1572:(present-day Aali an Nil)--under a regional president appointed by the national president on the recommendation of an elected Southern Regional Assembly. The High Executive Council or cabinet named by the regional president would be responsible for all aspects of government in the region except such areas as defense, foreign affairs, currency and finance, economic and social planning, and interregional concerns, authority over which would be retained by the national government in which southerners would be represented. Southerners, including qualified Anyanya veterans, would be incorporated into a 12,000-man southern command of the Sudanese army under equal numbers of northern and southern officers. The accords also recognized Arabic as Sudan's official language, and English as the south's principal language, which would be used in administration and would be taught in the schools.
1657:. In what became known as the "national reconciliation," the two leaders signed an eight-point agreement that readmitted the opposition to national life in return for the dissolution of the National Front. The agreement also restored civil liberties, freed political prisoners, reaffirmed Sudan's nonaligned foreign policy, and promised to reform local government. As a result of the reconciliation, the government released about 1,000 detainees and granted an amnesty to Sadiq al Mahdi. The SSU also admitted former supporters of the National Front to its ranks. Sadiq renounced multiparty politics and urged his followers to work within the regime's one-party system.
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1426:, in the belief that the government had decided to strike at the Ansar movement. The Imam had demanded a return to democratic government, the exclusion of communists from power, and an end to RCC rule. In March 1970, hostile Ansar crowds prevented Nimeiri from visiting the island for talks with the imam. Fighting subsequently erupted between government forces and as many as 30,000 Ansar. When the Ansar ignored an ultimatum to surrender, army units with air support assaulted Aba Island. Around 3,000 people died during the battle. The Imam escaped only to be killed while attempting to cross the border into
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1469:, surprised Nimeiri and the RCC meeting in the presidential palace and seized them along with a number of pro-Nimeiri officers. Atta named a seven-member revolutionary council, in which communists ranked prominently, to serve as the national government. Three days after the coup, however, loyal army units stormed the palace, rescued Nimeiri, and arrested Atta and his confederates. Nimeiri, who blamed the SCP for the coup, ordered the arrest of hundreds of communists and dissident military officers. The government subsequently executed some of these individuals and imprisoned many others.
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1707:, were bitterly resented both by secularized Muslims and by the predominantly non-Muslim southerners. Even some conservative Muslims were suspicious of morality laws that banned, for example, "attempted adultery" as they felt there was no Islamic basis for it.(source Mansur Khalid) The SPLM denounced the sharia and the executions and amputations ordered by religious courts. Meanwhile, the security situation in the south had deteriorated so much that by the end of 1983 it amounted to a resumption of the civil war.
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the SSLM. After considerable consultation, a conference between SSLM and
Sudanese government delegations convened at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in February 1972. Initially, the two sides were far apart, the southerners demanding a federal state with a separate southern government and an army that would come under the federal president's command only in response to an external threat to Sudan. Eventually, however, the two sides, with the help of Ethiopia's Emperor
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trial thousands of opponents and dissidents. Nimeiri also dismissed or transferred any minister or senior military officer who appeared to be developing his own power base. Nimeiri selected replacements based on their loyalty to him rather than on their abilities. This strategy caused the president to lose touch with popular feeling and the country's deteriorated political situation.
1383:(RCC), which possessed collective executive authority under Nimeiri's chairmanship. On assuming control, the RCC proclaimed the establishment of a "democratic republic" dedicated to advancing independent "Sudanese socialism." The RCC's first acts included the suspension of the Transitional Constitution, the abolition of all government institutions, and the banning of
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special position in the country, recognized the sharia as the source of all legislation, and released some members of religious orders who had been incarcerated. However, a reconciliation with conservative groups, which had organized outside Sudan under Sadiq al Mahdi's leadership and were later known as the
National Front, eluded Nimeiri.
