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anything from baked clay to gold. In addition to surviving objects, some knowledge of these seals also comes from the impressions they left on ceramics. Figures in the Old
Kingdom period became more wiry, and were depicted in more violent situations. This is true for seals, reliefs, and small 3-dimensional figures. A common subject for art at this time was conflict among divine figures and struggles for power, which was not represented as much during the Hittite New Kingdom. Other scenes, like one relief on the neck of a silver rhyton housed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, depict gods during hunts. There is a sense of temporal progression in the images of this piece, as there is a deer living and being confronted, and then lying conquered and prone further along the rim. There is also an assumption of spiritual connotations in this piece in regards to a "Protector God of the Wild Fields".
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a god in the form of a bull, and a cast of entertainers including acrobats and jesters on ladders. The hunting scenes are on blocks directly above this procession. However, there is disagreement among scholars as to the exact construction date of this structure. Some place it between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, while others argue that it belongs in the second half of the thirteenth century. The guardians wear the long Hathor curls common to
Hittite sphinxes since at least the eighteenth century BCE and were carved out of single blocks of stone 13 ft high and 6.5 ft thick. Another monument is the King's Gate leading into the temple district of in the upper city of Hattusa. Here a low relief of a god, 7 ft tall, looms.
991:
903:
1012:
1228:, a series of reliefs of Hittite gods in procession decorate open-air "chambers" made by adding barriers among the natural rock formations. The site was apparently a sanctuary, and possibly a burial site, for the commemoration of the ruling dynasty's ancestors. It was perhaps a private space for the dynasty and a small group of the elite, unlike the more public wayside reliefs. The usual form of these is to show royal males carrying weapons, usually holding a spear, carrying a bow over their shoulder, with a sword at their belt. They have attributes associated with divinity, and so are shown as "god-warriors".
1217:. This, like many Hittite reliefs, is near a road, but actually rather hard to see from the road. There are more than a dozen sites, most over 1000 metres in elevation, overlooking plains, and typically near water. These perhaps were placed with an eye to the Hittite's relation to the landscape rather than merely as rulers' propaganda, signs of "landscape control", or border markers, as has often been thought. They are often at sites with a sacred significance both before and after the Hittite period, and apparently places where the divine world was considered as sometimes breaking through to the human one.
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866:. Scholars have difficulty dating a large portion of Hittite art, citing the fact that there is a lack of inscription and much of the found material, especially from burial sites, was moved from its original locations and distributed among museums during the nineteenth century. However, larger period groupings have been established by some, including the Colony Age, the
1170:, by the end of the 8th century BCE. The term "Neo-Hittite" is sometimes also used for this period, by some scholars, but other scholars use the same term as designation for the previous period (New Kingdom). Those terminological questions are often debated among scholars, but still remain unresolved.
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was the most prominent of these states. In all of those regions, older
Hittite and Luwian heritage was increasingly mixed with Aramean, and also Assyrian influences. The terms "Post-Hittite", "Syro-Hittite", "Syro-Anatolian" and "Luwian-Aramean" are all used to describe this period and its art, which
1035:
A much-studied monument in this area that is argued to have been constructed at this time is a stone gate flanked by two carved sphinxes and cyclopean blocks covered in unfinished reliefs of a religious procession and hunting scenes. This procession depicts
Hittite royalty and six priests approaching
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in addition to the continuing tradition of seals. In more recent years, pieces that were thought to belong to this period have been moved to the New
Kingdom period, and it may be that some works previously assigned to that era are actually from the Hittite Old Kingdom. Hittite seals could be made of
970:. Hittite people of the Colony Age took on and incorporated the motifs from the previous civilizations they asserted control over, mimicking indigenous art styles, including in the depiction of animals such as deer, lions, bulls, and raptors like eagles. A common piece is animal-shaped
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living in trading colonies, which the
Hittites took control of when they moved into the area. The art style of this time involved assimilation of previous Anatolian symbols and sensibilities. Before this period and during the third millennium, art in ancient
1019:
Beginning in the fourteenth century and lasting into the twelfth century, this period saw even more creation of large-scale relief sculpture, and figures represented tend to be more solid, with thicker proportions. Much of the art found from the
1091:, indicating trade outside the New Kingdom. It also confirms the diplomatic ties with Egypt indicated by the Hittite-Egyptian Treaty, since Megiddo is an important stopping point for ambassadorial messengers between the two regions.
