324:
1376:
1641:) took place on the surviving Cossacks and their homelands since they were viewed as a potential threat to the new regime. This involved dividing their territory amongst other divisions and giving it to new autonomous republics of minorities, and then actively encouraging settlement of these territories with those peoples, but there were also arrests and violent repressions. This policy of resettlement was especially true for the Terek Cossacks land. The Cossack homelands were often very fertile, and during the collectivisation campaign many Cossacks shared the fate of
1502:
the subsidies they received from the government (about £712,500 in 1893), went to cover all the expenses of state and local administration. They had, besides, a special reserve capital of about £2,600,000. Village taxes covered the expenditure of the village administration. Each voisko had a separate general administration, and administrative structures differed within the different voiskos. The central administration, at the
Ministry of War, comprising representatives of each voisko, discussed the proposals of all new laws affecting the Cossacks.
1178:
208:
1602:
106:
1506:
25:
2142:
244:
66:
1130:. This was followed by more frequent and better-organised raids elsewhere, the freeing of Christian slaves being one of the chief aims, as well as the acquisition of plunder. Their success was such that they attracted the attention of the western European powers, including the Papacy, who made diplomatic overtures in the hope of launching joint ventures against the Turks. In 1539, Grand Prince
1467:) to settle on this land for payment of a certain rent. The assembly of all householders in villages of less than 30 households, and of 30 elected men in villages having from 30 to 300 households (one from each 10 households in the more populous ones), constituted the village assembly. This assembly resembled the
1744:
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in Russia emerged numerous cossack communities all over the country. In Russia, both registered and unregistered communities identify with cossackism. The
Cossack communities in Russia cooperate with each other as well as with the Russian Orthodox Church. End of
1152:
Similar exchanges passed between Russia, the
Ottomans and the Commonwealth; each of which often tried to use the Cossacks' warmongering for his own purposes. The Cossacks for their part were happy to plunder everybody more or less equally. Between the 16th to the 17th century, the Zaporoijan Cossacks
1004:
employed
Cossacks as mobile guards against Tatar raids from the south in the territories of present-day southern Russia and eastern Ukraine. Judging by the records of their names, these early Cossacks seem to have included a significant number of Tatar descendants. From the mid-15th century, Cossacks
1707:
Most of the collaborators, who some say numbered over 250,000 (although current figures claim the true number was not even a third of that) were the Don
Cossacks, who, formerly the largest and strongest host, suffered the worst under Soviet collectivization policies. Kuban and Terek Cossacks, on the
1669:
In the summer of 1942, the German armies entered territories inhabited by the
Cossacks. There in the open steppe resistance was futile, but nevertheless many, despite their hatred of Communism, refused to collaborate with the invaders of their country. While collaboration was inevitable, most of the
1501:
of pensions), and leaving about one-third of the land as a reserve for the future. The income which the
Cossack voiskos received from the lands (which they rented to different persons), also from various sources (trade patents, rents of shops, fisheries, permits for gold-digging, etc.), as also from
1255:
failure to regard
Zaporozhian Cossacks as nobles for inclusion in the registry of professional military cossacks eroded the Cossacks' loyalty towards the Commonwealth. The Cossack attempts to be recognized as equal to the szlachta were rebuffed and plans for transforming the Two-Nations Commonwealth
1215:
The fighting qualities of the sea-going
Cossacks were even admired in the Ottoman chronicles: "One can safely say that in the entire world one cannot find a people more careless for their lives or having less fear of death; persons versed in navigation assert that because of their skill and boldness
1517:
As a rule, popular education amongst the
Cossacks stood at a higher level than in the remainder of Imperial Russia. They had more schools and a greater proportion of their children went to school. In addition to agriculture, which (with the exception of the Ussuri Cossacks) sufficed to supply their
1102:
after the Golden Horde fell in 1480. The vast steppe of the Don region was populated by runaway serfs, by those who longed for freedom, by people who were not satisfied with the existing social order. Over time, the culture of the Don Cossacks was formed into a united community and were called "the
1657:
When the war broke out the Cossacks found themselves on both sides of the conflict. Most fought for the Soviet Union; however, some chose to settle old scores by collaborating with the Germans, especially after the Soviet Union's initial series of defeats, including the loss of much of the army of
1488:
Cossacks on active service were divided into three equal parts according to age, and only the first third (approximately age 18–26) normally performed active service, while the rest effectively functioned as reserves, based at home but bound to march out at short notice. The officers came from the
1484:
All Cossack males had to perform military service for 20 years, beginning at the age of 18. They spent their first three years in the preliminary division, the next 12 in active service, and the last five years in the reserve. Every Cossack had to procure his own uniform, equipment and horse (if
878:
dates the emergence of Cossacks to the 14th-15th centuries. Non-mainstream theories, however, have borrowed the date 948 from imperial historiography, and ascribe an earlier Cossack existence to the tenth century, but deny Cossack links both to "the old people" (Khazars) and to "the new people"
1513:
In time of war, the ten Cossack voiskos had to supply 890 mounted sotnias or squadrons (of 125 men each), 108 infantry sotnias or companies (also 125 men each), and 236 guns, representing 4267 officers and 177,100 men, with 170,695 horses. In time of peace they kept 314 squadrons, 54 infantry
1492:
In 1893, the Cossacks had a total population of 2,648,049 (including 1,331,470 women), and they owned nearly 146,500,000 acres (593,000 km) of land, including 105,000,000 acres (425,000 km) of arable land and 9,400,000 acres (38,000 km) under forests. Each
1632:
In the Civil War that followed the Russian Revolution, the Cossacks found themselves on both sides of the conflict. Many officers and experienced Cossacks fought for the White Army, and some of the poorer ones joined the Red Army. Following the defeat of the White Army, a policy of
1073:
Numerous historical documents of that period refer to the Don Cossacks in Russia as a sovereign ethno-cultural people with a unique warrior culture. Cossacks conducted raids and pillaging against their neighbours as important sources of income. Already in 1444 Cossacks of
1645:. The famine of 1933 hit the Don and Kuban territory the hardest. According to Michael Kort, "During 1919 and 1920, out of a population of approximately 3 million, the Bolshevik regime killed or deported an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 Cossacks", including 45,000
1489:
military schools, in which all Cossack voiskos had their own vacancies, or were non-commissioned Cossack officers, with officers' grades. In return for this service the Cossacks received from the state considerable grants of land for each voisko separately.
1723:, large numbers of the repatriated were allowed to return to their native lands, under a promise of secrecy. Only after 1991, with the collapse of the Communist regime in the USSR, could they openly mourn the lost members of their communities.
1685:, were able to keep the Germans from entering the Caucausus, where particularly the Terek and the Kuban Cossacks were able to prevent the Germans from taking the mountains. Not only was the region rich in oil, but it was also the key to
1162:, they moved swiftly across the Black Sea. According to the Cossacks' own records, these vessels, carrying a 50- to 70-man crew, could reach the Anatolian coast of Asia Minor from the mouth of the Dnieper River in forty hours. The
1246:
After 1624, the Zaporozhian raids gradually died out, as the Cossacks began to devote more and more of their martial energies to land-based campaigns, fighting on one side and then the other during such conflicts as the
1354:
The Cossacks that wanted to continue their lifestyle moved either to Ottoman and/or Austrian controlled territories on the Danube or after life on Bug and Dniester to the Kuban region, where they live to this date (see
323:
1708:
other hand, fought almost exclusively for the Red Army, and even in most desperate situations their heroism was evident. Being the largest Red Army Cossack host, the Kuban Cossacks in 1945 triumphantly marched on
1138:, replied to a request of the Turkish Sultan to stop the aggressive actions of the Don Cossacks, stating, "The Cossacks of the Don are not my subjects, and they go to war or live in peace without my knowledge."
1275:
is considered as one of the events that brought an end to the Golden Age of the Commonwealth. This uprising distanced Cossacks from the Commonwealth sphere of influence, only to make them subject to the
1473:, but had wider attributes: it assessed the taxes, divided the land, took measures for the opening and support of schools, village grain-stores, communal cultivation, and so on, and elected its
1134:
asked the Ottoman Sultan to curb the Cossacks and the Sultan replied: "The Cossacks do not swear allegiance to me, and they live as they themselves please." In 1549, the Tsar of Russia,
1745:
2018 the Cossacks have set up an All-Russian Cossack Community to coordinate cultural work and strengthen the Cossack roots (such as to introduce the original Cossack costumes again).
1953:
made up a significant part of early-medieval Russians and Khazars. He described the Khazar state as the "Slavic stronghold in the East". Many Khazars, like Cossacks, as described in
1514:
sotnias, and 20 batteries containing 108 guns (2574 officers, 60,532 men, 50,054 horses). Altogether, on the eve of World War I the Cossacks had 328,705 men ready to take up arms.
1534:, hunting, beekeeping etc. The Cossacks mostly rented out rights to extract coal, gold and other minerals found on their territories to strangers, who also owned most factories.
