225:
391:
843:(possibly the river Caldo, a tributary of the S.Bartolomeo near Segesta) and seized immense amounts of booty. Later that year, old and possibly blind, he retired. According to Diodorus and Plutarch he had restored democracy to Syracuse, even if real power remained in the hands of the Council of Six Hundred. Syracuse and Sicily thus began a new period of prosperity and redevelopment, with Akragas, Gela, the hinterlands, Kamarina, Megara Hyblea, Segesta and Morgantina all flourishing again.
276:
459:
901:, Hippon Akra and a major naval force with its shipyards and bases. He was still unable to take Carthage itself, however, and news of revolts on Sicily in 307 BC forced him to return there for a time. He then returned to Africa, but his depleted resources and his troops' low morale led him to sue for peace in 306 BC. The settlement left Carthage with Eraclea Minoa, Termini, Solunto, Selinunte and Segesta, but forced it to give up its expansionist aims on Sicily.
510:
300:
292:
22:
617:
629:
demobbed his army. Hermocrates had in the meantime been dismissed from the Aegean fleet and returned with five ships and a small army of refugees and mercenaries, with which he settled in what remained of
Selinunte and attacked Carthage's vassal cities. Syracuse fell into chaos, Diocles was exiled and Hermocrates was killed trying to resettle.
641:
fell, at which point
Dionysius was able to sign a peace treaty delimiting Syracuse's and Carthage's spheres of influence on the island, leaving the Punic, Sicanian and Elymian cities in the latter. It also imposed a tribute to Carthage on Selinunte, Akragas, Himera, Gela and Camarina and forbade them
673:
in a 384 BC campaign. As early as 404 BC he renounced
Syracuse's treaty with Carthage and began to take over several Siculan colonies, pushing as far as Enna. He then attacked and destroyed Naxos and conquered Catania, deporting its inhabitants. He strengthened his army, adopting new weapons such as
685:
was destroyed and its inhabitants slaughtered. In 396 BC the
Carthaginians returned to Sicily in force, taking almost the whole island, destroying Messina and menacing Syracuse itself before a plague forced them to make peace with Dionysius, pay him a large indemnity and return to Carthage. Messina
580:
had broken out in mainland Greece in 431 BC, heavily involving the colonies on Sicily. In 427 BC groups of Siculi became involved again, this time in the war between
Leontini and Syracuse. This also drew in Catania, Naxos and Camarina on Leontini's side and Himera and Gela on Syracuse's side. After
438:
Gelon's rise to power reinforced the Greek-speaking presence on Sicily. The numbers of Siculi and Sicani were rising and so he fought a series of battles aimed at combating this perceived threat, turning
Syracuse into a powerful city with an army and navy, repopulating it by moving people from Gela
248:
trading posts in the west of the island. The growing Greek colonies eventually came into conflict with the
Phoenicians, which led to a series of wars between them. As Greece was absorbed by Rome in a series of conquests and alliances, the Romans carried on the Greco-Punic wars as the Roman-Punic
252:
As the Greeks sought to colonize the island, and the
Phoenicians merely desired sporadic outposts for their trading network with little intent on direct control, conflict between the Greeks and the Siculi took on the nature of a colonizer/colonized relationship, while the Phoenicians frequently
628:
landed with another army, obliterating
Selinunte and massacring its inhabitants. He then marched on Himera, where he met the Syracusan army under Diocles. After heavy losses the Syracusans retreated. The Imeresi also fled, but half of them were killed. Hannibal quickly returned to Carthage and
398:
The 6th century BC proved a period of prosperity and population growth in Sicily, but also saw conflict both within the colonies and between them and the local populations. Some individuals profited from this and took power through despotic and brutal means and expansionist policies. In 570 BC
757:
to request its assistance. He then marched on
Syracuse, which quickly opened its gates and welcomed him, leading to a decade of struggles which drew in Leontini and the other cities and ended with Syracusan control of Sicily weakened. Syracuse was also convulsed by a series of murders, whilst
883:
Sicily began to prosper again, though Agathocles' first decade was marked by conflicts with the oligarchies of Akragas, Gela and Messina, backed by Carthage which in 311 BC invaded Sicily again. Besieged in Syracuse, in mid-August 310 BC Agathocles entrusted the city's defence to his brother
253:
played the role of a third party in playing entities off against each other in however a way best fit their commercial interests. The Phoenicians would consequently align with weaker Greek actors against more dominant Greek actors, or align with the Siculi against Greek settlements.