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Historians refer to the period around the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries B.C.E. as the Colony Age, before a larger
Hittite Kingdom was established in the region. Groups in settlements of this period included
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consisted of rather flat representations of human figures found at burial sites. This was emulated in
Hittite ivories like one of a young girl, half seated, cupping her breasts, and wearing a traditional cap.
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did not include a ground-line, and thus the figures are free floating. Deities have been identified such as weather gods who stand on bulls or mountains. This image is repeated in later
Imperial
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Moving into the seventeenth century when the
Hittites formed a larger state with their capital at Hattusa, the art style began incorporating larger and more permanent pieces such as stone
842:. It is characterized by a long tradition of canonized images and motifs rearranged, while still being recognizable, by artists to convey meaning to a largely illiterate population.
846:“Owing to the limited vocabulary of figural types , invention for the Hittite artist usually was a matter of combining and manipulating the units to form more complex compositions"
1032:. The most common opinion among scholars is that it is the holy city of Arinna, because of its proximity to the capital of Hattusa and the ritual practices depicted in art there.
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Most of the objects available from the second millennium come in the mediums of carved ivories, baked clay, and small seals. A group of ivories from Acemhöyük, now housed in the
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The ceramic works produced at this time, apart from rare decorative pieces, was mainly plain with simple forms and a focus on utility and function. Hittites did make use of
1076:, as well as the free sculpting of more animalistic forms. The forms and production methods were fairly consistent across the New Kingdom. A piece from the village of
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that were previously influenced by Hittite political and cultural achievements. Political collapse of the New Kingdom was followed by rapid decline of the use of
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Although the states of the Post-Hittite period were much smaller, public sculpture increased, with many statues, and ceremonial exterior paths lined with
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era comes from the settlement of Alaca Höyük. It is unclear which ancient city this correlates to, however it has been argued that it could be Tawiniya,
1716:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire
806:
1737:
Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance: The Stone Reliefs at Carchemish and Zincirli in the Earlier First Millennium BCE
854:. There is also a prevalence of hunting scenes in Hittite relief and representational animal forms. Much of the art comes from settlements like
974:, or drinking vessels, which could be sculpted out of clay or later metalwork. The raptors in particular are exceptionally well-shaped. The
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The Hittites were important producers of rock reliefs, which form a relatively large part of the few artistic remains they have left. The
1141:, but in the same time, Hittite cultural heritage remained influential in various fields of visual and applied arts, particularly in
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with long curls of hair over its chest that art historians refer to as Hathor curls. As for seals, while there were more traditional
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during the second millennium BCE from the nineteenth century up until the twelfth century BCE. This period falls under the Anatolian
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do not have inscriptions, and thus are difficult to date, others can be attributed to the reigns of specific kings such as
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Taracha, Piotr (June 2012). "THE SCULPTURES OF ALACAHÖYÜK: A Key to Religious Symbolism in Hittite Representational Art".
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Representations of Political Power: Case Histories from Times of Change and Dissolving Order in the Ancient Near East
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Henrickson, Robert C. (June 1995). "Hittite Pottery and Potters: The View from Late Bronze Age Gordion".
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Harmanşah (2014a), 90–94; Ullmann, Lee Z., in Harmanşah (2014), Chapter 8; though see also Bonatz
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on the wall opposite it. There are a number of large recumbent lions in stone, of which the
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Bonatz, Dominik, "Religious Representation of Political Power in the Hittite Empire", in
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1816:"The Aramaeans of Syria: Some Considerations on their Origin and Material Culture"
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Statue from the Post-Hittite period, representing king Šuppiluliuma, ruler of the
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Other reliefs of the Hittite exist on non-man-made structures. While some Hittite
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Drinking cup in the shape of a fist; 1400-1380 BC; silver; from Central Turkey;
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1180 BCE) many aspects of Hittite art continued to exist in various regions of
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1763:. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 372–441.
