225:, which gained social and political sway by the mid-third century, had two approaches to sexuality. One of these, like their Greco-Roman predecessors, did not view or judge sexuality in terms of heterosexual or homosexual acts. Instead, it only judged the act itself, and promoted a sex life that mainly focused on platonic relationships. For instance, the Roman tradition of forming a legal union with another male by declaring a "brother" persisted during the early Medieval years. Also, though there was no official marriage within religious communities, long-lasting relationships or bonds were made. Also, there are many poems from that century that suggest the existence of lesbian relationships.
397:
670:
behalf of a man, others that she was simply playing with the format and using the same register of affectionate language common in everyday society at the time: the poem never mentions "kissing" Mary but only praising her character, making it unclear if the "love" that
Beatrice was expressing was romantic or platonic. A counter-argument made by other scholarship is that the very fact Beatrice chose to use a poetic format so traditionally used to express romantic love means she must have known it would be understood as expressing a romantic context.
273:
resulted in castration on the first offense, dismemberment on the second, and burning on the third. Lesbian ( a term never used in the Middle Ages) behavior was punished with specific mutilations for the first two offenses and burning on the third as well. By the mid-fourteenth century in many cities of Italy, civil laws against Sodomy were common. If a person was found to have committed sodomy, the city's government was entitled to confiscate the offender's property.
2544:
234:
561:
25:
493:. Unmarried women and girls were judged less severely because they had a single status and did not have another form of sexual release. Married women, who had willing sexual partners in their husbands, were judged more harshly because they sought sexual satisfaction through an "unnatural" form. Religious figures throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries continued to ignore the concept of lesbianism but in St.
409:, which led to them being more costly and also just as rare. Typically commissioned by someone of royal status, they existed as a reinventing of the ancient literary text of the bible and Greek literature. Within this, they are translated and the context is reinvented to fit the morals of Christianity in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries [. The most famous of these being the
1670:
261:, considering purely sterile sexual acts, i.e. oral and anal sex, as well as masturbation, sinful. However homosexual acts held a special place as crimes against Natural Law. Most civil law codes had punishments for such "unnatural acts," especially in regions which were heavily influenced by the Church's teachings.
189:, "Know the Ways of the Lord"). In Book II Vision Six, she quotes God as condemning same-sex intercourse, including lesbianism; "a woman who takes up devilish ways and plays a male role in coupling with another woman is most vile in My sight, and so is she who subjects herself to such a one in this evil deed".
669:
and addressed to another woman named Mary, which several scholars have argued is in fact expressing homosexual female love. The issue is heavily debated in scholarship, however, as nothing else is known about
Bieiris (Beatrice) other than the poem itself. Some scholars argue that she was writing on
535:
Laws against lesbianism in medieval Europe were not as mainstreamed as laws for male homosexuality. While not as serious, lesbianism still posed a threat to male-centered social order. It was often ignored in secular law but there is one known exception. Written around 1260, the French legal treatise
523:. This would help her to retain the seed of a man. The idea of one woman bringing another woman to orgasm was considered morally wrong by religious leaders and in the thirteenth century, it was urged that marriage was a solution for this problem rather than manual stimulation. The second ailment was
292:
legalized
Christianity in the fourth century, the religion became widespread through medieval Europe over the centuries leading to less secular subjects to be produced as more energy was used to convert practitioners of pagan religions. This was also in part because from the early to late middle ages
272:
of the 11th century led to increasingly harsher attitudes towards
Sodomites. The Council of Nablus in 1120, in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, enacted severe penalties for Sodomy in the aftermath of the defeat of the Antiochene army at the Field of Blood the year before. In thirteenth century France Sodomy
164:
Although homosexuality was not considered a major offense during the early Roman Empire, homosexual encounters and homosexual behavior came to be viewed as unacceptable as
Christianity developed. The Hebrew bible (Leviticus 18:22, 20:13, Deuteronomy 22:5) condemned females who wore male attire, males
141:
and a "crime against nature". By the 11th century, "sodomy" was increasingly viewed as a serious moral crime and punishable by mutilation or death. Medieval records reflect this growing concern. The emergence of heretical groups, such as the
Cathars and Waldensians, witnesses a rise in allegations of
