History of Jamaica

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production and had abandoned all thoughts of nationalising industry. He cited the PNP's desire to continue the market-oriented policies of the JLP government, but with a more participatory approach. Prime Minister Edward Seaga ran on his record of economic growth and the reduction of unemployment in Jamaica, using the campaign slogan "Don't Let Them Wreck It Again" to refer to Manley's tenure as prime minister. Seaga during his tenure as prime minister emphasised the need to tighten public sector spending and cut close to 27,000 public sector jobs in 1983 and 1984. He shifted his plans as elections neared with a promise to spend J$ 1 billion on a five-year Social Well-Being Programme, which would build new hospitals and schools in Jamaica. Foreign policy also played a role in the 1989 election. Prime Minister Edward Seaga emphasised his relations with the United States, a relationship that saw Jamaica receiving considerable economic aid from the U.S. and additional loans from international institutions. Manley pledged better relations with the United States while at the same time pledging to restore diplomatic relations with Cuba that had been cut under Seaga. With Manley as prime minister,

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enslaved sold as age, weight, and vitality effected price range. With a safe system of commerce and the rising prices of sugar, the opportunity to make riches presented itself and attracted thousands of merchants and sailors looking to gain riches. Most of the slaves and their sales would be run through middlemen known as "Guinea Factors" who served as "the indispensable nexus between the transatlantic slave trade and the plantation complex," according to Radburn. These factors were instrumental in keeping the slave trade and economy running smoothly, as everything went in and out through them. Records of some of the factors and how many slaves they sold show just how much their work perpetuated the slave economy. From 1785 to 1796, five factors sold 78,258 slaves combined, with a Alexandre Lindo accounting for 25,706 of them a 17% share of the entire Jamaican slave trade. Such a large amount of slaves sold by one man in a little over ten years shows just how popular and profitable the slave market had become.

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missionaries from England, and the Methodists in turn were denounced as troublemakers. The Church of England in Jamaica established the Jamaica Home and Foreign Missionary Society in 1861; its mission stations multiplied, with financial help from religious organizations in London. The Society sent its own missionaries to West Africa. Baptist missions grew rapidly, thanks to missionaries from England and the United States, and became the largest denomination by 1900. Baptist missionaries denounced the apprentice system as a form of slavery. In the 1870s and 1880s, the Methodists opened a high school and a theological college. Other Protestant groups included the Moravians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Seventh-day Adventist, Church of God, and others. There were several thousand Roman Catholics. The population was largely Christian by 1900, and most families were linked with the church or a Sunday School. Traditional pagan practices persisted in an unorganized fashion, such as witchcraft.

1486:. The rebellion was sparked on 7 October, when a black man was put on trial and imprisoned for allegedly trespassing on a long-abandoned plantation. During the proceedings, James Geoghegon, a black spectator, disrupted the trial, and in the police's attempts to seize him to remove him from the courthouse, a fight broke out between the police and other spectators. While pursuing Geoghegon, two policemen were beaten with sticks and stones. The following Monday, arrest warrants were issued for several men for rioting, resisting arrest, and assaulting the police. Among them was Baptist preacher Paul Bogle. A few days later on 11 October, Mr. Paul Bogle marched with a group of protesters to Morant Bay. When the group arrived at the courthouse they were met by a small and inexperienced volunteer militia. The crowd began pelting the militia with rocks and sticks, and the militia opened fire on the group, killing seven black protesters before retreating. 1265:(Caribbean witch doctors) quickly circulated around the camp dispensing a powder that they claimed would protect the men from injury in battle and loudly proclaimed that an Obeahman could not be killed. The confidence was high. Soon there were 70 to 80 mounted militia on their way along with some Maroons from Scott's Hall, who were bound by treaty to suppress such rebellions. When the militia learned of the Obeahman's boast of not being able to be killed, an Obeahman was captured, killed, and hung with his mask, ornaments of teeth and bone and feather trimmings at a prominent place visible from the encampment of rebels. Many of the rebels, confidence shaken, returned to their plantations. Tacky and 25 or so men decided to fight on. Tacky and his men went running through the woods being chased by the Maroons and their legendary marksman, 2537: 3096:, which made landfall in September 1988 and decimated the island. The hurricane caused almost $ 1 billion worth of damage to the island, with banana and coffee crops wiped out and thousands of homes destroyed. Both parties engaged in campaigning through the distribution of relief supplies, a hallmark of the Jamaican patronage system. Political commentators noted that prior to the hurricane, Edward Seaga and the JLP trailed Michael Manley and the PNP by twenty points in opinion polls. The ability to provide relief as the party in charge allowed Seaga to improve his standing among voters and erode the inevitability of Manley's victory. However, scandals related to the relief effort cost Seaga and the JLP some of the gains made immediately following the hurricane. Scandals that emerged included National Security Minister 1086:

the slave market and the economics of the West Indies. Towards the end of the 18th century, Jamaica became the leader of sugar production for the British empire, producing up to 66% of the empire's sugar in 1796. The price of sugar would rise tremendously as the market for sugar in Great Britain was large, especially with the rich. From 1748 to 1755, the value of sugar exportations from Jamaica increased by nearly three times, going from £688,000 to £1,618,000 over the period. With the high demand for sugar out of Jamaica, the demand for slaves increased, leading to an increase in prices for slaves. From 1750 to 1807, the average price for a slave in the Caribbean would continue to steadily rise, reaching a high of £73 in 1805. Prices soared towards the dawn of the new century as a result of the plantation system in

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cushion the negative effects of liberalisation. A Social Support Programme was introduced to provide welfare assistance for poor Jamaicans. In addition, the programme focused on creating direct employment, training, and credit for much of the population. The government also announced a 50% increase in the number of food stamps for the most vulnerable groups (including pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children) was announced. A small number of community councils were also created. In addition, a limited land reform programme was carried out that leased and sold the land to small farmers, and land plots were granted to hundreds of farmers. The government also had an admirable record in housing provision, while measures were also taken to protect consumers from illegal and unfair business practices.

1742: 3465: 1516:, to hunt down the poorly armed rebels and bring Paul Bogle back to Morant Bay for trial. The troops met with no organized resistance, yet they killed blacks indiscriminately, most of whom had not been involved in the riot or rebellion. According to one soldier, "We slaughtered all before us... man or woman or child.” In the end, 439 black Jamaicans were killed directly by soldiers, and 354 more (including Paul Bogle) were arrested and later executed, some without proper trials. Paul Bogle was executed "either the same evening he was tried or the next morning." Other punishments included the flogging of over 600 men and women (including some pregnant women), and long prison sentences. Thousands of homes belonging to black Jamaicans were burned down without any justifiable reason. 1754: 1464:

balance the gender ratio to 50-50. The reason for buying women in higher amounts was so that they could give birth to more slaves. This served two purposes, one was to supply their labor force even in the eventual passing of emancipation, and secondly to cut down on future spending by instead having your slave be born instead of purchased. Minimizing spending became a large priority following emancipation and the decline of the sugar based economy of Jamaica, making running a plantation very expensive. Merchants still found a way to stay wealthy in the wake of emancipation through the importation of British goods into Spanish America, enabling communities such as Kingston that were built on the economy of the slave trade to see continued economic prosperity.

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plantation cost about £2400 per year, which was about double of what it had cost in the years before 1839. Some planters attempted to tie the now free laborers to the land by making them have to pay rent if they worked and lived on the plantation. Many laborers of course rejected these arrangements, as with a declining plantation economy they sought to separate themselves from the plantation. Following these trends, the market for many of these workers declined on the plantation and shifted to the more urban centers such as Kingston, leaving the plantation economy of Jamaica behind.

1222: 1273: 8623: 146: 2674:. Under Manley, Jamaica established a minimum wage for all workers, including domestic workers. In 1974, Manley proposed free education from primary school to university. The introduction of universally free secondary education was a major step in removing the institutional barriers to the private sector and preferred government jobs that required secondary diplomas. The PNP government in 1974 also formed the Jamaica Movement for the Advancement of Literacy (JAMAL), which administered adult education programs with the goal of involving 100,000 adults a year. 3317: 3056: 2613: 1522:, Jamaican-born plantation owner, businessman and politician, who was the mixed-race son of Scottish-born plantation owner of Cherry Gardens in St. Andrew, Joseph Gordon, and his black enslaved mistress. Gordon, had been critical of Governor John Eyre and his policies, and was later arrested by the Governor who believed he had been behind the rebellion. Despite having very little to do with the rebellion, Gordon was eventually executed. Though he was arrested in Kingston, he was transferred by Eyre to Morant Bay, where he could be tried under 530: 2627: 2904: 1805: 1661:. The government consisted of the Legislative Council and the executive Privy Council containing members of both chambers of the House of Assembly, but the Colonial Office exercised effective power through a presiding British governor. The council included a few handpicked prominent Jamaicans for the sake of appearance only. In the late 19th century, crown colony rule was modified; representation and limited self-rule were reintroduced gradually into Jamaica after 1884. The colony's legal structure was reformed along the lines of 1253: 2360:, one prominent example of state violence against Rastafarians, where following a violent confrontation between Rastafarians and police forces at a gas station, Bustamante issued the police and military an order to "bring in all Rastas, dead or alive." 54 years later, following a government investigation into the incident, the government of Jamaica issued an apology, taking unequivocal responsibility for the Bustamante government's actions and making significant financial reparations to remaining survivors of the incident. 4186: 1595: 1778: 1157:, described by British planters as a short, almost dwarf-like man who for years fought skilfully and bravely to maintain his people's independence. Some writers maintain that during the conflict, Cudjoe became increasingly disillusioned, and quarrelled with his lieutenants and with other Maroon groups. He felt that the only hope for the future was a peace treaty with the enemy which recognized the independence of the Leeward Maroons. In 1742, Cudjoe had to suppress a rebellion of Leeward Maroons against the treaty. 1674:. The elected members of this body were in a permanent minority and without any influence or administrative power. The unstated alliance – based on shared color, attitudes, and interest – between the British officials and the Jamaican upper class was reinforced in London, where the West India Committee lobbied for Jamaican interests. Jamaica's white or near-white propertied class continued to hold the dominant position in every respect; the vast majority of the black population remained poor and disenfranchised. 1358:. By the 1820s, Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come housed between 50 and 60 runaways. The headmen of the community were escaped slaves named Warren and Forbes. Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come also conducted a thriving trade with slaves from the north coast, who exchanged their salt provisions with the runaways for their ground provisions. In October 1824, the colonial militias tried to destroy this community. However, the community of Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come continued to thrive in the Cockpit Country until Emancipation in the 1830s. 2143:(JLP). The new party, whose leaders were of a lower class than those of the PNP, was supported by conservative businessmen and 60,000 dues-paying BITU members, who encompassed dock and sugar plantation workers and other unskilled urban laborers. On his release in 1943, Bustamante began building up the JLP. Meanwhile, several PNP leaders organized the leftist-oriented Trade Union Congress (TUC). Thus, from an early stage in modern Jamaica, unionized labor was an integral part of organized political life. 1381:

known as Colonel Johnson of Retrieve Estate, about 150 strong with 50 guns among them. Colonel Johnson's Black Regiment clashed with a local militia led by Colonel Grignon at old Montpelier on December 28. The militia retreated to Montego Bay while the Black Regiment advanced an invasion of estates in the hills, inviting more slaves to join while burning houses, fields, and other properties, setting off a trail of fires through the Great River Valley in Westmoreland and St. Elizabeth to St James.

900:, brought with him in 1662 a proclamation from the king giving Jamaica's non-slave populace the same rights as those of English citizens, including the right to make their own laws. Although he spent only ten weeks in Jamaica, Lord Windsor laid the foundations of a governing system that was to last for two centuries — a crown-appointed governor acting with the advice of a nominated council in the legislature. The legislature consisted of the governor and an elected but highly unrepresentative 867:, and he was never defeated by the English. Throughout the seventeenth century, and in the first few decades of the eighteenth century, Maroon forces frequently defeated the British in small-scale skirmishes. The British colonial authorities dispatched numerous expeditions in an attempt to subdue them, but the Maroons successfully fought a guerrilla campaign against the British in the mountainous interior, and forced the British government to seek peace terms to end the expensive conflict. 3026: 605: 2509: 1880: 1535: 1766: 13924: 3041: 3555: 991:. The Karmahaly Maroons, led by Juan de Serras, continued to stay in the forested mountains, and periodically fought the English. In the 1670s and 1680s, in his capacity as an owner of a large slave plantation, Morgan led three campaigns against the Jamaican Maroons of Juan de Serras. Morgan achieved some success against the Maroons, who withdrew further into the Blue Mountains, where they were able to stay out of the reach of Morgan and his forces. 1611:, by the 1920s the typical sugar plantation on the island had increased to an average of 266 hectares. But, as noted, smallscale agriculture in Jamaica survived the consolidation of land by sugar powers. The number of small holdings in fact tripled between 1865 and 1930, thus retaining a large portion of the population as peasantry. Most of the expansion in small holdings took place before 1910, with farms averaging between two and twenty hectares. 13934: 3929: 8723: 246: 9356: 796: 8920: 24: 2495: 3665: 2353:. This pattern was accelerated with the export of bauxite beginning in the 1950s. The economic structure shifted from a dependence on agriculture that in 1950 accounted for 30.8 percent of GDP to an agricultural contribution of 12.9 percent in 1960 and 6.7 percent in 1970. During the same period, the contribution to the GDP of mining increased from less than 1 percent in 1950 to 9.3 percent in 1960 and 12.6 percent in 1970. 1526:. The execution and trial of Gordon via martial law raised some constitutional issues back in Britain, where concerns emerged about whether British dependencies should be ruled under the government of law, or through a military license. Gordon hanged on 23 October, after a speedy trial — just two days after his trial had begun. He and William Bogle, Paul's brother, "were both tried together, and executed at the same time.” 2194:. The JLP – helped by its promises to create jobs, its practice of dispensing public funds in pro-JLP parishes, and the PNP's relatively radical platform – won an 18 percent majority of the votes over the PNP, as well as 22 seats in the 32-member House of Representatives, with 5 going to the PNP and 5 to other short-lived parties. In 1945 Bustamante took office as Jamaica's first premier (the pre-independence title for 2656: 2599: 546: 3943: 1094:, putting more emphasis on Jamaica. Interestingly, the most efficient plantations employed fewer slaves per acre of land, which was observed in St. Andrews parish. This created a higher demand for slaves that were efficient and in good health and shape, inflating the prices of those individuals and creating a quality over quantity dynamic. Internal markets would also develop, namely in 1311:'s Treaty of 1739, which ended the First Maroon War. The war lasted for five months as a bloody stalemate. The British colonial authorities could muster 5,000 men, outnumbering the Maroons ten to one, but the mountainous and forested topography of Jamaica proved ideal for guerrilla warfare. The Maroons surrendered in December 1795. A treaty signed in December between Major General 1126:

Maroons. The Leeward Maroons inhabited "cockpits," caves, or deep ravines that were easily defended, even against troops with superior firepower. Such guerrilla warfare and the use of scouts who blew the abeng (the cow horn, which was used as a trumpet) to warn of approaching enemies allowed the Maroons to evade, thwart, frustrate, and defeat the British.

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Human Rights. The Offenses Against Persons Act does not formally ban homosexuality, but clause 76 provides for up to 10 years' imprisonment, with or without hard labour, for anyone convicted of the "abominable crime of buggery committed either with mankind or any animal". Two further clauses outlaw attempted buggery and gross indecency between two men.

2238:, but they had a tumultuous relationship with the British and resented British domination, racism, and the dictatorial Colonial Office. Britain gradually granted the colony more self-government under periodic constitutional changes. Jamaica's political patterns and governmental structure were shaped during two decades of what was called "constitutional 983:. This settlement also improved the supply of slaves and resulted in more protection, including military support, for the planters against foreign competition. As a result, the sugar monoculture and slave-worked plantation society spread across Jamaica throughout the 18th century, decreasing Jamaica's dependence on privateers for protection and funds. 775:, broke their alliance with the Spanish and allied themselves with the English, which served as a turning point in the English domination of the island. For England, Jamaica was to be the "dagger pointed at the heart of the Spanish Empire," but in fact, it was a possession of little economic value then. England gained formal possession of Jamaica from 2259:(NWU). Henceforth, PNP socialism meant little more than national planning within a framework of private property and foreign capital. The PNP retained, however, a basic commitment to socialist precepts, such as public control of resources and more equitable income distribution. Manley's PNP came to the office for the first time after winning the 3287:

preferential trade agreements between the EU and ACP should cease. The WTO Dispute Settlement Body established another panel to discuss the issue and concluded that agreements between the EU and ACP were indeed not compatible with WTO regulations. Finally, the EU negotiated with the US through WTO to reach an agreement.

3646:, and the leader of the criminal gang that attacked several police stations. The violence, which largely took place over 24–25 May, killed at least 73 civilians and wounded at least 35 others. Four soldiers/police were also killed and more than 500 arrests were made, as Jamaican police and soldiers fought gunmen in the 1070:, author Marlon James indicates that the ratio of slave owners to enslaved Africans is 1:33. James also depicts atrocities that slave owners subjected slaves to along with violent resistance from the slaves as well as numerous slaves who died in pursuit of freedom. After slavery was abolished in 1834, sugarcane 947:(later Anglicised to buccaneers), who had turned to piracy after being robbed by the Spanish (and subsequently thrown out of Hispaniola). These pirates concentrated their attacks on Spanish shipping, whose interests were considered the major threat to the town. These pirates later became legal English 2689:

Subsidised meals, transportation and uniforms for schoolchildren from disadvantaged backgrounds were introduced, together with free education at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Special employment programmes were also launched, together with programmes designed to combat illiteracy. Increases

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as Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930 fulfilled a Biblical prophecy. By the 1950s, Rastafari's counter-cultural stance had brought the movement into conflict with wider Jamaican society, including violent clashes with law enforcement. In the 1960s and 1970s, it gained increased respectability within Jamaica

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Until it was disestablished in 1870, the Church of England in Jamaica was the established church. It represented the white English community. It received funding from the colonial government and was given responsibility for providing religious instruction to the slaves. It was challenged by Methodist

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The apprentice system was unpopular amongst Jamaica's "former" slaves — especially elderly slaves — who unlike slave owners were not provided any compensation. This led to protests. In the face of mounting pressure, a resolution was passed on August 1, 1838, releasing all "apprentices" regardless of

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who had survived the shipwreck of a slave ship and formed their own maroon community in St. George's parish. Several more rebellions strengthened the numbers of this Leeward group. Notably, in 1690 a revolt at Sutton's plantation in Clarendon Parish of 400 slaves considerably strengthened the Leeward

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announced a $ 1 billion loan to help Jamaica meet large debt payments. The loan required the Jamaican government to institute a pay freeze amounting to a 20% real-terms cut in wages. Jamaica is one of the most indebted countries and spends around half of its annual federal budget on debt repayments.

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in the U.S., the number of tourists going to Jamaica eventually rebounded, with the island now receiving over a million tourists each year. Services now account for over 60 percent of Jamaica's GDP and one of every four workers in Jamaica works in tourism or services. However, according to the World

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The PNP was ultimately victorious and Manley's second term focused on liberalising Jamaica's economy, with the pursuit of a free-market programme that stood in marked contrast to the interventionist economic policies pursued by Manley's first government. Various measures were, however, undertaken to

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views and worked for the internationalization of the trade union movement through the Caribbean Labour Congress. In those formative years of Jamaican political and union activity, relations between Manley and Bustamante were cordial. Manley defended Bustamante in court against charges brought by the

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who had formed the Jamaica Trade Workers and Tradesmen Union (JTWTU) three years earlier, captured the imagination of the black masses with his messianic personality, even though he himself was light-skinned, affluent, and aristocratic. Bustamante emerged from the 1938 strikes and other disturbances

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to Kingston. It was thought by some to be an unsuitable location for the Assembly in proximity to the moral distractions of Kingston, and the next governor rescinded the Act. However, by 1780 the population of Kingston was 11,000, and the merchants began lobbying for the administrative capital to be

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ran away from a western estate, and established a runaway community which was able to resist attempts by the colonial forces and the Maroons remaining in Jamaica to subdue them. In the early nineteenth century, colonial records describe hundreds of runaway slaves escaping to "Healthshire" where they

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LGBT rights returned to Jamaican headlines the next year, following the violent murder in July 2013 of a 16-year-old boy who showed up at a party in women's clothing. Advocates called for the repeal of a nearly 150-year-old anti-sodomy law that bans anal sex, legislation which is accused of helping

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In the four years following Coke's capture, Jamaica's murder rate decreased by nearly half. However, the murder rate remains one of the highest in the world and Jamaica's morgues have not been able to keep up. The lack of facilities to store and study murder victims has been one of the reasons that

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from his father, Lester “Jim Brown” Coke, in the 1990s. Under Christopher Coke's leadership, the gang trafficked drugs and dabbled in visa fraud (using a high-school athletics team) and extortion, charging small traders in the nearby market for “protection money”. The gang had close political ties.

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7 billion. This put the reconstruction cost of Sabina Park at US$ 46 million whilst the Trelawny Stadium will cost US$ 35 million. The total amount of money spent on stadiums was at least US$ 301 million. The 2007 World Cup organisers were criticised for restrictions on outside food, signs, replica

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The election was characterised by a narrower ideological difference between the two parties on economic issues. Michael Manley facilitated his comeback campaign by moderating his leftist positions and admitting mistakes made as prime minister, saying he erred when he involved government in economic

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With an increase in traffic of ships, sugar, and slaves, British merchants implemented the guarantee system, in which a merchant would be appointed to guarantee payment upon the delivery of the enslaved. This system served as a safety net for merchants as they had no influence over the price of the

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than in planting, turned the planter oligarchy out of office. After the duke's death in 1688, the planters, who had fled Jamaica to London, succeeded in lobbying James II to order a return to the pre-Albemarle political arrangement (the local control of Jamaican planters belonging to the assembly).

