History of Istanbul

1064: 1141: 1534: 1546: 1352: 888: 988:, solidifying Turkish rule in Constantinople. Mehmed ordered the city to be plundered for three days. Following the sack, Mehmed's main concern with Constantinople had to do with rebuilding the city's defenses and re-population. Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the citadel, and building a new palace. Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle the city; he demanded that five thousand households needed to be deported to Constantinople by September. 1179: 1584: 1513: 933:(1449–1453) three chances to surrender the city. He guaranteed the safety of the city's residents, with their riches, beliefs, and honor. Constantine valiantly refused the offer. After more than a month of fighting, Mehmed's advisors were beginning to lose hope. Against their counsel, Mehmed continued to fight. The night before the final assault, he studied previous attempts to take the city to distinguish potentially successful approaches. On the morning of 29 May 1453 the sultan ordered 1562: 1065: 465: 33: 1255: 957:

entered the city were killed almost immediately, with the effect that the other Muslims began to retreat. Witnessing this, the sultan encouraged his soldiers. Soon after the sultan's encouragement the Muslims broke the wall in two places and entered the city. In a last attempt to protect it, Constantine attacked the enemy sword raised; however, he was defeated and killed.

1175:-refuge of the universe. According to the census of 1477, there were 9,486 houses occupied by Muslims; 3,743 by Greeks; 1,647 by Jews; 267 by Christians from the Crimea, and 31 Gypsies. Mehmet also re-established Constantinople, as it was still called at that time, as the center of the Orthodox patriarchate. 996:

By 1459, the Sultan dedicated a lot of energy to bringing prosperity to Constantinople. In several quarters of the city pious foundations were created; these areas consisted of a theological college, a school (or a Madrasa, usually connected to the mosque), a public kitchen, and a mosque. In the same

956:

was still holding on after this defeat, the sultan thought it was time to set up his secret weapon, a huge mobile tower. This tower could hold many soldiers who could be at the same level as the walls of the city, making it easier for them to break into Constantinople. The first group of Ottomans who

1490:

As the years passed the population increased, from about 80,000 at the death of Mehmet, to 300,000 by the 18th century, and 400,000 in 1800. The capital of an empire that stretched across Europe, Asia, and Africa, it also became an important diplomatic centre, with several foreign embassies. It was

1924:

concurs with 685 BCE as the year Chalcedon was founded, but places Byzantion's establishment in 659 BCE. Among more modern historians, Carl Roebuck proposed the 640s BCE and others have suggested even later. The foundation date of Chalcedon is itself subject to some debate; while many sources place

1760:

migrated to the city to find employment in the many new factories that were constructed at the outskirts of the sprawling metropolis. This sudden sharp rise in the city's population caused a large demand for housing development, and many previously outlying villages and forests became engulfed into

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Once the fighting started, it went on for forty-eight days. The wall was beginning to collapse when Constantine sent a letter to the pope asking for help. In response, the Papacy sent five ships full of reinforcements, weapons, and supplies. Another defense tactic involved Constantine blocking off

677:

Starting in the 600s, warfare kept Constantinople's power flip-flopping between decline and progression. Alliance with Europe slowly began to break away from the Byzantine Empire between the seventh-eighth centuries, when the Byzantine and Roman churches disagreed on various subjects. However, the

1135:

Mehmed then sent officers to all his lands to announce that whoever wished should come and take possession in Constantinople, as freehold, of houses and orchards and gardens ... Despite this measure the city was not repopulated. So then the Sultan commanded that from every land families, rich and

937:(the call to prayer). This was not a regular prayer session for religious reasons but rather a scare tactic: the sight of the entire Ottoman army getting on their knees to pray provided an intimidating display of unity to the Byzantine forces designed to overcome their minds before their bodies. 618:

through a decline in political, economic, and social situations, the last western emperor being deposed by Germanic mercenaries in AD 476; the eastern half, however, was flourishing. According to historians this flourishing Eastern Roman Empire was then classified as the Byzantine Empire to

1974:

Algan, O.; Yalçın, M.N.K.; Özdoğan, M.; Yılmaz, Y.C.; Sarı, E.; Kırcı-Elmas, E.; Yılmaz, İ.; Bulkan, Ö.; Ongan, D.; Gazioğlu, C.; Nazik, A.; Polat, M.A.; Meriç, E. (2011). "Holocene coastal change in the ancient harbor of Yenikapı–İstanbul and its impact on cultural history".

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in 330. At the end of his reign in 337, Constantine declared his three sons as joint heirs of the Roman Empire in a system of co-emperorship. However, the sons could not govern together peacefully and their military rivalry split the empire on the north–south line along the

1131:, conquest was only the first stage; the second was giving the old city an entirely new cosmopolitan social structure. Most of what remained of the Byzantine population – a mere 30,000 persons – was deported. According to the Ashikpashazade, a Turkish chronicle, 191:

There is evidence suggesting there were settlements around the region dating as far back as 6700 BC, and it is hard to define if there was any settlement on exact spot at city proper established, but earliest records about city proper begins around 660 BC when

1670:

in English. As a consequence, the population collapsed, from an estimated 1,125,000 in 1914 to about 500,000 in 1924; but the population steadily grew during the later 20th century, the metropolitan population surpassing 10 million in the year 2000.

