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different forms of citizen government and power sharing arrangements. In order to reconcile the warring factions and families, a complex electoral system was developed as mechanism for sharing power. Incumbent officers and appointees carried out a secret ballot every three or four years. They committed the names of all those elected into a series of bags, one for each sesto, or sixth, of the city. One name was drawn from each bag every two months to form the highest executive authority of the city, the
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870:, whose prescriptions for Florence's regeneration under strong leadership have often been seen as a legitimization of political expediency and even evil. Machiavelli was tortured and exiled from Florence by the Medici family in 1513, due to accusations of conspiracy, which was exacerbated because of his ties to the previous republican government of Florence. Commissioned by the Medici, in 1520 Machiavelli wrote the
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1254:(Cascine park). It will host a lyrical theatre containing 2000 places, a concert hall for 1000 spectators, a hall with 3000 seats and an open-air amphitheatre with 3000 spaces. It will host numerous ballets, concerts, lyrical operas and numerous musical festivals. The theatre was inaugurated on April 28, 2011, in honour of the 150th anniversary of the
1199:, was destroyed using mines. Since then, the bridges have been restored exactly to their original forms using as many of the remaining materials as possible, but the buildings surrounding the Ponte Vecchio have been rebuilt in a style combining the old with modern design. The last days of battle for Florence were very intense because the
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In the 19th century, the population of
Florence doubled to over 230,000, and in the 20th century reached over 450,000 at one point with the growth of tourism, trade, financial services and the industry. A foreign community came to represent one-quarter of the population in the second half of the 19th
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were both common and influential. Families were pitted against each other in a constant struggle for power. Politically, double-crossings and betrayals were not uncommon, sometimes even within families. Despite political violence, factionalism and corruption, Renaissance
Florence did experiment with
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was to be spared. At 04:00 on 4 August 1944, an armored patrol of the South
African Imperial Light Horse and Kimberley Regiments found the Ponte Vecchio bridge intact, crossed the bridge under heavy German shelling and subsequently became the first Allied soldiers to enter Florence. Before the war,
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parts of the city centre, killing at least 40 and damaging millions of art treasures and rare books. There was no warning from the authorities who knew the flood was coming except a phone call to the jewellers on the Ponte
Vecchio. Volunteers from around the world came to help rescue the books and
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had written in the 14th century, "There was never so noble a garden as when in
Mercato Vecchio the eyes and tastes of the Florentines did feast." The area had, however, decayed from its original medieval splendor. A museum recording the destruction stands nearby today. The country's second capital
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arrangement organized the political structure of
Florence until 1434, when the Medici family took power. To maintain control, the Medici undermined the selection process by introducing a system of elected committees they could effectively manipulate by fear and favour. Civic lotteries still took
567:
1207:. The Allied soldiers who died driving the Germans from Tuscany are buried in cemeteries outside the city, i.e. British and Commonwealth soldiers a few kilometers east of the center on the north bank of the Arno), whilst Americans are about 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) south of the city.
855:. After Piero made a submissive treaty with Charles, the Florentines responded by forcing him into exile, and the first period of Medici rule ended with the restoration of a republican government. Anti-Medici sentiment was much influenced by the teachings of the radical Dominican prior
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potentates as the two powers fought each other for control of the city. The city would be taken by siege only to be lost again later by one of the two powers. In the sixth century, at the end this unstable period, the population fell to a low point speculated to be as low as 1,000.
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In 1338, there were about 17,000 beggars in the city. Four thousand were on public relief. There were six primary schools with 10,000 pupils, including girls. Four high schools taught 600 students, including a few girls. They studied literature and philosophy.