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were the first dancehall megahits in the US and abroad. Other varieties of dancehall achieved crossover success outside of Jamaica during the mid-to-late 1990s. In the 1990s, dancehall came under increasing criticism for anti-gay lyrics such as those found in Buju Banton's 1988 hit "Boom Bye Bye,"

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had been held in the Caribbean. The Jamaican Government spent US$ 81 million for "on the pitch" expenses. This included refurbishing Sabina Park and constructing the new multi-purpose facility in Trelawny – through a loan from China. Another US$ 20 million is budgeted for "off-the-pitch" expenses,

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The 18th century saw thousands of slaves imported into Jamaica into the now profitable sugar plantations. From 1740 to 1834, the estimated slave population continued to grow, reaching into the three hundred thousands by the end of the century. The sugar boom of Jamaica would change the dynamics of

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The Spanish enslaved many of the Arawak. Some escaped to the mountains to join the Maroons. However, most died from European diseases as well as from being overworked. The Spaniards also introduced the first African slaves into the island. By the early 17th century, when most of the Taino had died

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was found dead on 18 March 2007, one day after his team's defeat to Ireland put them out of the running for the World Cup. Jamaican police performed an autopsy which was deemed inconclusive. The following day police announced that the death was suspicious and ordered a full investigation. Further

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to investigate whether the Lomé IV convention had violated WTO rules. Then later in 1996, the WTO Dispute Settlement Body ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, effectively ending the cross-subsidies that had benefited ACP countries for many years. But the US remained unsatisfied and insisted that all

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was abolished, and a Labour Relations and Industrial Disputes Act provided workers and their trade unions with enhanced rights. The National Housing Trust was established, providing "the means for most employed people to own their own homes," and greatly stimulated housing construction, with more

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raising the price paid for bananas in 1906. The British also became more interested in Jamaican bananas than in the country's sugar. Expansion of banana production, however, was hampered by serious labour shortages. The rise of the banana economy took place amidst a general exodus of up to 11,000

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Between 1865 and 1930, the character of landholding in Jamaica changed substantially, as sugar declined in importance. As many former plantations went bankrupt, some land was sold to Jamaican peasants under the Crown Lands Settlement whereas other cane fields were consolidated by dominant British

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status, resulted in some social and economic progress as well as investment in the physical infrastructure. Agricultural development was the centrepiece of restored British rule in Jamaica. In 1868 the first large-scale irrigation project was launched. In 1895 the Jamaica Agricultural Society was

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Rumblings of emancipation movements had begun as early as the 1780s which scared many planters. With the fear of being unable to purchase a sufficient labor force through the slave trade, the value of women increased. From 1788 to 1807, some planters began to buy women at a higher rate, trying to

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and the Maroon leaders established that the Maroons would beg on their knees for the King's forgiveness, return all runaway slaves, and be relocated elsewhere in Jamaica. The governor of Jamaica ratified the treaty but gave the Maroons only three days to present themselves to beg forgiveness on 1

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In 1795, the Second Maroon War was instigated when two Maroons were flogged by a black slave for allegedly stealing two pigs. When six Maroon leaders came to the British to present their grievances, the British took them as prisoners. This sparked an eight-month conflict, spurred by the fact that

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Starting in the late seventeenth century, there were periodic skirmishes between the English colonial militia and the Windward Maroons, alongside occasional slave revolts. In 1673 one such revolt in St. Ann's Parish of 200 slaves created the separate group of Leeward Maroons. These Maroons united

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as Jamaica's main source of income. The sugar industry was labor-intensive and the British brought hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans to Jamaica. By 1832, the median-size plantation in Jamaica had about 150 slaves, and nearly one of every four bondsmen lived on units that had at least 250

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In 2012, Dane Lewis launched a legal challenge to Jamaica's Offenses Against Persons Act of 1864, commonly known as the "buggery" laws, on the grounds that they are unconstitutional and promote homophobia throughout the Caribbean. The legal challenge was taken to the Inter-American Commission on

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economy based on sugarcane production for export flourished. In the last quarter of the century, however, the Jamaican sugar economy declined as famines, hurricanes, colonial wars, and wars of independence disrupted trade. By the 1820s, Jamaican sugar became less competitive with the high-volume

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described how three or four simultaneous executions were commonly observed; bodies would be allowed to pile up until workhouse slaves carted the bodies away at night and buried them in mass graves outside town. The brutality of the plantocracy during the revolt is thought to have accelerated the

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led a strike among demanding more freedom and a working wage of "half the going wage rate." Upon refusal of their demands, the strike escalated into a full rebellion, in part because Sharpe had also made military preparations with a rebel military group known as the Black Regiment led by a slave

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by Jamaica's governor. Around the same time that pirates were invited to Port Royal, England launched a series of attacks against Spanish shipping vessels and coastal towns. By sending the newly appointed privateers after Spanish ships and settlements, England had successfully set up a system of

425:, the country's murder rate remains one of the highest in the world. Economic troubles hit the country in 2013, the IMF agreed to a $ 1 billion loan to help Jamaica meet large debt payments, making Jamaica a highly indebted country that spends around half of its annual budget on debt repayments. 6909:

For the United Kingdom as traditional importer from the Caribbean, and additional information on the EU member states importers of banana from traditional ACP and PTOM suppliers, namely France from its Overseas Departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and from former colonies, Cote d’Ivoire and

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In the 1990s, Jamaica and other Caribbean banana producers argued for the continuation of their preferential access to EU markets, notably the United Kingdom. They feared that otherwise the EU would be flooded with cheap bananas from the Central American plantations, with devastating effects on

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A worker's participation program was introduced, together with a new mental health law and the family court. Free health care for all Jamaicans was introduced, while health clinics and a paramedical system in rural areas were established. Various clinics were also set up to facilitate access to

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trade during the second half of the 19th century also changed production and trade patterns on the island. Bananas were first exported in 1867, and banana farming grew rapidly thereafter. By 1890, bananas had replaced sugar as Jamaica's principal export. Production rose from 5 million stems (32

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was far more brutal. Approximately five hundred slaves were killed in total: 207 during the revolt and somewhere in the range between 310 and 340 slaves were killed through "various forms of judicial executions" after the rebellion was concluded, at times, for quite minor offenses (one recorded

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In winning the election the People's National Party became the first party to win three consecutive terms. The opposition Jamaica Labour Party only had two more seats in Parliament after the election but their leader Edward Seaga held his seat for a ninth time in a row. The National Democratic

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Land reform expanded under his administration. Historically, land tenure in Jamaica has been rather inequitable. Project Land Lease (introduced in 1973), attempted an integrated rural development approach, providing tens of thousands of small farmers with land, technical advice, inputs such as

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years, socialism became an explosive domestic issue. The JLP exploited it among property owners and churchgoers, attracting more middle-class support. As a result, PNP leaders diluted their socialist rhetoric, and in 1952 the PNP moderated its image by expelling four prominent leftists who had

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was a Jamaican Businessman whose St. Mary Banana co-op was the first in Jamaica, opposed the larger export companies and by 1909 had the largest Jamaican owned Banana export company. The resurgence of the Baltimore docks and newer, faster boats, refrigeration on board steamships and rail-cars

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Membership in the federation remained an issue in Jamaican politics. Bustamante, reversing his previously supportive position on the issue, warned of the financial implications of membership – Jamaica was responsible for 43 percent of its own financing – and inequity in Jamaica's proportional

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Under the new charter, the British governor, assisted by the six-member Privy Council and 10-member Executive Council, remained responsible solely to the crown. The Jamaican Legislative Council became the upper house, or Senate, of the bicameral Parliament. House members were elected by adult

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as British Jamaica's main source of income. The sugar industry was labour-intensive and the British brought hundreds of thousands of enslaved black Africans to the island. By 1850, the black and mulatto Jamaican population outnumbered the white population by a ratio of twenty to one. Enslaved

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Coffee plantations also suffered as a result of emancipation. Even with paid labor becoming a fixture on these coffee plantations, the newfound wages that ex-slaves were paid and lower profits made it difficult to effectively run the plantation financially. One planter found that running his

1418:

System". The length of servitude that was required varied based on the former slaves’ responsibilities with "domestic slaves" owing four years of service and "agriculture slaves" owing six. In addition to the apprentice system, former slave owners were to be compensated for the loss of their

1164:

came to an end with a 1739–1740 agreement between the Maroons and the British government. In exchange, they were asked to agree not to harbour new runaway slaves, but rather to help catch them. This last clause in the treaty naturally caused a split between the Maroons and the mainly mulatto

3713:

in a televised debate, saying that she "has no problem giving certain positions of authority to a homosexual as long as they show the necessary level of competence for the post." However, since taking power her government has not attempted to repeal the laws which criminalise homosexuality.

2802:

Seaga lost much of his US support when he was unable to deliver on his early promises of removing the bauxite levy, and his domestic support also plummeted. Articles attacking Seaga appeared in the US media and foreign investors left the country. Rioting in 1987 and 1988, the continued high

2266:

Amendments to the constitution that took effect in May 1953 reconstituted the Executive Council and provided for eight ministers to be selected from among House members. The first ministries were subsequently established. These amendments also enlarged the limited powers of the House of

1341:

Hundreds of runaway slaves secured their freedom by escaping and fighting alongside the Maroons of Trelawny Town. About half of these runaways surrendered with the Maroons, and many were executed or re-sold in slavery to Cuba. However, a few hundred stayed out in the forests of the

1705:. The town did not begin to grow until after the further destruction of Port Royal by fire in 1703. Surveyor John Goffe drew up a plan for the town based on a grid bounded by North, East, West, and Harbour Streets. By 1716 it had become the largest town and the center of trade for 396:

in 1865. The latter half of the 19th century saw economic decline, low crop prices, droughts, and disease. When sugar lost its importance, many former plantations went bankrupt, and land was sold to Jamaican peasants and cane fields were consolidated by dominant British producers.

3127:, assumed both offices. Patterson led efforts to strengthen the country's social protection and security systems—a critical element of his economic and social policy agenda to mitigate, reduce poverty and social deprivation. His massive investments in modernisation of Jamaica's 412:

serving as its first prime minister. The country saw an extensive period of postwar growth and a smaller reliance on the agricultural sector and a larger reliance on bauxite and mining in the 1960s and 1970s. Political power changed hands between the two dominant parties, the

1414:, formally ending slavery in Jamaica on August 1, 1834. However, the act stipulated that all slaves above the age of 6 on the date abolition took effect, were bound (indentured) in service to their former owners', albeit with a guarantee of rights, under what was called the " 3381:

investigation revealed the cause of death was "manual strangulation", and that the investigation would be handled as a murder. After a lengthy investigation the Jamaican police rescinded the comments that he was not murdered, and confirmed that he died from natural causes.

998:

which destroyed much of Port Royal on 7 June 1692. Two-thirds of the town sank into the sea immediately after the main shock. After the earthquake, the town was partially rebuilt but the colonial government was relocated to Spanish Town, which had been the capital under

2146:

For the next quarter-century, Bustamante and Manley competed for center stage in Jamaican political affairs, the former espousing the cause of the "barefoot man"; the latter, "democratic socialism," a loosely defined political and economic theory aimed at achieving a

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The first inhabitants of Jamaica probably came from islands to the east in two waves of migration. About 600 CE the culture known as the “Redware people” arrived. Little is known of these people, however, beyond the red pottery they left behind. Alligator Pond in

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was established. The smooth working of the crown colony system depended on a good understanding and an identity of interests between the governing officials, who were British, and most of the nonofficial, nominated members of the Legislative Council, who were

1591:

founded to promote more scientific and profitable methods of farming. Also in the 1890s, the Crown Lands Settlement Scheme was introduced, a land reform program of sorts, which allowed small farmers to purchase two hectares or more of land on favorable terms.

3708:

was set as 29 December, and major local media outlets viewed the election as "too close to call", though as Simpson-Miller campaigned in key constituencies the gap widened to favour the PNP. Days before the election, Simpson-Miller came out fully in favor of

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several Caribbean economies. Negotiations led in 1993 to the EU agreeing to maintain the Caribbean producers' preferential access until the end of Lomé IV, pending possible negotiation on an extension. In 1995, the United States government petitioned to the

756:. After the Spanish repelled this poorly executed attack, the English force then sailed for Jamaica, the only Spanish West Indies island that did not have new defensive works. In May 1655, around 7,000 English soldiers landed near Jamaica's capital, named 1409:

The British Parliament held two inquires as a result of the loss of property and life in the 1831 Baptist War rebellion. Their reports of the conditions of the slaves contributed greatly to the abolition movement and helped lead to the passage of the

2163:, humanist, and liberal intellectual. Although considerably more reserved than Bustamante, Manley was well-liked and widely respected. He was also a visionary nationalist who became the driving force behind the crown colony's quest for independence. 803:

Cromwell increased the island's European population by sending indentured servants and prisoners to Jamaica. Due to Irish emigration resulting from the wars in Ireland at this time two-thirds of this 17th-century European population was Irish. But

859:

people, and established distinct independent communities in the mountainous interior of Jamaica. They survived by subsistence farming and periodic raids of plantations. Over time, the Maroons came to control large areas of the Jamaican interior.

3661:, Reverend Al Miller, was helping negotiate his surrender to the United States Embassy. In 2011, Coke pleaded guilty to racketeering and drug-related charges in a New York Federal court, and was sentenced to 23 years in prison on 8 June 2012. 2084:(PNP), which had begun as a nationalist movement supported by Bustamante and the mixed-race middle class (which included the intelligentsia) and the liberal sector of the business community with leaders who were highly educated members of the 2575:

in 1963, is perhaps the most recognised band that made the transition through all three stages of early Jamaican popular music: ska, rocksteady and reggae. The Wailers would go on to release some of the earliest reggae records with producer

1459:

assembly. Nevertheless, at the end of the 19th century and in the early years of the 20th century, the Crown began to allow some Jamaicans – mostly local merchants, urban professionals, and artisans—to hold seats on appointed councils.

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among others. In 2011, Vybz Kartel—at the time, one of dancehall's biggest stars—was arrested for the murder of Clive "Lizard" William. In 2014 he was sentenced to life in prison after a 65-day trial, the longest in Jamaican history.

3900:

cases. Later that day, the government confirmed that only two of the five reported cases tested positive for COVID-19. In response to the increase in cases, the government announced further social distancing measures such as imposed

1048:

to sugarcane. With depressed prices of cotton and tobacco, due mainly to stiff competition from the North American colonies, the farmers switched, leading to a boom in the Caribbean economies. Sugarcane was quickly snapped up by the

904:. For years, the planter-dominated Assembly was in continual conflict with the various governors and the Stuart kings; there were also contentious factions within the assembly itself. For much of the 1670s and 1680s, Charles II and 478:

known as "conuco" to the island. To add nutrients to the soil, the Arawak burned local bushes and trees and heaped the ash into large mounds, into which they then planted yuca cuttings. Most Arawak lived in large circular buildings

2245:

Having seen how little popular appeal the PNP's 1944 campaign position had, the party shifted toward the centre in 1949 and remained there until 1974. The PNP actually won a 0.8-percent majority of the votes over the JLP in the

3884:

On 15 March, the Ministry of Health and Wellness (MoHW) confirmed that 19 suspected cases were reported and the patients tested. Of the 19 suspected cases, only two patients were confirmed as having the virus - one coming from

1387:, as it was known, became the largest slave uprising in the British West Indies, lasting 10 days and mobilised as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's 300,000 slaves. The rebellion was suppressed by colonial forces under the control of 2764:. Seaga immediately began to reverse the policies of his predecessor by privatising the industry and seeking closer ties with the USA. Seaga was one of the first foreign heads of government to visit newly elected US president 2678:

fertilisers, and access to credit. An estimated 14 percent of idle land was redistributed through this program, much of which had been abandoned during the post-war urban migration and/or purchased by large bauxite companies.

820:

to at least five times greater than the white population. Thereafter, Jamaica's African population did not increase significantly in number until well into the 18th century, in part because ships coming from the west coast of

1652:

of 1865. Although suppressed ruthlessly, the severe rioting so alarmed the planters that the two-centuries-old assembly voted to abolish itself and asked for the establishment of direct British rule. In 1866 the new governor

3877:– where the funeral attended by the first patient took place — was placed under quarantine for 14 days. With four of the cases involving patients travelling through or from the United Kingdom, the country's foreign minister 6950: 3375:

echoed the concerns. The ICC were also condemned for high prices for tickets and concessions, which were considered unaffordable for the local population in many of the locations. In a tragic turn of events, Pakistan coach

3765:. The new law includes provisions legalizing the cultivation for the personal use of up to five plants, as well as setting up regulations for the cultivation and distribution of cannabis for medical and religious purposes 8104:"6 New COVID-19 cases confirmed. @themohwgovjm will provide update in the Morning. Committed to full transparency and immediate updates; @christufton has provided information early Friday Morning. https://t.co/SlegqDqoa2" 1145:

to assume the office of governor of Jamaica; Hunter's arrival led to an intensification of the conflict. However, despite increased numbers, the British colonial authorities were unable to defeat the Windward Maroons.

2049: 3219:. Just before the election the two main party leaders made a joint appeal for people to avoid marring the election with violence. Election day itself saw one death and four injuries relating to the election, but the 1820:. It involved the combination of modern transportation networks of steamships and railroads with the development of refrigeration that allowed more time between harvesting and ripening. North American shippers like 1455:) to vote. But neither change in the political system, nor abolition of slavery, changed the planter's chief interest — which lay in the continued profitability of their estates — and they continued to dominate the 1316:

January 1796. Suspicious of British intentions, most of the Maroons did not surrender until mid-March. The British used the contrived breach of the treaty as a pretext to deport the entire Trelawny Town Maroons to

6716: 2876:. Unofficial estimates state that at least 30 people were killed around the island. Estimated property damage reached more than $ 200 million. More than 100,000 houses were destroyed or damaged and the country's 986:

However, the English colonial authorities continued to have difficulties suppressing the Spanish Maroons, who made their homes in the mountainous interior and mounted periodic raids on estates and towns, such as

687:

Although the Taino referred to the island as "Xaymaca", the Spanish gradually changed the name to "Jamaica". In the so-called Admiral's map of 1507 the island was labeled as "Jamaiqua" and in Peter Martyr's work

2072:, concluded as a result of the 1938 riots that the real basis for national unity in Jamaica lay in the masses. Unlike the union-oriented Bustamante, however, Manley was more interested in access to control over 2888:

industry was also wiped out; the damage from agricultural loss reached $ 500 million (1988 USD). Hurricane Gilbert was the most destructive storm in the history of Jamaica and the most severe storm since

2278:

Assured by British declarations that independence would be granted to a collective West Indian state rather than to individual colonies, Manley supported Jamaica's joining nine other British territories in the

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Cameroon; Italy from Somalia; Outside these preferential arrangements, the largest Community market, Germany, obtained all its supplies from Latin America. M. McQueen, C. Phillips, D. Hallam, A. Swinbank,

1446:

over the extent to which individual freedom should be coupled with political participation for blacks. In 1840 the assembly changed the voting qualifications in a way that enabled a majority of blacks and

2028:. An immediate result of the commission was the Colonial Development Welfare Act, which provided for the expenditure of approximately Ł1 million a year for twenty years on coordinated development in the 341:, and defeated the Spanish. Some African enslaved people took advantage of the political turmoil and escaped to the island's interior mountains, forming independent communities which became known as the 7495: 1734:

destroyed much of the city. Considered by many writers of that time one of the world's deadliest earthquakes, it resulted in the death of over 800 Jamaicans and destroyed the homes of over 10,000 more.

1260:

By dawn, hundreds of other slaves had joined Tacky and his followers. At Ballard's Valley, the rebels stopped to rejoice in their success. One slave from Esher decided to slip away and sound the alarm.

825:

preferred to unload at the islands of the Eastern Caribbean. At the beginning of the 18th century, the number of slaves in Jamaica did not exceed 45,000, but by 1800 it had increased to over 300,000.

3851:

on 4 March. The health minister reported that the patient has been in isolation since 9 March after showing respiratory symptoms. Following the update, the travel ban imposed was expanded to include

5748: 1619:

percent of exports) in 1897 to an average of 20 million stems a year in the 1920s and 1930s, or over half of domestic exports. As with sugar, the presence of American companies, like the well-known

1354:

In 1812, a community of runaways started when a dozen men and some women escaped from the sugar plantations of Trelawny into the Cockpit Country, and they created a village with the curious name of

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production. Jamaica exports 25% of the sugar it produces to Britain and prices for Jamaican sugar are expected to fall in the wake of the end of the cap on the EU's subsidised sugar beet industry.

2092:, although it would be several years before the PNP formed major labor unions. The party concentrated its earliest efforts on establishing a network both in urban areas and in banana-growing rural 7690: 4637: 2795:

at the end of 1983, which Manley's PNP boycotted. His party thus controlled all seats in parliament. In an unusual move, because the Jamaican constitution required an opposition in the appointed

392:, which formally ended slavery in Jamaica in 1834. However, relations between the white and black community remained tense coming into the mid-19th century, with the most notable event being the 6183: 7875: 2690:

in pensions and poor relief were carried out, along with a reform of local government taxation, an increase in youth training, an expansion of day care centres. and an upgrading of hospitals.

5650: 3873:

On 13 March, the country announced six additional cases – including the father and another female patient of the first patient. Later that day, the government announced that the community of

1901: 1169:. Another provision of the agreement was that the Maroons would serve to protect the island from invaders. The latter was because the Maroons were revered by the British as skilled warriors. 7818: 2681:

The minimum voting age was lowered to 18 years, while equal pay for women was introduced. Maternity leave was also introduced, while the government outlawed the stigma of illegitimacy. The

7725: 5776: 2927: 6775: 5488: 2009:

caused sugar prices to slump in 1929 and led to the return of many Jamaicans. Economic stagnation, discontent with unemployment, low wages, high prices, and poor living conditions caused

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in Beijing, Jamaica's athletes reached heights by nearly doubling the country's total gold medal count and breaking the nation's record for the number of medals earned in a single game.

2202:

suffrage from single-member electoral districts called constituencies. Despite these changes, ultimate power remained concentrated in the hands of the governor and other high officials.