1537:
The Tsarist authorities also introduced a military organization similar to that of the Cossacks into certain non-Cossack districts, which supplied a number of mounted infantry
989:
Early Russian military greatly admired Cossacks for their equestrian skills. Many were hired as cavalry by Russian and Ukrainian warlords, in much the same way that they hired
1239:
sent his fleet to the Dnieper in pursuit; but instead of going home the Cossacks once more sailed to Constantinople, where they raided at leisure, even rampaging through the
1696:
From 1943 onward, the Cossacks were kept mostly in the southern part of the front, where their use in reconnaissance and logistics proved invaluable. Many went on through
1658:
Ivan Kononov, a former Soviet major who defected to the Germans on the first day of war with some of his 436th regiment, and served around the German-occupied city of
1122:), resulting in almost constant low-level warfare in those territories for almost the entire existence of the Commonwealth. Their first recorded naval raid into the
1114:(like the Tatars), although they did not shy away from pillaging other neighbouring communities. Their actions exacerbated the tension at the southern border of the
520:
457:
1497:
controlled a share of the land, divided up at the rate of 81 acres (328,000 m) per each soul, with special grants to officers (personal to some of them,
1012:
of independent communities, often merging into larger units of a military character, entirely separate from, and mostly independent of other nations (such as
265:
1942:
2368:
452:
752:
1674:
camps. On some occasions relatives separated by the Russian Civil War met each other again on different sides of the conflict and killed ruthlessly.
749:
515:
2291:
1917:
1257:
1166:
were often accompanied by larger galleys that served as command and control centres. The raids also acquired a distinct political purpose after
2341:
1739:
1260:(with Cossacks/Ruthenian people) were limited to a minority view. After the civil war of 1648 (or Rebellion from the Polish viewpoint) the
252:
170:
142:
1264:
gained control of parts of Ukraine in 1649, although they at various time acknowledged the Polish King over the following decades.
123:
38:
1223:, as they referred to the Turkish capital, plundering the ports of Mizevna and Archioca. An attempt by the Turks to blockade the
1153:
became subjects first of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later of the Union of Lublin of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
149:
1966:
Pechenegs, Torks and Cumans before the invasion of the Tatars. History of the South Russian steppes in the 9th-13th Centuries
836:
mentioned that peoples of the prairies and of the woods had always needed "a live frontier", and even ancient Borisphenites (
592:
156:
1379:
Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under rule of Russian Empire (1751).
1518:
needs and usually to leave a certain surplus, they carried on extensive cattle and horse breeding, vine culture in the
1304:
After this point, the Cossack nation of the Zaporozhian Host was divided into two semi-autonomous republics within the
1147:
1115:
1001:
783:
2415:
1670:
leaders were former Tsarist officers who wanted to avenge their defeat by the Communists, but many recruits came from
2313:
2254:
2221:
2175:
2105:
2060:
2011:
1849:
1764:
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There were several Cossack uprisings against the Commonwealth in the early 17th century. The largest of them was the
1243:, according to one account. The city was raided four more times, once in 1620 and no fewer than three times in 1624.
847:
could be the predecessors of the Cossacks, not only the Khazars who may have assimilated, but this also includes the
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290:
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52:
1174:
in 1613, intending to turn the host into the nucleus of a Ukrainian nation with the support of the European states.
138:
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2456:
1208:
By 1618, the Zaporozhians were members of the Anti-Turkish League, as Schaidachny transferred his seat of power to
2396:
1978:
1460:
1369:
1807:
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After 1400, the Cossacks emerge as an established and identifiable group in historical accounts. Rulers of the
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1613:
1167:
633:
1715:
Many of the collaborators fled the Soviet advance (often chased by Soviet Cossacks) but under Soviet-Allied
1293:
80:
44:
2436:
1375:
1227:, and deny Cossacks access to the sea, was defeated in the spring of 1616. The raiders went on to capture
817:
602:
577:
2028:
historians support that. According to this view, by 1261, Cossacks lived in the area between the rivers
879:(Russians and Ukrainians; the very terms "old people" and "new people" being coined by the 11th-century
377:
1969:(Печенеги, Торки и Половцы до нашествия татар. История южно-русских степей IX—XIII вв.); available at
1752:
Cossack groups were incorporated into Russian police forces in order to suppress anti-Putin protests.