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were more than representations; they were believed to possess holy power that affected people's daily lives While many Byzantines worshiped icons many opposed the icons because they tested the authorities of the emperor. Finally, in 726 Emperor

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Until the eighteenth century, living standards were at least equal to most of Europe. For example, the development of urban craftsmen's wages was on a level similar to southern and central Europe during the sixteenth to eighteenth century.

1729:

In the early years of the republic, Istanbul was overlooked in favour of Ankara, the new capital. However, starting from the late 1940s and early 1950s, Istanbul underwent a great structural change, as new public squares (such as

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year, Mehmed sent out orders that any Greeks who had left Constantinople as slaves or refugees should be allowed to return. These actions led it to become a once again thriving capital city, now of the Ottoman Empire.

1912:) is sometimes, especially in encyclopedic or other tertiary sources, placed firmly in 667 BCE. Historians have disputed the precise year the city was founded. Commonly cited is the work of 5th-century-BCE historian 1721:

With the establishment of the new Turkish Republic, built on a wave of nationalism, there was a mass exodus of much of the Greek and Armenian population from Istanbul, which had ceased to be the capital. After the

1214:. Having surrendered before the fall of the city, Mehmed allowed them to preserve an element of self-government. For generations after, they supplied interpreters and diplomats for the Ottoman Court. After the 711:

was unwilling to permit sacred images and icons to be destroyed and this caused an eventual separation. Their separation caused hatred between the two churches and cooperation between the two was a struggle.

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On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes, ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn, on which is the town of Byzantium, a free state, formerly called Lygos; it is 711 miles from Durazzo,...

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747:. However, these relationships were not always friendly – Constantinople was sacked several times over those 400 years by Kiev Princes, forcing Constantinople to sign increasingly favorable treaties for 1151:

Mehmed took much personal interest in the creation of his new capital. On his orders, the great mosque and the college of Fatih were built on the old burial grounds of the Byzantine Emperors at the

1533: 703:(ruled, 717-741) ordered all icons to be destroyed. The destruction of icons reorganized and reoriented the Byzantine rulers in imperial power. The fierce opposition to icons clashed with the 1233:

Its city has two walls. A sovereign prince lives in the city. There are Muslims wearing headwraps and Han-Chinese. There are translators. People cultivated dry fields. It has no products.

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approached its historical peak, the city grew to a population of close to 700,000 in the 16th century, once again ranking among the world's most popular cities. With the founding of the

1118:, the Mangana Monastery of Hagios Georgios was a well-known landmark for Western sailors who called the Bosporus "the arm of Saint George" since the 13th century.) The dome of the 778:; but this time their plan was to capture the Byzantine Empire as well. In 1204, western armies captured Constantinople and ransacked the city for treasures. The pope decried the 1925:

it in 685 BC, others put it in 675 BCE or even 639 BCE (with Byzantion's establishment placed in 619 BCE). Some sources refer to Byzantium's foundation as the 7th century BCE.

1809:, where protesters protested a wide range of concerns at the core of which were issues of freedom of the press, of expression, assembly, and the government's encroachment on 812:. After this, Constantinople never regained its former glory. Rather than a thriving metropolis, Constantinople transformed into a collection of villages, and became a semi- 2656:

Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229-249. p. 236

2054: 1155:. Bit by bit the great Christian city was transformed into a great Muslim city. Even so, the city was not to be entirely Muslim, at least not until the late 20th century. 1127:

In the final years of the Byzantine Empire, the population of Constantinople had fallen steadily, throwing the great imperial city into the shadow of its past glory. For

1820:

took place. A number of rogue government units took over and were only repelled after a few hours. The troops that had taken part in the coup attempt surrendered on the

1237:

The statement that there were translators suggests it was a multilingual, multicultural, cosmopolitan city. Although the claim that there were "Han-Chinese" is dubious.

1498:

The city was modernized from the 1870s onwards with the building of bridges, the creation of a proper water system, the use of electric lights, and the introduction of

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Ethno-religious groups in Istanbul (1896-1965). A multicultural city in 1896, with a 50.5% Muslim population, turned into a predominantly Muslim one after 1925. See

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From around the 9th to 13th centuries, Constantinople developed complex relationships with an emerging and later the largest and most advanced state of that time in

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Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229-249

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refers to a legendary king Byzas as the leader of the Megarian colonists and eponymous founder of the city. Cape Moda in Chalcedon was the first location which the

2531:

Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. pp. 313–314

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Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. pp. 273–276

1512: 164:, lasted for almost a millennium before being inundated by rising water levels. The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the 945:

so that the Ottoman army could not get ships into it. Mehmed had his people pave a path from oiled tree branches in order to bring eighty ships overland via

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Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 330

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Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 427

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Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 292

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Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 291

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Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 272

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Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 253

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Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 248

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and his successors gave the city the unique appearance it still preserves today. The individual communities, though, still lived in self-contained areas.