542:
prescribed that if convicted of sodomy: "The woman who does this shall undergo mutilation (on the first and second) offense and on her third must be burnt." This is one of the only laws that has been known to specify what the consequences were for women who engaged in lesbian sexual activity. By the
455:
Many of the writings that deal with lesbianism in medieval Europe come from religious texts. The earliest text that shows the Church's disapproval of lesbianism comes from the writings of St. Paul to the Romans. In his letters, he states: "women exchanged natural relations for unnatural, and the men
387:
Noteworthy here, according to Sahar Amer, is that every stanza seems to decry the lack of a penis; Robert Clark Aldo notes “the ever-present but always absent phallus”. Amer also notes that the author may well have leaned on Arab treatises about sexuality, for metaphors and specific words pertaining
264:
In early
Medieval years, homosexuality was given no particular penance; it was viewed like all the other sins. For example, during the eighth century, Pope Gregory III gave penances of 160 days for unnatural female acts and usually one year for males who committed acts of sodomy, the passive partner
459:
While Paul does not explicitly describe lesbian relations between women, he does state that this is an unholy choice made and that women who commit these "unnatural" acts will be punished, presumably by God's will. This is one of the earliest descriptions of lesbianism that details how early Church
365:
Poetry about homosexual acts in medieval Europe was not very widespread. One piece of writing that did describe homosexual acts was "Le Livre des Manières". Written by Étienne de Fougères between 1173 and 1178, his poems contrast the "beauty" of heterosexual sex to the "vile", unnatural homosexual
336:
These are notable works due to the position of the three men as they were men of the church, bishops to be specific. Marbod's work as it has been studied has been found to have the most homoerotic and explicit themes, though he has been found on record denying such accusation citing his writing as
320:
Placed within the poetry of the 11th and 12th century of the medieval world laid a contradiction to the damnation of homoeroticism of the church. As Latin was pushed into practice in the French realm, the poetry produced in this time had elements of homosexuality and
Christianity. Most notable of
212:
by examining the forms and purposes of those aspects. It is in this sense that
Aquinas considered homosexuality unnatural since it involves a kind of partner other than the kind to which the purpose of sexuality points. Indeed, he considered it second only to bestiality as an abuse of sexuality.
464:. Penitentials were guides used by religious leaders and laypersons in dealing with issues in a broader community. While discussion of dealing with lesbianism was not mentioned in these penitentials, it was an overall concept that lesbian relations was a smaller sin than male homosexuality.
317:, denying his embrace and becoming a martyr. Other literature of this time exist as well, such as De Lantfrido et Cobbone, a Latin work corroborating the idea of homosexuality/sodomy as a pagan and pre-Christian ideals and also one of the first depictions of bisexuality within literature.
265:
being treated more severely. During the
Inquisition itself, individuals were rarely investigated for sodomy alone; it was usually associated with the expression of heretical beliefs and attacks on the Church. Those who did not recant their heresy would be severely punished.
360:
A handsome face demands a good mind and a yielding one... this flesh is so smooth, so milky, so unblemished, so good, so slippery, so handsome, so tender. Yet the time will come... when this flesh, dear boyish flesh, will be worthless... be not slow to yield to an eager
200:, arguing that "special sins are against nature, as, for instance, those that run counter to the intercourse of male and female natural to animals, and so are peculiarly qualified as unnatural vices." This view points from the natural to the Divine, because (following
1220:
Medieval Handbooks of Penance. A translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents, trans. John T. McNeil and Helena M. Gamer, Records of Civilization, Sources and Studies, 29 (New York: Columbia University, 1938; rpt. 1990),
417:, used to change feelings against previous pagan literature. With this in mind, typically works within them that portrayed homosexual love were then reinvented to instead condemn the happening inside of the manuscript. Within the "Ovide Moralisée", a text on
173:, an extended attack on both homosexuality and masturbation. He portrayed homosexuality as a counter-rational force undermining morality, religion, and society itself, and in need of strong suppression lest it spread even and especially among clergy.
404:
As more depictions of sodomy became prevalent, there came about a form of writing that interlaced the writing of homosexual love and biblical texts. These became known as “moralized” texts. This form of writing was typically accompanied by
485:
for three years. 13. If she practices solitary vice, she shall do penance for the same period. 14. The penance of a widow and of a girl is the same. She who has a husband deserves a greater penalty if she commits fornication.
