593:—
365:Picidae
266:(IOC).
239:beeswax
151:Genera
128:Picides
104:Order:
94:Class:
2112:uBio:
2092:467845
2079:189527
2066:178145
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1787:Stelis
1338:Family
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867:Nature
748:cuckoo
722:, but
681:
227:Africa
198:family
145:, 1837
2115:21515
2105:39435
2048:IRMNG
2040:17551
2001:624VB
1988:25366
1798:Wasps
1705:Aglae
1467:Birds
1317:Order
1028:S2CID
740:beaks
670:Hadza
627:, on
211:, or
2074:NCBI
2061:ITIS
2027:9699
2022:GBIF
2014:1594
1983:BOLD
1637:Fish
1372:Pici
1252:link
1232:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1149:2024
1072:ISSN
1020:PMID
969:ISBN
921:2024
734:and
718:and
702:and
231:Asia
118:Pici
98:Aves
2009:EoL
1996:CoL
1970:ADW
1645:Of
1279:on
1270:on
1211:hdl
1193:BBC
1122:doi
1064:doi
1012:doi
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875:doi
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832:doi
712:egg
629:bee
591:wax
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