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in 1348. Villani is praised by historians for preserving valuable information on statistics, biographies, and even events taking place throughout Europe, but his work has also drawn criticism by historians for its many inaccuracies, use of the supernatural and
679:, was introduced in 1252, the first European gold coin struck in sufficient quantities to play a significant commercial role since the 7th century. Many Florentine banks had branches across Europe, with able bankers and merchants such as the famous chronicler
349:, but closer to the ford itself. The Etruscans, however, preferred not to build cities on the plain for reasons of defence and instead settled about six kilometres away on a hill. This settlement was a precursor of the fortified centre of Vipsul (today's
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as Italy's capital in 1865 and, in an effort to modernise the city, the old market in the Piazza del
Mercato Vecchio and many medieval houses were pulled down and replaced by a more formal street plan with newer houses. The Piazza (first renamed Piazza
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in the south. Even after most of the water had receded, the plain, 50 metres (160 ft) above sea level, was strewn with ponds and marshes that remained until the 18th century, when the land was reclaimed. Most of the marshland was in the region of
1107:, the present name) was significantly widened and a large triumphal arch was constructed at the west end. This development was unpopular and was prevented from continuing by the efforts of several British and American people living in the city. Poet
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became the ruler of the city. The siege brought the destruction of its suburbs, the ruin of its export business and the confiscation of its citizens' wealth. Alessandro, who ruled from 1531 to 1537, was the first Medici to use the style
483:
Because
Florence rapidly developed over the next several centuries and into the Middle Ages, few monuments from the Roman period remain in Florence today. Some of the remaining structures include the thermal complex discovered in the
109:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1133:
captured a romantic vision of the city in their works. Numerous villas of mainly
English barons with their eclectic collections of art were bequeathed to the city in this era. Today they are occupied by museums such as the
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Wolf had been a student in the city, and his decision has been honored with a memorial plaque on the bridge. Instead, an equally historic area of streets directly to the south of the bridge, including part of the
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This renaissance thrived locally from about 1434 to 1534. It halted amid social, moral, and political upheaval. By then, the inspiration it had created had set the rest of
Western Europe ablaze with new ideas.
1112:
city was superseded by Rome six years later after the withdrawal of the French troops made its addition to the kingdom possible. A very important role is played in these years by the famous Florentine café
1250:. There are also several new building and cultural projects, such as that of the Parco della Musica e della Cultura, which will be a vast musical and cultural complex that is currently being built in the
972:
The surge in artistic, literary, and scientific investigation that occurred in Florence in the 14th-16th centuries was facilitated by Florentines' strong economy, based on money, banking, trade, and with
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discovered and used the ford of the Arno near this confluence, closer to the hills to the north and south. A bridge or a ferry was probably constructed here, about ten metres away from the current
859:. However, in due time, Savonarola lost support and was hanged in 1498. Medici rule was not restored until 1512. The Florentines drove out the Medici for a second time and re-established the
671:
Political conflict did not, however, prevent the city's rise to become one of the most powerful and prosperous in Europe, assisted by its own strong gold currency. The "fiorino d'oro" of the
691:. The florin quickly became the dominant trade coin of Western Europe, replacing silver bars in multiples of the mark. This period also saw the eclipse of Florence's formerly powerful rival
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to the rest of the city, thus making it difficult for the New Zealand, South African and British troops to cross just before liberation. The German officer in charge of the demolitions,
1153:, the city experienced a year-long German occupation (1943–1944). On September 25, 1943, Allied bombers targeted central Florence, destroying many buildings and killing 215 civilians.
795:(1389–1464) was the first Medici family member to govern the city from behind the scenes. Although the city was technically a democracy of sorts, his power came from a vast network of
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closed in as they liberated Tuscany. New Zealand troops stormed the Pian dei Cerri hills overlooking the city. After several days of fighting, German forces retreated and gave way.
95:
1027:. In the arts, the creations of Florentine artists, architects, and musicians were influential in many parts of Europe. The culmination of certain speculations into the nature of
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place, but actual power rested with the Medicis. In 1465, a movement to reintroduce civic lotteries was halted by an extraordinary commission packed with Medici supporters.
