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131:. The properties of the membrane -such as average pore diameter and membrane thickness- can be finely tuned by changing the dimensions of the spinneret, temperature and composition of "dope" (polymer) and "bore" (solvent) solutions, length of air gap (for dry-jet wet spinning), temperature and composition of the coagulant, as well as the speed at which produced fiber is collected by a motorized spool. Extrusion of the polymer and solvent through the spinneret can be accomplished either through the use of gas-extrusion or a metered pump. Some of the polymers most commonly used for fabricating HFMs include
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127:, a device containing a needle through which solvent is extruded and an annulus through which a polymer solution is extruded. As the polymer is extruded through the annulus of the spinneret, it retains a hollow cylindrical shape. As the polymer exits the spinneret, it solidifies into a membrane through a process known as
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Industrial water filters are mainly equipped with ultrafiltration hollow fiber membranes. Domestic water filtration systems have microfiltration hollow fiber membranes. In microfiltration a membrane pore diameter of 0.1 micrometers cuts-off microorganisms like germs and bacteria, Giardia cysts and
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After fibers are created, they are typically assembled together in a membrane module, with many fibers in parallel. Fiber ends are fixed together in a resin or epoxy at both ends. This part may be cut clean through to more readily expose their entrance/exits. Typically, these are place inside a
40:
applications, hollow fiber membranes have since become prevalent in water treatment, desalination, cell culture, medicine, and tissue engineering. Most commercial hollow fiber membranes are packed into cartridges which can be used for a variety of liquid and gaseous separations.
159:
The properties of HFMs can be characterized using the same techniques commonly used for other types of membranes. The primary properties of interest for HFMs are average pore diameter and pore distribution, measurable via a technique known as
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cylinder, which has inlets and outlets on opposite sides for the bore (Lumen) side, and side ports for allowing flow to go over the membranes on the shell side. Typically, the higher pressure feed is on the bore side, to avoid fiber collapse.
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Schematic diagram of a hollow fiber membrane, including a view of the membrane module and call outs for a cross section (top right), membrane transport (bottom left) and partial pressure of the solute. Modified by authors from
458:
Krantz, William B.; Greenberg, Alan R.; Kujundzic, Elmira; Yeo, Adrian; Hosseini, Seyed S. (July 2013). "Evapoporometry: A novel technique for determining the pore-size distribution of membranes".
307:
Oh, Jinwoo; Fix, Andrew J.; Ziviani, Davide; Braun, James E.; Warsinger, David M. (2024). "Design optimization of hollow fiber membranes for passive air dehumidification in drying applications".
448:
A.B. Abell, K.L. Willis and D.A. Lange, "Mercury
Intrusion Porosimetry and Image Analysis of Cement-Based Materials", Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 211, pp. 39-44 (1999).
176:. Depending on the diameters of pores in an HFM, scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy can be used to yield a qualitative perspective of pore size.
397:
Feng, C.Y.; Khulbe, K.C.; Matsuura, T.; Ismail, A.F. (June 2013). "Recent progresses in polymeric hollow fiber membrane preparation, characterization and applications".
485:
Merriman, Lauren; Moix, Alex; Beitle, Robert; Hestekin, Jamie (October 2014). "Carbon dioxide gas delivery to thin-film aqueous systems via hollow fiber membranes".
207:, with the ability of some hollow fiber cartridges to culture billions of anchorage-dependent cells within a relatively low (<100 mL) bioreactor volume.
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Hollow fibers can be used for drug efficacy testing in cancer research, as an alternative to the traditional, but more expensive, xenograft model.
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Dry-Jet Wet
Spinning, in which a polymer is dissolved in an appropriate solvent and extruded into air and a subsequent coagulant (usually water).
539:
Nakatsuka, Shuji; Nakate, Ichiro; Miyano, Tadaaki (August 1, 1996). "Drinking water treatment by using ultrafiltration hollow fiber membranes".
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other intestinal parasites, as well removing sediments. Ultrafiltration membranes are capable of removing not only bacteria, but also viruses.
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Sheu, Jonathan; Beltzer, Jim; Fury, Brian; Wilczek, Katarzyna; Tobin, Steve; Falconer, Danny; Nolta, Jan; Bauer, Gerhard (January 1, 2015).
639:
Decker, S.; Hollingshead, M.; Bonomi, C.A.; Carter, J.P.; Sausville, E.A. (April 2004). "The hollow fibre model in cancer drug screening".
164:, a feature of several laboratory instruments used for measuring pore size. Pore diameter can also be measured via a technique known as
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A longitudinal cross section of a polysulfone hollow fiber membrane intraluminally cultured with 3T3 fibroblasts and stained with DAPI.
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Encyclopedia of Life
Support Systems (Eolss): v.1 : Desalination and Water Resources (Desware): Membrane Processes
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Hollow fiber membranes are ubiquitously used in industrial separations, especially the filtration of drinking water.
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Dry
Spinning, in which a polymer is dissolved in an appropriate solvent and extruded through a spinneret into air.
430:. Research reporting series: Environmental protection technology. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2
98:. The specific production methods involved are heavily dependent on the type of polymer used as well as its
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SEM cross-section of a polysulfone hollow fiber membrane fabricated by nonsolvent-induced phase separation.
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Wet spinning, in which a polymer is dissolved and extruded directly into a coagulant (usually water).
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102:. HFM production, commonly referred to as "spinning", can be divided into four general types:
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Extrusion of nascent hollow fiber membrane polymer solution through the annulus of a
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Wang, Lawrence; Chen, Jiaping; Hung, Yung-Tse; Shammas, Nazih (December 1, 2010).
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Melt
Spinning, in which a thermoplastic polymer is melted and extruded through a
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Class of artificial membranes containing a semi-permeable hollow fiber barrier
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An example dry-jet wet spinning hollow fiber fabrication system in operation.
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in the form of a hollow fiber. Originally developed in the 1960s for
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Imsail, Ahmad; Khulbe, Kailash; Matsuura, Takeshi (April 28, 2015).
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which oxygenates blood, replacing lungs in critically ill patients.
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through the pores of a membrane is related to pore-size via the
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A reinforced immersed hollow fiber membrane cassette used in
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MBR-The reliable solution for difficult to treat
Wastewaters
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528:. OWEA NE Industrial Waste Seminar. February 20, 2014.
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Molecular
Therapy: Methods & Clinical Development
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Hollow Fiber
Technology for Advanced Waste Treatment
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424:Bashaw, J.D.; Lawson, J.K.; Orofino, T.A. (1972).
344:Gas Separation Membranes: Polymeric and Inorganic
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123:Common to each of these methods is the use of a
85:An example of a hollow fiber membrane cartridge.
203:Hollow fibers are commonly used substrates for
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376:. Springer Science & Business Media.
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286:. Oxford: EOLSS Publishers Co Ltd. 2010.
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399:Separation and Purification Technology
374:Membrane and Desalination Technologies
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219:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
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244:List of synthetic polymers
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315:. Elsevier BV: 118097.
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493:: 165–173.
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162:porosimetry
137:polysulfone
675:Categories
594:: 15020–.
270:References
170:2-propanol
661:0959-8049
608:2329-0501
569:0011-9164
405:: 43–71.
329:0196-8904
125:spinneret
108:spinneret
67:spinneret
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434:July 19,
239:Membrane
233:See also
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378:ISBN
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325:ISSN
288:ISBN
26:HFMs
649:doi
612:PMC
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