442:
was male-centered and revolved around the idea that a man's penis was required to have fulfilling sexual activity. The lack of attention paid to lesbianism in the Middle Ages can stem from this belief, that as long as a
1665:
2280:
2235:
309:
there exist the Passio S. Pelagic, in which homosexuality as sodomy is dictated a practice of foreign lands, Arabic to be precise. Within its content, championed was the Christian protagonist,
1767:
547:
and therefore carried a similar sentence. However, secular courts did not prosecute cases of lesbianism, mainly because laws that would cause it to be brought to court barely existed.
2359:
2221:
2270:
414:
1930:
1704:
352:, these "neo-Latin" poets portrayed male love in a positive light, while avoiding explicitly mentioning homosexuality, which was still a taboo topic. An example is the poet
280:. This also led to the fact that although the Renaissance traced its origins to ancient Greece, none of the literary masters dared to publicly proclaim "males' love".
1772:
456:
likewise gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another…and receiving in their own persons the due penalty for their error."
2275:
515:
of a woman had a buildup of her 'seed' and due to lack of sexual intercourse, this cause the suffocation of the womb. The cure for this suffocation was for a
297:
did exist varying in form from region to region, either in forms of damnation by the church or depictions of love mainly through manuscripts and literature.
2265:
2209:
293:
most art was produced under the church, leading art of the time to have more theological themes. Though this was the case depictions of homosexuality as
527:
of the womb, in which fleshy growths grew as a result of intercourse or childbirth and these growths could sometimes grow on the outside of the vagina.
2059:
1925:
2158:
582:
42:
2439:
2240:
2011:
489:
According to his canons, Theodore sees lesbian activities as a minor sin, as fornication is considered, rather than a more serious sexual sin like
276:
By 1533, King Henry VIII had enacted the death penalty for sodomy, which became the basis for many anti-sodomy laws to establish the death penalty
253:
By the end of the Middle Ages, most of the Catholic churchmen and states accepted and lived with the belief that sexual behavior was, according to
1258:
Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2386:
1971:
1935:
633:
481:). There are three main canons that are mentioned in regards to female homosexuality: 12. If a woman practices vice with a woman, she shall do
460:
leaders felt about what were described as "unnatural" relations. The mentality of the church regarding lesbianism was also seen in the rise of
89:
1983:
605:
61:
221:
Around 400 A.D., Christianity began to introduce a new sexual code focused on the religious concepts of holiness and "purity." The emerging
2314:
2226:
2049:
612:
208:. Therefore, all sins are also against the natural law. However, the natural law of many aspects of life is knowable apart from special
68:
2287:
2186:
746:
2376:
2006:
1988:
1777:
1030:
159:
2381:
1961:
721:
Brundage,James, Law, Sex, And Christian Society in Medieval Europe, The University of Chicago Press, 1987. Page 57 and Romans 1:26.
425:
is instead used to condemn sodomy, though its actual meaning was to show the story of Ganymede becoming the cup-bearer of the gods
619:
75:
2507:
2255:
2191:
2342:
150:
in 1307 as part of Philip IV of France's attempt to suppress the order. These allegations have been dismissed by some scholars.
1976:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1742:
1443:
2411:
1782:
1156:
772:
706:
601:
165:
who wore female attire, and males that engaged in homosexual intercourse. In the 11th century, the Doctor of the Church, St.
57:
1081:
Goodich, Michael. The Unmentionable Vice : Homosexuality in the Later Medieval Period. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-Clio, 1979.
288:
In the subject of homosexuality in medieval Europe, art is one of the least studied aspects when researching the matter. As
1326:
Diem, Albrecht. ‘Teaching Sodomy in a Carolingian Monastery: A Study of Walahfrid Strabo’s and Heito’s Visio Wettini’, in:
447:
or other penis-shaped object was not used in lesbian relationships, then the relationship was not considered fully sexual.
2148:
1956:
1887:
2371:
1966:
1951:
1762:
1699:
1585:
1314:
345:
511:
There were two medical situations that were linked to lesbianism in medieval Europe. Once such condition was that the
1398:
1279:
1265:
1189:
652:
503:
discusses in his subject of lust that female homosexuality falls under one of the four categories of unnatural acts.