119:
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of 1349, about 25,000 are estimated to have been engaged in the city's wool industry. In 1345, Florence was the scene of an attempted strike by wool carders (
390:
Written history of Florence traditionally begins in 59 BC, when the Romans founded the village for army veterans, and reportedly dedicated it to the god
1576:
129:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1589:
429:, forming a wedge controlling the end of the Apennine valley of the Arno and the beginning of the plain that led to the sea in the direction of
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433:. In AD 123, a bridge was constructed over the Arno. Buildings began to accumulate around the Roman military camp, including an aqueduct (from
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Some historians still assert the existence of a Pre-Roman settlement in Florence, arguing the possibility of an urban center destroyed by
900:
453:. A nearby river port allowed trade up to Pisa. The outlines of the Roman city are still recognizable in the city's plan, notably the
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British officer views the damage to the Ponte Vecchio from the east just after the liberation of Florence on August 11, 1944, during
1432:
611:. But the period of revival was interrupted when the city was plunged into internal strife by the 13th-century struggle between the
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956:. The selection scheme was controlled to ensure that no two members of the same family ended up in the same batch of six names.
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in 1284 and subjugated by Florence in 1406. Power shifted from the aristocracy to the mercantile elite and members of organized
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after the murder of nobleman Buondelmonte del Buondelmonti for reneging on his agreement to marry one of the daughters of the
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Florence experienced a long period of civic revival beginning in the 10th century and was governed from 1115 by an autonomous
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803:. The fact that the Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their prominence. Cosimo was succeeded by his son
718:(c. 1276–1348) noted the well-known history of the city, its monuments and achievements, and was then inspired to write a
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1182:. On 4 August, the retreating Germans decided to detonate charges along the bridges of the Arno linking the district of
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Florence in the Forgotten Centuries, 1527-1800: A History of Florence and the Florentines in the Age of the Grand Dukes
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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of his own city of Florence. Hence he began to record the history of Florence in a year-by-year format in his
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https://web.archive.org/web/20060212123324/http://www.veteransagency.mod.uk/remembrance/remembrance_cwgc6.htm
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was conquered and the only remaining territory in Tuscany not ruled from Florence was the Republic of
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Explore the World Nelles Pocket: Florence – Fiesole, Prato, Pistoia, San Gimignano, Voltera, Siena
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It is thought that there was already a settlement at the confluence of the Mugnone River with the
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gives an excellent introduction to Renaissance Florence, its culture, history and philosophy.
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648:. These struggles eventually led to the exile of the White Guelphs, one of whom was the poet
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wanted an outpost nearby to monitor the roads and communications. It was originally named
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chose Florence as his residence instead of Lucca in about 1000 CE. This initiated a
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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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1812:, is a very in-depth guide to the city and the history of its districts and buildings.
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in 1469. Lorenzo de' Medici was a great patron of the arts who commissioned works by
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1652:"UrbanFile - Firenze | Nuovo Auditorium Nel Parco Della Musica E Della Cultura"
924:. The Medici would continue to rule in Tuscany as grand dukes until 1737. After the
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An individual of highly unusual insight into political conditions of this time was
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led to a re-evaluation of medieval values, resulting in the development of a
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1234:, the museum and parts of its collection. The blast has been attributed to
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In parallel with leisure evolving from a strong economy, the crises of the
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after an anti-aristocratic movement, led by Giano della Bella, enacted the
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1835:(SPC) MSS BH 044 COCH Florentine Merchandise and Customs Document at OPenn
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crown. Habsburg rule was to end in defeat at the hands of France and the
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invaded Italy and entered Tuscany on his way to claim the throne of the
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took the reins of government, however his rule was short. In 1494, King
807:(1416–1469), who was shortly thereafter succeeded by Cosimo's grandson,
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established a commander seat in Florence who was responsible for all of
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to explain the outcome of events and glorification of Florence and the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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574:, one of the most renowned Italian poets, painted by his contemporary
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Florence benefited materially and culturally from this sea-change in
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to create advantageous transport positions; old Florence was on the
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of Austria, led to Tuscany's inclusion in the territories of the
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492:(or at least its road structure), and artifacts remaining at the
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1633:"Bomb Outside Uffizi in Florence Kills 6 and Damages Many Works"
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During the German retreat, Florence was declared an undefended "
281:. The city's wealth supported the development of art during the
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Sorted: Civic Lotteries and the Future of Public Participation.