13911: 572: 6381: 5630: 2845:." The storm left US$ 4 billion (in 1988 dollars) in damage from destroyed crops, buildings, houses, roads, and small aircraft. Two people eventually had to be rescued because of 2292: 3675:

few murders are solved, with the conviction rate for homicides standing at around five percent. In 2007, following the botched investigation into the death of Pakistan cricket coach

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until a follower took it down in the middle of the night. The rest of Tacky's men were found in a cave near Tacky Falls, having committed suicide rather than going back to slavery.

1149:

In 1739–40, the British government in Jamaica recognised that it could not defeat the Maroons, so they offered them treaties of peace instead. In 1739, the British, led by Governor

1644:, eliminating Jamaica's traditionally favoured status as its primary supplier of sugar. The Jamaica House of Assembly stumbled from one crisis to another until the collapse of the 6152: 2250:, but the JLP won a majority of the House seats. In the 1950s, the PNP and JLP became increasingly similar in their sociological composition and ideological outlook. During the 1582:

The second half of the 19th century was a period of severe economic decline for Jamaica. Low crop prices, droughts, and disease led to serious social unrest, culminating in the

634:

The Spanish crown granted the island to the Columbus family, but for decades it was something of a backwater, valued chiefly as a supply base for food and animal hides. In 1509

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While running at full speed, Davy shot Tacky and cut off his head as evidence of his feat, for which he would be richly rewarded. Tacky's head was later displayed on a pole in

7787: 2376:, a protégé of Bustamante, succeeded Sangster and served from 1967 to 1972. Investments in tourism, bauxite mining, and light manufacturing industries fueled economic growth. 808:

kept the number of Europeans under 10,000 until about 1740. Although the African slave population in the 1670s and 1680s never exceeded 10,000, by the end of the 17th century

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also pulled out. Manley believed that the rejection of his pro-federation policy in the 1961 referendum called for a renewed mandate from the electorate, but the JLP won the

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out, the population of the island was about 3,000, including a small number of African slaves. Disappointed in the lack of gold on the island, Jamaica was mainly used as a

353:, a Welsh plantation owner and privateer, raided settlements and shipping bases from Port Royal, earning him his reputation as one of the richest pirates in the Caribbean. 3639:. That helped Coke expand into construction, with his company winning numerous government contracts. Within Tivoli Gardens, the gang operated as a government unto itself. 13722: 7935: 1575:. Many of the former slaves settled in peasant or small farm communities in the interior of the island like the "yam belt," where they engaged in subsistence and some 7525: 3893:". In the same update, the Ministry confirmed that there were twenty-seven patients in isolation facilities and that Patients 1 and 2 no longer exhibit any symptoms. 1713:, and the only land on the sea front. Gradually wealthy merchants began to move their residences from above their businesses to the farm lands north on the plains of 7464: 7668: 3371:

kits and musical instruments, despite Caribbean cricketing customs, with authorities being accused of "running out of town, then sanitising it out of existence".

3742:

The 2010s look to be a bad time for Jamaica's sugarcane industry. After a brief increase sugar prices, the outlook for Jamaican sugar took a hit in 2015 when the

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as a populist leader and the principal spokesperson for the militant urban working class, and in that year, using the JTWTU as a stepping stone, he founded the

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In 1872, the government passed an act to transfer government offices from Spanish Town to Kingston. Kingston had been founded as a refuge for survivors of the

1547:

producers like Cuba, and production subsequently declined. By 1882 sugar output was less than half what it was in 1828. A major reason for the decline was the

11093: 7756: 7694: 6951:"Banana Wars Continue – Chiquita Once Again Tries to Work Its Omnipotent Will, Now Under New Management: Likely Big Losers Will Be CARICOM's Windward Islands" 1753: 7037: 6296: 5539: 2833:

and brought up to 823 millimetres (32.4 in) of rain in the mountainous areas of Jamaica, causing inland flash flooding. 49 people died. Prime Minister

1237:, led a group of enslaved Africans in taking over the Frontier and Trinity plantations while killing their enslavers. They then marched to the storeroom at 843:

in 1655, the Spanish colonists fled, leaving a large number of African slaves. These former Spanish slaves organised under the leadership of rival captains

12581: 6726: 6594: 5745: 3814: 3101: 2171: 2025: 1799: 1559:

and full emancipation of slaves within four years. Unable to convert the ex-slaves into a sharecropping tenant class similar to the one established in the

8370: 2452:

and "No More Heartaches" by The Beltones. That same year, the newest Jamaican sound began to spawn big-name imitators in other countries. American artist

10102: 6240: 4634: 349:, a base of operations where piracy flourished as so many European rebels had been rejected from their countries to serve sentences on the seas. Captain 7129: 6175: 315:, who were ravaged further by diseases that the Spanish brought with them. Early historians believe that by 1602, the Arawak-speaking Taino tribes were 11113: 10028: 3131:

and restructuring of the country's financial sector are widely credited with having led to Jamaica's greatest period of investment in tourism, mining,

2190:. It also embodied the island's principles of ministerial responsibility and the rule of law. Thirty-one percent of the population participated in the 2010: 2000: 908:

and the assembly feuded over such matters as the purchase of slaves from ships not run by the royal English trading company. The last Stuart governor,

400:

Jamaica's first political parties emerged in the late 1920s, while workers association and trade unions emerged in the 1930s. The development of a new

7987: 5085: 4939: 13963: 13295: 12031: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 7871: 7605: 7554: 7185: 5595: 3426:

music originated in the late 1970s, it greatly increased in popularity in the late 1980s and 1990s. Initially dancehall was a more sparse version of

2139:

Bustamante had political ambitions of his own, however. In 1942, while still incarcerated, he founded a political party to rival the PNP, called the

6271: 5647: 4340: 3508:

which is about shooting a gay man in the head: "It's like boom bye bye / Inna batty boy head / Rude boy nah promote no nasty man / Dem haffi dead."

7264: 6814: 6015: 3097: 2460:" has been credited with first putting reggae in the American listener charts. Around the same time, reggae influences were starting to surface in 13889:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

7810: 5766: 5441: 11578: 8069: 7717: 6870: 6767: 6109: 6069: 2441:' 1968 track "Long Shot (Bus' Me Bet)" has been identified as the earliest recorded example of the new rhythm sound that became known as reggae. 863:

In the second half of the seventeenth century, de Serras fought regular campaigns against English colonial forces, even attacking the capital of

11073: 8010:"BREAKING NEWS: Health Minister Dr Christopher Tufton this afternoon confirmed the second case of COVID-19 via Twitter. https://t.co/hLtG7ya38y" 4581: 2965:. The film is famous for its reggae soundtrack that is said to have "brought reggae to the world". Jamaica's other popular films include 1976's 6405: 5979: 2303:

by a fraction. Bustamante assumed the premiership that April and Manley spent his remaining few years in politics as leader of the opposition.

13454: 12036: 11123: 9377: 7010: 6889: 6378: 6142: 5621: 4859:"Guinea Factors, Slave Sales, and the Profits of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in Late Eighteenth-Century Jamaica: The Case of John Tailyour" 3400:

won three of Jamaica's six gold medals at Beijing, breaking an Olympic and world record in all three of the events in which he participated.

1856:(economies that were internally self-sufficient, virtually tax exempt, and export-oriented that contribute very little to the host economy). 1397: 460: 5393: 3905:

directives, the banning of all mass gatherings of more than 20 people, and the shuttering of bars, restaurants, sporting events, et cetera.

3025: 2915: 1777: 13956: 13882: 13865: 13743: 10728: 10086: 9271: 8751: 7841: 6427: 4662: 3385: 897: 274: 7957: 6980: 5415: 1555:, under which the transportation of slaves to Jamaica after 1 March 1808 was forbidden. The abolition of the slave trade was followed by 560: 14218: 14188: 14093: 13334: 8146: 6648: 5849: 3679:, who died unexpectedly while the island hosted the sport's world cup, Jamaican politicians debated the need for a modern public morgue. 3464: 3246:, becoming the first political leader to win three successive elections. Patterson stepped down on 26 February 2006, and was replaced by 2903: 1165:

population, although from time to time runaways from the plantations still found their way into maroon settlements, such as those led by

943:

to come to Port Royal and make it their home port. The Brethren was made up of a group of pirates who were descendants of cattle-hunting

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to decide on the issue. When 54 percent of the electorate voted to withdraw, Jamaica left the federation, which dissolved in 1962 after

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to return to the homelands of their ancestors. Garvey, a controversial figure, had been the target of a four-year investigation by the

1709:. The government sold the land to people with the regulation that they purchase no more than the amount of the land that they owned in 1419:"property." By 1839, "Twenty Million Pounds Sterling" was paid out to the owners of slaves freed in the Caribbean and Africa under the 8393:

Class Alliances and the Liberal-Authoritarian State: The Roots of Post-Colonial Democracy in Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Surinam

7629: 6916: 13080: 12075: 8448:(especially Chap. XI. "Martial Law in Jamaica", pp. 403–442. Semi-fictional but mainly accurate). London: Secker & Warburg. 7294: 3619:. Over seventy Jamaicans were killed during the gun battle and the inquiry into police actions during the incursion continues today. 529: 8017: 7779: 7425: 7211: 6936:, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, United States, 2001. Hans-Peter Werner, "Lomé, the WTO, and bananas", in 6208: 11943: 11047: 9725: 8785: 8180: 7905: 7067: 6094:

Patrick Reyna (14 September 1988). "Jamaica's Premier Reports Island Devastated by Hurricane". Kingston, Jamaica. Associated Press.

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Madrilejo, N.; Lombard, H.; Torres, JB (2015). "Origins of marronage: Mitochondrial lineages of Jamaica's Accompong Town Maroons".

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Bank, around 80% of the money tourism makes in Jamaica does not stay on the island, but goes instead to the multinational resorts.

909: 1904:

in 1914, one of Jamaica's first political parties in 1929, and a workers association in the early 1930s. Garvey also promoted the

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Johnson, Amy M. 2012. "Slavery on the Gold Coast and African Resistance to Slavery in Jamaica during the Early Colonial Period."

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On 16 March, the Ministry of Health and Wellness (MoHW) and the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) reported that there were five

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The Spanish colonists did not bring women in the first expeditions and took Taíno women for their common-law wives, resulting in

88: 5569: 4480: 4232: 3704:

Although the JLP survived an election called shortly after the 2010 Tivoli Gardens incident, the following year the date of the

3568: 3454:. In the mid-1980s, digital instrumentation became more prevalent, changing the sound considerably, with digital dancehall (or " 3188:

The 1997 election was mainly free of violence as compared to previous elections, although it began with an incident where rival

2849:

triggered by Gilbert and were sent to the hospital. The two people were reported to be fine. No planes were going in and out of

2694:

medical drugs. Spending on education was significantly increased, while the number of doctors and dentists in the country rose.

12928: 9198: 7927: 6527: 6485: 4225:"History of the Maroons. The maroons consisted of individuals who chose to pursue freedom without interference from any nation" 3392:

set the record in June 2005 and held it until May 2008, with times of 9.77 and 9.74 seconds respectively. However, at the

3178: 2864:, its winds knocked down power lines, uprooted trees, and flattened fences. On the north coast, 20 feet (6.1 m) waves hit 2580:. After the Wailers disbanded in 1974, Marley then went on to pursue a solo career that culminated in the release of the album 2291:

representation in the federation's House of Assembly. Manley's PNP favoured staying in the federation, but he agreed to hold a

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and soon overwhelmed the small number of Spanish troops (at the time, Jamaica's entire population only numbered around 2,500).

448:

are among the earliest known sites of this Ostionoid person, who lived near the coast and extensively hunted turtles and fish.

60: 10165: 5020: 4281: 4090: 3994: 3344: 3181:, standing in most of the seats. The National Democratic Movement had been founded in 1995 by a former Labour Party chairman, 1640:

In 1846 Jamaican planters — adversely affected by the loss of slave labour — suffered a crushing blow when Britain passed the

14143: 13289: 12113: 11801: 9912: 8970: 8477:(1970). "Slavery and Slave Revolts: A Sociohistorical Analysis of the First Maroon War, 1665–1740". In Price, Richard (ed.). 8432: 8316: 8255: 8241: 8216: 7381: 7324: 6855: 5843: 5671: 5332: 5056: 4306: 2522: 2267:

Representatives and made elected members of the governor's executive council responsible to the legislature. Manley, elected

1623:

in Jamaica, was a driving force behind renewed agricultural exports. Competition was introduced by the Jamaican-Italian firm

1312: 10763: 10632: 10259: 10255: 7517: 5514: 5458: 3757:

may become a new cash crop and tourist-draw for Jamaica, depending on future legislation. On 25 February 2015, the Jamaican

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Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, III: The Nineteenth Century Outside Europe: The Americas, the Pacific, Asia and Africa

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was achieved under constitutional amendments in 1955 and 1956, and cabinet government was established on 11 November 1957.

4198:, PhD Dissertation, African-Caribbean Institute of Jamaica library (Southampton: Southampton University, 2018), pp. 23–24. 2803:

popularity of Michael Manley, and complaints of governmental incompetence in the wake of the devastation of the island by

2271:

beginning in January 1955, accelerated the process of decolonisation during his able stewardship. Further progress toward

2151:

system of government. Jamaica's two founding fathers projected quite different popular images. Bustamante, lacking even a

2021:. Jamaica, in particular, set the pace for the region in its demands for economic development from British colonial rule. 67: 13567: 12349: 12234: 11958: 11078: 8940: 7660: 5202: 3837: 3830: 3807: 3109: 2869: 1974:. The movement developed after several Christian clergymen, most notably Leonard Howell, proclaimed that the crowning of 578: 41: 9947: 5292: 3040: 2119:. Guided by socialist principles, Manley was not a doctrinaire socialist. PNP socialism during the 1940s was similar to 13285: 11725: 11042: 10978: 10700: 10680: 10155: 9887: 9850: 8437:

Livesay, Daniel. 2012. "The decline of Jamaica's interracial households and the fall of the planter class, 1733–1823."

7575: 4060:. Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress for the Study of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles. 2585: 1852:(meaning they controlled growing, processing, shipping and marketing) and usually used political manipulation to build 1439: 1071: 1020: 357: 12090: 11194: 7151: 7041: 6334: 4366: 3917:. It took 49 of 63 parliamentary seats, meaning the incumbent Prime Minister Andrew Holness will serve a second term. 2283:, established on 3 January 1958. Manley became the island's premier after the PNP again won a decisive victory in the 631:, on 25 June 1503. Columbus and his men remained stranded on the island for one year, finally departing on June 1504. 14033: 13447: 12640: 11791: 11700: 11098: 10642: 10195: 9825: 9297: 9173: 8798: 8520:(1 January 2011). "Home-grown slaves: women, reproduction, and the abolition of the slave trade, Jamaica 1788-1807". 8486: 8453: 8385: 8359: 7412: 6457: 4119: 2791:

and the subsequent US-led invasion of that island in October 1983. On the back of the Grenada invasion, Seaga called

2062: 1928:, where he died heavily in debt five years later. He was proclaimed Jamaica's first national hero in the 1960s after 1245:

were kept. After killing the storekeeper, Tacky and his men stole nearly 4 barrels of gunpowder and 40 firearms with

388:

shone a light on the conditions of slaves which contributed greatly to the abolition movement and the passage of the

107: 4393: 74: 14083: 13320: 13307: 11991: 10675: 10159: 9937: 8744: 8509:

Smalligan, Laura M. 2011. "An Effigy for the Enslaved: Jonkonnu in Jamaica and Belisario's Sketches of Character."

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Dependency and Socialism in the Modern Caribbean: Superpower Intervention in Guyana, Jamaica and Grenada, 1970–1985

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also agreed to sign a treaty under pressure from both white Jamaican militias and the Leeward Maroons. Eventually,

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for at least 14 days, and anyone who was allowed to land and shows symptoms of the virus will be put in immediate

1489: 979:. Removing the pressing need for constant defense against a Spanish attack, this change served as an incentive to 783:. Removing the pressing need for constant defence against a Spanish attack, this change served as an incentive to 13536: 13267: 12105: 11928: 11720: 11507: 11307: 10856: 10791: 10377: 10279: 8410:

Leigh, Devin. 2019. "The origins of a source: Edward Long, Coromantee slave revolts and The History of Jamaica."

6586: 5547: 4755:"'One of the Fertilest Pleasentest Spotts': An analysis of the slave economy in Jamaica's St Andrew parish, 1753" 3705: 3698: 3688: 3582: 3330: 3254: 3231: 3220: 3171: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3074: 3070: 2808: 2792: 2300: 2284: 2260: 2247: 2191: 1098:, that allowed for plantations to reallocate labor and to disuade or break-up bonds and families made by slaves. 620: 11846: 11362: 10806: 10690: 8343:

Graham, Aaron. 2019. "Slavery, capitalism, incorporation and the Close Harbour Company of Jamaica, circa 1800."

14098: 13993: 13830: 13358: 12972: 12866: 12683: 12367: 11948: 11886: 11685: 11103: 10816: 10796: 10768: 10685: 10660: 10520: 10328: 10235: 10175: 10142: 9337: 8330: 8139:"#COVID19 Update: Jamaica records 2 New Cases; 17 patients test negative. @christufton https://t.co/2ANluuF5nj" 7354: 6362: 6321: 3914: 3774: 3163: 2994: 2894: 56: 45: 14183: 11911: 11740: 11497: 6230: 6057: 5089: 4557:

ed. Russell K. Skowronek and Charles R. Ewen, 13–30 (Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2006).

3833:

on the evening of 31 January were denied entry, quarantined, and put on a flight back to China on 1 February.

3478: 2178:. Its findings led in the early 1940s to better wages and a new constitution. Issued on 20 November 1944, the 1958:

communities in 1930s Jamaica. Its Afrocentric ideology was largely a reaction against Jamaica's then-dominant

1040:. Upon landing in Jamaica and other islands, they quickly urged local growers to change their main crops from 1007:

in 1722. Most of the sea trade moved to Kingston. By the late 18th century, Port Royal was largely abandoned.

627:

to the Americas. He had been sailing around the Caribbean for nearly a year when a storm beached his ships in

14148: 13640: 13404: 13155: 12596:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 12493: 12425: 12063: 12041: 11996: 11938: 11916: 11730: 11502: 11184: 10973: 10958: 10043: 9907: 9860: 9256: 9127: 8899: 8651: 8522: 2384: 2136:

British for his labor activism in the 1938 riots and looked after the BITU during Bustamante's imprisonment.

1837: 1166: 956:

defense for Port Royal. Jamaica became a haven of privateers, buccaneers, and occasionally outright pirates:

935:

Following the 1655 conquest, Spain repeatedly attempted to recapture Jamaica. In response, in 1657, Governor

817: 174: 11292: 7551: 6822: 5489:"History this week:Constitutional Developments in British Guiana and Jamaica between 1890 and 1945 (Part 3)" 1936:

to pardon Garvey on the basis that the federal charges brought against him were unsubstantiated and unjust.

1563:, planters became increasingly dependent on wage labour and began recruiting workers abroad, primarily from 14244: 14103: 13440: 12890: 12814: 12790: 12784: 12141: 11933: 11901: 11432: 11297: 10733: 10113: 9922: 9718: 9021: 8834: 8778: 8043: 7121: 6357:

Garrity, Michele and Picard, Louis A. "Policy Reform for Sustainable Development in the Caribbean", p. 39.

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over remote parts of Jamaica reported that 80 percent of the homes on the island had lost their roofs. The

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and the JLP won by an overwhelming majority – 57 percent of the popular vote and 51 of the 60 seats in the

2392: 2073: 2053: 1932:, then a government minister arranged the return of his remains to Jamaica. In 1987 Jamaica petitioned the 1825: 1718: 901: 883: 11921: 11254: 8622: 8325:

Dawson, Andrew. 2013. "The social determinants of the rule of law: a comparison of Jamaica and Barbados."

7601: 7177: 5599: 4015:

Rampersad, Sabrina R. (2009). "Targeting the Jamaican Ostionoid: The Blue Marlin Archaeological Project".

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Coke was eventually captured on 23 June, after initial rumours that he was attempting to surrender to the

3316: 896:

in 1661, political patterns were established that lasted well into the 20th century. The second governor,

145: 14239: 13857: 13523: 12373: 11906: 11806: 11437: 10889: 10821: 9790: 9352: 9146: 9051: 8996: 8737: 8713: 8602: 6263: 4344: 3852: 3735: 3227:

Movement failed to win any seats despite a pre-election prediction that they would manage to win a seat.

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from the main parties were fired on. The election was the first in Jamaica where a team of international

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is believed to be the first European to reach Jamaica. He landed on the island on 5 May 1494, during his

471:. At the height of their civilization, their population is estimated to have numbered as much as 60,000. 260: 236: 125: 11357: 11264: 7260: 3073:. was the first election contested by the People's National Party since 1980, as they had boycotted the 2612: 319:. However, some of the Taino escaped into the forested mountains of the interior, where they mixed with 13595: 13372: 13346: 13243: 13012: 11841: 11204: 10851: 10738: 10650: 10622: 10249: 10219: 10024: 9855: 9261: 9031: 8955: 4901:

The Maroon Story: The Authentic and Original History of the Maroons in the History of Jamaica 1490–1880

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On 23 May 2010, Jamaica security forces began searching for Coke after the United States requested his

3434:

style, which had dominated much of the 1970s. Two of the biggest stars of the early dancehall era were

3270: 3235: 2769: 2737: 2721: 2626: 2542: 2434: 2081: 1666: 1556: 1420: 1411: 1234: 1150: 768: 764: 639: 545: 418: 389: 291:

was initially inhabited in approximately 600 AD or 650 AD by the Redware people, often associated with

11224: 11179: 8077: 6867: 6116: 6030: 4585: 4188:

After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739–1842

2032:. Concrete actions, however, were not implemented to deal with Jamaica's massive structural problems. 1730:

transferred from Spanish Town, which was by then eclipsed by the commercial activity in Kingston. The

307:

in 1494. Early inhabitants of Jamaica named the land "Xaymaca", meaning "land of wood and water". The

14203: 13886:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 13529: 13485: 13207: 12918: 12593: 12563: 12321: 11760: 11710: 11568: 11467: 10963: 10836: 10801: 10753: 10655: 10267: 10151: 9840: 9810: 9805: 9330: 9073: 8965: 8950: 8945: 7950: 3243: 2327: 2268: 2195: 1991:. Enthusiasm for Rastafari declined in the 1980s, following the deaths of Haile Selassie and Marley. 1200: 628: 624: 459:

arrived, eventually settling throughout the island. Living in villages ruled by tribal chiefs called

369:

in 1760. There were also periodic skirmishes between the British and the mountain communities of the

10385: 6402: 5990: 5977: 3631:

Tivoli Gardens is part of the Kingston Western parliamentary district, a seat was held for years by

1924:

penitentiary when he was deported to Jamaica in 1927. Garvey left the colony in 1935 to live in the

1765: 643: 421:, from the 1970s to the present day. While Jamaica's murder rate fell by nearly half after the 2010 14198: 13979: 13710: 13418: 13365: 13273: 13231: 13195: 13149: 12764: 12413: 12355: 11705: 11588: 11548: 11487: 11482: 11422: 10841: 10831: 10617: 10320: 10231: 9932: 9078: 9006: 8884: 7691:"Pro-Gay Simpson Miller Sworn In as Jamaican Prime Minister – Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller" 7233: 3647: 3627: 3283: 2890: 2187: 1913: 1862: 1857: 1731: 1624: 690: 12085: 11164: 10397: 9917: 8399: 7090: 7014: 6886: 3112:

had significantly frayed as a result of Manley's economic policies and close relations with Cuba.