413:
which features manuscript illustrations in circles to show which moral it stands for. Paired with this was the
108:
590:
2497:
2492:
2337:
840:
204:) he said all people seek happiness; but according to Aquinas, happiness can only finally be attained through the
2570:
2502:
2153:
2076:
2023:
2018:
1635:
802:
538:
2575:
2354:
2138:
2039:
895:
865:
586:
46:
626:
82:
2349:
2143:
2103:
2054:
1875:
349:
2364:
2066:
2044:
1870:
1377:
Courtly Desire and Medieval Homophobia: The Legitimation of Sexual Pleasure in “Cleanness” and Its Contexts
238:
147:
958:
2406:
2260:
2163:
2071:
1882:
1810:
1727:
1694:
1549:
305:
One of the earliest documented mentions of medieval sodomy comes from the 10th century. From poet German
2486:
2113:
1711:
1504:
1436:
975:
2421:
1855:
1826:
1800:
1544:
179:, born seven years after the death of St. Peter Damian, reported seeing visions and recorded them in
803:"Hildegardof Bingen: Scivias - Vision 7 - The Devil (trans. by Mother Columba Hart and Jane Bishop)"
2247:
2123:
1747:
1650:
1559:
1539:
571:
478:
2473:
2214:
1752:
1655:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1580:
575:
35:
980:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
963:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
2548:
2306:
1831:
1757:
1732:
1689:
1679:
1660:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1610:
1600:
1564:
1554:
1529:
1488:
1181:
469:
406:
1144:
747:"Disrupting the Norm: Sodomy, Culture, and the Male Body in Peter Damian's Liber Gomorrhianus"
310:
2201:
1836:
1805:
1684:
1625:
1534:
1514:
1509:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1429:
1356:
Sodom and Gomorrah: On the Everyday Reality and Persecution of Homosexuals in the Middle Ages
289:
1405:
Of Sodomites, Effeminates, Hermaphrodites, and Androgynes: Sodomy in the Age of Peter Damian
1230:
Pierre Rapetti, ed., Li Livres deJostice et de plet (Paris: Didot Freres, 1850), pp. 279-80.
750:
1841:
1737:
1524:
1519:
422:
1038:
732:
8:
2398:
2329:
418:
353:
322:
176:
780:
2468:
1174:
474:
410:
2479:
2444:
1394:
1310:
1300:
Between Medieval Men: Male Friendship and Desire in Early Medieval English Literature
1275:
1261:
1185:
1152:
702:
666:
314:
142:
unnatural sexual conduct against such heretics as part of the war against heresy in
2319:
1286:
Sodomy, Masculinity, and Law in Medieval Literature: France and England, 1050–1230.
1069:
Smalls, James. Homosexuality in Art. United Kingdom: Parkstone International, 2015.
499:
341:
396:
2429:
2292:
696:
467:
One such penitential that mentions the consequences for lesbian activity was the
222:
205:
130:
2434:
773:"St. Peter Damian's Book of Gomorrah: a Moral Blueprint for Our Times - Part I"
494:
326:
193:
166:
1244:
Crossing Borders: Love Between Women in Medieval French and Arabic Literatures
1176:
Crossing Borders: Love Between Women in Medieval French and Arabic Literatures
2564:
1452:
943:
126:
903:
873:
844:
348:, when Latin and Greek influences were revitalized in Europe. Influenced by
133:, which dominated the religious landscape, considered, and still considers,
2108:
196:
was influential in linking condemnations of homosexuality with the idea of
461:
439:
258:
254:
197:
143:
122:
1307:
A Gay History of Britain: Love and Sex Between Men Since the Middle Ages
685:
G. Legman "The Guilt of the Templars" (New York: Basic Books, 1966): 11.
1293:
Nothing Natural is Shameful: Sodomy and Science in Late Medieval Europe
313:, for sticking to his faith against pursuits of the caliph of Cordoba,
306:
233:
209:
146:. Accusations of sodomy and "unnatural acts" were levelled against the
138:
330:
201:
1147:. In Bullough, Vern L.; Brundage, James; Brundage, James A. (eds.).
560:
246:
24:
1358:. Translated by John Philips. London: Free Association Books, 2001.
1335:
Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern.
1305:
Cook, Matt, with Robert Mills, Randolph Trumbach, and H. G. Cocks.