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The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
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The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception
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Many of these recurring images revolve around the depiction of
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1623:, eds, Marlies Heinz, Marian H. Feldman, 2007, Eisenbrauns,
1671:(2nd revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Singer, Itamar (June 1995). "A Hittite Seal from Megiddo".
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Livius.org on "The relief of Sesostris" in Herodotos'
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1329:. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 122.
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The Syro-Anatolian City-States: An Iron Age Culture
1355:Canby, Jeanny Vorys (1989-01-01). "Hittite Art".
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1210:, who mistakenly thought it showed the Egyptian
1137:, that gave way to the rise of closely related
1757:"The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia"
1166:lasted until the states were conquered by the
982:; other pieces in this style have been found.
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1779:Of Rocks and Water: An Archaeology of Place
1822:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 273–300.
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1327:The Sculpture and Sculptors of Yazılıkaya
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1069:is the largest, if it is indeed Hittite.
994:Ivory Hittite Sphinx, 18th century B.C.E.
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1740:. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter.
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1799:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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1695:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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1647:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1644:Life and Society in the Hittite World
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1125:. After the fall of the New Kingdom (
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1177:or stone slabs carved with reliefs.
852:Hittite deities and ritual practices
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1015:Scene from Alaca Höyük Sphinx Gate
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954:of New York, includes a small
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1777:Harmanşah, Ömür (ed) (2014),
1761:The Cambridge Ancient History
1734:Gilibert, Alessandra (2011).
1325:Alexander, Robert L. (1986).
1311:
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1051:. Relief scenes from ancient
1755:Hawkins, John David (1982).
858:, or the Hittite capital of
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1668:The Kingdom of the Hittites
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1153:, located in south-eastern
1083:A small stone seal bearing
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1793:Osborne, James F. (2020).
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1573:Harmanşah (2014a), 88–89;
1457:The Biblical Archaeologist
1395:The Biblical Archaeologist
1357:The Biblical Archaeologist
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952:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1430:Near Eastern Archaeology
1087:has been discovered in
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1814:Sader, Hélène (2010).
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229:Art of the Middle East
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1605:Harmanşah (2014a), 92
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59:Periods and movements
1285:Hittite inscriptions
1187:Hittite rock reliefs
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822:was produced by the
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1168:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1117:Post-Hittite states
1095:Post-Hittite period
1022:Hittite New Kingdom
892:Museum of Fine Arts
876:Post-Hittite states
872:Hittite New Kingdom
868:Hittite Old Kingdom
538:Art of the Americas
277:Art of Central Asia
1584:2014-04-10 at the
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164:Post-Impressionism
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1135:Hittite language
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201:Conceptualism
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179:Expressionism
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119:Neoclassicism
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1667:
1643:
1633:google books
1620:
1601:
1592:
1576:
1569:
1545:
1538:Osborne 2020
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1490:Hawkins 1982
1485:
1463:(2): 91–93.
1460:
1456:
1450:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1401:(2): 82–90.
1398:
1394:
1360:
1356:
1326:
1320:
1233:İvriz relief
1230:
1219:
1201:
1181:Rock reliefs
1172:
1143:minor states
1120:
1082:
1071:
1061:
1049:Muwatalli II
1041:rock reliefs
1038:
1034:
1018:
997:
968:rock reliefs
949:
927:
906:
849:
845:
819:
818:
747:Art movement
714:Graphic arts
704:Architecture
579:Cook Islands
565:
564:
536:
535:
502:
501:
417:
416:
350:
349:
325:
324:
283:
282:
275:
274:
244:
235:Mesopotamian
228:
191:Contemporary
33:
1848:Hittite art
1305:Hittitology
1007:New Kingdom
986:Old Kingdom
964:stamp seals
856:Alaca Höyük
826:in ancient
820:Hittite art
742:Art history
719:Digital art
709:Photography
699:Calligraphy
482:Anglo-Saxon
462:Hellenistic
407:Singaporean
169:Art Nouveau
129:Romanticism
97:Renaissance
65:Prehistoric
38:Alaca Höyük
34:Sphinx Gate
19:Hittite art
1787:1782976744
1629:157506135X
1526:Bryce 2012
1502:Sader 2010
1312:References
1222:Yazılıkaya
1197:Yazılıkaya
1175:orthostats
1163:Carchemish
1131:Asia Minor
1065:statue at
1030:Zippalanda
912:, King of
909:Tarkasnawa
840:Bronze Age
779:Naturalist
759:Figurative
678:Techniques
646:Manichaean
624:Protestant
574:Australian
370:Vietnamese
360:Indonesian
265:Phoenician
211:Minimalism
196:Postmodern
159:Decorative
124:Revivalism
85:Romanesque
1665:(2005) .