1533:"Little known WW2 fact - the South Africans liberated Florence"
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Sorted: Civic Lotteries and the Future of Public Participation,
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1075:-Piedmont in 1859, and Tuscany became a province of the united
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The extinction of the Medici line and the accession in 1737 of
783:. After their suppression, the city came under the sway of the
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and a political alliance to new immigrants to the city, the
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1577:"Quando tra i fiorentini giunse l'ora di regolare i conti"
1514:"25 settembre 1943 bombardamento di Firenze - Zoomedia.it"
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SCRC 311 Cochran Ledger of Debtors and Creditors at OPenn
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Florence: her history and art to the fall of the republic
1433:
Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction By Quentin Skinner
1783:
The Society of Renaissance Florence: A Documentary Study
1612:
Alison McLean (November 2006). "This Month in History".
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to emerge as a financial hub of Europe, home to several
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to this template: there are already 660 articles in the
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art, and the effort inspired multiple new methods of
102:
98:
a machine-translated version of the Italian article.
1377:"First impressive impressions of florence in Italy"
984:church (especially the controversy over the French
687:engaging in commercial transactions as far away as
1841:
1008:. This prompted a revisitation and study of the
748:A rare snow-covered Florence, with the towering
1539:. The Observation Post: 1 – via Database.
1125:century and of this period and writers such as
771:Of a population estimated at 80,000 before the
714:celebration in 1300, the banker and chronicler
379:Development of the city from I to XVIII century
1038:
652:. This factional strife was later recorded by
468:. Eastern merchants (some from the quarter of
449:, while the surrounding land was organized by
305:plain was occupied by a great lake bounded by
144:accompanying your translation by providing an
89:Click for important translation instructions.
76:expand this article with text translated from
1611:
1554:. University of California Press. p. 8.
992:) along with the catastrophic effects of the
516:from around the beginning of the 4th century
1246:In 2002, Florence was the seat of the first
710:While visiting the ruins of Rome during the
1116:from its foundation until the present day.
277:including that of the politically powerful
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1410:The Story of Civilization: The Renaissance
968:Role in art, literature, music and science
1031:by humanist scholars led to the birth of
630:family. In 1257, the city was ruled by a
592:. In 1013, construction was begun on the
502:English: The Museum of Florence as it Was
494:Florentine National Archaeological Museum
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
1679:Timeline of Florence § Bibliography
1492:Michelangelo: Mysteries of Medici Chapel
1400:
1398:
1155:
1081:
1042:
878:
825:
743:
667:The growth of Florence from 1300 to 1500
662:
565:
374:
341:. Between the 7th and 6th centuries BC,
237:
1685:Bibliography of the history of Florence
1549:
843:After Lorenzo's death in 1492, his son
1842:
1725:Renaissance Florence: A Social History
1630:
1404:
908:, a title arranged for him in 1532 by
536:rule in the 6th century. Conquered by
520:, the city was ruled alternatively by
398:(a region in Florence) was a cove for
288:
1759:The Florentine Enlightenment, 1400-50
1723:Crum, Roger J. and John T. Paoletti.
1537:South African Modern Military History
1412:. New York City: Simon and Schuster.
1395:
1222:On May 28, 1993, a powerful car bomb
928:in 1554, the city's historical rival
364:
1798:'s trilogy of novels beginning with
1574:
1347:. Munich: Gunter Nelles. p. 13.