841:"SUMMA THEOLOGICA: What is happiness (Prima Secundae Partis, Q. 3)"
490:
129:
varied from region to region, determined by religious culture; the
1349:
The Unmentionable Vice: Homosexuality in the Later Medieval Period
736:, ( Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982), p. 29
366:
sex. Seven of the stanzas focus specifically on lesbian sex acts:
1145:"Twice Marginal and Twice Invisible: Lesbians in the Middle Ages"
516:
482:
181:
1421:
544:
520:
294:
242:
134:
444:
1407:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2011.
512:
974:
Pickett, Brent (1 January 2015). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
340:
The depiction of homosexuality in art saw a rise in the
1295:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
1246:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
957:
Murphy, Mark (1 January 2011). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1412:
Sodomy in Reformation Germany and Switzerland, 1400
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1342:A Cultural History of Sexuality in the Middle Ages
1260:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980; 2015.
1173:
665:A single courtly love poem exists, written by one
1251:Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition
1018:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality
1005:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality
992:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality
519:to place hot items on the woman and bring her to
216:
2562:
1323:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
1207:"Bible moralisée (moralized bibles) (article)".
1370:Sexuality in Medieval Europe: Doing Unto Others
228:
1363:The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology.
1180:. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P. pp.
1138:
1136:
543:thirteenth century, lesbianism was equated to
1437:
1379:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1393:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
1288:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
1094:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
16:Gay and lesbian sexuality in medieval Europe
1418:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
1365:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
589:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
321:this genre are the works of three bishops,
1444:
1430:
1253:. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1955.
1151:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 191–222.
1113:
694:
391:
653:Learn how and when to remove this message
160:History of Christianity and homosexuality
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1337:Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999.
1302:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
1110:, Harvard University, 2003. Page 178-179
698:The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives
395:
382:one plays the cock and the other the hen
380:one lies still and the other makes busy,
300:
232:
1102:
1100:
977:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
973:
960:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
506:
356:, who wrote of male beauty and desire:
192:In the 13th century AD, the theologian
2563:
1142:
956:
695:Dodd, Gwilym; Musson, Anthony (2006).
369:"They do their jousting act in couples
1425:
1386:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
1203:
1201:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1171:
1097:
944:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Natural Law"
830:, Harvard University, 2003. Page 187
701:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 51.
587:adding citations to reliable sources
554:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2508:History of LGBT animated characters
1931:Asian and Pacific Islander diaspora
1272:Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe
931:Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe
918:Same Sex Unions in Premodern Europe
820:
400:"Bible moralisée (moralized bibles)
378:They're not all from the same mold:
350:Roman depictions of homoerotic love
13:
1236:
1198:
1084:
1072:
1052:
602:"Homosexuality in medieval Europe"
375:they lewdly share their expenses.
346:Renaissance of the twelfth century
307:Roswitha of Gandersheim/Hrotsvitha
58:"Homosexuality in medieval Europe"
14:
2587:
1451:
1391:Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages.
896:"Question 154. The parts of Lust"
866:"Question 154. The parts of Lust"
2543:
2542:
2498:Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history
2493:Transgender Oral History Project
1351:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1979.
1092:Homosexuality & civilization
559:
23:
2503:List of LGBTQ awareness periods
2050:Sexual orientation and medicine
1224:
1214:
1165:
1023:
1010:
997:
984:
967:
950:
936:
923:
910:
888:
858:
843:. Newadvent.org. Archived from
539:Li Livres de jostice et de plet
530:
34:needs additional citations for
1321:Homosexuality and Civilization
1149:Handbook of Medieval Sexuality
1108:Homosexuality and Civilization
833:
828:Homosexuality and Civilization
795:
765:
739:
724:
715:
688:
679:
384:and each one plays her role“.
241:and Anton Mätzler, accused of
217:Early Christian medieval views
1:
1384:Queer Love in the Middle Ages
673:
433:
428:
1871:List of years in LGBT rights
1372:. New York: Routledge, 2005.
450:
388:to lesbian sexual activity.
373:at the game of thigh-fencing
239:Richard Puller von Hohenburg
229:Punishment in medieval times
148:Order of the Knights Templar
7:
1783:at Brigham Young University
1354:Hergemöller, Bernd-Ulrich.
1309:. Oxford: Greenwood, 2007.
1143:Murray, Jacqueline (2000).
153:
10:
2592:
1090:Louis., Crompton, (2003).