1298: 14208: 13927: 13759: 13634: 13602: 13583: 13249: 13201: 13143: 12852: 12796: 12172: 11755: 11613: 11457: 11397: 11347: 11249: 10846: 10811: 10758: 10393: 10263: 10227: 9957: 9830: 9815: 9711: 9365: 9226: 9163: 9011: 8854: 8844: 8771: 8709: 8673: 8424: 5986: 5385: 5131:"Home-Grown Slaves: Women, Reproduction, and the Abolition of the Slave Trade, Jamaica 1788-1807" 3826: 3560: 3512: 3350: 3119:

In 1992, citing health reasons, Manley stepped down as prime minister and PNP leader. His former

2449: 2331: 2311: 2307: 2227: 2221: 2179: 2124: 2108: 2024:

Because of disturbances in Jamaica and the rest of the region, the British in 1938 appointed the

1967: 1905: 1861:

enabled bananas to travel further to meet the demand for the yellow fruit, for which the firm of

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in 1988 as the reason for extending the parliamentary term beyond its normal five-year mandate.

2712:

was a large concert held in Kingston on April 22, 1978, during a time of political civil war in

2508: 1836:

also participated, eventually culminating in the multi-national giant corporations like today's

81: 14178: 14088: 14038: 13998: 13398: 13379: 13255: 13219: 12991: 12979: 12878: 12758: 12746: 12634: 12589: 12577: 12208: 12046: 11618: 11553: 11057: 10943: 10826: 10786: 10430: 10223: 9882: 9872: 9221: 9183: 9122: 9056: 9036: 8894: 7207: 7011:"Robert Bryan, executive director, Jamaica 2007 Cricket Limited (from www.jamaica-gleaner.com)" 6264:"How we made: songwriter and actor Jimmy Cliff and actor Carl Bradshaw on The Harder They Come" 5755:

at Pure Guitar. Interviewer: Jas Obrecht. Published 19 February 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

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crop was largely destroyed. Hundreds of miles of roads and highways were also heavily damaged.

2709: 2703: 2682: 2357: 2356:

Bustamante's government also continued the government's repression of Rastafarians. During the

2280: 1933: 1813: 11189: 7407:

Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004) "The Rough Guide to Reggae, 3rd edn.", Rough Guides,

5833: 4214:, ed. E. Kofi Agorsah (Kingston: University of the West Indies Canoe Press, 1994), pp. 180–81. 14173: 14168: 14163: 14018: 13937: 13543: 12698: 12475: 12457: 12266: 12197: 11492: 10902: 10723: 10612: 10551: 10479: 10389: 10090: 9770: 9216: 9063: 9041: 8630: 8468:

Slavery, geography and empire in nineteenth-century marine landscapes of Montreal and Jamaica

7371: 6510: 5799: 5722: 5322: 4825:"Merchant networks, the guarantee system and the British slave trade to Jamaica in the 1790s" 4612: 3866:

On 11 March, the country's health minister Christopher Tufton confirmed the second "imported

3778: 3758: 3362: 3262: 3247: 3061: 3002: 2998: 2796: 2761: 2745: 2717: 1849: 1692: 1641: 1519: 1355: 1204: 940: 434: 153: 14153: 12026: 11427: 11214: 11174: 11133: 10107: 8504:

The Canadian Caribbean Connection: Bridging North and South: History, Influences, Lifestyles

8206: 5444:(Institute of Social and Economic Research, University College of the West Indies, 1960) in 3269:, which grew by two seats from 31–29 to 33–27 after official recounts. The JLP defeated the 3257:. had originally been scheduled for August 27, 2007, but were delayed to September 3 due to 3135:

and energy since the 1960s. He also ended Jamaica's 18-year borrowing relationship with the

1396:

execution indicates the crime being the theft of a pig; another, a cow). An 1853 account by

1221: 14158: 14073: 14048: 13848: 13666: 13579: 13513: 13491: 13392: 13352: 13261: 13225: 13163: 13088: 12776: 12511: 12505: 12499: 12001: 11670: 11633: 11623: 11563: 11462: 11442: 11337: 11149: 10968: 9845: 9835: 9188: 9168: 9132: 9026: 9016: 8928: 8879: 8824: 8693: 8142: 8107: 8013: 6920: 6653: 6045: 5044: 3878: 3636: 3606: 3393: 3308: 3291: 2945: 2429:

and Winston Wright and featured in transitional singles "Say What You're Saying" (1967) by

2156: 2140: 2120: 1829: 1649: 1620: 1583: 1552: 1502: 1479: 1473: 834: 809: 616: 414: 409: 393: 304: 216: 11527: 11317: 11239: 8278:

Burnard, Trevor. 2012. "Harvest Years? Reconfigurations of Empire in Jamaica, 1756–1807."

7286: 4394:"Criollos: The Birth of a Dynamic New Indo-Afro-European People and Culture on Hispaniola" 2584:

in 1977, which established his worldwide reputation and produced his status as one of the

1586:

of 1865. However, renewed British administration after the 1865 rebellion, in the form of

1272: 646:

wrote to Spanish authorities about Esquivel's conduct during the Higüey massacre of 1503.

8: 14123: 14058: 14028: 14003: 13327: 13130: 13037: 12985: 12872: 12860: 12840: 12828: 12740: 12531: 12443: 12070: 11826: 11811: 11695: 11675: 11628: 11608: 11412: 11407: 11352: 11322: 11088: 10713: 10670: 10627: 10556: 10525: 10296: 10275: 10241: 10147: 10117: 10048: 9892: 9865: 9765: 9246: 9193: 9117: 9046: 8984: 8960: 8889: 8829: 8669: 8590: 6205: 5222:"The Jamaica Prosecutions. Further Examinations of Colonel Nelson and Lieutenant Brand", 4017: 3886: 3554: 3167: 2967: 2772:, which was sponsored by Reagan. He delayed his promise to cut diplomatic relations with 2438: 2296: 2175: 2152: 2093: 2029: 2014: 1029: 905: 893: 741: 719: 654: 586: 338: 192: 11816: 11517: 8287:

The Plantation Machine: Atlantic Capitalism in French Saint-Domingue and British Jamaica

8172: 8138: 7897: 7063: 6049: 5978:

Ahmad, Rafi, Lawrence Brown, Jamaica National Meteorological Service (10 January 2006).

5448:

vol. 13, no. 3 (September 1967), pp. 3–29; and vol. 13, no. 4 (December 1967), pp. 3–14.

5086:"An End to Slavery – 1816–1836: Jamaica Reluctantly Makes History by Freeing its Slaves" 4683: 4252:, Atkinson, Lesley-Gail. "The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taíno." 2872:

reported severe damage to its aircraft, and all Jamaica-bound flights were cancelled at

1607:. Although the concentration of land and wealth in Jamaica was not as drastic as in the 14138: 14133: 14043: 13573: 13555: 13495: 13386: 13112: 13074: 13050: 13031: 12922: 12469: 12395: 12361: 12260: 12240: 12166: 11831: 11821: 11796: 11750: 11715: 11573: 11282: 11159: 11032: 10530: 10510: 10170: 10058: 9785: 9290: 9208: 9092: 9001: 8697: 6147: 5771: 4805: 4568:

The Maroons of Jamaica 1655–1796: a History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal

4539:

The Maroons of Jamaica 1655–1796: a History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal

4165: 4034: 3961: 3913:

In September 2020, the ruling centre-right Labour Party won a landslide victory in the

3657:. Kingston police arrested Coke on the outskirts of the city, apparently while a local 3124: 2589: 2469: 2350: 2335: 2183: 2160: 2155:, was an autocratic, charismatic, and highly adept politician; Manley was an athletic, 2085: 2045: 1963: 1951: 1897: 1662: 1560: 1548: 1442:

in 1834 initially was marked by a conflict between the plantocracy and elements in the

1438:

itself in 1834, the island's sugar- and slave-based economy faltered. The period after

1091: 1000: 980: 784: 609: 220: 11154: 11083: 8103: 6616: 6548: 6471:, Vol. 17, No. 1, Caribbean Crisis and Global Restructuring (Winter 1990), pp. 86–109. 4786:"The Dynamics of the Slave Market and Slave Purchasing Patterns in Jamaica, 1655-1788" 2494: 2182:

modified the crown colony system and inaugurated limited self-government based on the

1320:. After a few years, the Maroons were again deported to the new British settlement of 14078: 14068: 14013: 14008: 13933: 13519: 13137: 13102: 12834: 12722: 12670: 12664: 12648: 12487: 12481: 12431: 12401: 12331: 12011: 11953: 11786: 11558: 11532: 11522: 11512: 11447: 11402: 11332: 11312: 11287: 11234: 11209: 10474: 10001: 9942: 9897: 9756: 9178: 8869: 8685: 8547: 8539: 8482: 8474: 8449: 8428: 8381: 8355: 8312: 8251: 8237: 8212: 7510: 7408: 7377: 7350: 6851: 6358: 6317: 6061: 6009: 5839: 5807: 5328: 5052: 4499: 4484: 4224: 4157: 4038: 3966: 3956: 3523:. Dancehall made a resurgence within the pop market in the late 2000s, with songs by 3401: 3216: 3093: 3086: 3082: 2973: 2881: 2861: 2850: 2826: 2820: 2804: 2577: 2148: 2112: 2057: 2018: 1841: 1821: 1608: 1448: 1388: 1293: 1216: 1095: 957: 952: 936: 805: 666: 488: 441: 378: 366: 208: 10032: 8655: 7579: 6523: 6481: 5648:

Jamaican Government Issues Apology, Reparations for the 1963 Brutal Attack on Rastas

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On 10 March, the Ministry of Health and Wellness (MoHW) confirmed the first case in

1804: 1494: 316: 178: 14128: 14053: 13890: 13823: 13815: 13807: 13735: 13646: 13614: 13501: 13301: 13213: 12998: 12524: 12517: 12419: 12304: 12249: 11643: 11638: 11603: 11583: 11342: 11219: 11118: 11022: 10484: 10324: 9306: 9266: 9251: 9231: 9158: 8859: 8849: 8677: 8555: 8531: 8261:

Bennett, Hazel. 1968. “Private and Subscription Libraries in Jamaica before 1879.”

8009: 6053: 5267: 5173: 5142: 5012: 4874: 4870: 4836: 4797: 4766: 4735: 4277: 4149: 4082: 4030: 4026: 3991: 3694: 3668: 3616: 3612: 3372: 3193: 2235: 2077: 2006: 1654: 1509: 1498: 1347: 1252: 1161: 1138: 1130: 1115: 1111: 913: 852: 650: 635: 422: 374: 370: 342: 320: 200: 12135: 12021: 10053: 7316: 5675: 4858: 4840: 4739: 4302: 3100:

personally controlling a warehouse full of disaster relief supplies and candidate

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Jamaicans mounted over a dozen major uprisings during the 18th century, including

14023: 13843: 13620: 13549: 13340: 13279: 13118: 12802: 12704: 12407: 12086:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

11836: 11776: 11690: 11598: 11472: 11452: 11417: 11199: 11169: 11108: 10718: 10708: 10604: 10489: 10381: 10338: 10098: 10006: 9877: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9236: 9109: 9104: 8919: 8662: 8644: 7558: 6893: 6874: 6818: 6690: 6621: 6553: 6464: 6409: 6385: 6341: 6300: 6212: 5752: 5729: 5654: 5634: 5573: 5466: 5296: 5206: 4690: 4641: 4195: 3998: 3821:

and Jamaica. All people entering Jamaica from China will be subject to immediate

3536: 3443: 3367: 3239: 3046: 3006: 2989: 2983: 2962: 2777: 2369: 2339: 2272: 2231: 1909: 1853: 1817: 1671: 1443: 1384: 1343: 1266: 1230: 1134: 1122: 961: 889: 745: 733: 703: 599: 185: 167: 11745: 8352:

Between Self-Determination and Dependency. Jamaica's Foreign Relations 1972–1989

8208:

Revolutionary Freedoms: A History of Survival, Strength and Imagination in Haiti

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A record 197 candidates contested the election, with a new political party, the

2837:

stated that the hardest hit areas near where Gilbert made landfall looked "like

2598: 1180:

agreed to a land patent which meant that her Maroons also accepted peace terms.

404:

in 1944, universal male suffrage, and limited self-government eventually led to

13728: 13716: 13561: 13177: 13106: 13095: 12884: 12846: 12752: 12716: 12710: 12676: 12214: 12137: 11680: 11593: 11477: 11229: 11052: 11037: 10938: 10912: 10897: 10778: 10373: 10367: 10271: 10038: 9952: 9902: 9780: 9734: 9311: 8864: 8727: 8681: 5885:

The Greenwood encyclopaedia of LGBT issues worldwide, Volume 1 by Chuck Stewart

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announced that the travel ban would be expanded to include the United Kingdom.

3782: 3574: 3516: 3500: 3258: 3128: 3031: 2958: 2842: 2733: 2667: 2659: 2514: 2481: 2421:

in the 1960s. The shift from rocksteady to reggae was illustrated by the organ

2349:

An extensive period of postwar growth transformed Jamaica into an increasingly

2263:

with an 11-percent majority over the JLP and 50.5 percent of the popular vote.

2239: 2116: 2097: 1975: 1925: 1833: 1604: 1415: 1087: 1033: 972: 844: 776: 445: 308: 250: 204: 10185: 8173:"Jamaica election: Andrew Holness' JLP re-elected amid rise in Covid-19 cases" 6981:"Empire's Crossroads review – 'a strikingly assured history of the Caribbean'" 5271: 5199: 5177: 4770: 1657:

arrived to implement a series of reforms that accompanied the transition to a

1594: 1351:

flourished for several years before they were captured by a party of Maroons.

334:. However, the majority of Africans were brought into Jamaica by the English. 14233: 13769: 13589: 12770: 12654: 11244: 10094: 10011: 9820: 8580: 8543: 6843: 6685: 6065: 5811: 5285: 3654: 3447: 3266: 3238:, but their number of seats fell from 50 to 34 (out of 60 total). PNP leader 3197: 3182: 3139:, allowing the country greater latitude in pursuit of its economic policies. 2954: 2799:, Seaga appointed eight independent senators to form an official opposition. 2765: 2500: 2477: 2430: 2426: 2380: 2343: 2128: 2069: 1971: 1959: 1955: 1889: 1883: 1874: 1377: 1050: 848: 772: 749: 674: 7920: 7842:"Jamaican farmers face bleak future as EU axes cap on sugar beet production" 7718:"Jamaican elections end tonight as minister says gays "threatened his life"" 5255: 5161: 4754: 2949:, the first feature-length film made by Jamaicans. It starred reggae singer 1249:, before marching on to overrun the plantations at Heywood Hall and Esher. 604: 13948: 13799: 13507: 13068: 13062: 13043: 12808: 12543: 12450: 12389: 12383: 12016: 12006: 11735: 11274: 11128: 10953: 10469: 10245: 9927: 9775: 8551: 8535: 8517: 6235: 5146: 4161: 3867: 3632: 3623: 3496: 3431: 3389: 3322: 3205: 3201: 3155: 3078: 2834: 2757: 2741: 2671: 2632: 2572: 2388: 2373: 1929: 1879: 1726: 1658: 1587: 1572: 1568: 1543: 1431: 1321: 1281: 1238: 988: 965: 864: 757: 658: 350: 11327: 8559: 6176:"Jamaica Counts the Hurricane Toll: 25 Dead and 4 Out of 5 Homes Roofless" 5071:

Barry W. Higman, "Slave Populations of the British Caribbean, 1807–1834",

4111: 3829:. In keeping with the new policy, 19 Chinese nationals who arrived at the 2318:. Bustamante, at the age of 78, became the nation's first prime minister. 2310:

on 6 August 1962. The new nation retained, however, its membership in the

2056:(formerly William Alexander Clarke), a moneylender in the capital city of 1954:, a new religion, emerged among impoverished and socially disenfranchised 1534: 13916: 13412: 13313: 13124: 12728: 12628: 12343: 12337: 10917: 10743: 10312: 10190: 8874: 8689: 8427:, "A Year in Jamaica: Memoirs of a girl in Arcadia in 1889" (Eland 2013) 7988:"Update: Jamaica confirms first case of Coronavirus, travel ban expanded" 5980:"Assessment of Rainfall Characteristics and Landslide Hazards in Jamaica" 5130: 4401: 4212:

Maroon Heritage: Archaeological, Ethnographic and Historical Perspectives

3902: 3676: 3643: 3540: 3484: 3439: 3377: 3209: 3064:, Prime Minister from 2006 to 2007 (her first term) and from 2012 to 2016 2950: 2830: 2473: 2453: 2167: 2089: 2041: 1893: 1645: 1564: 1523: 1392: 1367: 1325: 1317: 1177: 874:

slaves were at the forefront of the Maroon fighting against the British.

871: 385: 327: 295:

pottery. By roughly 800 AD, a second wave of inhabitants occurred by the

212: 10907: 8266: 6507:

The Challenges of Change: P. J. Patterson Budget Presentations 1992–2002

4053: 2096:, later working on building support among small farmers and in areas of 13189: 13170: 12913: 12692: 12311: 12228: 11781: 10515: 9795: 8839: 8246:

Barringer, Tim., Forrester, Gillian, and Martinez-Ruiz, Barbaro. 2007.

7661:"Jamaica's murder rate tumbles but decrepit morgues stymie convictions" 6721: 4809: 4153: 3890: 3822: 3747: 3611:

Politically and socially, the 2010s in Jamaica have been shaped by the

3544: 3451: 3397: 3336: 3104:

distributing American-donated flour in sacks with her picture on them.

2729: 2725: 2618: 2604: 2568: 2564: 2555: 2528: 2485: 2461: 2422: 2418: 2404: 2334:, an organisation of ex-British territories. Jamaica continues to be a 1988: 1984: 1979:

and greater visibility abroad through the popularity of Rasta-inspired

1917: 1710: 1702: 1483: 1242: 1196: 1192: 1137:

who sent against them in the interior, in what came to be known as the

948: 926: 753: 642:(New Seville), on the north coast of the island. A decade later, Friar 346: 8248:

Art and Emancipation in Jamaica: Isaac Mendes Belisario and His Worlds

7958:"Jamaica turns back 19 Chinese nationals under coronavirus travel ban" 7552:"Kingston residents trapped inside homes as Jamaican death toll rises" 6316:

Lansford, Tom (2014). "Political Handbook of the World 2014", p. 717.

4370: 3773:

In February 2016, opposition Labour Party won a narrow victory in the

3261:. The preliminary results indicated a slim victory for the opposition 2013:. Uprisings in Jamaica began on the Frome Sugar Estate in the western 1902:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

1812:

The earliest modern plantations originated in Jamaica and the related

994:

Another blow to Jamaica's partnership with privateers was the violent

519: 13835: 12688: 12437: 12221: 10748: 10505: 10405: 10180: 10082: 10016: 8099: 7780:"Jamaica the homophobia capital of the world? Not the Jamaica I know" 6799: 3754: 3588: 3528: 3520: 3492: 3470: 3435: 3423: 3417: 3189: 3159: 2865: 2838: 2465: 2104: 2052:

that affected both Jamaica and the islands of the Eastern Caribbean.

1945: 1576: 1246: 1184: 1079: 1004: 665:, from its founding until 1872, after which the capital was moved to 484: 6768:"Top Hill Journal; At Polls in Jamaica, Kissing Cousin From America" 5104:

Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies

4801: 4553:

Donny L. Hamilton, "Pirates and Merchants: Port Royal, Jamaica," in

3154:

in November 1997, when his People's National Party was ahead in the

1346:, and they joined other runaway communities. In 1798, a slave named 795: 661:. This settlement served as the capital of both Spanish and English 23: 13763: 13678: 12957: 12909: 12658: 12585: 12571: 12567: 12537: 12325: 10922: 9800: 8763: 5899:

Reclaiming development: independent thought and Caribbean community

3874: 3762: 3664: 3658: 3524: 3185:, after a dispute over the leadership of the Jamaica Labour Party. 2846: 2662:, Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1972 to 1980 and from 1989 to 1992 2368:

Bustamante was succeeded as the prime minister in February 1967 by

2251: 1845: 1714: 8819: 8637: 8205:

Accilien, C.; Adams, J.; Méléance, E.; Ulrick Jean-Pierre (2006).

4785: 4703:

Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery

2776:

until a year later when he accused the Cuban government of giving

1423:, half of whom were absentee landlords residing in Great Britain. 1401:

process of emancipation, with initial measures beginning in 1833.