585:, who wished to focus on the Athenian troops who had landed on the island and who left as a result of treaty. In 422 BC, a civil war in Leontini provided a fresh pretext for intervention in Syracuse. The city was razed to the ground and the victorious oligarchs moved to Syracuse.
904:
It was at this point that Agathocles adopted the Hellenistic-style title of king of Sicily, though this was mainly for a foreign audience, with his style of rule on Sicily remaining unchanged. He turned his ambitions east towards Italy and the outlying Greek islands, conquering
604:
was still unable to defeat the coalition which had gathered at Syracuse in the meantime. At the end of 413 BC the Athenians were routed, with 7,000 of their men captured and sent to the stone quarries, where most of them died. The rest were sold into slavery and Demosthenes and
928:. To convince the mercenaries to leave the city, the Syracusans offered them the port of Messina, which the mercenaries seized, massacring the men and enslaving the women and children. The mercenaries then began raids on the area and also attacked Gela and Camarina. In 282 BC,
642:
to build city walls, but Leontini, Messina and the Siculi were freed and Dionysius was left in control of Syracuse. Thus ended the brief period of democracy. The period from 405 BC right up to the conquest by Rome would be marked by the rulers of Syracuse.
541:
and Inessa (now Etna). Catania therefore re-assumed its former name and was repopulated again, this time with those exiled under Hiero and with Syracusan and Siculi colonists. Messina was freed from the tyranny of Anaxilas' sons around the same time.
976:. However, Carthage was wary of letting Syracuse's power from growing too great and thus forbade Hiero from taking Messina. Hiero's next step was to proclaim himself king and he remained so until his death in 215 BC. He built a fortified palace on
533:
argues that their fall was mainly caused by internal struggles between powerful families. Trasideus was the first to fall, in his case to a coalition of Syracusan insurgents, Siculan troops and soldiers from Akragas, Gela, Selinunte and Himera.
856:
Timoleon's retirement from politics soon led to another period of instability, mainly marked by internal class conflict between the oligarchs and the people of Syracuse. Wars broke out between the cities, paving the way for the long reign of
892:
suffered a humiliating defeat after which he was captured, tortured to death and beheaded, with his head sent to Agathocles in Africa. However, Agathocles did not have enough troops to launch an attack on Carthage and so allied himself with
839:, landing at Taormina in 344 BC and in six years taking the whole of Sicily and removing all the tyrants, almost all of whom were killed, except his friend Andromacus of Taormina. In 339 BC he routed the Carthaginians at the river
693:
without it having to cross Etruscan territory. He also agreed to populate the new colonies with his pro-democratic political opponents and let them set up democratic governments there. This marked the foundation of
632:
In spring 406 BC the Carthaginians returned with a large force, razing Akragas and looting its artworks. A young man named Dionysius was appointed supreme commander of Syracuse, which held out for seven months.
1040:"Θρινακίη" in Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by. Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940.
897:'s old officer Ofella, governor of Cyrenaica, who had 10,000 elephants and cavalry at his disposal. Agathocles then murdered Ofella for unknown reasons and took command of the extra forces himself, taking
936:, which he rebuilt in pure Greek style with a city wall, temples and agora. Two years later Syracuse attacked and defeated Akragas, raiding the territory but also triggering a new Carthaginian invasion.