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The end of the SSU's political monopoly, coupled with rampant corruption at all levels of government, cast increasing doubt on
Nimeiri's ability to govern Sudan. To preserve his regime, Nimeiri adopted a more dictatorial leadership style. He ordered the State Security Organisation to imprison without
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Militarily, the
Anyanya controlled much of the southern countryside while government forces occupied the region's major towns. The guerrillas operated at will from remote camps. However, rebel units were too small and scattered to be highly effective in any single area. Estimates of Anyanya personnel
1402:
In
November 1969, after he claimed the regime could not survive without communist assistance, Awadallah lost the prime ministership. Nimeiri, who became head of a largely civilian government in addition to being chief of state, succeeded him. Awadallah retained his position as RCC deputy chairman and
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Although many SSLM leaders opposed the settlement, Lagu approved its terms and both sides agreed to a cease-fire. The national government issued a decree legalizing the agreement and creating an international armistice commission to ensure the well-being of returning southern refugees. Khartoum also
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Despite his political problems, Nimeiri remained committed to ending the southern insurgency. He believed he could stop the fighting and stabilize the region by granting regional self-government and undertaking economic development in the south. By
October 1971, Khartoum had established contact with
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tanks, armored personnel carriers, and aircraft, the nation failed to deliver any equipment to
Khartoum by May 1969. During this period, Sudan obtained some Soviet-manufactured weapons from Egypt, most of which went to the Sudanese air force. By the end of 1969, however, the Soviet Union had shipped
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Government operations against the rebels declined after the 1969 coup. However, when negotiations failed to result in a settlement, Khartoum increased troop strength in the south to about 12,000 in 1969, and intensified military activity throughout the region. Although the Soviet Union had concluded
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In early 1985, anti-government discontent resulted in a general strike in
Khartoum. Demonstrators opposed rising food, gasoline, and transport costs. The general strike paralyzed the country. Nimeiri, who was on a visit to the United States, was unable to suppress the rapidly growing demonstrations
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In May 1973, the
Constituent Assembly promulgated a draft constitution. This document provided for a continuation of presidential government, recognized the SSU as the only authorized political organization, and supported regional autonomy for the south. The constitution also stipulated that voters
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After the settlement in the south, Nimeiri attempted to mend fences with northern Muslim religious groups. The government undertook administrative decentralization, popular with the Ansar, that favored rural over urban areas, where leftist activism was most evident. Khartoum also reaffirmed Islam's
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In August 1972, Nimeiri sought to consolidate his position by creating a
Constituent Assembly to draft a permanent constitution. He then asked for the government's resignation to allow him to appoint a cabinet whose members were drawn from the Constituent Assembly. Nimeiri excluded individuals who
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recruits and shipped weapons via Ethiopia and Uganda to the rebels. The Anyanya also purchased arms from Congolese rebels and international arms dealers with monies collected in the south and from among southern Sudanese exile communities in the Middle East, Western Europe, and North America. The
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Discontent with Nimeiri's policies and the increased military role in government escalated as a result of food shortages and the southern settlement, which many Muslim conservatives regarded as surrender. In 1973 and 1974 there were unsuccessful coup attempts against Nimeiri. Muslims and leftist
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to stand for election as independent candidates. These independents won 140 of 304 seats, leading many observers to applaud Nimeiri's efforts to democratize Sudan's political system. However, the People's Assembly elections marked the beginning of further political decline. The SSU's failure to
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indicated that trade unions, a traditional communist stronghold, would be placed under government control. The RCC also banned communist affiliated student, women's, and professional organizations. Additionally, Nimeiri announced the planned formation of a national political movement called the
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Awadallah – appointed prime minister to form a new government that would implement RCC policy directives – wanted to dispel the notion that the coup had installed a military dictatorship. He presided over a twenty-one-member cabinet that included only three officers from the RCC, among them its
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Soon after the army had crushed the Ansar at Aba Island, Nimeiri moved against the SCP. He ordered the deportation of Abdel Khaliq Mahjub. Then, when the SCP secretary general returned to Sudan illegally after several months abroad, Nimeiri placed him under house arrest. In March 1971, Nimeiri
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Having survived the SCP-inspired coup, Nimeiri reaffirmed his commitment to establishing a socialist state. A provisional constitution, published in August 1971, described Sudan as a "socialist democracy" and provided for a presidential form of government to replace the RCC. A plebiscite the
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sponsor official candidates weakened party discipline and prompted many assembly deputies who also were SSU members to claim that the party had betrayed them. As a result, an increasing number of assembly deputies used their offices to advance personal rather than national interests.