1074:

used a variety of forms of labour including workers imported from

491:

and did not have writing. Some of the words used by them, such as

160: 13672: 13005: 12965: 12558: 12315: 12274: 12080: 12051: 10561: 10546: 9703: 9361: 8794: 8336:

Dunkley, Daive A. 2011. "Hegemony in Post-Independence Jamaica."

8158: 8123: 8029: 7749:"Gay Jamaicans launch legal action over island's homophobic laws" 7373:

Wake the Town & Tell the People: Dancehall Culture in Jamaica

6028: 5256:"Emancipation and labour on Jamaican coffee plantations, 1838–48" 4570:(Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1988), pp. 14-15, 23, 32–33. 4210:

E. Kofi Agorsah, "Archaeology of Maroon Settlements in Jamaica",

3844: 3803: 3532: 2885: 2854: 2788: 2784: 2713: 2655: 2588:, with sales of more than 75 million records. He was a committed 2363: 2132: 1921: 1783:

View of Kingston in 1907 showing damage caused by the earthquake.

1706: 1456: 1452: 1435: 1373: 1045: 840: 681: 662: 509: 468: 331: 292: 288: 7457:"Reggae star Vybz Kartel sentenced to life in prison for murder" 5386:"Historian situates 'back-to-Africa' movements in broad context" 4398:

KACIKE: Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology

1478:

Tensions between blacks and whites resulted in the October 1865

1307:

Maroons felt that they were being mistreated under the terms of

523:("hurricane"), have been incorporated into Spanish and English. 323:, and survived free from first Spanish, and then English, rule. 13682: 13057: 12822: 12600: 12202: 11017: 10571: 10566: 10343: 8814: 7746: 7576:"Welcome to nginx eaa1a9e1db47ffcca16305566a6efba4!185.15.56.1" 6143:"Hurricane Is Reported to Damage Over 100,000 Homes in Jamaica" 5873:

Insight Guide: Jamaica, Insight Guides, APA Publications, 2009.

3511:

The early 2000s saw the success of newer charting acts such as

3427: 3212: 3081:

announced the election date on January 15, 1989, at a rally in

2877: 2410: 1980: 1648:, when racial and religious tensions came to a head during the 1615: 1308: 1172:

A year later, the even more rebellious Windward Maroons led by

1154: 1041: 1037: 856: 822: 456: 452: 345:. Meanwhile, on the coast, the English built the settlement of 312: 300: 296: 6797:

Adams, David (20 December 1997). "Jamaica returns Patterson".

4427:

The Story of the Life of Columbus and the Discovery of Jamaica

4058:

The International Association for Caribbean Archaeology (IACA)

2255:

controlled the TUC. The PNP then formed the more conservative

1832:

started this process in the 1870s, but railroad builders like

771:

in 1658. In 1660, a group of maroons, under the leadership of

463:, they sustained themselves on fishing and the cultivation of 13183: 12905: 12377: 12058: 10332: 9996: 7122:"Weep for the ghosts of calypsos past in this lifeless forum" 6428:"Missed opportunities: From old partners to new partnerships" 5709:

Garnice, Michael. "Bob Marley and the Wailers' Mento Roots",

3818: 3761:

passed a law decriminalizing possession of up to 2 ounces of

3455: 3442:. Dancehall brought a new generation of producers, including 3174:

had seen the People's National Party win 52 of the 60 seats.

2993:. Major figures in the Jamaican film industry include actors 2943:

Jamaica's film industry was born in 1972 with the release of

2933:

People lined up to get water in the wake of Hurricane Gilbert

2131:, although a left-wing element in the PNP held more orthodox 1262: 1075: 813: 638:

founded the first permanent European settlement, the town of

464: 7347:

DanceHall: From Slave Ship to Ghetto By Sonjah Stanley Niaah

6914:, in "ACP-EU Trade and Aid Co-operation Post-Lomé IV", 1997 6206:

Trevor Rhone, a Writer of ‘The Harder They Come,’ Dies at 69

6104: 6102: 5966:

Jamaica's Michael Manley: The Great Transformation (1972–92)

5767:"Deadly profitable: The 13 highest-earning dead celebrities" 1003:. Port Royal was further devastated by a fire in 1703 and a 12734: 10401: 10316: 8378:

A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny

6379:"Personalities Of Candidates Key Issue In Jamaica Election" 5623:

Coral Gardens 1963: The Rastafari and Jamaican Independence

5360:"When Banana was King (Paperback) | LMH Publishing Limited" 3298: 2773: 1994: 1207:), living under their own rulers and a British supervisor. 1173: 1054: 694:

of 1511, he referred to it as both "Jamaica" and "Jamica".

475: 10294: 7872:"Jamaica Lawmakers Decriminalize Small Amounts of 'Ganja'" 6458:"The United States and Jamaica: Playing the American Card" 4521:

Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies

3458:") becoming increasingly characterised by faster rhythms. 3384:

In sprinting, Jamaicans had begun their domination of the

870:

In the early eighteenth century, English-speaking escaped

8479:

Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas

6887:

Pollster's diary: virtual motion picture of campaign 2007

6482:""Relations with the United States, Britain, and Canada"" 6099: 6058:

10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2248:AHSO>2.0.CO;2

5912:

Jamaica under Manley: dilemmas of socialism and democracy

5224:

The Illustrated Police News: Law-Courts and Weekly Record

3404:

led an unprecedented Jamaican sweep of the medals in the

3092:

The date and tone of the election were shaped in part by

2768:

early the next year and was one of the architects of the

2414: 2080:

for the masses. On 18 September 1938, he inaugurated the

1058: 1028:

In the mid-17th century, sugarcane was introduced to the

677:

to supply colonization efforts in the mainland Americas.

623:

to the Americas. Columbus returned to Jamaica during his

2868:, a popular tourist resort where hotels were evacuated. 5049:

The Abolition of Slavery – The British Debate 1787–1840

4724:"Sugar, Slavery and Productivity in Jamaica, 1750-1807" 3743: 2379:

In October 1968 when the Shearer government banned Dr.

2065:(BITU), which inaugurated Jamaica's worker's movement. 2044:, as distinct from island identification or desire for 1427:

position from all obligations to their former masters.

7518:"Seeking Justice and Police Accountability in Jamaica" 5835:

Wailing Blues – The Story of Bob Marley's Wailers

5115:

Mary Reckord. "The Jamaican Slave Rebellion of 1831",

4541:(Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1988), pp. 14–35. 4278:"The History of Jamaica – Jamaica Information Service" 4139: 2670:

defeated the JLP's unpopular incumbent Prime Minister

1920:

in 1923 and had served most of a five-year term in an

1725:, had decided to transfer the government offices from 326:

The Spanish also captured and transported hundreds of

13788: 12921:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 10049:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

7898:"Jamaican election: Labour Party wins narrow victory" 7747:

Owen Bowcott; Maya Wolfe-Robinson (26 October 2012).

7547: 7545: 7543: 6940:, ACP-EU, No. 166, November–December 1997: pp. 59–60. 6412:(interview with former Prime Minister Edward Seaga), 4461: 4264:

Rogozinski, Jan. "A Brief History of the Caribbean."

3290:

In tourism, after a decrease in volume following the

3142:

Patterson led the PNP to resounding victories in the

2909:

Hurricane Gilbert approaching Jamaica on 12 September

2242:," the period between 1944 and independence in 1962. 2205: 2123:

ideas on state control of the factors of production,

1225:

Easter Rebellion memorial 20231007 Claude Stuart Park

1183:

The Maroons were to remain in their five main towns (

474:

The Arawak brought a South America system of raising

8367:

LIMINA: A Journal of Cultural and Historical Studies

8265:(1966–1972), vol. 3, no. 3, (1968) pp. 242–49. 6848:

Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I

5051:. Presse Universitaire de France. pp. 107–108. 5017:

Slavery in the Great House era, Jamaica Great Houses

4549: 4547: 3924: 3034:, Prime Minister from 1989 to 1992 (his second term) 2592:

who infused his music with a sense of spirituality.

1800:

History of modern banana plantations in the Americas

7811:"Jamaica's decades of debt are damaging its future" 4701:Robert William Fogel, "Slavery in the New World". 2938: 483:), constructed with wooden poles, woven straw, and 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7628: 7540: 7369: 6173: 6140: 5797: 5637:; Mona Vol. 63, Iss. 1, (2014): 197-214,234. 5078: 5013:"Sam Sharpe and the Slave Rebellion (Baptist War)" 3615:—a 2010 gun-battle between police and the gang of 3366:putting the tally at more than US$ 100 million or 2853:, and telephone lines were jammed from Jamaica to 8354:, Kingston: University of the West Indies Press. 6815:"PNP may secure third term by midnight, Thursday" 5736:. Interviewer: Peter I. Retrieved 23 August 2013. 4784:Burnard, Trevor; Morgan, Kenneth (January 2001). 4544: 1153:, sued for peace with the Leeward Maroon leader, 971:England gained formal possession of Jamaica from 593: 14231: 8003: 8001: 7709: 6917:"ACP-EU Trade and Aid Co-operation Post-Lomé IV" 6373: 6371: 4582:"Historic Earthquakes: Jamaica 1692 June 07 UTC" 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3889:and the other who had "contact tracing from the 2686:than 40,000 houses built between 1974 and 1980. 1529: 1512:sent government troops, under Brigadier-General 10593: 8250:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 8204: 6649:"Jamaican ruling party victorious by landslide" 6219:, 21 September 2009, retrieved 11 November 2012 4519:Sainsbury, W. Noel. "America and West Indies". 3810:that affected Latin America and the Caribbean. 3781:of the People's National Party was replaced by 2807:in 1988, also contributed to his defeat in the 2383:from returning to his teaching position at the 2226:After World War II, Jamaica began a relatively 1024:European colonies in the 18th-century Caribbean 748:led the armada in an attack on Spain's fort at 8299:Cargill, Morris. (1956) "Jamaica and Britain" 8198: 7630:"Jamaica Fights to Break Grip of Violent Past" 6425: 5442:"The Ras Tafari Movement in Kingston, Jamaica" 3746:began moving towards ending a cap on European 3697:and LGBT rights were both major issues in the 2448:reggae records were released: "Nanny Goat" by 2364:Jamaica under Donald Sangster and Hugh Shearer 2228:long transition to full political independence 2001:British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–1939 1391:. The reaction of the Jamaican Government and 13964: 13448: 12121: 10238:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 9719: 9338: 8779: 8745: 8516: 7998: 7928:"Jamaica imposes travel ban over coronavirus" 6746: 6744: 6368: 6093: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5893: 5891: 5881: 5879: 5869: 5867: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4903:. Kingston, Jamaica: Agouti Press, pp. 315–55 4783: 4272: 4270: 4260: 4258: 3978: 268: 13978: 13883:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 13866:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 13744:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 9913:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 8280:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 8007: 7088: 7035: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6549:"Jamaican prime minister sets election date" 6029:Lawrence, Miles B.; Gross, James M. (1989). 6014:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5806:. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 42–. 5320: 5106:(Cornell University Press, 1983), pp. 297–98 5075:, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Autumn 1985), pp. 365–367. 4555:X Marks the Spot: The Archaeology of Piracy, 3729: 2476:. Other significant reggae pioneers include 1686: 1635: 1603:producers, most notably by the British firm 1241:, where the munitions to defend the town of 1229:In May 1760, Tacky, a slave overseer on the 8570:. Port of Spain: P.N.M. Publishing Company. 8070:"Jamaica imposes travel restriction for UK" 7426:"Why do so many Jamaicans hate gay people?" 7119: 6641: 5831: 5440:M.G. Smith, Roy Augier and Rex Nettleford, 5240:. London: MacGibbon & Kee. p. 128. 5162:"Slaves and Slavery in Kingston, 1770–1815" 5039: 5037: 3840:in terms of the number of confirmed cases. 2321: 2215: 1970:promoted by black nationalist figures like 1467: 763:Spain never recaptured Jamaica, losing the 697: 13971: 13957: 13455: 13441: 12128: 12114: 9726: 9712: 9345: 9331: 8786: 8772: 8752: 8738: 8285:Burnard, Trevor, and John Garrigus. 2016. 7287:"Pakistan Woolmer death treated as murder" 6741: 6609: 5953: 5935: 5917: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5672:"Shocks Of Mighty: An Upsetting Biography" 5572:. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from 4919: 4421: 4419: 4267: 4255: 3085:. He cited emergency conditions caused by 275: 261: 12032:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 8473: 6807: 6709: 6669: 6580: 6578: 6576: 5254:Monteith, Kathleen E.A. (June 13, 2008). 4887: 4014: 3250:, Jamaica's first female prime minister. 2697: 2391:started. They were a part of an emerging 2326:Bustamante subsequently became the first 2035: 1561:post-Civil War South of the United States 1501:establishing his authority following the 566:Reconstruction of a Taíno village in Cuba 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 12927:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 12037:Colonial universities in the Philippines 7693:. Zimbio. 6 January 2012. Archived from 7454: 6790: 6759: 6174:Joseph B. Treaster (15 September 1988). 6141:Joseph B. Treaster (13 September 1988). 5791: 5274:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 5253: 5043: 5034: 4843:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 4773:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 4742:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 4600: 3847:, a female patient who arrived from the 3663: 3411: 3299:2007 Cricket World Cup and 2008 Olympics 2921:Buildings destroyed by Hurricane Gilbert 2654: 2586:world's best-selling artists of all time 1995:The Great Depression and worker protests 1878: 1803: 1593: 1533: 1488: 1297: 1271: 1251: 1220: 1141:. In 1728, the British authorities sent 1019: 910:Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle 877: 794: 723: 603: 428: 330:people to the island for the purpose of 11028:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 8593:. A pictorial guide to historic Jamaica 8136: 8044:"7, 8 Miles, Bull Bay under quarantine" 7808: 7777: 7524:. National Radio Project. 31 May 2011. 7401: 7234:"Woolmer's death 'suspicious' – police" 7178:"Crushing the essence of the Caribbean" 6686:"One dead in Jamaica election violence" 6261: 6022: 5904: 5825: 5764: 5481: 5211:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5159: 4856: 4416: 3806:on 10 March 2020. This was during the 3273:after 18 years of unbroken governance. 3017: 2372:, who in the same year died in office. 2166:Following the 1938 disturbances in the 1759:Horse-drawn carriages in Kingston, 1891 1256:Fort Haldane Turntable Cannon 20231007 1015: 790: 14232: 13912:Historical flags of the British Empire 13896:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 11981: 8568:British Historians and the West Indies 8459:Morales Padrón, Francisco. 1953 2003. 8306: 8303:(October 1956), 6#10 pp. 655–663. 8234:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 7040:. Caribbeancricket.com. Archived from 6978: 6934:The U.S.-European Union Banana Dispute 6765: 6584: 6573: 5930:Michael Manley: the making of a leader 5324:Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Hot Springs 5314: 5249: 5247: 5235: 5128: 5096: 5065: 4852: 4850: 4822: 4504:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4467: 4439: 4333: 3276: 2724:. The concert reached its peak during 2316:Westminster-style parliamentary system 2107:ideology in 1940 and later joined the 1493:1866 lithography by French cartoonist 1302:Leonard Parkinson, Maroon Leader, 1796 1061:. In the 18th century, sugar replaced 728:An illustration of pre-1692 Port Royal 13952: 13787: 13699: 13436: 12945: 12617: 12292: 12185: 12109: 11980: 11876: 11875: 10999: 10877: 10592: 10451: 10419: 10356: 10293: 10208: 10131: 10071: 9985: 9974: 9746: 9745: 9707: 9326: 8767: 8404:Haiti, Her History and Her Detractors 8398: 8183:from the original on 6 September 2020 7839: 7778:Ustanny, St Rachel (20 August 2013). 7759:from the original on 26 December 2016 7602:"Alleged Jamaican drug lord captured" 7376:. Duke University Press. p. 84. 6868:Jamaica's First Female Prime Minister 6796: 6541: 6403:"On development and losing elections" 6243:from the original on 10 November 2021 6155:from the original on 25 November 2010 6075:from the original on 14 February 2012 5798:Meschino, Patricia (6 October 2007). 5160:Burnard, Trevor (February 21, 2020). 5119:(July 1968), 40(3): pp. 122, 124–125. 4752: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4518: 4303:""Christopher Columbus – 2nd Voyage"" 3836:On 11 January 2022, Jamaica overtook 3196:attended. The monitors were from the 2732:joined the hands of political rivals 2425:pioneered by Jamaican musicians like 2287:, securing 30 out of 45 House seats. 1939: 1788: 1542:During most of the 18th century, the 1276:Fort Haldane, Jamaica heritage trail, 10309:Captaincy General of the Philippines 9801:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 8793: 7968:from the original on 8 February 2020 7938:from the original on 2 February 2020 7715: 7626: 7423: 7208:"Woolmer's post-mortem inconclusive" 6228: 6186:from the original on 27 October 2014 5838:. Music Sales Group. pp. 242–. 5765:Mcateer, Amberly (15 October 2014). 5746:Aston "Family Man" Barrett Interview 5378: 5166:Internation Review of Social History 5073:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4823:Morgan, Kenneth (January 21, 2016). 4721: 4684:History of the Jews of the Caribbean 4606: 4579: 4573: 4359: 4206: 4204: 4181: 4179: 3793: 2814: 2783:Seaga supported the collapse of the 2088:. The 1938 riots spurred the PNP to 1287: 920: 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 13723:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 12566:. British Cameroons is now part of 12012:Indochristian painting in New Spain 10132: 8421:(Cambridge University Press, 2015). 8236:. The University of Chicago (2014) 8098: 7728:from the original on 4 January 2012 7261:"Woolmer was strangled, police say" 7258: 7152:"Richards attacks Cup organisation" 6991:from the original on 7 October 2016 6837: 6587:"In Jamaica, Violence Is the Issue" 6294:"Jamaica election set for February" 6031:"Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1988" 5971: 5451: 5352: 5244: 5216: 4857:Radburn, Nicholas (April 3, 2015). 4847: 3831:Norman Manley International Airport 3600: 2829:produced a 19 ft (5.8 m) 2666:In the election of 1972, the PNP's 2111:, allying itself formally with the 1598:Sugar cane cutters in Jamaica, 1891 1538:Sugar cane cutters in Jamaica, 1880 1336: 1105: 713: 579:Caguana Ceremonial Ball Courts Site 554:, a wooden chair crafted by Taínos. 13: 12582:unilaterally declared independence 12277:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 10979:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 10452: 9733: 8506:. Halifax: Carindo Cultural Assoc. 8463:. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers. 8149:from the original on 15 March 2020 8114:from the original on 13 March 2020 8020:from the original on 12 March 2020 7716:Gray, Stephen (29 December 2011). 7485: 7317:"Woolmer 'dIED OF NATURAL CAUSES'" 7297:from the original on 26 March 2007 7267:from the original on 25 March 2007 7240:from the original on 26 March 2007 7214:from the original on 24 March 2007 7070:from the original on 12 March 2007 6821:. 17 December 1997. Archived from 6766:Rohter, Larry (19 December 1997). 6725:. 20 December 1997. Archived from 6585:Rohter, Larry (18 December 1997). 6426:Buddan, Robert (11 January 2004). 4708: 4391: 4343:. Discover Jamaica. Archived from 4330:(London: Collins, 1975), pp. 34-5. 3785:, the leader of the Labour Party. 3049:, Prime Minister from 1992 to 2006 3012: 2639: 2206:Independent Jamaica (1962–present) 1361: 14: 14256: 13789:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 13768:Occupied by Argentina during the 13700: 12946: 10209: 10072: 9953:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 8574: 8499:(Harvard University Press, 2017). 8481:. Anchor Books (published 1973). 7908:from the original on 1 March 2021 7821:from the original on 21 July 2016 7790:from the original on 21 July 2016 7671:from the original on 21 July 2016 7608:from the original on 28 June 2010 7498:from the original on 30 July 2017 7467:from the original on 9 April 2014 7436:from the original on 4 April 2015 7327:from the original on 29 June 2007 6629:from the original on 30 July 2017 6561:from the original on 30 July 2017 6274:from the original on 30 July 2017 5779:from the original on 4 March 2016 5598:. This is Jamaica. Archived from 5459:"The Jamaican Labour Party (JLP)" 5396:from the original on 29 July 2012 5129:Turner, Sasha (January 1, 2011). 4201: 4176: 3162:had fallen substantially and the 2728:' performance of "Jammin'", when 2650: 2433:and "People Funny Boy" (1968) by 2063:Bustamante Industrial Trade Union 1808:Port Maria Harbor, St Mary Parish 1553:1807 abolition of the slave trade 1210: 742:Spain's colonies in the Caribbean 649:In 1534 the capital was moved to 14094:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13932: 13923: 13922: 13335:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12064:Criollos in the colonial society 11992:Spanish missions in the Americas 11114:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 9354: 8918: 8721: 8621: 8296:(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2020). 8294:Jamaica in the Age of Revolution 8289:(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). 8165: 8130: 8092: 8062: 8036: 7980: 7890: 7878:from the original on 11 May 2020 7864: 7852:from the original on 18 May 2015 7833: 7802: 7771: 7740: 7683: 7653: 7620: 7594: 7568: 7528:from the original on 5 July 2011 7479: 7448: 7417: 7363: 7339: 7309: 7279: 7252: 7226: 7200: 7188:from the original on 19 May 2007 7170: 7144: 7132:from the original on 2 July 2023 7113: 7101:from the original on 8 July 2012 7082: 7056: 7038:"World Cup 2007: Eyes Wide Shut" 7029: 7003: 6972: 6943: 6903: 6880: 6861: 6778:from the original on 19 May 2015 6597:from the original on 19 May 2015 6516: 6499: 6474: 6450: 6419: 6395: 6351: 6327: 6262:Simpson, Dave (20 August 2012). 5852:from the original on 2 July 2023 5832:Jon Masouri (11 November 2009). 4635:"A Barbados Synagogue Is Reborn" 3941: 3927: 3908: 3768: 3682: 3581: 3567: 3553: 3477: 3463: 3343: 3329: 3315: 3054: 3039: 3024: 2939:Birth of Jamaica's film industry 2926: 2914: 2902: 2625: 2611: 2597: 2535: 2521: 2507: 2493: 2330:. The island country joined the 1868: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1740: 1693:Kingston, Jamaica § History 1557:the abolition of slavery in 1834 608:Statue of Christopher Columbus, 571: 559: 544: 528: 244: 144: 22: 12091:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 9975: 8497:The English Conquest of Jamaica 8495:Pestana, Carla Gardina. (2017) 8311:. Manchester University Press. 8076:. 13 March 2020. Archived from 8008:IG:IRIEFM_JA (11 March 2020). 7840:Adams, Tim (21 February 2015). 7809:Dearden, Nick (16 April 2013). 7641:from the original on 2022-01-03 7627:Cave, Damien (17 August 2013). 7455:Michaels, Sean (4 April 2014). 7390:from the original on 2023-07-02 7158:from the original on 6 May 2007 6961:from the original on 2023-06-25 6755:. 20 December 1997. p. 14. 6698:from the original on 2023-07-02 6617:"Electoral violence in Jamaica" 6530:from the original on 2015-05-01 6488:from the original on 2016-11-03 6310: 6286: 6255: 6229:Katz, David (4 December 2006). 6222: 6198: 6167: 6134: 6087: 5758: 5739: 5716: 5703: 5690: 5664: 5640: 5614: 5588: 5562: 5532: 5507: 5434: 5408: 5341:from the original on 2023-07-02 5301: 5278: 5229: 5193: 5184: 5153: 5122: 5109: 5023:from the original on 2019-05-14 5005: 4992: 4979: 4966: 4953: 4942:from the original on 2015-10-16 4906: 4893: 4881: 4816: 4777: 4746: 4695: 4676: 4665:from the original on 2012-02-05 4651: 4627: 4609:"1692:Earthquake of Port Royal" 4560: 4531: 4512: 4473: 4458:(London: Collins, 1975), p. 54. 4448: 4432: 4385: 4369:. Jamaicans.com. Archived from 4320: 4309:from the original on 2019-04-21 4295: 4284:from the original on 2013-11-05 4246: 4235:from the original on 2021-02-06 4122:from the original on 2020-11-05 4093:from the original on 2013-11-05 4064:from the original on 2020-10-20 4051: 3808:2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic 3689:Jamaican general election, 2011 2751: 2184:Westminster model of government 1404: 1331: 1129:Early in the 18th century, the 1010: 835:Jamaican Maroons § History 708: 33:needs additional citations for 13831:Australian Antarctic Territory 12687:since 1965 (before as part of 12684:British Indian Ocean Territory 12570:, while Tanganyika is part of 12201:since 1960 (before as part of 10420: 10143:Captaincy General of Guatemala 9851:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 8395:. Trenton: Africa World Press. 8275:. London: Collins Educational. 8263:The Journal of Library History 7874:. ABC News. 25 February 2015. 7064:"Cricket: 'Run wid it again!'" 6751:"Landslide for ruling party". 6505:Franklyn, Delano (ed.): 2002. 5674:. Upsetter.net. Archived from 5226:(London), 23 February 1867: 1. 4875:10.5309/willmaryquar.72.2.0243 4863:The William and Mary Quarterly 4790:The William and Mary Quarterly 4753:Ryden, David (June 13, 2008). 4217: 4133: 4104: 4075: 4045: 4031:10.1080/00086495.2009.11829757 4008: 2444:Early 1968 was when the first 2338:, with the British monarch as 2068:A first cousin of Bustamante, 594:The Spanish period (1494–1655) 539:) roots, the Taínos' main crop 1: 12042:General Archive of the Indies 11303:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 10974:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 10959:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 9908:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 9861:War of the Spanish Succession 9826:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 8900:Jamaica Independence Act 1962 8380:. Addison-Wesley Publishing. 7091:"A public relations disaster" 7089:Tim de Lisle (3 April 2007). 6979:Morris, Iain (30 June 2014). 6717:"Jamaica Re-Elects Patterson" 6096:(accessed through LexisNexis) 5238:The Governor Eyre Controversy 4963:, pp. 165–69, 172–75, 180–89. 4938:. Jamaicans.com. 2014-06-20. 4841:10.1080/0144039X.2015.1116305 4740:10.1080/0144039X.2015.1061815 4722:Reid, Ahmed (July 13, 2015). 2549: 2385:University of the West Indies 2285:general election in July 1959 2176:British Caribbean territories 1838:Chiquita Brands International 1530:Decline of the sugar industry 1189:Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) 1167:Three Fingered Jack (Jamaica) 1133:took a heavy toll on British 912:, who was more interested in 732:In late 1654, English leader 14219:United States Virgin Islands 12142:British Overseas Territories 11000: 10114:Captaincy General of Yucatan 10044:Union with Holy Roman Empire 10023:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 9938:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 8309:The Cromwellian Protectorate 7120:Mike Selvey (5 April 2007). 5989:. p. 27. Archived from 5540:"The West Indies Federation" 5392:. Stanford.edu. March 2006. 5327:. BiblioBazaar. p. 70. 3491:In the early 1990s songs by 3179:National Democratic Movement 2726:Bob Marley & The Wailers 2468:, one example being 1968's " 2393:black consciousness movement 2293:referendum in September 1961 2054:William Alexander Bustamante 2048:, is generally dated to the 1962:. It was influenced by both 1908:, which called for those of 1432:abolition of the slave trade 884:House of Assembly of Jamaica 487:leaves. The Arawak spoke an 7: 13858:British Antarctic Territory 13568:Western Pacific Territories 13462: 10878: 10594:Administrative subdivisions 9791:War of the League of Cognac 9199:Water supply and sanitation 8714:Jamaican political conflict 8466:Nelson, Charmaine A. 2017. 8199:Sources and further reading 7370:Norman C. Stolzoff (2000). 7236:. CricInfo. 21 March 2007. 7210:. CricInfo. 20 March 2007. 6877:, retrieved on 28 May 2007. 6469:Latin American Perspectives 6110:"The Storm And Its Effects" 5696:Kevin O'Brien Chang, 1998, 5627:Social and Economic Studies 5495:. StabroekNews. 13 May 2010 5180:– via Cambridge Core. 4087:Jamaica Information Service 3920: 3813:The government announced a 3736:International Monetary Fund 3166:had just qualified for the 3137:International Monetary Fund 3110:Jamaican-American relations 2874:Miami International Airport 2646:Jamaican political conflict 2174:to study conditions in the 2017:and quickly spread east to 1677: 585:), outlined with stones in 237:Jamaican political conflict 10: 14261: 13596:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 13013:British Arctic Territories 12293: 12186: 11308:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 11293:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 11195:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 10357: 10093:), Western United States ( 9986: 9856:Portuguese Restoration War 8523:Journal of Women's History 8444:Michener, James, A. 1989. 8391:Ledgister, F. S. J. 1998. 8137:MOHW JA (15 March 2020). 7604:. Euronews. 23 June 2010. 7424:West, Keon (6 June 2014). 5661:. Retrieved 18 April 2019. 5515:"Jamaica: Self-government" 5418:. UNIA-ACL. Archived from 5307:Kenneth Scott Latourette. 5135:Journal of Women's History 4367:"Brief History of Jamaica" 3686: 3635:, long-time leader of the 3604: 3415: 3302: 3223:had seen over 800 deaths. 2818: 2770:Caribbean Basin Initiative 2701: 2643: 2553: 2402: 2219: 2011:social unrest in the 1930s 1998: 1943: 1872: 1797: 1793: 1690: 1609:Spanish-speaking Caribbean 1471: 1421:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 1412:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 1365: 1291: 1214: 1109: 924: 892:'s appointment of a civil 881: 839:When the English captured 832: 828: 799:English map from the 1600s 717: 701: 597: 432: 390:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 303:, prior to the arrival of 14194:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14112: 13986: 13907: 13876: 13836:Commonwealth of Australia 13794: 13783: 13754: 13706: 13695: 13661: 13468: 13432: 13238:Newfoundland and Labrador 12952: 12941: 12919:League of Nations mandate 12900: 12624: 12613: 12594:Lancaster House Agreement 12564:League of Nations mandate 12553: 12299: 12288: 12192: 12181: 12148: 12076:Slavery in Spanish Empire 11987: 11976: 11882: 11871: 11769: 11663: 11656: 11541: 11390: 11383: 11376: 11363:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 11273: 11142: 11104:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 11066: 11010: 11006: 10995: 10964:Barcelona Trading Company 10931: 10888: 10884: 10873: 10777: 10729:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 10699: 10641: 10603: 10599: 10588: 10539: 10498: 10462: 10458: 10447: 10426: 10363: 10304: 10236:Venezuela, part of Guyana 10215: 10138: 10089:, Central United States ( 10078: 9992: 9981: 9970: 9821:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 9806:Expulsion of the Moriscos 9752: 9741: 9373: 9284: 9207: 9154: 9145: 9100: 9091: 8992: 8983: 8936: 8927: 8916: 8805: 6231:"Obituary: Perry Henzell" 5646:D, Lena (9 April 2017). " 5546:. CARICOM. Archived from 5416:"Marcus Garvey 1887–1940" 5272:10.1080/01440390008575323 5178:10.1017/S0020859020000073 5149:– via Project MUSE. 4877:– via Project MUSE. 4771:10.1080/01440390008575294 4580:USGS (October 21, 2009). 4071:– via ufdc.ufl.edu. 3730:Further economic troubles 3242:retained his position as 3172:previous election in 1993 2398: 2328:Prime Minister of Jamaica 1687:Kingston, the new capital 1665:and county courts, and a 1636:Jamaica as a Crown Colony 1497:showing British Governor 14214:Turks and Caicos Islands 13980:History of North America 13366:Turks and Caicos Islands 12673:(protectorate) 1907–1949 12618: 12245:(integrated into the UK) 12017:Quito painting tradition 12007:Cusco painting tradition 11368:García López de Cárdenas 11358:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 11265:Felipe González de Ahedo 11185:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 9762:Conquest of the Americas 8419:A new history of Jamaica 8417:Leslie, Charles. (2015) 8271:Black, Clinton V. 1983. 7667:. London. 28 June 2014. 6912:The Lomé Banana Protocol 5366:. LMH Publishers Limited 5236:Semmel, Bernard (1962). 4440:Parker, Matthew (2011). 4083:"The History of Jamaica" 3972: 3788: 3759:House of Representatives 3617:Christopher "Dudus" Coke 3595: 3284:World Trade Organization 3234:. was a victory for the 2762:House of Representatives 2683:Masters and Servants Act 2322:Jamaica under Bustamante 2216:The road to independence 2210: 2188:universal adult suffrage 1960:British colonial culture 1914:United States government 1858:Alfred Constantine Goffe 1732:1907 Kingston earthquake 1468:The Morant Bay Rebellion 698:British rule (1655–1962) 287:The Caribbean Island of 13649:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 13474:18th and 19th centuries 13290:Queen Charlotte Islands 13250:North-Western Territory 13222:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 12825:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 12490:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 12173:Commonwealth of Nations 11802:Comuneros (New Granada) 11579:Balearic Islands (1558) 11298:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 11225:Ruy López de Villalobos 11180:Miguel López de Legazpi 11094:García de Toledo Osorio 9958:Western Sahara conflict 9948:Independence of Morocco 9888:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 9831:Piracy in the Caribbean 9816:French Wars of Religion 8710:Independence of Jamaica 8674:1692 Jamaica earthquake 8511:Slavery & Abolition 8502:Sawh, Gobin, ed. 1992. 8412:Slavery & Abolition 8376:Kurlansky, Mark. 1992. 7486:W., M. (13 June 2012). 6932:. Charles E. Hanrahan, 5987:University of Wisconsin 5751:6 December 2013 at the 5519:Encyclopædia Britannica 4829:Slavery & Abolition 4759:Slavery & Abolition 4728:Slavery & Abolition 4527:(1574–1660, 1661–1668). 4116:Encyclopedia Britannica 4003:Encyclopædia Britannica 3386:100 metres world record 3361:was the first time the 3351:Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce 3271:People's National Party 3236:People's National Party 3150:. Patterson called the 2780:to Jamaican criminals. 2722:People's National Party 2332:Commonwealth of Nations 2312:Commonwealth of Nations 2222:Independence of Jamaica 2125:equality of opportunity 2109:Socialist International 2082:People's National Party 1968:Back-to-Africa movement 1906:Back-to-Africa movement 1844:. These companies were 1771:Map of Kingston in 1897 1068:The Book of Night Women 931:1692 Jamaica earthquake 746:General Robert Venables 339:English invaded Jamaica 233:Independence of Jamaica 197:1692 Jamaica earthquake 14144:British Virgin Islands 13399:West Indies Federation 12588:) and continued as an 12171:Current member of the 12047:Colonial Spanish Horse 11721:Colonia del Sacramento 10944:Spanish treasure fleet 10521:Royal Decree of Graces 8895:West Indies Federation 8583:– Entry from the 1907 8566:Williams, Eric. 1964. 8536:10.1353/JOWH.2011.0029 8400:Léger, Jacques Nicolas 8307:Coward, Barry (2002). 6038:Monthly Weather Review 5147:10.1353/jowh.2011.0029 4914:The Maroons of Jamaica 4659:"Bridgetown synagogue" 4185:Michael Sivapragasam, 3671: 3650:district of Kingston. 3505:Chaka Demus and Pliers 3359:2007 Cricket World Cup 3305:2007 Cricket World Cup 3164:national football team 2957:, and was produced by 2882:Reconnaissance flights 2756:In the 1980 election, 2710:One Love Peace Concert 2704:One Love Peace Concert 2698:One Love Peace Concert 2663: 2358:Coral Gardens incident 2301:election of early 1962 2281:West Indies Federation 2257:National Workers Union 2230:. Jamaicans preferred 2036:New unions and parties 2015:parish of Westmoreland 1934:United States Congress 1916:. He was convicted of 1886: 1828:, the founders of the 1814:Western Caribbean Zone 1809: 1599: 1539: 1505: 1303: 1277: 1257: 1226: 1201:Scott's Hall (Jamaica) 1025: 855:intermarried with the 800: 729: 644:Bartolomé de las Casas 629:St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica 613: 517:("sweet potato"), and 321:runaway African slaves 14084:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13321:Saint Kitts and Nevis 12592:state until the 1979 12198:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 11205:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 11165:Juan Sebastián Elcano 10480:Council of the Indies 9841:Spanish–Moro conflict 9811:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 9771:Treaty of Tordesillas 8631:Pre-Columbian Jamaica 8585:Catholic Encyclopedia 8513:32.4 (2011): 561–581. 8414:40.2 (2019): 295–320. 8350:Henke, Holger. 2000. 8282:40.4 (2012): 533–555. 7154:. BBC. 5 April 2007. 6524:"Jamaica and the IMF" 6511:Ian Randle Publishers 6509:. Kingston, Jamaica: 6335:"Showdown in Jamaica" 6292:Treaster, Joseph B., 5465:. BBC. Archived from 5364:www.lmhpublishing.com 5321:J. F. Wilson (2008). 