960:. His large army and 200 ships succeeded in neutralising both the Carthaginian and Mamertine threats, but he was unable to take the Carthaginian stronghold at Lilybaeum and soon had to return to Italy.
921:. During his long reign Sicily prospered, as is confirmed by the archaeological record. He was murdered by a family rival in 289 BC, aged 72, but his death quickly led to anarchy and power struggles.
861:
from 317 BC. He played a major part in these wars. The long period of autonomy and self-government for the cities in mainland Greece and Sicily thus ended and the Hellenistic monarchies were born.
988:. Concluding the Roman Republic would soon eclipse Carthage, he made a treaty with the Republic in 263 BC and remained faithful to it until his death, sparing his subjects the consequences of the
876:
of this period he promised the cancellation of debts and the division and distribution of land, promises which it seems from the limited sources that he kept. According to
1050:
613:, who put in place a series of reforms on the Athenian model and a code of laws. Such a policy was helped by Hermocrates' absence commanding a fleet sent to help Sparta.
431:
in 491 BC or 490 BC. After six years, Gelon conquered Syracuse without resistance (485 BC or 484 BC) and made it his capital, becoming its tyrant and leaving his brother
980:
and governed differently from previous sovereigns. From then on he pursued a non-expansionist policy, eschewing military adventures in favour of a focus on trade in the
825:
529:
of Akragas were "violent murderers". Their cruelty seems to have provoked revolts which ended the first period of tyranny among the Greek colonies on Sicily, though
1087:
481:, burned his ships and sold the captured Carthaginian troops into slavery. The resulting peace treaty also imposed a heavy indemnity on the enemy and (according to
805:
573:, where he remained until his death in 440 BC. In the following years Syracuse reconquered almost all the lands he had removed from the Greek sphere of influence.
522:
494:
501:. In 474 BC his fleet defeated an Etruscan one-off Cumae, possibly to counter Etruscan expansion or possibly in response to a request from Cumae for assistance.
880:, the cruel actions attributed to him were limited to his early days and were solely directed at the oligarchic class and never towards the general population.
793:
224:
493:, who in the same year conquered Catania and Naxos, deported their inhabitants to Leontini and refounded Catania as 'Aitna', entrusting it to his son
600:
with a fleet of 250 ships and 25,000 men to assist them, but this Sicilian expedition ended in disaster. Later assistance in 414 BC and 413 BC under
423:, setting up tyrants there loyal to him but ultimately proving unable to conquer Syracuse. Hippocrates then concentrated his troops to march on
813:
473:
of Himera and Anaxilas sought help from Carthage, but Gelon and Teron gathered all the Siceliot forces on Sicily for a decisive engagement at
872:, 4,000 high-ranking people were killed and 6,000 more exiled. In the end Agathocles was elected sole commander with full powers. Like all
570:
537:
Only Deinomenes remained in power in Aitna until a Siculan-Syracusan coalition forced its population to flee to the surrounding hills of
835:
Political disorder led to a precarious balance. Exiled to Leontini, Iceta sought assistance from Corinth, which sent a small army under
86:
840:
797:
609:
were tried. Syracuse celebrated victory, but this could not guarantee internal peace. Its government was led by one of its generals,
549:, who had fought in the siege of Etna beside the Syracusans, led a vast Siculan league in revolt. Setting off from his birthplace of
58:
884:
Antandros and escaped with 14,000 men and 60 ships to invade North Africa. He burned his ships after arriving and based himself in
39:
486:
1057:
349:
and Syracuse were all ports on one of the most important trade routes of the era and became points from which to control them.
65:
1382:
1363:
1246:
1210:
1195:
1177:
1113:
624:
In 410 BC Selinunte attacked Segesta. A small force of Carthaginian mercenaries came to help Segesta and the following year
72:
352:
The earliest Greek colonies in Sicily are all on its east coast, showing the importance of the trade route through the
753:, the brother of his father's Syracusan wife. Dion was exiled in 367 BC but ten years later took 1,000 mercenaries to
686:
was repopulated and Dionysius fought with Carthage again, with varying degrees of success, until his death in 367 BC.