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which was located inside it are seen between the Blue Mosque and the Hagia Sophia, near the shore (because of its prominent position close to the

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development, culture, and politics. Many of the Kiev Princes were married to daughters of the Byzantine Emperors, and because of this connection,

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Istanbul’s new airport opened in October 2018, but commenced passenger services in April 2019, and cargo services in February 2022. The new

2904: 1734:), boulevards and avenues were constructed throughout the city; sometimes at the expense of the demolition of many historical buildings. 2281: 1431:

were active in the city alone. Many of these Tekkes survive to this day some in the form of mosques while others as museums such as the

2951: 1003:'s reign over the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 was a period of great artistic and architectural achievements. The famous architect 1686:

phrase "εἰς τὴν Πόλιν" , meaning "to the city", which had long been in vernacular use by the local population. The international name

595:. It was the center of the Greek world and, for most of the Byzantine period, the largest city in Europe. Constantine's conversion to 232:

in the western world, with a population peaking at close to half a million people. Constantinople functioned as the capital of the

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world and who had many followers who had actively participated in the conquest of the city came to settle in the capital. During

2058: 499:, on 18 September 324, which ended the civil war between the Roman Co-Emperors, and brought an end to the final vestiges of the 69: 3356: 1694:

in 1928 and urged other countries to use the city's Turkish name in their languages and their postal service networks. In 1929

1351: 756: 644: 156:'s historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 6th millennium BCE. That early settlement, important in the spread of the 3041: 1817: 3260: 3205: 3186: 3167: 3148: 3129: 2824: 2795: 2314: 2215: 1620: 2989: 2364: 3224: 3008: 1279: 949:

and placed them into the Golden Horn behind the enemy ships. The Ottoman ships burnt the Byzantine ones in a naval battle.

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was said to have identified the location of the city; this prophecy was probably due to Constantine's final victory over

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now stands. Lygos and Semystra were the only settlements on the European side of Istanbul. On the Asian side there was a

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Hofmann, Anna; Öncü, Ayşe (eds.): "History takes Place – Istanbul, Dynamics of Urban Change", JOVIS Verlag Berlin 2015,

2304: 854: 794: 736: 2768: 2714:"Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations" 2644: 2586:

Eversley, Lord. The Turkish Empire from 1288 to 1914. 3rd ed. Howard Fertig. New York: Howard Fertig Inc., 1924. p. 2

1297: 759:). Byzantine constantly played Kiev, Poland, Bulgaria, and other European Nations of that time, against each other. 473: 116: 83: 1877: 1071: 953: 615: 604: 281:

period. The earliest known settlement dates from 6700 BC, discovered in 2008, during the construction works of the

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Lewis, Bernard. Istanbul and the Civilization if the Ottoman Empire. 1, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. p. 6

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Finally, Constantinople was under Ottoman rule. Mehmed entered Constantinople through what is now known as the

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and bombs for the occasion. He also acquired scholars and imams to encourage the soldiers. In accordance with

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noted, sown fields within the city walls. The city by 1453 held less than a tenth of its former population.

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period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE. In the European side, near the point of the peninsula (

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Constantinopolis/Istanbul: Cultural Encounter, Imperial Vision, and the Construction of the Ottoman Capital

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which was completed in 534. However, Justinian's reign was the greatest influence of the Byzantine Empire.

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Panoramic view of the historic peninsula of Istanbul, looking westwards from the southern entrance of the

2842: 2352: 2036: 1866: 1700: 1663: 1171:, all of whose diverse skills were needed, were allowed to settle in a city which was to become known as 1152: 2857: 1840: 930: 662:(527-565). During his reign, he extended the Byzantine Empire to its largest boundaries spreading from 655: 2341: 2018: 1854:. The new Istanbul airport is one of the biggest airports in the world in terms of passenger traffic. 1870: 1711: 1270: 1215: 459: 2205: 2687: 1787: 1588: 1223: 1000: 829: 806: 783: 1655: 1561: 2889: 2879: 1764:

In March 1995, twenty-three people were killed and hundreds were injured in the incidents called

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but ordered the crusaders to consolidate their gains in the city for a year. The crusaders chose

648: 624: 90: 43: 1783: 2260: 1325: 882: 779: 272: 237: 19: 2812: 1768:. The events began with an armed attack on several coffee shops in the neighborhood, where an 1756:

Starting from the 1970s, the population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase, as people from

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survive to this day; some in the form of mosques while others have become museums such as the

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distinguishing gap placed between the two churches involved the use of icons in the church.

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agents were informed that telegrams now must be addressed to "Istanbul" or "Stamboul", but

1229:

A 16th century Chinese geographical treatise described Constantinople/Istanbul as follows:

1128: 700: 553: 545: 157: 3200:. Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts. New York: Archaeological Institute of America. 152:

artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that

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decreed that Constantinople would be occupied by Allied Forces. On 13 November 1918, the

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conquest. Religious foundations were endowed to fund the building of mosques such as the

1203: 1083: 866: 608: 2785: 1988: 1636: 337:. Only a few walls and substructures belonging to Lygos have survived to date, near the 3020: 2909: 2741: 2457: 2000: 1806: 1765: 1706: 1651: 1644: 1624: 1366: 1178: 1024: 791: 740: 663: 541: 278: 252: 193: 1862: 1851: 1361: 3256: 3201: 3182: 3163: 3144: 3125: 2820: 2791: 2764: 2745: 2733: 2640: 2310: 2211: 2004: 1795: 1608: 1265: 1219: 1136:

poor alike, should be brought in by force ... and now the city began to be populous.