1771:
of All-Ukrainian public organization "Ukrainian Registered Cossacks" (URC) and was registered in the
1039:
In the 16th century, Cossack societies created two relatively independent territorial organisations:
952:
912:
Cossacks were mainly East Slavs. In the 15th century, the term originally described semi-independent
163:
1716:
1448:
587:
500:
257:
116:
1420:
776:
367:
2284:
1837:
997:
883:
of Kiev), specifically mentioning 948 as the year when the inhabitants of the steppe under a
1954:
1678:
1545:
1281:
1268:
1248:
1198:
1131:
1050:
in Ukraine, between Russia, Poland, and the Tatars of the Crimea, with their centre as the
560:
447:
2441:
2247:
History of economic relations between Russia and China : from modernization to Maoism
1812:
935:
Some historians suggest that the Cossack people had mixed ethnic origins, descending from
550:
8:
1772:
1749:
1324:
1289:
978:). In the 11th century they finally arrived in the steppe area north of the Black Sea in
974:. Afterwards they migrated further west into the trans-Volga region (present-day western
859:, and other ancient inhabitants, as insisted by Cossack folklore, by the Constitution of
668:
540:
417:
382:
221:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
79:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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1925:
1893:
1404:
1182:
1091:
1087:
1079:
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Several theories speculate about the origins of the Cossacks. According to one theory,
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510:
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2187:
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2250:
2227:
2217:
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2007:
1845:
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1412:
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1135:
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2017:
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to the south. A Cossack organization was also established in the Russian colony of
1272:
1261:
1051:
1043:
880:
618:
2117:
2419:
1991:
1946:
1797:
1760:
In 21st-century Ukraine, there are hundreds of diverse associations of Cossacks.
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1671:
1432:
1424:
1317:
1095:
979:
971:
757:
490:
437:
397:
362:
2244:
1477:(leader) and its judges, who settled all disputes up to an amount that the 1911
1817:
1646:
1576:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1356:
1224:
1107:
990:
875:
872:
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813:
628:
442:
427:
402:
2347:
2450:
2264:
2231:
1964:
1912:); cf. N. D. Gostev, "About the use of "Kazarа" and other derivative words",
1720:
1428:
1408:
1328:
1323:
These organizations gradually lost their independence, and were abolished by
917:
673:
658:
505:
485:
432:
392:
347:
1730:
and the Second World War continues to be a controversial issue to this day.
1251:. Their numbers expanded with immigration from Poland proper and Lithuania.
970:, who partly originated near the northern Chinese borders and soon moved to
2412:
2325:
2072:
1592:
1558:
1469:
1400:
1388:
1228:
1083:
833:
648:
412:
387:
372:
338:
1008:
All historical records of that period describe Cossack society as a loose
1970:
1552:
1531:
1436:
1202:
1099:
860:
638:
475:
1601:
1231:, which was burned down after all the slaves were freed. That same year
1216:
in naval battles these bands are more dangerous than any other enemy."
1719:
thousands of them were handed back to the USSR. Following the death of
1709:
1541:("hundreds"). Their peace-footing on the eve of World War I comprised:
1527:
1348:
1313:
1025:
1009:
975:
944:
653:
1842:
The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold
863:, and by numerous Cossack historians. Because of the need of both the
2052:
1950:
1864:
The connection is in part supported by old Cossack ethnonyms such as
1347:
destroyed and relocated more than once, Zaporozhia was absorbed into
1186:
1156:
Using small, shallow-draft, and highly manoeuvrable galleys known as
1123:
959:
905:
856:
848:
840:
714:
871:
forces to deny any separate Cossack ethnicity, the traditional post-
105:
2400:
2029:
1659:
1519:
1481:
gives as "£10" (or above that sum with the consent of both sides).
1444:
1340:
1327:
by the late 18th century. The Hetmanate became the governorship of
1252:
1220:
1029:
967:
936:
809:
734:
480:
315:
1505:
2369:"Kremlin deployed Cossacks to Moscow for first time in a century"
2343:Казаки объединились во Всероссийское казачье общество - Россия 24
1767:" (URC) was established on March 29, 2002 by the decision of the
1701:
1697:
1440:
1344:
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1232:
1127:
1047:
1017:
983:
963:
940:
929:
921:
837:
739:
724:
719:
699:
2245:
Sladkovskiĭ, M. I. (Mikhail Iosifovich), author. (5 July 2017).
1455:, or village formed the primary unit of this organization. Each
243:
65:
1802:
1538:
1474:
1194:
1158:
1111:
1075:
1061:
1033:
1021:
1013:
948:
925:
884:
864:
844:
821:
744:
729:
709:
694:
689:
1443:, who would form the Yenisey Cossack Host and Irkutsk Cossack
1060:, on the river Don, separated from the Russian state by rebel
2397:
The Cossacks: "Three of us gathered, that's the organization"
2033:
1642:
1570:
1119:
913:
896:
852:
704:
1383:
In the Russian Empire, the Cossacks constituted 12 separate
2025:
2021:
1974:
1690:
1686:
1564:
1209:
1190:
2214:
Performing Russia : folk revival and Russian identity
1981:
and his school confirmed many of Golubovsky's conclusions.