1339:
1322:
1300:
1282:
1264:
1228:
1159:
1131:
105:
54:
443:. In only ten years Gelon became the richest and most powerful man in the Greek world and through an alliance with
888:, directly threatening Carthage itself. Forced to send some of his force back from Sicily to defend his homeland,
172:
The first Greek colonies were founded in eastern Sicily in the 8th century BC when the Chalcidian Greeks founded
43:
784:
In 346 BC Dionysius the Younger returned to Syracuse, though sources on the period are fragmentary. Meanwhile
256:
In the end, ethnic Greek settlement was substantive on Sicily, while Carthaginian settlement was fleeting.
368:) names. Once consolidated, the colonies also produced sub-colonies for military or commercial purposes;
1373:
Prag, Jonathan R W (2016). "Finley and Sicily". In Jew, Daniel; Osborne, Robin; Scott, Michael (eds.).
924:
One of those power struggles was between the Syracusans and a group of Italic mercenaries known as the
474:
419:. To secure his power, he conquered the rest of eastern Sicily, subduing Zancle (Messina), Naxos and
79:
932:
tyrant of Akragas took advantage of this and finally destroyed Gela and deported its population to
746:
689:
Around 387 BC Dionysius began to establish colonies on the Adriatic coast to obtain wheat from the
390:
1406:
650:
141:
Over the following centuries many conflicts between the city-states occurred until around 276 BC
32:
1401:
929:
858:
478:
123:
1239:
Città e monumenti dei greci d'occidente: dalla colonizzazione alla crisi di fine V secolo a.C.
972:
took power in Syracuse, made a treaty with the Carthaginians and launched a new attack on the
759:
969:
789:
8:
992:. In fact for some years Roman troops had severely damaged the cities in western Sicily.
894:
763:
731:
610:
569:, though he soon landed a small group of Peloponnesian Greeks back on Sicily and founded
557:, he founded colonies of his own at strategic points to control the territory, including
490:
432:
416:
1310:
957:
353:
270:
131:
581:
three years, in 424 BC a peace treaty was signed under the patronage of the Syracusan
1378:
1359:
1353:
1335:
1318:
1296:
1278:
1260:
1242:
1224:
1206:
1191:
1173:
1155:
1127:
1109:
945:
914:
577:
444:
362:
from which the Greek colonists came were usually also the source of the new cities' (
337:(exclusive aristocracies) after the internal struggles following the return from the
142:
1088:"Laura Buccino, 'I caratteri generali della colonizzazione greca in Occidente', in
869:
750:
749:, but he was less able than his father and aroused hostility from a faction led by
638:
565:. Around 450 BC he was heavily defeated by the Syracusans and forced into exile in
518:
408:
341:. However, the first sites chosen indicated a commercial strategy; Messina, Naxos,
189:
868:
and other cities in the interior during two days of popular revolts. According to
458:
989:
985:
596:(who had turned to Athens after Carthage refused to help). In 415 BC Athens sent
342:
150:
1013:
1005:
898:
889:
754:
440:
193:
177:
1395:
981:
625:
385:
275:
162:
1377:. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–25.
674:
catapults and building a powerful fleet by deforesting large areas of Etna.
485:) forced them to renounce human sacrifice, especially of first-born sons at
1154:, curated by Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli, 2ª ed., Milano, Bompiani, 1996,
1101:
666:
498:
1170:
Sicilia e Magna Grecia. Archeologia della colonizzazione greca d'Occidente
1152:
I Greci in Occidente. Catalogo della Mostra (Palazzo Grassi, Venezia 1996)
1009:
723:
601:
582:
526:
207:(newly founded cities detached from their cities of origin and led by an
509:
973:
925:
917:. Agathocles then married for a third time, this time to a daughter of
865:
715:
597:
554:
358:
338:
328:
135:
1051:"Delimiting the territory of the Greek linguistic minority of Messina"
952:) replied to Sicilian Greek cities' appeal for assistance, landing at
616:
299:
918:
873:
809:
690:
670:
589:
558:
538:
530:
482:
448:
376:, for example, probably originated as military outposts of Syracuse.