157:
2538:
2461:
2420:
2397:
2328:
2305:
2200:
2179:
2131:
2122:
2096:
2089:
2032:
1999:
1944:
1918:
1863:
1854:
1819:
1793:
1720:
1573:
1497:
1466:
1459:
1249:Bailey, Derrick Sherwin.
1926:South Asian and diaspora
777:www.ourladyswarriors.org
550:
479:Archbishop of Canterbury
2474:GLBT Historical Society
2256:Spanish Second Republic
1330:34 (2016), pp. 385-401.
1284:Burgwinkle, William E.
1211:. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
407:illuminated manuscripts
392:Illuminated Manuscripts
371:and go at it full tilt;
2571:LGBTQ and Christianity
2236:Medieval Islamic world
1274:. FontanaPress, 1994.
1031:"The Buggery Act 1533"
470:Paenitentiale Theodori
401:
363:
283:
250:
2576:Medieval LGBT history
2266:Democratic transition
1375:Keiser, Elizabeth B.
1344:. Oxford: Berg, 2011.
399:
358:
344:, beginning with the
331:Hildebert of Lavardin
301:Literature and Poetry
245:burned at the stake,
236:
2060:in the United States
1936:African and diaspora
1172:Amer, Sahar (2008).
753:on November 21, 2005
583:improve this section
507:Medicine and science
278:The Buggery Act 1533
43:improve this article
2487:Transgender History
2281:Zapatero government
2271:González government
1368:Karras, Ruth Mazo.
1035:The British Library
783:on 26 December 2016
354:Marbodius of Rennes
327:Baudri of Bourgueil
323:Marbodius of Rennes
177:Hildegard of Bingen
125:, attitudes toward
2469:LGBT History Month
2104:Conversion therapy
1743:Dominican Republic
1347:Goodich, Michael.
1333:Dinshaw, Carolyn.
475:Theodore of Tarsus
402:
337:more metaphorical
251:
171:Liber Gomorrhianus
2558:
2557:
2480:Queers in History
2457:
2456:
2301:
2300:
2085:
2084:
2055:Same-sex marriage
1850:
1849:
1382:Kłosowska, Anna.
1340:Evans, Ruth, ed.
1319:Crompton, Louis.
1158:978-0-8153-3662-4
1106:Crompton, Louis,
826:Crompton, Louis,
730:Pierre J. Payer,
708:978-1-903153-19-2
667:Bieiris de Romans
663:
662:
655:
637:
438:Sexuality in the
415:“Ovide Moralisée”
411:“Bible Moralisée”
187:Scito vias Domini
119:
118:
111:
93:
2583:
2546:
2545:
2448:
2368:
2346:
2276:Aznar government
2244:
2230:
2218:
2129:
2128:
2094:
2093:
1861:
1860:
1768:before Stonewall
1674:
1464:
1463:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1403:Olsen, Glenn W.
1231:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1140:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1037:. Archived from
1027:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1001:
995:
988:
982:
981:
971:
965:
964:
954:
948:
947:
940:
934:
927:
921:
914:
908:
907:
902:. Archived from
892:
886:
885:
883:
881:
872:. Archived from
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
837:
831:
824:
818:
817:
815:
814:
799:
793:
792:
790:
788:
779:. Archived from
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
749:. Archived from
743:
737:
733:Book of Gomorrah
728:
722:
719:
713:
712:
692:
686:
683:
658:
651:
647:
644:
638:
636:
595:
563:
555:
500:Summa Theologiae
473:, attributed to
342:Late Middle Ages
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2534:
2453:
2442:
2416:
2393:
2362:
2340:
2324:
2297:
2261:Francoist Spain
2238:
2224:
2212:
2196:
2175:
2171:Medieval Europe
2118:
2114:Same-sex unions
2081:
2028:
2012:Catholic Church
1995:
1940:
1914:
1846:
1815:
1789:
1716:
1668:
1569:
1493:
1455:
1450:
1389:Mills, Robert.
1270:Boswell, John.
1256:Boswell, John.