5288:Catholic Encyclopedia 5260:Slavery and Abolition 5092:on 27 September 2013. 3898:preliminary confirmed 3779:Portia Simpson Miller 3667: 3412:Dancehall goes global 3363:ICC Cricket World Cup 3263:Jamaican Labour Party 3248:Portia Simpson-Miller 3121:Deputy Prime Minister 3062:Portia Simpson-Miller 2718:Jamaican Labour Party 2658: 2413:music developed from 2405:Reggae § History 1882: 1850:vertically integrated 1807: 1597: 1584:Morant Bay rebellions 1537: 1520:George William Gordon 1492: 1389:Sir Willoughby Cotton 1356:Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come 1301: 1275: 1255: 1224: 1205:Charles Town, Jamaica 1023: 964:, and most famously, 941:Brethren of the Coast 878:The House of Assembly 798: 727: 607: 435:Pre-Columbian Jamaica 429:Pre-Columbian Jamaica 406:Jamaican Independence 384:The aftermath of the 377:of the 1730s and the 373:, culminating in the 356:In the 18th century, 154:Pre-Columbian Jamaica 13849:Realm of New Zealand 13847:(transferred to the 13834:(transferred to the 13667:Realm of New Zealand 13268:Prince Edward Island 13146:1671–1816, 1833–1960 12002:Mesoamerican Codices 11726:Comuneros (Paraguay) 11564:Siege of Castelnuovo 11150:Christopher Columbus 10969:Consulate of the Sea 10949:Casa de Contratación 10540:Titles and positions 9933:Spanish–American War 9923:Liberal constitution 9766:Asia and the Pacific 8880:Morant Bay rebellion 8825:Atlantic slave trade 8694:Morant Bay rebellion 8441:9.1 (2012): 107–123. 8211:. Educa Vision Inc. 8179:. 4 September 2020. 7904:. 26 February 2016. 7488:"Dudus gets his due" 7017:on 27 September 2007 6892:22 June 2008 at the 6694:. 19 December 1997. 6654:The Spokesman-Review 6557:. 27 November 1997. 6204:Kenner, Rob (2009) " 5620:Campbell, Horace G. 5596:"Leaders since 1962" 5550:on 29 September 2013 5190:Holt (1992), p. 295. 4341:"JAMAICAN HISTORY I" 3879:Kamina Johnson-Smith 3622:Coke took over the " 3607:2010 Kingston unrest 3394:2008 Summer Olympics 3309:2008 Summer Olympics 3292:11 September attacks 3018:18 years of PNP rule 2946:The Harder They Come 2563:, a band started by 2141:Jamaica Labour Party 2121:British Labour Party 1892:, a black activist, 1890:Marcus Mosiah Garvey 1830:Boston Fruit Company 1816:, including most of 1650:Morant Bay rebellion 1621:United Fruit Company 1503:Morant Bay Rebellion 1480:Morant Bay rebellion 1474:Morant Bay Rebellion 1449:people of mixed race 1016:Jamaica's sugar boom 975:in 1670 through the 791:British colonization 779:in 1670 through the 617:Christopher Columbus 444:and Little River in 410:Alexander Bustamante 394:Morant Bay Rebellion 217:Morant Bay rebellion 57:"History of Jamaica" 42:improve this article 14245:Spanish West Indies 14099:Trinidad and Tobago 13994:Antigua and Barbuda 13880:Since 2009 part of 13772:of April–June 1982. 13359:Trinidad and Tobago 12973:Antigua and Barbuda 12873:Straits Settlements 11731:Cartagena de Indias 11353:Diego de Mazariegos 11323:Pere Fages i Beleta 11190:Sebastián de Ocampo 10671:Provincias Internas 10643:Captaincies General 10557:Municipal president 10526:School of Salamanca 10297:Spanish East Indies 10276:Misiones Orientales 10148:Spanish West Indies 10112:, Central America ( 10059:Pyrénées-Orientales 10012:Union with Portugal 9903:Napoleonic invasion 9883:War of Jenkins' Ear 9272:Television stations 8890:British West Indies 8704:Independent Jamaica 8670:Invasion of Jamaica 8338:Caribbean Quarterly 8329:45 (2013): 314–324 7992:jamaica-gleaner.com 7934:. 31 January 2020. 7932:jamaica-gleaner.com 7697:on 10 February 2013 6900:, 9 September 2007. 6625:. 3 December 1997. 6348:, 27 November 1988. 6122:on 22 February 2012 6050:1989MWRv..117.2248L 5723:Bunny Lee Interview 5713:25.2 (2006): p. 50. 5602:on 4 September 2013 5576:on 5 September 2013 5446:Caribbean Quarterly 5311:(1961), pp. 279–81. 4899:Carey, Bev (1997), 4648:, December 11, 1988 4607:Tortello, Rebecca. 4018:Caribbean Quarterly 3887:Trinidad and Tobago 3388:in 2005. Jamaica's 3277:Economic challenges 2543:Lee "Scratch" Perry 2435:Lee "Scratch" Perry 2297:Trinidad and Tobago 2153:high school diploma 2030:British West Indies 1723:Sir Charles Knowles 1231:Frontier plantation 1135:colonial militiamen 1090:falling due to the 1078:under contracts of 1030:British West Indies 894:governor to Jamaica 888:Beginning with the 769:Battle of Rio Nuevo 765:Battle of Ocho Rios 720:Invasion of Jamaica 655:Santiago de la Vega 587:Utuado, Puerto Rico 451:Around 800 CE, the 227:Independent Jamaica 193:Invasion of Jamaica 14240:History of Jamaica 14034:Dominican Republic 13032:Cape Breton Island 12923:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 12765:Unfederated States 12580:Southern Rhodesia 12167:Commonwealth realm 12027:Academia Antártica 11982:Other civil topics 11348:Pánfilo de Narváez 11250:Sebastián Vizcaíno 11215:Andrés de Urdaneta 11175:Juan Ponce de León 11160:Ferdinand Magellan 11134:Bernardo de Gálvez 11033:Indian auxiliaries 10531:Trial of residence 10511:Laws of the Indies 10295:Asia and Oceania ( 10156:Dominican Republic 9128:Telecommunications 8728:Jamaica portal 8698:Rastafari movement 8652:Spanish settlement 8475:Patterson, Orlando 8470:(Routledge, 2017). 8406:. New York: Neale. 8340:57.2 (2011): 1–23. 8273:History of Jamaica 8232:Bahadur, Gaiutra. 7635:The New York Times 7557:2010-05-27 at the 7044:on 29 October 2006 7036:Robinson, Claude. 6873:2021-01-09 at the 6772:The New York Times 6729:on 24 January 2013 6657:. 18 December 1997 6591:The New York Times 6463:2014-07-14 at the 6456:Libby, Ronald T., 6408:2014-07-14 at the 6392:, 6 February 1989. 6384:2016-09-19 at the 6346:The New York Times 6340:2017-07-30 at the 6307:, 17 January 1989. 6305:The New York Times 6299:2016-09-19 at the 6217:The New York Times 6211:2019-07-30 at the 6180:The New York Times 6148:The New York Times 5772:The Globe and Mail 5728:2015-09-24 at the 5659:Atlanta Black Star 5653:2019-04-18 at the 5633:2020-10-11 at the 5295:2009-10-29 at the 5205:2016-03-03 at the 5200:"Alexander Nelson" 5117:Past & Present 5000:After The Treaties 4987:After the Treaties 4974:After the Treaties 4961:After the Treaties 4936:"Jamaican Culture" 4812:– via JSTOR. 4689:2011-06-07 at the 4682:Ralph G. Bennett, 4640:2009-02-08 at the 4456:History of Jamaica 4404:on 2 December 2008 4328:History of Jamaica 4194:2021-05-20 at the 4154:10.1002/ajhb.22656 4054:"Jamaican Redware" 3997:2019-04-20 at the 3962:Colony of Santiago 3724:anti-LGBT violence 3672: 3422:Although Jamaican 3125:Percival Patterson 3102:Joan Gordon-Webley 3075:1983 snap election 2953:, was directed by 2870:Kingston's airport 2860:As Gilbert lashed 2716:between the rival 2664: 2470:Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da 2395:in the Caribbean. 2351:industrial society 2336:Commonwealth realm 2196:head of government 2170:, London sent the 2103:The PNP adopted a 2086:upper middle class 2046:self-determination 1952:Rastafari movement 1940:Rastafari movement 1898:Amy Jacques Garvey 1887: 1810: 1789:Early 20th century 1667:constabulary force 1663:English common law 1628:Jamaicans a year. 1625:Lanasa & Goffe 1600: 1549:British Parliament 1540: 1506: 1372:In 1831, enslaved 1304: 1278: 1258: 1227: 1092:Haitian revolution 1026: 801: 730: 614: 251:Jamaica portal 221:Rastafari movement 175:Spanish settlement 14227: 14226: 14116:other territories 13946: 13945: 13903: 13902: 13779: 13778: 13711:Providence Island 13691: 13690: 13656: 13655: 13524:Western Australia 13492:Van Diemen's Land 13428: 13427: 13405:Associated States 13103:Columbia District 12937: 12936: 12791:Manila and Cavite 12609: 12608: 12488:Southern Rhodesia 12482:South-West Africa 12432:Northern Rhodesia 12344:Cape of Good Hope 12284: 12283: 12161:Current territory 12103: 12102: 12099: 12098: 11972: 11971: 11877:Spanish conquests 11867: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11652: 11651: 11333:Pedro de Alvarado 11318:Gaspar de Portolà 11313:Pedro de Valdivia 11288:Francisco Pizarro 11240:Nicolás de Ovando 11235:Alonso de Ercilla 11210:Alonso de Salazar 11043:Ships of the line 10991: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10584: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10443: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10415: 10414: 10372:Northern Africa ( 10368:Equatorial Guinea 10352: 10351: 10289: 10288: 10204: 10203: 10127: 10126: 10118:Spanish Caribbean 10091:Spanish Louisiana 10067: 10066: 10002:Crown of Castille 9966: 9965: 9943:Spanish Civil War 9918:Adams–Onís Treaty 9898:Nootka Convention 9846:Thirty Years' War 9836:Eighty Years' War 9757:Catholic Monarchs 9747:Timeline–immersed 9701: 9700: 9320: 9319: 9280: 9279: 9141: 9140: 9087: 9086: 9069:Political parties 9022:Foreign relations 8979: 8978: 8905:Hurricane Charley 8870:Second Maroon War 8762: 8761: 8686:Second Maroon War 8433:978-1-906011-83-3 8327:World Development 8318:978-0-7190-4317-8 8292:Burnard, Trevor. 8256:978-0-300-11661-8 8242:978-0-226-21138-1 8218:978-1-58432-293-1 8102:(13 March 2020). 7383:978-0-8223-2514-7 7293:. 23 March 2007. 7066:. 24 April 2006. 6923:on 1 October 2011 6856:978-0-19-928357-6 6333:Kurlansky, Mark, 5928:Darrell E. Levi, 5910:Michael Kaufman, 5845:978-0-85712-035-9 5334:978-0-554-56496-8 5102:Craton, Michael. 5058:978-2-13-057110-0 4976:, pp. 163-4, 196. 4890:, pp. 256–58 4229:cyber.harvard.edu 3967:Horses in Jamaica 3957:Colony of Jamaica 3802:was confirmed in 3800:COVID-19 pandemic 3794:COVID-19 Pandemic 3777:. Prime Minister 3402:Shelly-Ann Fraser 3217:Evander Holyfield 3194:election monitors 3094:Hurricane Gilbert 3087:Hurricane Gilbert 3077:. Prime Minister 2891:Hurricane Charlie 2827:Hurricane Gilbert 2821:Hurricane Gilbert 2815:Hurricane Gilbert 2805:Hurricane Gilbert 2578:Lee Scratch Perry 2306:Jamaica received 2113:social democratic 1930:Edward P.G. Seaga 1896:, and husband to 1854:enclave economies 1822:Lorenzo Dow Baker 1294:Second Maroon War 1288:Second Maroon War 1235:Saint Mary Parish 1195:, later known as 1053:, who used it in 958:Christopher Myngs 953:letters of marque 921:Jamaica's pirates 902:House of Assembly 806:tropical diseases 744:. In April 1655, 489:Arawakan language 442:Manchester Parish 379:Second Maroon War 285: 284: 209:Second Maroon War 118: 117: 110: 92: 14252: 14184:Saint Barthélemy 14114:Dependencies and 13987:Sovereign states 13973: 13966: 13959: 13950: 13949: 13936: 13926: 13925: 13891:Antarctic Treaty 13852: 13839: 13824:Falkland Islands 13816:Tristan da Cunha 13808:Ascension Island 13785: 13784: 13736:Falkland Islands 13697: 13696: 13665:Now part of the 13537:Pitcairn Islands 13502:Auckland Islands 13471: 13470: 13457: 13450: 13443: 13434: 13433: 13419:Windward Islands 13373:Vancouver Island 13150:MassachusettsBay 13019:British Columbia 12943: 12942: 12759:Federated States 12615: 12614: 12525:Tristan da Cunha 12494:Southern Nigeria 12426:Northern Nigeria 12305:Ascension Island 12290: 12289: 12246: 12183: 12182: 12157:Former territory 12154: 12130: 12123: 12116: 12107: 12106: 11978: 11977: 11944:Chibchan Nations 11873: 11872: 11842:Santiago de Cuba 11701:Guadalupe Island 11661: 11660: 11388: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11343:Diego de Almagro 11220:Antonio de Ulloa 11124:Ambrosio Spinola 11119:Pedro de Zubiaur 11089:Alfonso d'Avalos 11079:Antonio de Leyva 11023:Army of Flanders 11008: 11007: 10997: 10996: 10886: 10885: 10875: 10874: 10601: 10600: 10590: 10589: 10460: 10459: 10449: 10448: 10417: 10416: 10390:Peñón of Algiers 10354: 10353: 10291: 10290: 10206: 10205: 10129: 10128: 10111: 10069: 10068: 9983: 9982: 9972: 9971: 9893:Seven Years' War 9866:Queen Anne's War 9743: 9742: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9705: 9704: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9347: 9340: 9333: 9324: 9323: 9300: 9293: 9152: 9151: 9118:Free trade zones 9113: 9098: 9097: 9052:Governor-General 8997:Attorney general 8990: 8989: 8934: 8933: 8922: 8860:First Maroon War 8830:British conquest 8788: 8781: 8774: 8765: 8764: 8754: 8747: 8740: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8678:First Maroon War 8625: 8615: 8597: 8596: 8591:Historic Jamaica 8563: 8492: 8439:Atlantic Studies 8407: 8345:Business History 8322: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8156: 8154: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8121: 8119: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8080:on 12 April 2020 8074:Jamaica Observer 8066: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8048:Jamaica Observer 8040: 8034: 8033: 8027: 8025: 8005: 7996: 7995: 7994:. 10 March 2020. 7984: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7632: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7578:. Archived from 7572: 7566: 7549: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7421: 7415: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7323:. 12 June 2007. 7313: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7184:. 5 April 2007. 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7013:. Archived from 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6947: 6941: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6919:. Archived from 6907: 6901: 6884: 6878: 6865: 6859: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6748: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6682: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6582: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6520: 6514: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6478: 6472: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6434:. Archived from 6423: 6417: 6416:, 14 March 2010. 6399: 6393: 6375: 6366: 6365:, 9784274900990. 6355: 6349: 6331: 6325: 6324:, 9781483333274. 6314: 6308: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6226: 6220: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6121: 6115:. Archived from 6114: 6106: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6074: 6035: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6013: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5995: 5984: 5975: 5969: 5962: 5951: 5946:Euclid A. Rose, 5944: 5933: 5926: 5915: 5908: 5902: 5895: 5886: 5883: 5874: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5800:"Exodus Returns" 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5762: 5756: 5743: 5737: 5720: 5714: 5707: 5701: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5668: 5662: 5644: 5638: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5469:on 3 August 2013 5455: 5449: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5318: 5312: 5305: 5299: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5214: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5126: 5120: 5113: 5107: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5088:. Archived from 5082: 5076: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5047:(October 2008). 5045:Révauger, Cécile 5041: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4990: 4983: 4977: 4970: 4964: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4932: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4719: 4706: 4699: 4693: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4655: 4649: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4611:. Archived from 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4584:. Archived from 4577: 4571: 4566:Mavis Campbell, 4564: 4558: 4551: 4542: 4537:Mavis Campbell, 4535: 4529: 4528: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4503: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4483:. Archived from 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4442:The Sugar Barons 4436: 4430: 4425:Cundall, Frank. 4423: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4400:. Archived from 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4373:on 7 August 2020 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4347:on 5 August 2013 4337: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4274: 4265: 4262: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4221: 4215: 4208: 4199: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4142:Am. J. Hum. Biol 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4012: 4006: 3989: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3915:general election 3775:general election 3695:Tivoli Incursion 3669:Christopher Coke 3613:Tivoli Incursion 3601:Tivoli Incursion 3585: 3571: 3557: 3481: 3467: 3373:Sir Viv Richards 3347: 3333: 3319: 3058: 3043: 3028: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2629: 2615: 2601: 2539: 2525: 2511: 2497: 2308:its independence 2172:Moyne Commission 2078:political rights 2070:Norman W. Manley 2050:1938 labor riots 2026:Moyne Commission 2007:Great Depression 1863:Lanasa and Goffe 1780: 1768: 1756: 1747:Kingston in 1891 1744: 1655:John Peter Grant 1642:Sugar Duties Act 1614:The rise of the 1514:Alexander Nelson 1499:John Peter Grant 1337:Slave resistance 1162:First Maroon War 1139:First Maroon War 1121:with a group of 1116:First Maroon War 1112:Jamaican Maroons 1106:First Maroon War 977:Treaty of Madrid 914:treasure hunting 853:Jamaican Maroons 818:black population 781:Treaty of Madrid 767:in 1657 and the 714:English conquest 651:Villa de la Vega 640:Sevilla la Nueva 636:Juan de Esquivel 575: 563: 548: 532: 423:Tivoli Incursion 375:First Maroon War 371:Jamaican Maroons 299:, including the 277: 270: 263: 249: 248: 247: 201:First Maroon War 148: 138: 120: 119: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 14260: 14259: 14255: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14249: 14230: 14229: 14228: 14223: 14117: 14115: 14108: 13982: 13977: 13947: 13942: 13899: 13872: 13846: 13844:Ross Dependency 13833: 13790: 13775: 13750: 13702: 13687: 13657: 13652: 13608: 13603:Solomon Islands 13550:North Australia 13530:South Australia 13486:New South Wales 13464: 13461: 13424: 13144:Leeward Islands 12948: 12933: 12896: 12803:Muscat and Oman 12620: 12605: 12549: 12295: 12280: 12244: 12188: 12177: 12152: 12144: 12134: 12104: 12095: 12071:Old inquisition 11983: 11968: 11878: 11851: 11807:Trinidad (1797) 11777:La Noche Triste 11765: 11761:San Juan (1797) 11711:San Juan (1595) 11648: 11537: 11377:Notable battles 11372: 11338:Martín de Ursúa 11269: 11200:Alonso de Ojeda 11170:Juan de la Cosa 11155:Pinzón brothers 11138: 11109:John of Austria 11084:Martín de Goiti 11062: 11002: 10983: 10927: 10880: 10861: 10773: 10769:Terra Australis 10764:Río de la Plata 10709:Castilla de Oro 10695: 10637: 10633:Río de la Plata 10595: 10576: 10535: 10494: 10490:Santa Hermandad 10454: 10435: 10431:Terra Australis 10422: 10411: 10378:Spanish Morocco 10359: 10348: 10339:Northern Taiwan 10300: 10285: 10256:Río de la Plata 10211: 10200: 10134: 10133:Central America 10123: 10105: 10074: 10063: 10007:Crown of Aragon 9988: 9977: 9962: 9878:Bourbon Reforms 9748: 9737: 9732: 9702: 9697: 9369: 9368:–present) 9355: 9353: 9351: 9321: 9316: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9276: 9262:Public holidays 9203: 9137: 9111: 9083: 9032:Law enforcement 8975: 8971:Water resources 8923: 8914: 8885:1907 earthquake 8855:1692 earthquake 8801: 8792: 8758: 8722: 8720: 8712: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8663:English Jamaica 8654: 8645:Spanish Jamaica 8613: 8606: 8577: 8489: 8461:Spanish Jamaica 8319: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8201: 8196: 8186: 8184: 8171: 8170: 8166: 8152: 8150: 8135: 8131: 8117: 8115: 8097: 8093: 8083: 8081: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8053: 8051: 8050:. 13 March 2020 8042: 8041: 8037: 8023: 8021: 8006: 7999: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7962:loopjamaica.com 7956: 7955: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7881: 7879: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7838: 7834: 7824: 7822: 7807: 7803: 7793: 7791: 7776: 7772: 7762: 7760: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7714: 7710: 7700: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7674: 7672: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7585: 7583: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7559:Wayback Machine 7550: 7541: 7531: 7529: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7501: 7499: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7453: 7449: 7439: 7437: 7422: 7418: 7406: 7402: 7393: 7391: 7384: 7368: 7364: 7357: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7330: 7328: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7300: 7298: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7270: 7268: 7259:Raedler, John. 7257: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7191: 7189: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7087: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7047: 7045: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7009: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6977: 6973: 6964: 6962: 6949: 6948: 6944: 6926: 6924: 6915: 6908: 6904: 6898:Jamaica Gleaner 6894:Wayback Machine 6885: 6881: 6875:Wayback Machine 6866: 6862: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6819:Jamaica Gleaner 6813: 6812: 6808: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6749: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6701: 6699: 6691:BBC News Online 6684: 6683: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6622:BBC News Online 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6583: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6554:BBC News Online 6547: 6546: 6542: 6533: 6531: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6465:Wayback Machine 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6438:on 14 July 2014 6432:Jamaica Gleaner 6424: 6420: 6414:Jamaica Gleaner 6410:Wayback Machine 6400: 6396: 6386:Wayback Machine 6376: 6369: 6356: 6352: 6342:Wayback Machine 6332: 6328: 6315: 6311: 6301:Wayback Machine 6291: 6287: 6277: 6275: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6227: 6223: 6213:Wayback Machine 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6007: 6006: 5999: 5997: 5996:on 4 March 2016 5993: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5918: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5872: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5846: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5763: 5759: 5753:Wayback Machine 5744: 5740: 5730:Wayback Machine 5721: 5717: 5708: 5704: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5678:on 28 July 2012 5670: 5669: 5665: 5655:Wayback Machine 5645: 5641: 5635:Wayback Machine 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5422:on 17 June 2013 5414: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5344: 5342: 5335: 5319: 5315: 5306: 5302: 5297:Wayback Machine 5283: 5279: 5252: 5245: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5217: 5207:Wayback Machine 5198: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5158: 5154: 5127: 5123: 5114: 5110: 5101: 5097: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5042: 5035: 5026: 5024: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4997: 4993: 4984: 4980: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4954: 4945: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4920: 4911: 4907: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4855: 4848: 4821: 4817: 4802:10.2307/2674424 4782: 4778: 4751: 4747: 4720: 4709: 4700: 4696: 4691:Wayback Machine 4681: 4677: 4668: 4666: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4642:Wayback Machine 4633:Nancy sharkey, 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4615:on 9 March 2010 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4588:on 8 April 2012 4578: 4574: 4565: 4561: 4552: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4517: 4513: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4481:"Archived copy" 4479: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4453: 4449: 4437: 4433: 4424: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4392:Guitar, Lynne. 4390: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4312: 4310: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4285: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4238: 4236: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4209: 4202: 4196:Wayback Machine 4184: 4177: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4123: 4112:"Arawak People" 4110: 4109: 4105: 4096: 4094: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4067: 4065: 4050: 4046: 4013: 4009: 3999:Wayback Machine 3990: 3979: 3975: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3911: 3796: 3791: 3771: 3732: 3691: 3685: 3609: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3577: 3572: 3563: 3558: 3487: 3482: 3473: 3468: 3444:Linval Thompson 3420: 3414: 3353: 3348: 3339: 3334: 3325: 3320: 3311: 3303:Main articles: 3301: 3279: 3240:P. J. Patterson 3215:world champion 3065: 3059: 3050: 3047:P. J. Patterson 3044: 3035: 3029: 3020: 3015: 3013:1990s and 2000s 3007:Chris Blackwell 3005:, and producer 2990:Third World Cop 2984:Dancehall Queen 2963:Chris Blackwell 2941: 2934: 2931: 2922: 2919: 2910: 2907: 2823: 2817: 2754: 2706: 2700: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2640:1970s and 1980s 2635: 2630: 2621: 2616: 2607: 2602: 2558: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2531: 2526: 2517: 2512: 2503: 2498: 2407: 2401: 2370:Donald Sangster 2366: 2340:King of Jamaica 2324: 2273:self-government 2232:British culture 2224: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2038: 2003: 1997: 1983:musicians like 1948: 1942: 1910:African descent 1877: 1871: 1818:Central America 1802: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1781: 1772: 1769: 1760: 1757: 1748: 1745: 1701:that destroyed 1699:1692 earthquake 1695: 1689: 1680: 1638: 1532: 1476: 1470: 1444:Colonial Office 1407: 1385:The Baptist War 1370: 1364: 1362:The Baptist War 1344:Cockpit Country 1339: 1334: 1296: 1290: 1267:Davy the Maroon 1219: 1213: 1151:Edward Trelawny 1118: 1110:Main articles: 1108: 1057:and to sweeten 1018: 1013: 962:Edward Mansvelt 951:who were given 933: 925:Main articles: 923: 890:Stuart monarchy 886: 880: 837: 831: 793: 740:armada against 734:Oliver Cromwell 722: 716: 711: 706: 704:English Jamaica 700: 610:Saint Ann's Bay 602: 600:Spanish Jamaica 596: 589: 576: 567: 564: 555: 549: 540: 533: 437: 431: 281: 245: 243: 235: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 186:English Jamaica 177: 168:Spanish Jamaica 136: 129: 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 14258: 14248: 14247: 14242: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14204:Sint Eustatius 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14149:Cayman Islands 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14120: 14118: 14113: 14110: 14109: 14107: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13990: 13988: 13984: 13983: 13976: 13975: 13968: 13961: 13953: 13944: 13943: 13941: 13940: 13930: 13920: 13914: 13908: 13905: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13897: 13894: 13887: 13877: 13874: 13873: 13871: 13870: 13862: 13854: 13841: 13828: 13820: 13812: 13804: 13795: 13792: 13791: 13781: 13780: 13777: 13776: 13774: 13773: 13766: 13755: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13748: 13740: 13732: 13726: 13720: 13717:Willoughbyland 13714: 13707: 13704: 13703: 13693: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13686: 13685: 13675: 13669: 13662: 13659: 13658: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13650: 13644: 13638: 13631: 13624: 13618: 13611: 13609: 13607: 13606: 13599: 13593: 13587: 13577: 13571: 13565: 13559: 13553: 13547: 13541: 13533: 13527: 13517: 13511: 13505: 13499: 13489: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13475: 13469: 13466: 13465: 13460: 13459: 13452: 13445: 13437: 13430: 13429: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13422: 13416: 13410: 13409: 13408: 13396: 13390: 13384: 13380:Virgin Islands 13376: 13370: 13362: 13356: 13350: 13347:South Carolina 13344: 13338: 13331: 13324: 13317: 13311: 13305: 13299: 13293: 13283: 13277: 13271: 13265: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13244:North Carolina 13241: 13235: 13229: 13223: 13217: 13211: 13205: 13199: 13193: 13187: 13181: 13178:Mosquito Coast 13175: 13167: 13161: 13160: 13159: 13147: 13141: 13134: 13128: 13122: 13116: 13110: 13107:Oregon Country 13100: 13096:Cayman Islands 13092: 13086: 13085: 13084: 13078: 13072: 13066: 13054: 13047: 13041: 13035: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13016: 13010: 13002: 12995: 12989: 12983: 12976: 12969: 12962: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12939: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12925: 12916: 12901: 12898: 12897: 12895: 12894: 12888: 12885:Trucial States 12882: 12876: 12870: 12864: 12858: 12857: 12856: 12844: 12838: 12832: 12826: 12820: 12819: 12818: 12806: 12800: 12794: 12788: 12782: 12781: 12780: 12774: 12768: 12762: 12750: 12744: 12738: 12732: 12726: 12720: 12714: 12708: 12702: 12696: 12680: 12674: 12668: 12662: 12652: 12646: 12645: 12644: 12632: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12611: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12603: 12597: 12578:Self-governing 12575: 12561: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12547: 12541: 12535: 12529: 12521: 12515: 12509: 12503: 12497: 12491: 12485: 12479: 12473: 12467: 12461: 12455: 12447: 12441: 12435: 12429: 12423: 12417: 12411: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12387: 12381: 12371: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12350:Central