309:
284:
245:
181:
653:
took power by stages and reigned over the whole of Sicily as far as
291:
200:
in 689 BC, with which the first Greek colonisation of Sicily ended.
21:
953:
877:
836:
829:
801:
778:
767:
661:
and into Etruscan territory. He attacked and destroyed the port of
546:
470:
452:
400:
208:
948:(fresh from his eponymous 'Pyrrhic victory' against the Romans at
913:, the latter given as a dowry when he married off his daughter to
321:' cattle, was later identified with Sicily, and re-interpreted as
134:
around the mid 8th century BC. The Greeks of Sicily were known as
1001:
977:
949:
910:
906:
658:
654:
593:
566:
420:
404:
373:
346:
333:
314:
146:
864:
Agathocles seized power in Sicily with the aid of veterans from
739:
933:
821:
785:
707:
606:
562:
463:
325:(Τρινακρία, from τρεῖς and ἄκραι, as " with three headlands").
318:
237:
233:
185:
173:
119:
196:, while on the western coast the Cretans and Rhodians founded
885:
817:
771:
699:
682:
678:
662:
550:
489:. On Gelon's death in 476 BC he was succeeded by his brother
428:
427:(whose site is unknown), but died there and was succeeded by
369:
364:
241:
1201:
Claire L. Lyons, Michael Bennett, Clemente Marconi (ed.s),
634:
424:
412:
197:
1293:
Breve storia della Sicilia dalle origini ai giorni nostri
447:
took control of most of Greek-speaking Sicily other than
1358:(Revised ed.). Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
1012:
between 1533 and 1534 when fleeing the expansion of the
620:
Reconstruction of the acropolis and temples at Selinunte
145:
managed to conquer the whole island except Carthaginian
1277:, San Giovanni La Punta (CT), Brancato Editore, 2005,
331:
writes that the first Greek colonies were founded by
588:
The conflict also drew in western Sicily; in 416 BC
462:
Reconstruction of the Temple of Victory, erected at
228:
Map of the Greek colonies and sub-colonies in Sicily
188:; in the south-east corner the Corinthians founded
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1092:, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2004"
153:in 241 BC the island was conquered by the Romans.
1203:Sicily: Art and Invention between Greece and Rome
504:
219:
1393:
1375:M I Finley: an ancient historian and his impact
1219:Valerio Massimo Manfredi and Lorenzo Braccesi,
657:, extending his influence as far as the bay of
466:by the Greeks in memory of their victory there.
130:) began with the foundation of the first Greek
232:The native inhabitants of the island were the
1237:Dieter Mertens and Margareta Schützenberger,
1108:, 8ª ed., Bari-Roma, Laterza Editore, 2009 ,
1142:I greci in Occidente: Magna Grecia e Sicilia
846:
677:He declared open war on Carthage in 398 BC.
1223:, Milano, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1997,
1016:. They were officially recognised in 2012.
497:and repopulating it with settlers from the
645:
477:in 480 BC, where they defeated and killed
592:(with Syracusan support) declared war on
394:Sicily under the Deinomenids (485-465 BC)
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
615:
508:
457:
389:
298:
290:
274:
223:
1330:Lorenzo Braccesi and Giovanni Millino,
1241:, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2006,
1394:
1351:
545:In 452 BC a Hellenised Siculan called
1295:, Roma, Newton & Compton, 2002 ,
1031:Braccesi e Millino, op. cit., p. 184.