1239:
1237:Further reading
1234:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1141:
1114:
1105:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1002:
998:
989:
985:
972:
968:
955:
951:
942:
941:
937:
928:
924:
915:
911:
894:
893:
889:
879:
877:
864:
863:
859:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
825:
821:
812:
810:
801:
800:
796:
786:
784:
771:
770:
766:
756:
754:
745:
744:
740:
729:
725:
720:
716:
709:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
659:
648:
642:
639:
596:
594:
580:
564:
553:
533:
509:
453:
436:
431:
394:
383:
381:
379:
374:
372:
370:
303:
286:
231:
219:
206:beatific vision
162:
156:
131:Catholic Church
123:medieval Europe
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2437:
2426:
2424:
2422:Cross-dressing
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2377:United Kingdom
2374:
2369:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2154:Ancient Greece
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1972:United Kingdom
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1883:Firsts by year
1880:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1700:United Kingdom
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1586:Czech Republic
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1410:Puff, Helmut.
1408:
1401:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1361:Jordan, Mark.
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1328:German History
1324:
1317:
1315:978-1846450020
1303:
1298:Clark, David.
1296:
1291:Cadden, Joan.
1289:
1282:
1268:
1254:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1213:
1197:
1190:
1164:
1157:
1112:
1096:
1083:
1071:
1051:
1022:
1016:John Boswell,
1009:
1003:John Boswell,
996:
990:John Boswell,
983:
966:
949:
935:
929:John Boswell,
922:
916:John Boswell,
909:
906:on 2012-09-04.
887:
876:on 30 May 2012
857:
832:
819:
794:
764:
738:
723:
714:
707:
687:
677:
675:
672:
661:
660:
567:
565:
558:
552:
549:
532:
529:
508:
505:
495:Thomas Aquinas
452:
449:
435:
432:
430:
427:
393:
390:
302:
299:
285:
282:
230:
227:
218:
215:
194:Thomas Aquinas
158:Main article:
155:
152:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2588:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2551:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2412:United States
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2387:legal history
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:United States
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:United States
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:United States
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2192:United States
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:in militaries
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Ancient Egypt
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Homosexuality
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1989:New York City
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:United States
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:South African
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:South America
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:United States
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:North America
1719:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:LGBTQ history
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1399:9780226169125
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:9780006863267
1277:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:9780226345222
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:Amer, Sahar.
1241:
1240:
1227:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1191:9780812240870
1187:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1041:on 2020-09-30
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1020:pages 289-291
1019:
1013:
1006:
1000:
993:
987:
979:
978:
970:
962:
961:
953:
945:
939:
933:pages 258-259
932:
926:
919:
913:
905:
901:
900:newadvent.org
897:
891:
875:
871:
870:newadvent.org
867:
861:
847:on 2007-10-11
846:
842:
836:
829:
823:
808:
804:
798:
782:
778:
774:
768:
752:
748:
742:
735:
734:
727:
718:
710:
704:
700:
699:
691:
682:
678:
671:
668:
657:
654:
646:
643:November 2022
635:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
607:
604: –
603:
599:
598:Find sources:
592:
588:
584:
578:
577:
573:
568:This section
566:
562:
557:
556:
548:
546:
541:
540:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
504:
502:
501:
496:
492:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:
465:
463:
457:
448:
446:
441:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
398:
389:
385:
376:
367:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
334:
332:
328:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
298:
296:
291:
281:
279:
274:
271:
266:
262:
260:
256:
248:
244:
240:
235:
226:
224:
214:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
172:
168:
161:
151:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:homosexuality
124:
113:
110:
102:
99:November 2022
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2547:
2485:
2478:
2372:Nazi Germany
2248:Nazi Germany
2187:Nazi Germany
2170:
2149:Ancient Peru
2144:Ancient Rome
2109:LGBT erasure
1415:
1411:
1404:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1271:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1226:
1216:
1209:Khan Academy
1208:
1175:
1167:
1148:
1107:
1091:
1086:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:the original
1034:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1004:
999:
991:
986:
976:
969:
959:
952:
938:
930:
925:
917:
912:
904:the original
899:
890:
878:. Retrieved
874:the original
869:
860:
849:. Retrieved
845:the original
835:
827:
822:
811:. Retrieved
806:
797:
785:. Retrieved
781:the original
776:
767:
755:. Retrieved
751:the original
741:
731:
726:
717:
697:
690:
681:
664:
649:
640:
630:
623:
616:
609:
597:
581:Please help
569:
537:
534:
531:Secular laws
524:
510:
498:
488:
477:(the eighth
468:
466:
462:penitentials
458:
454:
437:
403:
386:
377:
368:
364:
359:
339:
335:
319:
315:Abderrahmann
304:
287:
277:
275:
269:
267:
263:
252:
220:
191:
186:
180:
175:
170:
169:, wrote the
167:Peter Damian
163:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2443: [
2363: [
2341: [
2330:Transgender
2307:Bisexuality
2239: [
2225: [
2213: [
2077:Transgender
1811:New Zealand
1695:Switzerland
1669: [
1636:Netherlands
1550:South Korea
880:26 December
809:. PBS. 1990
787:26 December
440:Middle Ages
290:Constantine
259:procreation
255:Natural Law
237:Two males,
198:natural law
185:(short for
144:Christendom
2565:Categories
2222:immigrants
2132:Pre-modern
2040:Journalism
1977:Manchester
1712:Yugoslavia
1505:Bangladesh
1460:By regions
1045:2020-04-03
851:2013-05-12
813:2013-05-12
674:References
613:newspapers
434:Background
429:Lesbianism
270:restoratio
268:The Papal
210:revelation
139:mortal sin
69:newspapers
2338:Argentina
2164:pederasty
2007:Christian
2000:Religious
1864:By period
1856:Timelines
1827:Argentina
1801:Australia
1545:Singapore
807:FRONTLINE
757:April 18,
570:does not
451:Religious
257:aimed at
202:Aristotle
2549:Category
2399:Intersex
2202:Lesbians
2090:By topic
2067:Intersex
2045:Policing
1952:Canadian
1894:Century
1773:violence
1748:Honduras
1705:violence
1666:violence
1651:Portugal
1560:Thailand
1540:Pakistan
1007:page 285
994:page 180
920:page 211
491:adultery
423:Ganymede
311:Pelaguis
154:Theology
2462:Related
2407:Surgery
2355:Finland
2320:Erasure
2293:Erasure
2180:Gay men
2097:General
2072:Asexual
2033:Topical
1957:Germany
1794:Oceania
1753:Jamaica
1728:Bahamas
1656:Romania
1621:Ireland
1616:Hungary
1606:Germany
1596:Finland
1591:Denmark
1581:Belgium
1221:185-186
627:scholar
591:removed
576:sources
525:ragadia
517:midwife
483:penance
419:Jupiter
182:Scivias
83:scholar
2440:France
2435:Africa
2360:France
2350:Brazil
2252:Spain
2210:France
2024:Mormon
2019:Jewish
1967:Turkey
1945:Region
1919:Ethnic
1832:Brazil
1778:places
1758:Mexico
1733:Canada
1690:Sweden
1680:Serbia
1661:Russia
1646:Poland
1641:Norway
1631:Latvia
1611:Greece
1601:France
1574:Europe
1565:Turkey
1555:Taiwan
1530:Israel
1489:Uganda
1467:Africa
1397:
1313:
1278:
1264:
1188:
1155:
705:
629:
622:
615:
608:
600:
545:sodomy
521:orgasm
361:lover"
295:sodomy
247:Zürich
243:sodomy
223:Church
135:sodomy
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2528:2020s
2523:2010s
2518:2000s
2513:1990s
2447:]
2367:]
2345:]
2243:]
2229:]
2217:]
1888:2010s
1876:table
1837:Chile
1806:Nauru
1685:Spain
1673:]
1626:Italy
1535:Nepal
1515:India
1510:China
1484:Sudan
1479:Niger
1474:Kenya
1416:1600.
1182:33-41
634:JSTOR
620:books
445:dildo
137:as a
90:JSTOR
76:books
2430:Drag
1908:21st
1903:20th
1898:19th
1842:Peru
1738:Cuba
1525:Iraq
1520:Iran
1498:Asia
1395:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1153:ISBN
882:2016
789:2016
759:2012
703:ISBN
606:news
574:any
572:cite
513:womb
421:and
329:and
249:1482
62:news
585:by
551:Art
333:.
284:Art
121:In
45:by
2567::
2445:fr
2365:fr
2343:es
2241:fr
2227:fr
2215:fr
1671:ru
1200:^
1184:.
1115:^
1099:^
1074:^
1054:^
1033:.
898:.
868:.
805:.
775:.
497:'
325:,
1445:e
1438:t
1431:v
1414:–
1194:.
1161:.
1048:.
946:.
884:.
854:.
816:.
791:.
761:.
711:.
656:)
650:(
645:)
641:(
631:·
624:·
617:·
610:·
593:.
579:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