752: 732: 632: 620: 443: 428: 412:

in 667 BC. Byzantion was established on the site of an ancient port settlement named

379: 375: 177: 173: 3312: 3288: 3229: 1611:'s Royal Navy attempted an operation to capture Constantinople. It failed after the 1378: 1329: 1183: 1091: 342: 2725: 2449: 1992: 1847: 1821: 1710:

stated that year that mail to "Constantinople" may no longer be delivered. In 1929

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designed many mosques and other grand buildings in the city, while Ottoman arts of

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Near 1204, Constantinople began to decline in power. Because of the failure of the

628: 424: 268: 233: 1773: 1583: 3266: 2398: 1750: 1742: 1723: 1222:, Constantinople acquired additional importance in Muslim eyes. Mosques built by 858: 767: 393: 326: 185: 2329: 2262:

A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography

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killed six people and wounded over 80. Turkish authorities blamed the outlawed

1691: 1683: 1600: 1440: 1424: 1406: 1370: 1333: 1199: 1115: 1079: 1008: 961: 915: 903: 891: 870: 775: 728: 383: 338: 290: 282: 248: 217: 209: 138: 3119: 3059: 2729: 1714:

advocated for the usage of Istanbul in English instead of Constantinople. The

559:

Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The combination of

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at Constantinople lasted until 1261 when the Byzantines under the command of

787: 763: 453: 440: 241: 3328: 2971:"Ten years after Turkey's Gezi protests, some say vote a chance for justice" 2609: 2596: 2571: 2231: 1827:

In June 2019, the main Turkish opposition party won the rerun of Istanbul’s

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Mehmed had begun the siege on 6 April 1453. He had hired engineers to build

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is the Prophet of Allah." He turned the Orthodox cathedral into an Islamic

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and quickly regained its previous prosperity, being temporarily renamed as

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Streets of Memory: Landscape, Tolerance, and National Identity in Istanbul

1348:. The city had to be repopulated by a mixture of force and encouragement. 619:

distinguish it from the Roman Empire. This empire was distinctly Greek in

1628: 1410: 1345: 1195: 1145: 1119: 1103: 1012: 1004: 942: 817: 386:

settlement. It may be derived from a Thracian or Illyrian personal name,

225: 1880:

in Istanbul, the highest number of Syrian refugees in any Turkish city.

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stated that mail could still be delivered to "Constantinople". However,

1401:

achievements. The architect Sinan designed many mosques and other great

511:, 100 km east of Istanbul) was the most senior capital city of the 1780:

district on the Asian side of İstanbul. Police responded with gunfire.

1695: 1373:

are at the top. The old city of Constantinople or Stamboul (modern-day

813: 298: 277:

Humans have lived in the area now known as Istanbul since at least the

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Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set

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and suffered extensive damage in AD 196. Byzantium was rebuilt by the

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Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

2103: 2057:. Republic of Turkey, Minister of Culture and Tourism. Archived from 1917: 1913: 1909: 1503: 1356: 1191: 1168: 798: 771: 659: 640: 588: 564: 504: 500: 496: 417: 405: 358: 346: 330: 310: 306: 213: 201: 149: 2713: 2278:"Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades" 1666:, the capital was moved from Constantinople to Angora, which became 464: 297:

side, the earliest known settlement is the Fikirtepe mound from the

32: 2952:"Erdogan intent on taking back Istanbul after presidential victory" 2453: 1921: 1757: 1578: 1464: 1402: 1394: 1075: 1044: 981: 724: 720: 592: 580: 549: 484: 334: 294: 286: 247:

The population had declined during the medieval period, but as the

205: 153: 134: 1028: 508: 3060:"Istanbul International Airport (IST) | The New Istanbul Airport" 2440:

Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople".

1769: 1479: 1475: 1432: 1428: 1051: 1020: 1016: 973: 926: 837: 584: 533: 477: 2810: 2790:(1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. pp. 37–39. 2204:

Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S.; Blair, Sheila (14 May 2009).

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on the European side of the Bosphorus under the command of King

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An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914

3009:"Istanbul election rerun won by opposition, in blow to Erdogan" 1667: 1448: 1444: 1341: 1160: 1055: 985: 946: 922: 873:

from its conquest in 1453 until the empire's collapse in 1922.

716: 666:

to the tip of Spain. His other achievements include the famous

576: 568: 560: 401: 397: 374:, was the next name of the city. The name is believed to be of 256: 197: 161: 3096:"Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association" 2092:. Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines. pp. 10ff. 857:

continued to call it Constantinople, as did people writing in

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period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BC. In nearby

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The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest

2905:"Washington Accepts "Istanbul" As Replacing "Constantinople"" 1659: 1472: 1452: 1436: 1420: 1377:) is on the right. Across the Golden Horn at bottom right is 1374: 1156: 1048: 1032: 977: 934: 907: 691: 671: 480: 432: 409: 388: 255:

in 1923, that country's capital moved from Constantinople to

2582: 2580: 3078:"Turkey arrests 17 over Istanbul bombing – DW – 11/18/2022" 1499: 1416: 1312: 1164: 969: 748: 744: 708: 704: 679: 611:, turning Constantinople into a thriving religious center. 572: 563:

power and a key location at the crossing point between the

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by Allied forces began, ending on 4 October 1923 with the

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Late Roman period and the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire

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in his historical accounts and it was possibly founded by

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Between Two Worlds: the Construction of the Ottoman State

2877:""ISTANBUL": The Correct Way of Writing Constantinople". 2761:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

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De Sélincourt, Aubery (2003). Marincola, John M. (ed.).