1000:culture, stimulated by the works of
582:Margrave Hugh "the Great" of Tuscany
540:in 774, Florence became part of the
507:
179:
58:
17:
1735:The Economy of Renaissance Florence
1649:
1530:
337:between the 10th and 8th centuries
271:decline of the Western Roman Empire
156:{{Translated|it|Storia di Firenze}}
13:
1775:
1704:Florence: The Golden Age 1138-1737
1683:Further information (in Italian):
1672:
313:in the north and the foothills of
14:
1866:
1823:
1789:
1745:Florence: The Biography of a City
1601:http://www.asgdd.it//amevceme.htm
1379:. 6 February 2006. Archived from
1342:
1324:Florence: The Biography of a City
1224:exploded in the via de Georgofili
1061:Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine
975:the display of wealth and leisure
33:This article has multiple issues.
1490:Peter Barenboim, Sergey Shiyan,
1444:Sir Francis Adams Hyett (1903).
1307:History of the Florentine People
1086:Florence in 1898, a painting by
830:Florence in a 1493 woodcut from
594:Basilica di San Miniato al Monte
184:
63:
22:
1766:A History of Florence 1200-1575
1643:
1624:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1568:
1543:
1524:
1506:
1483:
1471:
1468:(MASS LBP: Toronto, 2008) pp 36
1241:
1119:
41:or discuss these issues on the
1654:. Urbanfile.it. Archived from
1458:
1437:
1426:
1369:
1351:
1336:
1312:
1299:
762:
555:
447:Roman Amphitheatre of Florence
417:The Romans built ports on the
154:You may also add the template
1:
1293:
1203:resistance skirmish known as
1049:Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II
893:Siege of Florence (1529–1530)
787:family, bitter rivals of the
604:style between 1059 and 1128.
1855:Histories of cities in Italy
1631:Cowell, Alan (28 May 1993).
916:was elevated to the rank of
910:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
7:
1810:Companion Guide to Florence
1261:
1039:Modern and contemporary age
552:were united in one county.
126:will aid in categorization.
10:
1871:
1804:http://www.lindaproud.com/
1682:
1676:
805:Piero di Cosimo de' Medici
559:
368:
101:Machine translation, like
1819:(MASS LBP: Toronto, 2008)
1575:Toni, De Santoli (2014).
1210:On November 4, 1966, the
895:by the Spanish ended the
876:, a history of the city.
791:, between 1382 and 1434.
656:, a White Guelph, in his
443:Roman Theatre of Florence
78:the corresponding article
1800:A Tabernacle for the Sun
1733:Goldthwaite, Richard A.
695:, which was defeated by
498:Museo di Firenze com'era
1770:excerpt and text search
1747:, Penguin Books, 1994.
1729:excerpt and text search
1326:, Penguin Books, 1994.
1273:War of the Eight Saints
1167:In late July 1944, the
1105:Piazza della Repubblica
439:Piazza della Repubblica
437:), a forum (in today's
197:about Ancient Florence.
165:For more guidance, see
1781:Brucker, Gene A., ed.
1579:. La voce di New York.
1550:Brucker, Gene (1983).
1283:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1164:
1131:pre-Raphaelite artists
1091:
1056:
1055:between 1765 and 1790.
888:
849:Charles VIII of France
840:
759:
668:
658:Chronicles of Florence
596:. The exterior of the
578:
472:) brought the cult of
380:
371:Florentia (Roman city)
266:
255:
195:is missing information
1494:, SLOVO, Moscow, 2006
1248:European Social Forum
1159:
1101:Vittorio Emmanuele II
1085:
1053:Grand Duke of Tuscany
1046:
918:Grand Duke of Tuscany
901:Alessandro de' Medici
882:
845:Piero the Unfortunate
829:
756:Cathedral of Florence
747:
705:Ordinances of Justice
666:
569:
532:Peace returned under
486:Piazza della Signoria
378:
252:Santa Maria del Fiore
241:
167:Knowledge:Translation
138:copyright attribution
1741:Hibbert, Christopher
1711:Renaissance Florence
1696:Florentine Histories
1552:Renaissance Florence
1450:. Methuen. pp.