1577:Histories
1215:Sesostris
1208:Herodotus
1107:state of
1057:Tudḫaliya
939:Assyrians
922:Baltimore
870:era, the
864:Boğazkale
774:Narrative
684:Sculpture
614:Christian
602:Religions
477:Byzantine
390:Cambodian
385:Malaysian
340:Bhutanese
298:Hong Kong
154:Symbolism
102:Mannerism
40:, Turkey)
1842:Category
1713:(2009).
1689:(2012).
1641:(2002).
1582:Archived
1270:Hittites
1263:See also
1155:Anatolia
1123:Iron Age
944:Anatolia
935:Hurrians
931:Hattians
907:Seal of
828:Anatolia
764:Funerary
737:Abstract
689:Painting
619:Catholic
609:Buddhist
584:Hawaiian
487:Ottonian
452:Scythian
437:Etruscan
432:Cycladic
412:Bruneian
365:Filipino
310:Japanese
240:Egyptian
75:Medieval
1613:Sources
1477:3210479
1415:3210478
1377:3210203
1226:Hattusa
1212:Pharaoh
1151:Aramean
1145:, both
1089:Megiddo
1078:Gordion
1067:Babylon
1000:reliefs
972:rhytons
860:Hattusa
694:Pottery
636:Islamic
467:Iberian
380:Myanmar
320:Tibetan
293:Chinese
270:Ottoman
255:Arabian
250:Persian
245:Hittite
225:Regions
174:Fauvism
134:Realism
109:Baroque
70:Ancient
1826:
1803:
1785:
1767:
1744:
1723:
1699:
1675:
1651:
1627:
1564:Bonatz
1475:
1413:
1375:
1255:, and
1147:Luwian
1111:(Unqi)
1109:Pattin
1105:Luwian
1053:Sam'al
1026:Arinna
980:relief
956:sphinx
937:, and
924:, USA)
898:, USA)
896:Boston
832:Turkey
656:Taoist
589:Papuan
555:Muisca
516:Yoruba
492:Viking
447:Celtic
442:Dacian
427:Minoan
335:Indian
315:Korean
303:Taiwan
184:Cubism
144:Modern
114:Rococo
90:Gothic
1473:JSTOR
1411:JSTOR
1373:JSTOR
1159:Syria
1047:, or
836:Syria
769:Naïve
731:Types
666:Vodun
661:Vodou
631:Hindu
560:Inuit
521:Benin
472:Roman
457:Greek
395:Khmer
345:Newar
1824:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1149:and
914:Mira
752:List
651:Sikh
641:Jain
550:Maya
531:Luba
526:Kuba
511:Igbo
375:Thai
32:The
1465:doi
1438:doi
1403:doi
1365:doi
1220:At
497:Rus
402:Lao
206:Pop
1844::
1818:.
1759:.
1557:^
1471:.
1461:58
1459:.
1434:75
1432:.
1409:.
1399:58
1397:.
1385:^
1371:.
1361:52
1359:.
1335:^
1259:.
1251:,
1247:,
1243:,
1239:,
1235:,
1127:c.
933:,
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1832:.
1809:.
1773:.
1750:.
1729:.
1705:.
1681:.
1657:.
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1467::
1444:.
1440::
1417:.
1405::
1379:.
1367::
920:(
894:(
808:e
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