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be individualistic and independent. They tended to be more competitive than cooperative. When individual instincts conflicted with communal concerns, individual instincts often won. However, when mine workers' economic organizations came under attack, organizational philosophies underwent a transition in order to meet the challenge.
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Early miners' organizations were generally local, and were formed in response to specific developments such as wage cuts, or new technology introduced into the mines. Early unions sought to protect miners' rights, wages, status, and working conditions. Miners in the mid-to-late 19th century tended to
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have included fraternal and union organization of miners or mine workers formed for the purpose of addressing issues such as wages, health and safety, funeral arrangements of members, or widow's benefits. Fraternal organizations have tended to focus on welfare and community; union organizations and
156:. This organization was likewise a victim of its own success, threatened wage cuts were not imposed and the organization lost vitality. An economic slowdown in 1865 finally did result in a wage cut, and when the stock market crashed that year, the miners did not organize to oppose the lower wage.
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In 1864 a new
Cornish foreman at the Comstock talked of cutting wages. The miners tied him to a bucket and delivered him to the surface with a slogan, "Dump this pile of waste dirt from Cornwall". The wage cut that he had ordered was rescinded. But new miners were hired at a lower wage, provoking
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formed the Miners' Protective
Association. The organization was formed to oppose a pending wage cut, and to create a benefit fund for sick and injured miners and their families. The wage cut did not occur, and the organization eventually faded.
167:. Like many unions of the period, the MCU ceased to exist after its first labor strike. By 1888, however, there were 43 local Knights of Labor organizations in Colorado, including several in mining communities. The Knights opted for
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108:. It celebrates a frivolous culture, yet concerns itself with the welfare of members and their families in sickness and in death.
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demonstrations by
Virginia City and Gold Hill miners. This policy was also rescinded. The miners formed the Miners' League of
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was the first hard rock miners' union in the United States to affiliate with another organization, in this case the national
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Scattered hard rock miner organizations were formed throughout the western United States between 1865 and 1892, when a
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Mark Wyman, Hard Rock Epic, Western Miners and the
Industrial Revolution, 1860-1910, 1979, pages 151-152.
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Mark Wyman, Hard Rock Epic, Western Miners and the
Industrial Revolution, 1860-1910, 1979, page 152.
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William
Philpott, The Lessons of Leadville, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 89-90.
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Roughneck: The Life and Times of Big Bill
Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, pp. 45-46,79-80.
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William
Philpott, The Lessons of Leadville, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 12.
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William
Philpott, The Lessons of Leadville, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 21.
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William
Philpott, The Lessons of Leadville, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, page 22.
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190:(WFM) was formed. The WFM followed the lead of the Knights of Labor and later, the
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One of the oldest surviving fraternal organizations focused on hard rock mining,
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federations have included economic issues and negotiations with employers.
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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The first effort to form a hard rock miners union in the
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rather than restricting itself to the narrow concept of
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Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
143:Also in 1863, a group of 300 to 400 miners at the
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159:In 1879 the Miners' Cooperative Union (MCU) in
116:An early hard rock miners' organization called
140:. That effort failed after a night of mayhem.
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29:The examples and perspective in this article
173:organizing workers according to their skills
1129:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
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1102:History of hard rock miners' organizations
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104:claims an origin in 1845 in (what is now)
67:Learn how and when to remove this message
1087:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
934:North American Aerospace Defense Command
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1305:History of mining in the United States
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169:organizing all workers in an industry
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1027:Journey to the Center of the Earth
929:Naples underground geothermal zone
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1144:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
1139:International Union of Speleology
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1134:Institution of Mining Engineers
899:Underground Great Wall of China
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80:Hard rock miners' organizations
1149:Society of Economic Geologists
1117:National Speleological Society
1067:Wonderland (fictional country)
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574:Subterranean rivers of London
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1107:National Mine Map Repository
549:Jewel Cave National Monument
194:in organizing industrially.