681:surrendered and after a year's siege
1372:
1172:, Bari-Roma, Laterza Editore, 2011,
525:(Hiero's successor in Syracuse) and
415:in 505 BC, succeeded by his brother
379:
303:Temple of the Dioscuri at Agrigento.
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
774:was also caught up in this period.
745:Dionysius was succeeded by his son
279:Interior of Temple E (known as the
13:
1345:
956:in 278 BC, welcomed by the tyrant
14:
1418:
1008:minority, which arrived from the
561:near the former sanctuary of the
439:and adding some of the conquered
1317:, ed. Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1999,
1126:, Firenze, Lalli Editore, 1991,
451:and Messina (then controlled by
203:The Greek cities of Sicily were
20:
1168:Gioacchino Francesco La Torre,
1144:, Milano, Rcs MediaGroup, 1996.
1077:
553:and destroying Inessa-Etna and
31:needs additional citations for
1043:
1034:
1025:
939:
505:Democratic period (466-405 BC)
220:Relations with other islanders
214:
1:
1019:
851:
762:became tyrant of Catania and
1315:Storia della Sicilia, vol. 1
1205:, Getty Publications, 2013,
1190:, Bologna, il Mulino, 2010,
156:
7:
1106:Storia della Sicilia antica
963:
777:
10:
1423:
766:of Leontini. According to
383:
295:The acropolis at Selinunte
268:
264:
259:
160:
127:
1334:, Carocci editore, 2000,
1259:, Milano, Rizzoli, 2005,
1090:Il Mondo dell'Archeologia
847:Hellenistic era (323 BC-)
167:
55:"History of Greek Sicily"
1352:Finley, Moses I (1979).
995:
513:Sicilian cultures 431 BC
244:. There were also small
651:Dionysius I of Syracuse
646:Dionysius I of Syracuse
313:(Θρινακίη from θρῖναξ "
1309:Francesco Benigno and
1124:La leggenda di Akragas
804:was based in Catania,
621:
514:
467:
395:
304:
296:
288:
229:
747:Dionysius the Younger
619:
512:
461:
393:
302:
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278:
227:
118:The history of Greek
1275:Storia della Sicilia
287:(in Greek Σελινοῦς).
40:improve this article
1221:I Greci d'occidente
1004:is home to a small
895:Alexander the Great
611:Diocles of Syracuse
1311:Giuseppe Giarrizzo
1255:Indro Montanelli,
1122:Francesco Alaimo,
984:, especially with
622:
515:
468:
396:
354:Straits of Messina
317:"), the island of
305:
297:
289:
271:Greek colonisation
230:
192:and the Megareans
1384:978-1-107-14926-7
1365:978-0-8476-6190-9
1247:978-88-8265-933-2
1211:978-1-60606-133-6
1196:978-88-15-13824-8
1188:La Sicilia antica
1178:978-88-420-9511-8
1114:978-88-420-2532-0
946:Pyrrhus of Epirus
915:Pyrrhus of Epirus
578:Peloponnesian War
445:Theron of Acragas
435:to command Gela.
403:became tyrant of
380:The first tyrants
143:Pyrrhus of Epirus
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115:
108:
90:
1414:
1388:
1369:
1332:La Sicilia greca
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1308:
1291:Santi Correnti,
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1272:
1257:Storia dei Greci
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1218:
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1056:. Archived from
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1038:
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870:Diodorus Siculus
751:Dion of Syracuse
519:Diodorus Siculus
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1186:Martin Dreher,
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1102:Moses I. Finley
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990:First Punic War
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788:may have taken
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151:First Punic War
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1407:Ancient Sicily
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1355:Ancient Sicily
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1021:
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1014:Ottoman Empire
1006:Greek-speaking
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944:At this point
941:
938:
890:Hamilcar Barca
853:
850:
848:
845:
824:in Zancle and
781:
776:
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407:, followed by
381:
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281:Temple of Hera
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194:Megara Hyblaea
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28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
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2:
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1402:Magna Graecia
1400:
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1063:on 2013-09-03
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669:) and sacked
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96:December 2023
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57: –
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51:Find sources:
45:
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29:This article
27:
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1328:(in Italian)
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1089:
1084:(in Italian)
1078:Bibliography
1065:. Retrieved
1058:the original
1045:
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1027:
1000:The city of
999:
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863:
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834:
814:Apolloniadas
792:'s power in
783:
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667:Santa Severa
649:
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499:Peloponnesus
469:
455:of Reggio).