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On June 5, 1983, Nimeiri sought to counter the south's growing political power by redividing the Southern Region into the three old provinces of Bahr al Ghazal, Al Istiwai, and Aali an Nil; he had suspended the Southern Regional Assembly almost two years earlier. The southern-based
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students also staged strikes against the government. In September 1974, Nimeiri responded to this unrest by declaring a state of emergency, purging the SSU, and arresting large numbers of dissidents. Nimeiri also replaced some cabinet members with military personnel loyal to him.
1399:. Since the RCC lacked political and administrative experience, the communists played a significant role in shaping government policies and programs. Despite the influence of individual SCP members, the RCC claimed that its cooperation with the party was a matter of convenience.
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After neutralizing this conservative opposition, the RCC concentrated on consolidating its political organization to phase out communist participation in the government. This strategy prompted an internal debate within the SCP. The orthodox wing, led by party secretary general
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chairman, Nimeiri, who was also defense minister. The cabinet's other military members held the portfolios for internal security and communications. Nine members of the Awadallah regime were allegedly communists, including one of the two southerners in the cabinet,
1545:(SSLM). Anyanya leaders united behind him, and nearly all exiled southern politicians supported the SSLM. Although the SSLM created a governing infrastructure throughout many areas of southern Sudan, real power remained with Anyanya, with Lagu at its head.
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groups. He justified the coup on the grounds that civilian politicians had paralyzed the decision-making process, had failed to deal with the country's economic and regional problems, and had left Sudan without a permanent constitution.
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as the faith of a large number of Sudanese citizens. In May 1974, voters selected 125 members for the assembly; SSU-affiliated occupational and professional groups named 100; and the president appointed the remaining 25.
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Following the 1976 coup attempt, Nimeiri and his opponents adopted more conciliatory policies. In early 1977, government officials met with the National Front in London, and arranged for a conference between Nimeiri and
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1625:. Government soldiers quickly restored order by killing more than 700 rebels in Khartoum and arresting scores of dissidents, including many prominent religious leaders. Despite this unrest, in the
1489:. By the late 1960s, the war had resulted in the deaths of about 500,000 people. Several hundred thousand more southerners hid in the forests or escaped to refugee camps in neighboring countries.
1387:. The RCC also nationalized many industries, businesses, and banks. Furthermore, Nimeiri ordered the arrest of sixty-three civilian politicians and forcibly retired senior army officers.
1458:(SSU), which would assume control of all political parties, including the SCP. After this speech, the government arrested the SCP's central committee and other leading communists.
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The first test of national reconciliation occurred during the February 1978 People's Assembly elections. Nimeiri authorized returning exiles who had been associated with the old
1450:, demanded a popular front government with communists participating as equal partners. The National Communist wing, on the other hand, supported cooperation with the government.
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were to choose members for the 250-seat People's Assembly from an SSU-approved slate. Although it cited Islam as Sudan's official religion, the constitution acknowledged
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The origins of the civil war in the south date back to the 1950s. On August 18, 1955, the Equatoria Corps, a military unit composed of southerners, mutinied at
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Conservative opposition to Nimeiri coalesced in the National Front, formed in 1974. The National Front included people from Sadiq's wing of Umma; the
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The SCP, however, retained a covert organization that was not damaged in the sweep. Before further action could be taken against the party, the SCP
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transport aircraft. Over the next two years, the Soviet Union delivered an impressive array of equipment to Sudan, including
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By 1969 the rebels had developed foreign contacts to obtain weapons and supplies. Israel, for example, trained
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regime. Nimeiry's coup preempted plots by other groups, most of which involved army factions supported by the
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had opposed the southern settlement or who had been identified with the SSU's pro-Egyptian faction.
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promised to keep him under guard to prevent him from succeeding his uncle as head of the Ansar.
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remained in the government as foreign minister and as an important link with leftist elements.