1235:, in eastern Anatolia, was captured and destroyed. Sultan
1464:
955:
that stretches from central Asia to southeastern Europe.
951:, and others who settled or passed through the boundless
824:
origins. Modern scholars believe that Cossacks have both
2036:, as described for the first time in Russian chronicles.
982:
and eastern Ukraine. They are closely related to modern
1920:
The name of the Khazars in Old Russian chronicles is
1312:
on the Dnieper's left bank, and the more independent
1959:
by Leo Tolstoy, could be Slavic-Turkic bilinguals. *
1435:. Also, there was a small number of the Cossacks in
1362:
130:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1485:mounted), the government supplying only the arms.
1219:In 1615, the raiders even sailed to the walls of
1141:
1126:dates to 1538, with an attack on the fortress of
77:about history of the Cossacks after World War II.
2448:
1106:The Don Cossacks known for their attacks on the
2211:
1992:http://az.lib.ru/z/zabelin_i_e/text_0050.shtml
816:origins, while another theory states that the
2006:, p. 3, Robert Speller & Sons, New York,
1740:Registered Cossacks of the Russian Federation
1548:, six regular squadrons and three of militia.
1299:
777:
1990:Ivan Zabelin. The history of Russian life.
1844:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 81.
1662:, guarding lines of communications against
1193:", oil on canvas, 1885, National Museum in
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2306:The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath
1583:In total, 25 squadrons and 2 companies...
1463:, and might allow non-Cossacks (excepting
784:
770:
2290:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1835:
1726:The division of the Cossacks in both the
1368:This section derives originally from the
895:routed the Khazars in the area of modern
291:Learn how and when to remove this message
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
2073:"Cossack | Russian and Ukrainian people"
1836:Hill, Fiona; Gaddy, Clifford G. (2003).
1504:
1374:
1176:
1005:are mostly mentioned with Slavic names.
268:of all important aspects of the article.
16:Overview of the East Slavic ethnic group
2016:Vasili Glazkov claims that the data of
1284:(1654), and established their realm as
1212:, the Polish Crown's regional capital.
2449:
2098:Cossacks in the German Army, 1941-1945
2090:
2049:Cossacks in the German army, 1941-1945
1996:
1573:, two infantry and one mounted sotnia.
264:Please consider expanding the lead to
1784:Anatoliy Shevchenko March 29, 2002 -
1586:
2430:
2170:, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970,
2160:
1838:"Siberia - Plenty of Room for Error"
1704:during the final stages of the war.
1596:
237:
201:
128:adding citations to reliable sources
99:
59:
18:
2308:, p. 133. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
1755:
1509:Russian cossacks on the front. 1915
1387:, settled along the frontiers: the
13:
2442:Cossacks (Encyclopedia of Ukraine)
1733:
1046:, on the lower bends of the river
14:
2478:
2002:Vasili Glazkov (Wasili Glaskow),
1765:The Ukrainian Registered Cossacks
1363:Tsarist Russia and Russian Empire
330:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks
34:This article has multiple issues.
2216:. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 163.
1681:, Cossacks attacks, some led by
1600:
1339:, similar to Ukrainian capitals
1335:. After having its capital, the
803:
322:
242:
206:
104:
64:
23:
2406:
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2361:
2334:
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2205:
2180:
2135:
1652:
1078:were mentioned as defenders of
1068:
256:may be too short to adequately
115:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2328:- Forced migrations in USSR -
2110:
2065:
2041:
1984:
1935:
1858:
1829:
1808:Hetmans of Ukrainians Cossacks
1712:in the famous Victory Parade.
1148:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1142:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1116:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1002:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
266:provide an accessible overview
1:
1916:ethnic magazine, 2010, No.1.
1823:
1168:Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny
1090:in 1502. The area around the
899:and organized a state called
2330:Retrieved on 5 February 2007
1370:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
1294:Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686
7:
1963:Golubovsky Peter V. (1884)
1791:
818:Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk
10:
2483:
2047:Newland, Samuel J.(1991),
1737:
1590:
1331:, and Sloboda Ukraine the
1300:Ukraine and Tsarist Russia
1145:
916:groups which lived on the
1929:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1256:(Polish–Lithuanian) into
966:'s Cossacks descend from
953:Pontic–Caspian steppeland
832:origins. The Academician
800:spans several centuries.