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149:. After the
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117:
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62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1273:Jean Huré,
1010:Peloponnese
940:Pyrrhic War
602:Demosthenes
583:Hermocrates
527:Thrasydaeus
417:Hippocrates
359:metropoleis
215:Populations
1396:Categories
1067:2016-05-12
1020:References
974:Mamertines
968:In 269 BC
926:Mamertines
874:demagogues
866:Morgantina
859:Agathocles
852:Agathocles
826:Andromacus
732:Stari Grad
598:Alcibiades
555:Morgantina
523:Trasibulus
495:Deinomenes
384:See also:
339:Trojan War
329:Thucydides
269:See also:
246:Phoenician
161:See also:
136:Siceliotes
66:newspapers
958:Tyndarion
919:Ptolemy I
810:Centuripe
806:Nicodemus
794:Apollonia
736:Tragyrion
691:Po valley
671:Cerveteri
637:and then
590:Selinunte
571:Kale Akte
539:Centuripe
531:Aristotle
483:Herodotus
449:Selinunte
441:Megareans
323:Trinakria
310:Thrinacia
285:Selinunte
182:Leontinoi
157:Territory
147:Lilybaeum
1150:AA.VV.,
1140:AA.VV.,
964:Hiero II
954:Taormina
930:Phintias
878:Polybius
837:Timoleon
830:Taormina
802:Mamercus
790:Leptines
779:Timoleon
768:Plutarch
760:Callipus
639:Kamarina
547:Ducetius
479:Hamilcar
471:Terillus
453:Anaxilas
421:Leontini
409:Cleander
401:Phalaris
307:Homeric
240:and the
209:oikistes
205:apoikìai
190:Syracuse
132:colonies
1002:Messina
978:Ortygia
950:Taranto
911:Corcyra
907:Lefkada
841:Crimiso
798:Eugione
764:Hicetas
659:Taranto
655:Solunto
594:Segesta
567:Corinth
405:Akragas
374:Casmene
347:Catania
334:aristoi
315:trident
265:Origins
260:History
128:Σικελία
80:scholar
1381:
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934:Licata
822:Hippon
818:Agirio
786:Troina
734:) and
728:Pharos
708:Ancona
607:Nicias
563:Palici
559:Palikè
475:Himera
464:Himera
365:poleis
356:. The
343:Reggio
319:Helios
249:wars.
238:Siculi
236:, the
234:Sicani
186:Katane
174:Zancle
168:Cities
120:Sicily
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1061:(PDF)
1054:(PDF)
996:Today
970:Hiero
899:Utica
886:Tunis
772:Plato
755:Minoa
738:(now
730:(now
722:(now
720:Dimos
714:(now
706:(now
704:Ankón
700:Adria
698:(now
696:Adrìa
683:Motia
679:Erice
665:(now
663:Pyrgi
551:Mineo
491:Hiero
487:Tofet
433:Hiero
429:Gelon
370:Akrai
283:) at
242:Elimi
178:Naxos
87:JSTOR
73:books
1379:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1110:ISBN
909:and
796:and
740:Traù
724:Hvar
712:Issa
635:Gela
576:The
425:Ibla
413:Gela
372:and
198:Gela
184:and
59:news
828:in
816:in
808:in
742:).
726:),
718:),
716:Vis
710:),
702:),
411:in
211:).
42:by
1398::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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