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a US$ 100 million to US$ 150 million arms agreement with Sudan in August 1968, which included
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as the basis of the Sudanese legal system. Nimeiri's decrees, which became known as the
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against Nimeiri. The coup occurred on July 19, 1971, when one of the plotters, Major
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guaranteed autonomy for a southern region—composed of the three provinces of
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1430:. The government exiled al-Hadi al-Mahdi's nephew and former Prime Minister
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ousted him from power. At the subsequent elections the pro-Islamist leader
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rebels also captured arms, equipment, and supplies from government troops.
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1728:(who had attempted a coup against Nimeiry in 1976) became prime minister.
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Nimeiri was reelected with 98.3% voter turn out, having run unopposed.
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announced an amnesty, retroactive to 1955. The two sides signed the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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following month elected Nimeiri to a six-year term as president.
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sworn into the government after the 1977 National Reconciliation
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Within a few months, in September 1983 Nimeiri proclaimed the
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On 25 May 1969, several young officers calling themselves the
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1341:. At the conspiracy's core were nine officers led by Colonel
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1832:"The Sudan, 1985-9: The Fading Democracy Kamal Osman Salih"
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393:"We are the Soldiers of God, the Soldiers of the Nation"
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on March 27, 1972, which was thereafter celebrated as
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unknown quantities of 85mm antiaircraft guns, sixteen
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During this time, Nimeiri moved closer to Islamism.
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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732:2,530,397 km (976,992 sq mi) (
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3234:States and territories disestablished in 1985
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1410:, posed the greatest threat to the RCC. Imam
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205:introducing citations to additional sources
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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274:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
2473:Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
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195:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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1501:strength ranged from 5,000 to 10,000.
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1690:Sudanese People's Liberation Movement
1623:July 1976 Ansar-inspired coup attempt
2483:Second Transitional Military Council
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99:adding citations to reliable sources
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2438:First Transitional Military Council
1621:. Their activity crystallized in a
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305:Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah
27:Northeast African state (1969–1985)
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1692:(SPLM) and its military wing, the
1543:Southern Sudan Liberation Movement
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2493:2019–2021 transition to democracy
1720:led by his defense minister Gen.
1694:Sudanese People's Liberation Army
804:Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019)
791:Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)
45:This article has multiple issues.
3244:1985 disestablishments in Africa
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188:relies largely or entirely on a
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3224:Contemporary history by country
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387:Naḥnu Jund Allah, Jund Al-waṭan
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1840:. Cambridge University Press.
216:"Democratic Republic of Sudan"
110:"Democratic Republic of Sudan"
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1381:Revolutionary Command Council
1371:Revolutionary Command Council
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3239:1969 establishments in Sudan
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1487:first war in southern Sudan
1319:Egyptian revolution of 1952
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3249:Former socialist republics
3219:History of Sudan by period
2351:Pre-independence governors
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1722:Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab
1627:1977 Presidential election
1564:(present-day Al Istiwai),
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2423:National Reconciliation
1718:bloodless military coup
1716:against his regime. A
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1615:National Unionist Party
570:Mohamed Al-Baghir Ahmed
373:نحن جند الله، جند الوطن
2463:United Nations Mission
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1311:Free Officers Movement
964:6th cent. – 15th cent.