215:This article needs to be
139:"History of the Cossacks"
2249:. Routledge. p. 3.
2212:Olson, Laura J. (2006).
1449:Ministry of the Interior
1094:was divided between the
2467:History by ethnic group
2457:History of the Cossacks
2122:Encyclopædia Britannica
2077:Encyclopædia Britannica
2004:History of the Cossacks
1479:Encyclopædia Britannica
798:history of the Cossacks
578:Colonisation of Siberia
2304:Kort, Michael (2001).
1510:
1421:Semiryechensk Cossacks
1380:
1271:, which together with
1205:
1201:1648–1654. Painted by
920:, which flows through
75:is missing information
1941:In the 19th century,
1591:Further information:
1508:
1378:
1180:
1082:against the units of
998:Grand Duchy of Moscow
1679:Battle of Stalingrad
1282:Treaty of Pereyaslav
1269:Khmelnytsky Uprising
1199:Khmelnytsky Uprising
1132:Vasili III of Russia
993:as personal guards.
881:Metropolitan Ilarion
588:Pugachev's Rebellion
468:Other Cossack groups
124:improve this article
2100:, Routledge, 1991,
1949:explained that the
1943:Peter V. Golubovsky
1798:Cossack motorcycles
1773:Ministry of Justice
1750:2018 FIFA World Cup
1459:held its land as a
1290:Treaty of Andrusovo
1086:and in a letter of
820:of 1710 attests to
669:Yermak Timofeyevich
541:Registered Cossacks
2437:Ukrainian Cossacks
2418:2008-11-20 at the
2283:has generic name (
2192:upimg.baike.so.com
2166:Philip Longworth,
2118:"Kipchak | people"
2096:Samuel J Newland,
1763:The organization "
1612:. You can help by
1587:Russian Revolution
1511:
1405:Astrakhan Cossacks
1381:
1288:in 1667 under the
1206:
1183:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
1088:Ivan III of Russia
1080:Pereslavl-Zalessky
664:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
624:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
603:Cossacks in the SS
2431:External articles
2403:(14 October 2009)
2147:wappass.baidu.com
1979:Mikhail Artamonov
1813:Kosiński Uprising
1728:Russian Civil War
1630:
1629:
1522:, fishing on the
1417:Siberian Cossacks
1413:Orenburg Cossacks
1286:Left-bank Ukraine
1278:Tsardom of Russia
1249:Thirty Years' War
1136:Ivan the Terrible
1096:Crimean west side
1064:and Tatar tribes.
1058:Don Cossack State
794:
793:
644:Yemelyan Pugachev
634:Petro Sahaidachny
598:De-Cossackization
583:Bulavin Rebellion
301:
300:
293:
283:
282:
236:
235:
200:
199:
192:
174:
98:
97:
57:
2474:
2425:
2424:
2410:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2346:, archived from
2338:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2184:
2178:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2114:
2108:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2069:
2063:
2045:
2039:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1962:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1833:
1775:on 8 July 2002.
1756:In Ukraine today
1664:Soviet partisans
1639:Raskazachivaniye
1635:Decossackization
1625:
1622:
1604:
1597:
1579:, three sotnias.
1567:, three sotnias.
1561:, eight sotnias.