188:Western Federation of Miners
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1112:National Mining Association
939:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
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43:, discuss the issue on the
10:
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1052:Tunnels in popular culture
894:Underground City, Montreal
889:Underground City (Beijing)
834:816 Nuclear Military Plant
564:Mammoth Cave National Park
180:violent struggle broke out
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859:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
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186:. The following year the
1225:Underground construction
1097:Cave Research Foundation
711:Missile launch facility
584:Wind Cave National Park
212:Organized labour portal
1300:Miners' labor disputes
864:Chicago Tunnel Company
503:Subterranean waterfall
192:American Railway Union
138:Central City, Colorado
118:The Miners Association
879:Kőbánya cellar system
869:Houston tunnel system
849:Almadén Mercury Mines
844:The Caves of Ægissíða
1295:Mining organizations
1274:Subterranean warfare
1047:Subterranea (comics)
1032:Moria (Middle-earth)
1012:Allegory of the cave
996:Subterranean fiction
184:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
136:occurred in 1863 in
49:create a new article
41:improve this article
1230:Tunnel construction
954:Subterranean Toledo
949:Subterranean London
839:Caves of Maastricht
161:Leadville, Colorado
1252:Mining engineering
1237:Underground living
1062:Underland (Narnia)
977:Fictional features
756:Underground hangar
498:Subterranean river
493:Subterranean fauna
120:was formed in the
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1170:Cave conservation
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818:Ventilation shaft
597:Man-made features
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220:History of mining
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51:, as appropriate.
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1247:Mine exploration
1022:Greek Underworld
981:
980:
959:Turda Salt Mines
944:Shanghai tunnels
808:Smuggling tunnel
751:Underground base
746:Underground city
661:Dugout (shelter)
611:Air raid shelter
601:
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559:Lechuguilla Cave
539:Castellana Caves
508:Underground lake
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338:Natural features
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165:Knights of Labor
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651:Crypt Mausoleum
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579:Veryovkina Cave
569:Reed Flute Cave
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377:Communal burrow
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1163:Related topics
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33:worldwide view
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1080:Organisations
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914:Mustang Caves
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554:Kazumura Cave
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513:Volcanic pipe
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145:Comstock Lode
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134:United States
128:United States
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106:West Virginia
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96:Organizations
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57:December 2010
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1175:Cave dweller
1101:
1037:Nome Kingdom
991:Hollow Earth
904:Maginot Line
803:Storm cellar
621:Burial vault
483:Rock shelter
394:Glacier cave
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1257:Mole people
1242:Mine rescue
1190:Cave rescue
1180:Cave diving
924:Mogao Caves
854:Coober Pedy
813:Spider hole
791:Septic tank
731:Root cellar
382:Paleoburrow
331:Subterranea
1289:Categories
1269:Speleology
1262:in fiction
1042:Pellucidar
884:Kome Caves
534:Balve Cave
478:Pit crater
434:Talus cave
357:Ant colony
226:References
1185:Cave gate
1057:Underdark
1005:Exemplars
827:Exemplars
766:Wine cave
641:Catacombs
527:Exemplars
424:Show cave
414:Lava tube
409:Lava cave
124:in 1858.
45:talk page
798:Stepwell
786:Sewerage
696:Hypogeum
676:Erdstall
666:Dry well
646:Casemate
626:Borehole
616:Basement
488:Sinkhole
419:Pit Cave
404:Ice cave
198:See also
39:You may
1092:Bergamt
1017:Batcave
964:Yaodong
701:Manhole
691:Foxhole
656:Dungeon
362:Aquifer
87:History
1200:Caving
1122:Grotto
736:Tunnel
721:Quarry
631:Bunker
518:Warren
441:Cenote
399:Grotto
367:Burrow
352:Alcove
984:Types
686:Fogou
604:Types
446:Karst
345:Types
47:, or
761:Well
706:Mine
466:Nest
389:Cave
471:Bee
182:at
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251:^
175:.
323:e
316:t
309:v
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55:(
37:.
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