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Byzantium 1200: Monastery of Saint George of the Mangana

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Published on 10 January 2007. Retrieved on 3 March 2010.

1973: 1916:, which says the city was founded seventeen years after 1218:

in 1517, and the Sultan's acceptance of the position of

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and other regions, played an important role in terms of

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in 1453. Constantinople then became the capital of the

18:"Lygos" redirects here. For other uses of the term, see 3042:"4 Years On: How Is Istanbul's New Airport Performing?" 2534: 2468: 2353:

Hürriyet: Photos from the Neolithic site, circa 6500 BC

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religious leader was killed. Protests occurred both in

1210:

There was also an Italian community in the area of the

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Hatzopoulos, Dionysios. "The Fall of Constantinople."

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Hatzopoulos, Dionysios. "The Fall of Constantinople."

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Hatzopoulos, Dionysios. "The Fall of Constantinople."

2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 914:. The city became the fourth and final capital of the 3248:

Göktürk, Deniz, Levent Soysal, and İpek Türeli, eds.

2367:. Republic of Turkey, Minister of Culture and Tourism 2342:

Hürriyet: Bu keşif tarihi değiştirir (2 October 2008)

1522:

Panoramic view of the city in the 1870s as seen from

929:(Muslim Holy Law), Mehmed gave the Byzantine emperor 420:

used to stand where the Topkapı Palace stands today.

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Istanbul as a hub of early modern European diplomacy

3287:(Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009) 295 pp. 3234:

Derviş, Pelin, Bülent Tanju, and Uğur Tanyeli, eds.

2990:"Turkey's failed coup attempt: All you need to know" 2858:"Topics of the Times: The Passing of Constantinople" 1102:

is seen at the far right of the picture, across the

910:

during which his cannon had torn a huge hole in the

603:, and in 381, during the reign of Theodosius I, the 2548: 1094:are seen, along with the surviving sections of the 527:) was officially proclaimed the new capital of the 216:in Latin until 330, when the city, soon renamed as 57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2232:"Istanbul | History, Population, Map, & Facts" 1355:A map of the city from a 17th-century copy of the 968:which he ordered to be sacked. He ordered that an 723:. Constantinople played a significant role in the 631:with Rome, and was adorned with many magnificent 536:. The territory was officially split in 395 when 3343: 3007:Kottasová, Isil Sariyuce, Ivana (23 June 2019). 2421:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company 682:, being images of Christian holy people such as 333:tribes along with the neighboring settlement of 176:. Modern authors have linked it to the possible 3302:Istanbul: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924 3250:Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe? 2846:. No. 45369. 25 November 1929. p. 12. 2203: 1876:As of August 2023, there are more than 530 000 1332:(1459) were erected in the years following the 894:– The Prospect of Constantinople (16th century) 810:recaptured the city and some outlying territory 670:church and the organized law system called the 404:chose to colonize in 685 BC, before colonizing 2448:. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 347–67. 2037:"Marmaray kazılarında tarih gün ışığına çıktı" 1690:also remained in use until Turkey adopted the 188:as an earlier name for the site of Byzantium. 3117: 2433: 2136: 1122:can be seen to the right of the Hagia Sophia. 1106:. The arches and vaults of the Byzantine-era 3311:(University of Georgia Press, 2010) 248 pp. 3304:(London: John Murray, 1995); Popular history 3228:(Cambridge University Press, 2010. 376 pp.) 3025:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2303:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1 January 2007). 1920:, which came into existence around 685 BCE. 848: 843: 3297:(Rowman & Littlefied Publishers, 1999). 3124:. Penguin Classics. London: Penguin Books. 2811:Stephen Pope; Elizabeth-Anne Wheal (1995). 2763:. Cambridge University Press. p. 212. 2758: 1761:the greater metropolitan area of Istanbul. 1539:Stamboul (the old walled city), around 1896 751:, the texts of which were preserved in the 616:Western Roman Empire lost most of its power 605:official state religion of the Roman Empire 599:, in 312, had set the Roman Empire towards 2933:"25th Anniversary of Gazi Massacre Marked" 2636:Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 2408: 2406: 1275:duplicates the "Imperial capital" section. 172:) there was a settlement during the early 3295:Istanbul between the global and the local 3006: 2610:http://www.greece.org/Romiosini/fall.html 2597:http://www.greece.org/Romiosini/fall.html 2572:http://www.greece.org/Romiosini/fall.html 1369:collection). North is at the bottom. The 1298:Learn how and when to remove this message 117:Learn how and when to remove this message 2330:BBC: "Istanbul's ancient past unearthed" 2302: 2147: 2145: 1902: 1873:(YPG). The PKK denied any involvement. 1726:, the remaining fraction also departed. 1582: 1389:) lies across the Bosphorus on the left. 1350: 1177: 1139: 886: 468:An artist's impression of Constantinople 463: 128: 3195: 3162:(illustrated ed.). Leiden: BRILL. 2968: 2949: 2840:"Telegraphic Name For Constantinople". 2403: 2163: 2080: 2078: 2076: 1419:orders which were so widespread in the 964:. He immediately rode his horse to the 540:(ruled, 379–395) died, leaving his son 309:) a port settlement dating back to the 3344: 3176: 3138: 2685: 2412: 2254: 2252: 2191: 2179: 2104:"Pliny the Elder, book IV, chapter XI" 976:: "I testify that there is no God but 790:; he along with other princes and the 3157: 3039: 2712:Chen, Yuan Julian (11 October 2021). 2707: 2705: 2386:Pliny the Elder, book IV, chapter XI: 2258: 2185: 2167: 2151: 2142: 2110:from the original on 29 December 2016 2084: 1741:businesses were destroyed during the 1572: 1393:Süleyman's reign was a time of great 1365:refers to the city as Kostantiniyye ( 972:meet him there in order to chant the 795:divided the Empire amongst themselves 450:by the emperor, in honor of his son. 3225:A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul 2711: 2306:Historic Cities of the Islamic World 2275: 2166:, p. 119, also as mentioned in 2073: 1718:began using "Istanbul" in May 1930. 1248: 838: 770:decided to again try to capture the 755:and other historical documents (see 472:The location of Byzantium attracted 416:During the period of Byzantion, the 55:adding citations to reliable sources 26: 2987: 2284:from the original on 26 August 2015 2249: 1947:"Istanbul's ancient past unearthed" 1607:led by First Lord of the Admiralty 1405:in the city, while Ottoman arts of 1144:View of Constantinople, painted by 1047:Tekke in Kadıköy, which now serves 991: 849: 236:, which effectively ended with the 200:colonized the area and established 13: 3236:Becoming Istanbul: An Encyclopedia 3216: 3181:. London: Gordon & Cremonesi. 2702: 614:Throughout the fifth century, the 14: 3368: 3331:, 2021, retrieved: 17 March 2021. 3245:(Penguin, 1998). Popular history. 2887:"MISCELLANY: The Name-Changers". 2817:Dictionary of the First World War 1749:and Turkey. Jews, Armenians, and 1747:departure of Greeks from the city 828:The city, known alternatively in 823: 3238:(Istanbul: Ofset Yapımevi, 2008) 2276:Harl, Kenneth (26 August 2015). 1878:refugees of the Syrian civil war 1662:) on 29 October 1923 during the 1560: 1544: 1532: 1511: 1485: 1253: 1063: 554:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 220:, became the new capital of the 31: 3088: 3070: 3052: 3033: 3000: 2981: 2962: 2950:Ebrahim, Nadeen (31 May 2023). 2943: 2925: 2897: 2893:. 16 November 1929. p. 11. 2883:. 15 November 1929. p. 11. 2870: 2866:. 15 November 1929. p. 19. 2850: 2833: 2804: 2800:– via Archive Foundation. 