1333:Kharkiv province
1262:Zaporozhian Host
1052:Zaporozhian Sich
786:
779:
772:
619:Petro Doroshenko
611:Notable Cossacks
524:
461:
453:Irkutsk Cossacks
326:
303:
302:
296:
289:
278:
275:
269:
246:
238:
231:
228:
222:
210:
209:
202:
195:
188:
184:
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175:
173:
132:
108:
100:
93:
90:
84:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2447:
2446:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:Wayback Machine
2411:
2407:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2373:The Independent
2367:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2350:on 17 June 2020
2340:
2339:
2335:
2324:
2320:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2257:
2243:
2239:
2224:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2046:
2042:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1960:
1947:Kiev University
1940:
1936:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1794:
1758:
1742:
1736:
1734:In Russia today
1683:Semyon Budyonny
1672:prisoner-of-war
1655:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1610:needs expansion
1595:
1589:
1433:Ussuri Cossacks
1425:Baikal Cossacks
1385:Cossack voiskos
1365:
1318:Sloboda Ukraine
1302:
1150:
1144:
1100:Nogai east side
1071:
980:southern Russia
972:Western Siberia
806:
790:
758:Cossack cuisine
750:Cossaks clothes
518:
516:Buryat Cossacks
455:
333:
297:
286:
285:
284:
279:
273:
270:
263:
251:This article's
247:
232:
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196:
185:
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121:
109:
94:
88:
85:
78:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2413:Statute of URC
2405:
2386:
2360:
2333:
2318:
2297:
2255:
2237:
2222:
2204:
2179:
2159:
2134:
2109:
2089:
2064:
2040:
2038:
2037:
1995:
1983:
1977:format. Later
1934:
1857:
1850:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1757:
1754:
1738:Main article:
1735:
1732:
1654:
1651:
1647:Terek Cossacks
1628:
1627:
1607:
1605:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1397:Terek Cossacks
1393:Kuban Cossacks
1364:
1361:
1357:Kuban Cossacks
1301:
1298:
1241:Topkapı Palace
1225:Berezan Island
1146:Main article:
1143:
1140:
1108:Ottoman Empire
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1054:
876:historiography
869:anti-Bolshevik
805:
802:
792:
791:
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631:
629:Marina Yurlova
626:
621:
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608:
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605:
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595:
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580:
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570:
568:Hadiach Treaty
565:
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342:
341:
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319:
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312:
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299:
298:
281:
280:
274:September 2019
260:the key points
250:
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112:
110:
103:
96:
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32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2421:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2375:. 12 May 2018
2374:
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2327:
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2315:
2314:0-7656-0396-9
2311:
2307:
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2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2256:9781351515566
2252:
2248:
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2233:
2229:
2225:
2223:9780415326148
2219:
2215:
2208:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2176:0-03-081855-9
2173:
2169:
2163:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2106:0-7146-3351-8
2103:
2099:
2093:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2061:0-7146-3351-8
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:0-8315-0035-2
2009:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1851:0-8157-9618-8
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1779:Hetman of URK
1778:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1721:Joseph Stalin
1718:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1700:and into the
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1608:This section
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:, one sotnia.
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:in 1917. The
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:Amur Cossacks
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:Ural Cossacks
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:Little Russia
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:Russian state
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:Three Nations
1254:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
991:Black Klobuks
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:Dnieper River
915:
910:
908:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:Early history
801:
799:
787:
782:
780:
775:
773:
768:
767:
765:
764:
759:
756:
754:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
685:
682:Cossack terms
681:
680:
675:
674:Ivan Vyhovsky
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:Andrei Shkuro
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
614:
610:
609:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
537:
536:
533:
530:
529:
522:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:
467:
466:
459:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
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396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
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371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:
340:
339:Cossack hosts
337:
336:
332:
331:
325:
321:
320:
317:
314:
313:
309:
305:
304:
295:
292:
277:
267:
261:
259:
254:
249:
245:
240:
239:
230:
227:February 2015
218:
213:
204:
203:
194:
191:
183:
180:February 2015
172:
169:
165:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141: –
140:
136:
135:Find sources:
129:
125:
119:
118:
113:This article
111:
107:
102:
101:
92:
89:February 2015
82:
76:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2423:(in English)
2408:
2394:(in Russian)
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2372:
2363:
2354:17 September
2352:, retrieved
2348:the original
2342:
2336:
2326:Pavel Polian
2321:
2305:
2300:
2246:
2240:
2213:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:
2188:"哥萨克人_360百科"
2182:
2168:The Cossacks
2167:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2146:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2121:
2112:
2097:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2076:
2067:
2048:
2043:
2003:
1998:
1986:
1965:
1961:(in Russian)
1956:The Cossacks
1955:
1937:
1921:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1865:
1860:
1841:
1831:
1785:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1747:
1743:
1725:
1714:
1706:
1695:
1676:
1668:
1656:
1653:World War II
1638:
1631:
1618:
1614:adding to it
1609:
1593:Red Cossacks
1582:
1536:
1516:
1512:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1468:
1456:
1452:
1401:Buh Cossacks
1389:Don Cossacks
1382:
1367:
1366:
1353:
1325:Catherine II
1322:
1303:
1266:
1245:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1105:
1084:Golden Horde
1072:
1069:Don Cossacks
1038:
1007:
995:
988:
960:Turkologists
957:
934:
911:
904:
900:
892:
888:
834:Ivan Zabelin
807:
797:
795:
649:Stepan Razin
531:
328:
287:
271:
255:
253:lead section
224:
216:
186:
177:
167:
160:
153:
146:
134:
122:Please help
117:verification
114:
86:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2281:|last=
1971:Runivers.ru
1748:During the
1677:During the
1553:Circassians
1532:Caspian Sea
1437:Krasnoyarsk
1203:Jan Matejko
1103:Cossacks".