606:Omar Muhammad al-Tayib
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2443:Coalitions/Bashir Era
2356:Pre and early history
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1578:Addis Ababa Agreement
1456:Sudan Socialist Union
1414:had withdrawn to his
930: – 16th cent. BC
490:military dictatorship
433:Common languages
1477:The Southern Problem
1000:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
980:Turco-Egyptian Sudan
954: – 4th cent. AD
942: – 9th cent. BC
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1558:Addis Ababa accords
1448:Abdel Khaliq Mahjub
1317:who instigated the
1056:Democratic Republic
3254:Socialism in Sudan
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2371:Turkish occupation
1783:Emblem (1970–1985)
1771:Emblem (1969–1970)
1670:Muslim Brotherhood
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795:
663:• 1977–1985
651:• 1976–1977
641:• 1969–1976
601:• 1982–1985
589:• 1979–1982
577:• 1976–1979
565:• 1972–1976
553:• 1971–1972
541:• 1969–1971
511:• 1969–1985
406:
362:"Victory is ours"
284:
283:
276:
266:
265:
251:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
3261:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3159:
2960:
2959:
2926:
2913:
2881:
2880:
2770:
2769:
2636:
2635:
2609:
2608:
2529:
2528:
2428:Second Civil War
2339:
2338:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2295:
2294:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1873:
1872:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1828:
1807:History of Sudan
1792:
1780:
1768:
1757:Flag (1970–1985)
1754:
1745:Flag (1969–1970)
1742:
1678:Hassan al-Turabi
1412:al-Hadi al-Mahdi
1339:history of Sudan
1329:and started the
1299:
1292:
1285:
1152:
1079:Second Civil War
1019:
1018:
928:c. 25th cent. BC
917:
913:
902:
901:
868:
858:
840:
839:
812:
811:
800:
799:
787:
786:
780:
779:
764:
763:
635:Babiker Awadalla
546:Babiker Awadalla
448:
418:
408:
407:
394:
383:
375:
374:
340:
324:
297:
286:
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79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3269:
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3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3209:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3142:
3057:
2945:
2924:
2911:
2866:
2862:State Governors
2755:
2737:
2630:
2607:
2514:
2398:First Civil War
2328:
2322:
2292:
2287:
1929:
1922:
1882:Country Studies
1879:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1781:
1772:
1769:
1758:
1755:
1746:
1743:
1734:
1713:
1711:Unrest and coup
1635:
1590:
1479:
1463:launched a coup
1373:
1368:
1303:
1267:
1179:
1150:
1146:
1125:2019 Revolution
1108:
1070:
1047:
1041:1964 Revolution
1023:First Civil War
953:
948:Kingdom of Kush
941:
929:
891:
856:
849:
831:
809:
784:
729:
708:
695:
664:
652:
642:
632:
602:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:
512:
463:
459:
444:
440:
436:
409:
399:
396:
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384:
377:
361:
360:
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333:
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325:
307:
303:
296:
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280:
269:
268:
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262:
256:
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210:
208:
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182:
167:
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147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3200:15.633; 32.533
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
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3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3098:
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3083:
3078:
3073:
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3056:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3046:Public toilets
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2977:Child marriage
2974:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2915:
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2902:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2857:Vice President
2854:
2849:
2847:Prime Minister
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2826:September Laws
2819:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:South Kordofan
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:North Kordofan
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Central Darfur
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2621:Climate change
2617:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2508:2023 Civil war
2505:
2500:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Communist coup
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327: articles
2321:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:(1956–present)
1921:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:Sadiq al-Mahdi
1712:
1709:
1705:September Laws
1651:Sadiq al Mahdi
1642:Sadiq al-Mahdi
1634:
1631:
1589:
1586:
1566:Bahr al Ghazal
1551:Haile Selassie
1478:
1475:
1467:Hashem al Atta
1432:Sadiq al-Mahdi
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1343:Gaafar Nimeiry
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
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1220:
1215:
1210:
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1200:
1195:
1189:
1186:
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1177:
1172:
1166:
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1127:
1119:
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1112:
1109:
1107:
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1104:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1084:
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1075:
1074:
1071:
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1066:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
986:
985:
982:
976:
975:
972:
966:
965:
962:
956:
955:
950:
944:
943:
938:
932:
931:
926:
920:
919:
908:
898:
897:
893:
892:
890:
889:
884:
879:
873:
870:
869:
861:
860:
851:
850:
843:
836:
835:
826:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
806:
797:
794:
793:
788:
776:
775:
770:
760:
759:
754:
748:
747:
745:Sudanese pound
742:
738:
737:
730:
727:
724:
723:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
706:Disestablished
703:
700:
699:
696:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
677:
676:Historical era
673:
672:
669:
668:
667:Gaafar Nimeiry
665:
662:
659:
658:
653:
650:
647:
646:
645:Gaafar Nimeiry
643:
640:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
617:Prime minister
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
600:
597:
596:
591:
588:
585:
584:
579:
576:
573:
572:
567:
564:
561:
560:
555:
552:
549:
548:
543:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
527:Vice President
523:
522:
519:
518:
516:Gaafar Nimeiry
513:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
474:
468:
467:
454:
450:
449:
434:
430:
429:
424:
420:
419:
411:
410:
397:
364:
363:
358:
352:
351:
342:
335:
334:
326:
319:
318:
317:
314:
313:
309:
308:
294:
292:
289:
282:
281:
264:
263:
199:. Please help
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3266:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2994:Ethnic groups
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:West Kordofan
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Peace process
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:War in Darfur
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1876:public domain
1868:
1867:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
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1652:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
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1249:
1246:
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1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
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2812:Human rights
2787:Constitution
2713:South Darfur
2683:North Darfur
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2366:Islamization
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728:• Total
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631:• 1969
465:Christianity
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3198: /
3133:Photography
3128:Decorations
2888:Agriculture
2816:LGBT rights
2777:Ambassadors
2723:West Darfur
2668:East Darfur
2586:Butterflies
2413:Nimeiry Era
1539:Joseph Lagu
1526:tanks; and
1514:, and five
1393:John Garang
1331:Nimeiry era
1327:coup d'état
1313:(after the
1238:Photography
1233:Decorations
896:Before 1956
855:History of
833:South Sudan
768:Preceded by
698:25 May 1969
693:Coup d'état
656:Rashid Bakr
347:(1970–1985)
331:(1970–1985)
3213:Categories
3113:Literature
2999:minorities
2925:(currency)
2842:Parliament
2797:Corruption
2733:White Nile
2703:River Nile
2653:Al Qadarif
1818:References
1668:, and the
1662:Umma Party
1655:Port Sudan
1570:Upper Nile
1416:Aba Island
1335:May Regime
1258:Television
1218:Literature
1208:Demography
1013:Since 1955
906:Prehistory
558:Abel Alier
472:Government
391:(English:
227:newspapers
121:newspapers
50:improve it
3036:Squatting
3011:Languages
2989:Education
2941:Transport
2905:Companies
2852:President
2802:Elections
2746:Districts
2658:Blue Nile
2556:Volcanoes
2546:Mountains
2524:Geography
2478:2019 coup
2448:1989 coup
2433:1985 coup
2408:1969 coup
2403:1958 coup
1924:Years in
1851:21 August
1562:Equatoria
1337:, in the
1213:Languages
1161:By region
1135:2021 Coup
1130:2019 Coup
1111:1986–2019
1102:1989 Coup
1097:1985 Coup
1083:1983–2005
1073:1969–1985
1064:1969 Coup
1050:1956–1969
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483:socialist
480:one-party
453:Religion
359:النصر لنا
312:1969–1985
197:talk page
56:talk page
3166:Category
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3021:Refugees
2972:Polygamy
2967:Marriage
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2822:Islamism
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2693:Northern
2678:Khartoum
2601:Reptiles
2561:Wildlife
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2361:Medieval
2346:Timeline
1938:Pre-1956
1801:See also
1537:In 1971
1438:, where
1428:Ethiopia
1424:Khartoum
1397:Marxists
1273:Timeline
1243:Religion
1203:Economic
1184:By topic
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846:a series
844:Part of
741:Currency
680:Cold War
488:under a
486:republic
427:Khartoum
3186:32°32′E
3183:15°38′N
3157:Outline
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3041:Toilets
3031:Slavery
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2782:Cabinet
2698:Red Sea
2673:Kassala
2571:Mammals
2536:Geology
2386:History
2334:History
1864:Sources
1732:Gallery
1532:BTR-152
1512:MiG-21s
1494:Anyanya
1422:, near
1366:History
1353:(SCP),
1248:Slavery
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1926:Sudan
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1837:JSTOR
1516:AN-24
1483:Torit
1436:Egypt
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1253:Sport
1228:Music
1223:Media
1193:Coups
1149:2019–
916:cent.
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857:Sudan
829:Sudan
721:Area
457:Islam
248:JSTOR
234:books
142:JSTOR
128:books
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3016:LGBT
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2278:2023
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1420:Nile
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220:news
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1653:in
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