2777: 2752: 2718:Journal of Early Modern History 2679: 2668: 2659: 2624: 2615: 2602: 2589: 2564: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2379: 2357: 2346: 2335: 2323: 2296: 2269: 2224: 2197: 2173: 2157: 1491:only after 1922, following the 1027:and Ramazan Efendi mosques and 788:Latin Emperor of Constantinople 737:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 321:The first name of the city was 42:needs additional citations for 3110: 3064:Istanbul International Airport 2969:Karakas, Burcu (26 May 2023). 2365:"Cultural Details of Istanbul" 2259:Smith, William George (1860). 2125: 2096: 2055:"Cultural Details of Istanbul" 2047: 2029: 2011: 1967: 1939: 1678:is a shortened version with a 1597:Ottoman entry into World War I 1244: 1035:, the Galata Mevlevihanesi in 1: 3357:Histories of cities in Turkey 3329:Institute of European History 3325:EGO – European History Online 3198:Ionian Trade and Colonization 3040:Field, James (4 March 2023). 1932: 1908:The foundation of Byzantion ( 1658:(then known as Mustafa Kemal 1495:that things began to change. 1493:war between Greece and Turkey 1459:, the Yahya Effendi Tekke in 1194:at left, the entrance of the 382:origin and thus predates the 293:on the European side. On the 262: 2686:Mansel, Philip (July 2003). 2612:(accessed 2/10/08). pp. 4–10 2019:"Bu keşif tarihi değiştirir" 1641:Occupation of Constantinople 1455:, the Galata Mevlevihane in 1340:(1463) and their associated 1039:, the Yahya Efendi tekke in 707:'s tolerance of images. The 515:. Byzantium (now renamed as 352: 212:in 196 BC, and was known as 204:on the European side of the 143:Young Folks' History of Rome 7: 3243:Istanbul: The Imperial City 3177:Lister, Richard P. (1979). 3158:Isaac, Benjamin H. (1986). 3141:Istanbul: The Imperial City 2574:(accessed 2012-05-31). p. 6 1997:10.1016/j.yqres.2011.04.002 1883: 1818:Turkish coup d'état attempt 1664:Turkish War of Independence 1273:. The specific problem is: 1153:Church of the Holy Apostles 1096:Sea Walls of Constantinople 876: 844: 645:Patriarch of Constantinople 639:, once the world's largest 625:Greek Orthodox Christianity 623:, and became the centre of 137:, then known in English as 10: 3373: 3222:Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate. 2041:fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr 1576: 1082:. From left to right, the 931:Constantine XI Palaiologos 880: 647:, spiritual leader of the 457: 356: 266: 17: 2730:10.1163/15700658-bja10030 2688:"Europe's Muslim Capital" 1833:Republican People’s Party 1112:Hagios Georgios Monastery 869:, was the capital of the 853:) or Istanbul, while its 780:sacking of Constantinople 460:History of Constantinople 3179:The Travels of Herodotus 2599:(accessed 2/10/08). p. 7 2090:Constantinople byzantine 1895: 1867:Kurdistan Workers' Party 1788:Prime Minister of Turkey 1737:In September 1955, many 1674:The city's current name 1589:Demographics of Istanbul 1001:Suleiman the Magnificent 902:"the Conqueror" entered 807:Michael VIII Palaeologus 797:; they never made it to 519:which eventually became 316: 3336:Turkey a Modern History 2890:The Manchester Guardian 2880:The Manchester Guardian 2784:Robson, Stuart (2007). 2236:Encyclopedia Britannica 1745:. This accelerated the 649:Eastern Orthodox Church 525:The City of Constantine 427:against the victorious 283:Yenikapı subway station 196:from the Attic town of 145:by Charlotte Mary Yonge 3196:Roebuck, Carl (1959). 2639:. Hachette UK. p. 79. 2397:1 January 2017 at the 2309:. BRILL. p. 210. 2210:. OUP USA. p. 1. 1871:Syrian Kurdish militia 1805:was the center of the 1592: 1390: 1235: 1207: 1148: 1138: 1015:also flourished. Many 912:Walls of Theodosius II 895: 883:Fall of Constantinople 842:after the Arabic form 772:Holy City of Jerusalem 469: 273:Prehistory of Anatolia 238:fall of Constantinople 228:, the city rose to be 224:. During the reign of 160:from the Near East to 146: 20:Lygos (disambiguation) 3283:Kafescioğlu, Çiğdem. 3139:Freely, John (1996). 2419:Catholic Encyclopedia 2135:4.144, translated in 1861:in Istanbul's lively 1716:U.S. State Department 1656:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1623:landing force in the 1586: 1354: 1231: 1181: 1143: 1133: 890: 881:Further information: 503:system, during which 489:Battle of Chrysopolis 474:Constantine the Great 467: 313:has been discovered. 259:(previously Angora). 132: 66:"History of Istanbul" 3143:. New York: Viking. 2885:, also mentioned in 2759:Baten, Jörg (2016). 2106:. 29 December 2016. 2061:on 12 September 2007 1890:Timeline of Istanbul 1857:In November 2022, a 1784:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1753:were also targeted. 1712:Turkish Nationalists 1443:and Ramazan Effendi 1381:. Asiatic Istanbul ( 1280:improve this section 1269:to meet Knowledge's 855:Christian minorities 701:Leo III the Isaurian 696:Byzantine Christians 548:, and his other son 546:Western Roman Empire 394:Ancient Greek legend 158:Neolithic Revolution 51:improve this article 3352:History of Istanbul 3293:Keyder, Çağlar ed. 3046:AviationSource News 2813:"Select Chronology" 2787:The First World War 2413:Vailhé, S. (1908). 1989:2011QuRes..76...30A 1977:Quaternary Research 1811:Turkey's secularism 1798:from 1994 to 1998. 1792:President of Turkey 1633:Armistice of Mudros 1599:on the side of the 1595:In 1915, after the 1471:, which now serves 784:Baldwin of Flanders 757:Rus'-Byzantine Wars 609:Nicene Christianity 3317:Vogel, Christine, 2910:The New York Times 2137:De Sélincourt 2003 1816:In July 2016, the 1807:Gezi Park protests 1707:The New York Times 1654:was founded under 1652:Republic of Turkey 1645:Treaty of Lausanne 1625:Gallipoli campaign 1593: 1573:Republic of Turkey 1391: 1367:Walters Art Museum 1208: 1198:at right, and the 1149: 1110:(Armoury) and the 896: 867:European languages 792:Republic of Venice 741:Vladimir the Great 643:. The seat of the 470: 423:After siding with 291:historic peninsula 253:Republic of Turkey 174:1st millennium BCE 147: 3334:Zürchner, E. J., 3261:978-3-86859-368-6 3252:(Routledge, 2010) 3207:978-0-89005-528-1 3188:978-0-86033-081-3 3169:978-90-04-06921-3 3150:978-0-670-85972-6 3131:978-0-14-044908-2 3100:multeciler.org.tr 2994:www.aljazeera.com 2826:978-0-85052-979-1 2797:978-1-4058-2471-2 2316:978-90-04-15388-2 2217:978-0-19-530991-1 1955:. 