1000:and of the
962:argue that
861:Pylyp Orlyk
639:Ivan Mazepa
561:Khmelnytsky
519: [
456: [
448:Zaporozhian
2451:Categories
1824:References
1769:Grand Rada
1717:agreements
1710:Red Square
1530:, and the
1349:New Russia
1314:Zaporozhia
1292:, and the
1280:under the
1273:The Deluge
1044:Zaporizhia
1026:Kazakhstan
1010:federation
976:Kazakhstan
945:Ukrainians
654:Ivan Sirko
418:Semirechye
150:newspapers
39:improve it
2273:cite book
2265:994145587
2232:775318938
2127:24 August
2082:24 August
2053:Routledge
2051:, p. 65.
2018:Byzantine
1951:Severians
1926:Ukrainian
1898:козарлюги
1894:Ukrainian
1890:kozarlyhi
1818:Rezā Shāh
1621:June 2008
1577:Turkomans
1546:Daghestan
1310:Hetmanate
1233:Trebizond
1221:Tsarhorod
1187:Tugay Bey
1124:Black Sea
1092:Don River
1032:, or the
906:Cossackia
857:Scythians
849:Severians
841:Scythians
715:Oseledets
593:Communism
573:Hetmanate
556:Nalyvaiko
546:Uprisings
476:Albazinan
368:Black Sea
353:Astrakhan
258:summarize
81:talk page
45:talk page
2462:Cossacks
2416:Archived
2401:Segodnya
2197:10 April
2152:10 April
2143:"百度安全验证"
2032:and the
2030:Dniester
1792:See also
1520:Caucasus
1495:stanitsa
1457:stanitsa
1453:stanitsa
1445:regiment
1341:Chigirin
1253:Szlachta
1110:and its
1098:and the
1030:Mongolia
968:Kipchaks
937:Russians
873:imperial
867:and the
845:Tanaites
810:Cossacks
735:Stanitsa
551:Kosiński
496:Nekrasov
423:Siberian
408:Orenburg
378:Caucasus
316:Cossacks
308:a series
306:Part of
2379:3 April
2022:Iranian
1914:Kazarla
1910:казарре
1906:Russian
1886:казарла
1882:Russian
1878:kazarla
1870:Russian
1786:present
1702:Balkans
1698:Romania
1660:Mogilev
1539:sotnias
1499:in lieu
1461:commune
1447:of the
1441:Irkutsk
1345:Baturyn
1237:Ahmed I
1170:became
1128:Ochakiv
1112:vassals
1048:Dnieper
1018:Ukraine
984:Kazakhs
964:Cumania
941:Khazars
930:Belarus
922:Ukraine
901:Kazakia
838:Dnieper
740:Shashka
725:Plastun
720:Papakhi
700:Kontusz
532:History
511:Turkish
501:Persian
481:Bashkir
217:updated
164:scholar
2312:
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2174:
2104:
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2010:
1930:козаре
1922:kozare
1918:(link)
1902:kazare
1874:казара
1866:kazara
1848:
1803:Hetman
1643:kulaks
1551:Kuban
1526:, the
1475:ataman
1431:, and
1308:: the
1195:Warsaw
1172:hetman
1164:chaiky
1159:chaiky
1076:Ryazan
1034:Tatars
1022:Russia
1014:Poland
949:Tatars
928:, and
926:Russia
887:named
885:leader
865:Soviet
843:) and
830:Turkic
826:Slavic
822:Khazar
814:Slavic
745:Szabla
730:Yesaul
710:Sotnia
695:Hetman
690:Ataman
491:Jewish
486:Danube
438:Ussuri
398:Greben
383:Danube
363:Baikal
166:
159:
152:
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2034:Volga
1571:Batum
1559:Terek
1229:Kaffa
1185:with
1120:Kresy
1062:Nogai
958:Some
914:Tatar
897:Kuban
893:Kazak
889:Kasak
853:Goths
812:have
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443:Volga
428:Terek
403:Kuban
171:JSTOR
157:books
2381:2019
2356:2019
2310:ISBN
2292:link
2285:help
2261:OCLC
2251:ISBN
2228:OCLC
2218:ISBN
2199:2023
2172:ISBN
2154:2023
2129:2018
2102:ISBN
2084:2018
2057:ISBN
2026:Arab
2008:ISBN
1975:DjVu
1846:ISBN
1691:Iraq
1689:and
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1528:Ural
1465:Jews
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1343:and
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1191:Lviv
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