Africa 12347: 12341: 12335: 12329: 12319: 12309: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12286: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12278: 12272: 12271: 12270: 12264: 12255: 12254: 12253: 12238: 12235:Ionian Islands 12232: 12226: 12218: 12212: 12206: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12175: 12169: 12163: 12158: 12155: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12138:British Empire 12133: 12132: 12125: 12118: 12110: 12101: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12067: 12066: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11974: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11925: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11887:Canary Islands 11883: 11880: 11879: 11869: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11773: 11771: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11741:Túpac Amaru II 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11686:Bogotá savanna 11683: 11678: 11673: 11667: 11665: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11594:Spanish Armada 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11545: 11543: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11488:White Mountain 11485: 11483:Cape Celidonia 11480: 11478:English Armada 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11394: 11392: 11385: 11378: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11279: 11277: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11255:Juan Fernández 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11230:Diego Columbus 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11146: 11144: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11070: 11068: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11060: 11058:Army of Africa 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11038:Spanish Armada 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11014: 11012: 11004: 11003: 10993: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10939:Manila galleon 10935: 10933: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10894: 10892: 10882: 10881: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10783: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10705: 10703: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10647: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10609: 10607: 10597: 10596: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10543: 10541: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10502: 10500: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10466: 10464: 10456: 10455: 10453:Administration 10445: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10433: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10374:Western Sahara 10370: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10283: 10272:Banda Oriental 10253: 10239: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10145: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10121: 10087:Coastal Alaska 10079: 10076: 10075: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9979: 9978: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9759: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9739: 9738: 9735:Spanish Empire 9731: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9708: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9350: 9349: 9342: 9335: 9327: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9301: 9294: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9242:Heritage sites 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9213: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9123:Stock exchange 9120: 9115: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9074:Prime Minister 9071: 9066: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8910:Hurricane Ivan 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8811: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8791: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8768: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8717: 8716: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8666: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656:Taíno genocide 8648: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8618: 8617: 8608: 8607: 8600: 8595: 8594: 8588: 8576: 8575:External links 8573: 8572: 8571: 8564: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8487: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8442: 8435: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8396: 8389: 8374: 8363: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8323: 8317: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8259: 8244: 8230: 8217: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8164: 8129: 8091: 8061: 8035: 7997: 7979: 7949: 7919: 7889: 7863: 7832: 7801: 7770: 7739: 7708: 7682: 7652: 7619: 7593: 7582:on 2 June 2010 7567: 7539: 7522:Making Contact 7509: 7478: 7447: 7416: 7400: 7382: 7362: 7355: 7338: 7308: 7278: 7251: 7225: 7199: 7169: 7143: 7112: 7081: 7055: 7028: 7002: 6971: 6957:. 2005-05-16. 6942: 6902: 6879: 6860: 6836: 6825:on 6 June 2012 6806: 6789: 6758: 6740: 6708: 6668: 6640: 6608: 6572: 6540: 6515: 6498: 6473: 6449: 6418: 6401:Tanna, Laura, 6394: 6367: 6350: 6326: 6309: 6285: 6254: 6221: 6197: 6166: 6133: 6098: 6086: 6021: 5970: 5964:David Panton, 5952: 5934: 5916: 5903: 5887: 5875: 5863: 5844: 5824: 5790: 5757: 5738: 5715: 5702: 5689: 5663: 5639: 5613: 5587: 5561: 5531: 5506: 5480: 5450: 5433: 5407: 5377: 5351: 5333: 5313: 5300: 5277: 5266:(3): 125–135. 5243: 5228: 5215: 5192: 5183: 5172:(S28): 39–65. 5152: 5121: 5108: 5095: 5077: 5064: 5057: 5033: 5004: 4991: 4978: 4965: 4952: 4918: 4905: 4892: 4888:Patterson 1970 4880: 4869:(2): 243–286. 4846: 4835:(2): 334–352. 4815: 4796:(1): 205–228. 4776: 4745: 4734:(1): 159–182. 4707: 4694: 4675: 4650: 4646:New York Times 4626: 4599: 4572: 4559: 4543: 4530: 4511: 4472: 4470:, p. 134. 4460: 4447: 4431: 4415: 4384: 4358: 4332: 4319: 4294: 4266: 4254: 4245: 4216: 4200: 4175: 4132: 4103: 4074: 4052:Lee, James W. 4044: 4007: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3949:History portal 3938: 3935:Jamaica portal 3922: 3919: 3910: 3907: 3849:United Kingdom 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3783:Andrew Holness 3770: 3767: 3731: 3728: 3687:Main article: 3684: 3681: 3648:Tivoli Gardens 3628:Tivoli Gardens 3605:Main article: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3575:Tanya Stephens 3573: 3566: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3517:Tanya Stephens 3489: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3462: 3416:Main article: 3413: 3410: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3300: 3297: 3278: 3275: 3259:Hurricane Dean 3255:2007 elections 3244:Prime Minister 3168:1998 World Cup 3148:1997 elections 3129:infrastructure 3098:Errol Anderson 3067: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3051: 3045: 3038: 3036: 3032:Michael Manley 3030: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 2959:Island Records 2940: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2901: 2819:Main article: 2816: 2813: 2809:1989 elections 2793:snap elections 2753: 2750: 2734:Michael Manley 2702:Main article: 2699: 2696: 2668:Michael Manley 2660:Michael Manley 2652: 2651:Michael Manley 2649: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2554:Main article: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2515:Desmond Dekker 2513: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2482:Desmond Dekker 2450:Larry Marshall 2403:Main article: 2400: 2397: 2365: 2362: 2323: 2320: 2314:and adopted a 2269:chief minister 2261:1955 elections 2240:decolonisation 2220:Main article: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2192:1944 elections 2161:Rhodes scholar 2157:Oxford-trained 2117:Western Europe 2098:bauxite mining 2090:unionize labor 2037: 2034: 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1976:Haile Selassie 1944:Main article: 1941: 1938: 1926:United Kingdom 1894:Trade Unionist 1873:Main article: 1870: 1867: 1834:Minor C. Keith 1826:Andrew Preston 1798:Main article: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1739: 1717:. In 1755 the 1691:Main article: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1637: 1634: 1531: 1528: 1495:Honoré Daumier 1472:Main article: 1469: 1466: 1416:Apprenticeship 1406: 1403: 1366:Main article: 1363: 1360: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1313:George Walpole 1292:Main article: 1289: 1286: 1217:Tacky's revolt 1215:Main article: 1212: 1211:Tacky's revolt 1209: 1107: 1104: 1088:Saint-Domingue 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 937:Edward D'Oyley 922: 919: 882:Main article: 879: 876: 845:Juan de Serras 833:Main article: 830: 827: 816:increased the 792: 789: 738:Western Design 718:Main article: 715: 712: 710: 707: 702:Main article: 699: 696: 657:), now called 598:Main article: 595: 592: 591: 590: 577: 570: 568: 565: 558: 556: 550: 543: 541: 534: 527: 495:("barbecue"), 455:tribes of the 446:St. Ann Parish 433:Main article: 430: 427: 381:of 1795–1796. 367:Tacky's Revolt 283: 282: 280: 279: 272: 265: 257: 254: 253: 240: 239: 229: 228: 224: 223: 189: 188: 182: 181: 179:Taíno genocide 171: 170: 164: 163: 157: 156: 150: 149: 141: 140: 131: 130: 123: 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14257: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14237: 14235: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14111: 14105: 14104:United States 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13991: 13989: 13985: 13981: 13974: 13969: 13967: 13962: 13960: 13955: 13954: 13951: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13929: 13921: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13909: 13906: 13895: 13892: 13888: 13885: 13884: 13879: 13878: 13875: 13868: 13867: 13863: 13860: 13859: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13829: 13826: 13825: 13821: 13818: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13797: 13796: 13793: 13786: 13782: 13771: 13770:Falklands War 13767: 13765: 13761: 13757: 13756: 13753: 13746: 13745: 13741: 13738: 13737: 13733: 13730: 13727: 13724: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13712: 13709: 13708: 13705: 13701:South America 13698: 13694: 13684: 13680: 13676: 13674: 13670: 13668: 13664: 13663: 13660: 13648: 13645: 13642: 13639: 13636: 13632: 13629: 13625: 13622: 13619: 13616: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13604: 13600: 13597: 13594: 13591: 13590:Union Islands 13588: 13585: 13581: 13578: 13575: 13572: 13569: 13566: 13563: 13560: 13557: 13554: 13551: 13548: 13545: 13542: 13539: 13538: 13534: 13531: 13528: 13525: 13521: 13518: 13515: 13512: 13509: 13506: 13503: 13500: 13497: 13493: 13490: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13481: 13480: 13476: 13473: 13472: 13467: 13458: 13453: 13451: 13446: 13444: 13439: 13438: 13435: 13431: 13420: 13417: 13414: 13411: 13406: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13394: 13391: 13388: 13385: 13382: 13381: 13377: 13374: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13363: 13360: 13357: 13354: 13351: 13348: 13345: 13342: 13339: 13336: 13332: 13329: 13325: 13322: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13309: 13306: 13303: 13302:Rupert's Land 13300: 13297: 13294: 13291: 13287: 13284: 13281: 13278: 13275: 13272: 13269: 13266: 13263: 13262:Paulet affair 13260: 13257: 13254: 13251: 13248: 13245: 13242: 13239: 13236: 13233: 13230: 13227: 13224: 13221: 13218: 13215: 13212: 13209: 13208:New Hampshire 13206: 13203: 13200: 13197: 13196:New Brunswick 13194: 13191: 13188: 13185: 13182: 13179: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13168: 13165: 13162: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13145: 13142: 13139: 13135: 13132: 13129: 13126: 13123: 13120: 13117: 13114: 13111: 13108: 13104: 13101: 13098: 13097: 13093: 13090: 13087: 13082: 13079: 13076: 13073: 13070: 13067: 13064: 13061: 13060: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13048: 13045: 13042: 13039: 13036: 13033: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13014: 13011: 13008: 13007: 13003: 13000: 12996: 12993: 12990: 12987: 12984: 12981: 12977: 12974: 12970: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12955: 12954: 12951: 12947:North America 12944: 12940: 12930: 12926: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12902: 12899: 12892: 12889: 12886: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12867:South Vietnam 12865: 12862: 12859: 12854: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12842: 12839: 12836: 12833: 12830: 12827: 12824: 12821: 12816: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12804: 12801: 12798: 12795: 12792: 12789: 12786: 12783: 12778: 12775: 12772: 12769: 12766: 12763: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12748: 12745: 12742: 12739: 12736: 12733: 12730: 12727: 12724: 12721: 12718: 12715: 12712: 12709: 12706: 12703: 12700: 12697: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12685: 12681: 12678: 12675: 12672: 12669: 12666: 12663: 12660: 12656: 12653: 12650: 12647: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12630: 12627: 12626: 12623: 12616: 12612: 12602: 12598: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12576: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12556: 12555: 12552: 12545: 12542: 12539: 12536: 12533: 12530: 12527: 12526: 12522: 12519: 12516: 12513: 12510: 12507: 12504: 12501: 12498: 12495: 12492: 12489: 12486: 12483: 12480: 12477: 12474: 12471: 12468: 12465: 12462: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12448: 12445: 12442: 12439: 12436: 12433: 12430: 12427: 12424: 12421: 12418: 12415: 12412: 12409: 12406: 12403: 12400: 12397: 12394: 12391: 12388: 12385: 12382: 12379: 12375: 12372: 12369: 12366: 12363: 12360: 12357: 12354: 12351: 12348: 12345: 12342: 12339: 12336: 12333: 12330: 12327: 12323: 12320: 12317: 12313: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12302: 12301: 12298: 12291: 12287: 12276: 12273: 12268: 12265: 12262: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12242: 12239: 12236: 12233: 12230: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12219: 12216: 12213: 12210: 12207: 12204: 12200: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12191: 12184: 12180: 12174: 12170: 12168: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12156: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12131: 12126: 12124: 12119: 12117: 12112: 12111: 12108: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12060: 12057: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12022:Tapada limeña 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11986: 11979: 11975: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11881: 11874: 11870: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11768: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11662: 11659: 11655: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11614:Montes Claros 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11554:Vienna (1529) 11552: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11382: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11283:Hernán Cortés 11281: 11280: 11278: 11276: 11275:Conquistadors 11272: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11245:Juan de Ayala 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11141: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11099:Duke of Savoy 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11065: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11005: 10998: 10994: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10930: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10898:Dollar (Peso) 10896: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10876: 10872: 10858: 10857:Santo Domingo 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10776: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10734:New Andalusia 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10698: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10681:Santo Domingo 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10606: 10605:Viceroyalties 10602: 10598: 10591: 10587: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10450: 10446: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10418: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10362: 10355: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10303: 10298: 10292: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10210:South America 10207: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10137: 10130: 10119: 10115: 10109: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10095:Spanish Texas 10092: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10077: 10073:North America 10070: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10054:Franche-Comté 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9991: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9969: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9729: 9724: 9722: 9717: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9372: 9367: 9363: 9348: 9343: 9341: 9336: 9334: 9329: 9328: 9325: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9206: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9174:Ethnic groups 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9090: 9080: 9079:Privy Council 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9007:Chief Justice 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8921: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8789: 8784: 8782: 8777: 8775: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8755: 8750: 8748: 8743: 8741: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8598: 8592: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8518:Turner, Sasha 8515: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8488:0-385-06508-6 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8454:0-436-27971-1 8451: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8386:0-201-52396-5 8383: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8361: 8360:976-640-058-X 8357: 8353: 8349: 8347:(2019): 1–24. 8346: 8342: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8305: 8302: 8301:History Today 8298: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8284: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8160: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8125: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8031: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8004: 8002: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7623: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7497: 7493: 7492:The Economist 7489: 7482: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7414: 7413:1-84353-329-4 7410: 7404: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7366: 7358: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7016: 7012: 7006: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6939: 6935: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6883: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6810: 6803:. p. 14. 6802: 6801: 6793: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6754: 6747: 6745: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6453: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6398: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6377:Melvin, Don, 6374: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6330: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6289: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6201: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6118: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6090: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6011: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5897:Kari Levitt, 5894: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5828: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5706: 5699: 5698:Reggae Routes 5693: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5643: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286:"Jamaica' in 5281: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5248: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5196: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5074: 5068: 5060: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5002:, pp. 192–93. 5001: 4995: 4988: 4982: 4975: 4969: 4962: 4956: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4916:, pp. 88–126. 4915: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4851: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4679: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4563: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4540: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4501: 4487:on 2012-02-22 4486: 4482: 4476: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4249: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4148:(3): 432–37. 4147: 4143: 4136: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3939: 3936: 3925: 3918: 3916: 3909:2020 election 3906: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769:2016 election 3766: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3734:In 2013, the 3727: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3706:2011 election 3702: 3700: 3699:2011 election 3696: 3690: 3683:2011 election 3680: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3655:United States 3651: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3590: 3584: 3579: 3576: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448:Gussie Clarke 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3406:Women's 100 m 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3267:Bruce Golding 3264: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3232:2002 election 3228: 3224: 3222: 3221:1980 election 3218: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3200:and included 3199: 3198:Carter Center 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3183:Bruce Golding 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156:opinion polls 3153: 3152:1997 election 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071:1989 election 3063: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3022: 3021: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999:Carl Bradshaw 2996: 2995:Paul Campbell 2992: 2991: 2987:, and 1999's 2986: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955:Perry Henzell 2952: 2948: 2947: 2929: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766:Ronald Reagan 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2634: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2544: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2501:Prince Buster 2496: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:Prince Buster 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458:Hold Me Tight 2456:'s 1968 hit " 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431:Clancy Eccles 2428: 2427:Jackie Mittoo 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381:Walter Rodney 2377: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2344:head of state 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2248:1949 election 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2129:welfare state 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1972:Marcus Garvey 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956:Afro-Jamaican 1953: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1884:Marcus Garvey 1881: 1876: 1875:Marcus Garvey 1869:Marcus Garvey 1866: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1801: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1605:Tate and Lyle 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1536: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1378:Samuel Sharpe 1375: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1300: 1295: 1285: 1283: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1223: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1143:Robert Hunter 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1117: 1113: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1022: 1008: 1006: 1002: 997: 992: 990: 984: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 932: 928: 918: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 885: 875: 873: 868: 866: 861: 858: 854: 850: 849:Juan de Bolas 846: 842: 836: 826: 824: 819: 815: 811: 807: 797: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 773:Juan de Bolas 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 750:Santo Domingo 747: 743: 739: 736:launched the 735: 726: 721: 705: 695: 693: 692: 685: 683: 678: 676: 675:military base 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 625:fourth voyage 622: 621:second voyage 618: 611: 606: 601: 588: 584: 580: 574: 569: 562: 557: 553: 547: 542: 538: 531: 526: 525: 524: 522: 521: 516: 512: 511: 507:("tobacco"), 506: 502: 499:("hammock"), 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 436: 426: 424: 420: 416: 411: 408:in 1962 with 407: 403: 398: 395: 391: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 337:In 1655, the 335: 333: 329: 324: 322: 318: 314: 311:enslaved the 310: 306: 302: 298: 297:Arawak tribes 294: 290: 278: 273: 271: 266: 264: 259: 258: 256: 255: 252: 242: 241: 238: 234: 231: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 151: 147: 143: 142: 139: 133: 132: 127: 122: 121: 112: 109: 101: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: – 58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 14209:Sint Maarten 14189:Saint Martin 14063: 13881: 13864: 13856: 13822: 13814: 13806: 13800:Saint Helena 13798: 13742: 13734: 13584:Cook Islands 13535: 13508:New Hebrides 13477:20th century 13393:West Florida 13378: 13364: 13296:Rhode Island 13274:Pennsylvania 13232:Newfoundland 13169: 13094: 13044:East Florida 13015:16th c.–1880 13004: 12956: 12853:Crown Colony 12841:Pulo Condore 12815:Crown Colony 12809:North Borneo 12682: 12641:Protectorate 12590:unrecognised 12584:in 1965 (as 12523: 12476:South Africa 12464:Sierra Leone 12451:Saint Helena 12449: 12444:Orange River 12322:Bechuanaland 12303: 12261:Protectorate 12220: 12196: 12160: 12140:and Current 11997:Architecture 11892:The Americas 11756:Newfoundland 11746:Túpac Katari 11736:Cuerno Verde 11671:Tenochtitlan 11503:Valenciennes 11260:Luis Fajardo 11129:Blas de Lezo 11074:Duke of Alba 10954:Spanish Road 10792:Buenos Aires 10701:Governorates 10470:Ayuntamiento 10463:Organization 9928:Carlist Wars 9776:Italian Wars 9227:Coat of arms 9164:Demographics 9105:Central bank 9012:Constitution 8806: 8638:Taíno people 8611: 8584: 8567: 8530:(3): 39–62. 8527: 8521: 8510: 8503: 8496: 8478: 8467: 8460: 8445: 8438: 8425:Lewes, Diana 8418: 8411: 8403: 8392: 8377: 8366: 8351: 8344: 8337: 8326: 8308: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8262: 8247: 8233: 8222:. 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In 503:("canoe"), 386:Baptist War 213:Baptist War 205:Tacky's War 135:History of 14234:Categories 14174:Montserrat 14169:Martinique 14164:Guadeloupe 14019:Costa Rica 13869:since 1908 13861:since 1908 13827:since 1833 13819:since 1816 13811:since 1815 13803:since 1658 13760:department 13747:since 1908 13739:since 1833 13540:since 1838 13520:Swan River 13514:Queensland 13401:1958–1962 13383:since 1666 13369:since 1799 13220:New Jersey 13190:New Albion 13174:since 1632 13171:Montserrat 13152:1629–1691 13099:since 1670 13021:1858–1866 13009:since 1619 12961:since 1650 12914:Bangladesh 12849:1841–1946 12811:1882–1963 12777:Federation 12755:1819–1826 12693:Seychelles 12637:1839–1842 12528:since 1816 12512:Tanganyika 12470:Somaliland 12458:Seychelles 12454:since 1658 12374:Gold Coast 12368:The Gambia 12312:Basutoland 12308:since 1815 12250:Free State 12243:1542–1800 12229:Heligoland 12225:since 1713 11634:Somosierra 11624:Manila Bay 11498:Nördlingen 11438:Gravelines 10918:Columnario 10890:Currencies 10807:Concepción 10779:Audiencias 10754:New Toledo 10719:La Florida 10552:Corregidor 10516:Papal bull 10421:Antarctica 10329:Micronesia 9786:Golden Age 9257:Newspapers 9247:Literature 9112:(currency) 9064:Parliament 8840:Port Royal 8369:18 (2012) 7972:8 February 7942:8 February 7786:. 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These 785:planting 667:Kingston 493:barbacoa 305:Columbus 126:a series 124:Part of 14154:Curaçao 14139:Bonaire 14134:Bermuda 14064:Jamaica 14044:Grenada 13999:Bahamas 13919:culture 13673:Vanuatu 13463:Oceania 13138:Jamaica 13131:Georgia 13051:Grenada 13006:Bermuda 12980:Bahamas 12966:Antigua 12847:Sarawak 12559:Namibia 12420:Nigeria 12396:Madeira 12316:Lesotho 12275:Minorca 12241:Ireland 12209:Corsica 12136:Former 12081:Asiento 12052:Mustang 11912:Yucatán 11907:Chiapas 11787:Tucapel 11619:Passaro 11569:Algiers 11559:Preveza 11528:Tetouan 11523:Vitoria 11513:Bitonto 11453:Antwerp 11448:Lepanto 11403:Bicocca 10879:Economy 10802:Charcas 10797:Caracas 10691:Yucatán 10562:Regidor 10547:Alcalde 10475:Cabildo 10382:Tripoli 10321:Mariana 10268:Charcas 10244:(Peru, 10228:Ecuador 10191:Bonaire 10186:Curazao 10171:Jamaica 10099:Florida 9362:Jamaica 9291:Outline 9232:Cuisine 9209:Culture 9147:Society 9110:Dollar 9093:Economy 9002:Cabinet 8956:Islands 8850:Maroons 8815:Arawaks 8807:History 8795:Jamaica 8614:Jamaica 8581:Jamaica 8187:6 April 8159:Twitter 8124:Twitter 8030:Twitter 7912:6 April 7612:24 June 7502:13 July 7331:12 June 7263:. 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