10 January 2009 1869:(PKK) as well as 1850:replaced the old 1841:Mayor of Istanbul 1796:mayor of Istanbul 1682:character of the 1609:Winston Churchill 1413:also flourished. 1308: 1307: 1300: 1271:quality standards 1262:This section may 1224:Sultan Suleiman I 1216:conquest of Egypt 980:. I testify that 845:al-Qusṭanṭīniyyah 766:, self-confident 753:Primary Chronicle 656:Byzantine emperor 627:after an earlier 444:Septimius Severus 429:Septimius Severus 208:. It fell to the 127: 126: 119: 101: 3364: 3300:Mansel, Philip. 3276:Kafadar, Cemal. 3267:Quataert, Donald 3265:Inalcik, Halil; 3211: 3192: 3173: 3154: 3135: 3104: 3103: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3016: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2884: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2683: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2546: 2543: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2466: 2465: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2415:"Constantinople" 2410: 2401: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2361: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2256: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2140: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2082: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2015: 2009: 2008: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1943: 1926: 1906: 1848:Istanbul Airport 1835:(CHP) candidate 1829:mayoral election 1822:Bosphorus Bridge 1637:Treaty of Sèvres 1567:Tophane in 1890s 1564: 1548: 1536: 1515: 1310:"Foundation" is 1303: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1204:Princes' Islands 1067: 992:Imperial capital 900:Sultan Mehmed II 898:On 29 May 1453, 852: 851: 847: 841: 840: 768:Latin Christians 733:Eastern Orthodox 654:The most famous 601:Christianization 534:Balkan Peninsula 521:Constantinopolis 448:Augusta Antonina 425:Pescennius Niger 269:Neolithic Europe 234:Byzantine Empire 122: 115: 111: 108: 102: 100: 59: 35: 27: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3342: 3341: 3219: 3217:Further reading 3214: 3208: 3189: 3170: 3151: 3132: 3113: 3108: 3107: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3038: 3034: 3018: 3017: 3005: 3001: 2986: 2982: 2967: 2963: 2948: 2944: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2886: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2757: 2753: 2710: 2703: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2603: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2549: 2544: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2411: 2404: 2399:Wayback Machine 2387: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2274: 2270: 2265:. p. 1003. 2257: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2143: 2130: 2126: 2113: 2111: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2083: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2023:hurriyet.com.tr 2017: 2016: 2012: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1886: 1863:Istiklal Avenue 1852:Atatürk Airport 1743:Istanbul pogrom 1629:First World War 1581: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1556: 1549: 1540: 1537: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1488: 1427:times over 100 1362:Kitab-ı Bahriye 1304: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1277: 1258: 1254: 1247: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1076:Bosporus Strait 1073: 1068: 994: 906:after a 53–day 885: 879: 830:Ottoman Turkish 826: 552:emperor of the 544:emperor of the 476:in 324 after a 462: 456: 361: 355: 327:Pliny the Elder 319: 287:Marmaray tunnel 275: 265: 186:Pliny the Elder 184:, mentioned by 123: 112: 106: 103: 60: 58: 48: 36: 23: 12: 11: 5: 3370: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3315: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3281: 3274: 3263: 3253: 3246: 3241:Freely, John. 3239: 3232: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3206: 3193: 3187: 3174: 3168: 3155: 3149: 3136: 3130: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3087: 3069: 3051: 3032: 2999: 2980: 2961: 2942: 2924: 2896: 2869: 2863:New York Times 2849: 2832: 2825: 2803: 2796: 2776: 2769: 2751: 2724:(5): 422–456. 2701: 2678: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2631:Mansel, Philip 2623: 2614: 2601: 2588: 2576: 2563: 2547: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2467: 2454:10.2307/283503 2432: 2402: 2378: 2356: 2345: 2334: 2322: 2315: 2295: 2268: 2248: 2223: 2216: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2156: 2141: 2124: 2095: 2086:Janin, Raymond 2072: 2046: 2028: 2010: 1966: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1885: 1882: 1859:street bombing 1837:Ekrem Imamoglu 1724:pogrom of 1955 1692:Latin alphabet 1688:Constantinople 1684:Medieval Greek 1601:Central Powers 1577:Main article: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1531: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1487: 1484: 1441:Sunbul Effendi 1379:Pera (Beyoğlu) 1371:Prince Islands 1330:Topkapı Palace 1306: 1305: 1261: 1259: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1206:on the horizon 1200:Sea of Marmara 1184:Seraglio Point 1116:Seraglio Point 1092:Topkapı Palace 1080:Sea of Marmara 1070: 1069: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1023:Tekke and the 993: 990: 954:Byzantine army 916:Ottoman Empire 904:Constantinople 892:Melchior Lorck 878: 875: 871:Ottoman Empire 825: 824:Ottoman Empire 822: 786:to be the new 776:Fourth Crusade 729:Eastern Europe 458:Main article: 455: 452: 400:settlers from 357:Main article: 354: 351: 343:Topkapı Palace 339:Seraglio Point 318: 315: 264: 261: 249:Ottoman Empire 218:Constantinople 210:Roman Republic 194:Greek settlers 139:Constantinople 125: 124: 39: 37: 30: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3369: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3313:online review 3310: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3289:online review 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3230:online review 3227: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3121:The Histories 3116: 3115: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3028: 3022: 3014: 3010: 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