1320:Hibbert, Christopher
1288:Timeline of Florence
1278:Republic of Florence
1025:social consciousness
897:Republic of Florence
873:Florentine Histories
781:Revolt of the Ciompi
673:Republic of Florence
615:, supporters of the
562:Republic of Florence
544:, whose capital was
1850:History of Florence
1691:Niccolò Machiavelli
1256:Italian unification
1252:Parco delle Cascine
1197:Corridoio Vasariano
1190:, ordered that the
1073:Kingdom of Sardinia
1029:ancient Greek drama
1010:classical antiquity
868:Niccolò Machiavelli
857:Girolamo Savonarola
837:Nuremberg Chronicle
289:Prehistoric origins
283:Italian Renaissance
1709:Brucker, Gene A.
1702:Brucker, Gene A.
1637:The New York Times
1383:on 6 February 2006
1165:
1094:Florence replaced
1092:
1057:
926:Battle of Marciano
889:
841:
760:
669:
579:
381:
365:Classical Florence
297:Age, the Florence-
256:
246:in the Cathedral (
146:interlanguage link
1063:, the husband of
1012:, leading to the
885:Siege of Florence
863:on May 16, 1527.
853:Kingdom of Naples
821:Sandro Botticelli
817:Leonardo da Vinci
793:Cosimo de' Medici
735:divine providence
720:universal history
576:Giotto di Bondone
508:Early Middle Ages
357:to the north and
236:
235:
228:
218:
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90:
86:
56:
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1764:Najemy. John M.
1757:Holmes, George.
1716:Cochrane, Eric.
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1305:Leonardo Bruni,
1303:
1217:art conservation
1205:Franchi Tiratori
1201:Italian Fascists
1180:Hague Convention
1169:British 8th Army
1088:Oswald Achenbach
1077:Kingdom of Italy
912:. In 1569, Duke
906:Duke of Florence
832:Hartmann Schedel
716:Giovanni Villani
681:Giovanni Villani
642:Vieri de' Cerchi
609:medieval commune
600:was reworked in
542:March of Tuscany
293:For much of the
269:) weathered the
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1673:Further reading
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1144:Villa La Pietra
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650:Dante Alighieri
572:Dante Alighieri
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1790:Other readings
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1035:in the 1590s.
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969:
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619:, and the pro-
617:German emperor
590:Florentine Art
560:Main article:
557:
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512:The seat of a
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1656:the original
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1406:Durant, Will
1385:. Retrieved
1381:the original
1371:
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1338:
1323:
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1306:
1301:
1245:
1242:21st century
1221:
1212:Arno flooded
1209:
1204:
1188:Gerhard Wolf
1173:
1166:
1162:World War II
1151:World War II
1148:
1136:Horne Museum
1127:James Irving
1123:
1120:20th century
1114:Giubbe Rosse
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990:Great Schism
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958:
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758:to the right
749:
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646:Corso Donati
631:
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490:amphitheater
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478:Christianity
476:, and later
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307:Monte Albano
292:
257:
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142:edit summary
133:
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85:(April 2020)
83:
75:
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42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
1796:Linda Proud
1614:Smithsonian
1518:zoomedia.it
1387:17 February
1014:Renaissance
994:Black Death
945:Renaissance
922:Pope Pius V
801:gente nuova
773:Black Death
763:Renaissance
730:Black Death
613:Ghibellines
570:Profile of
556:Middle Ages
538:Charlemagne
526:Ostrogothic
460:In AD 285,
311:Monte Giovi
254:in Florence
1844:Categories
1677:See also:
1662:2010-01-22
1294:References
947:Florence,
602:Romanesque
586:Golden Age
462:Diocletian
455:city walls
445:, and the
427:Via Cassia
335:River Arno
295:Quaternary
242:Statue of
209:April 2020
80:in Italian
38:improve it
1650:Filippo.
1236:the Mafia
1176:open city
1079:in 1861.
1006:Boccaccio
936:(later a
797:patronage
751:campanile
707:in 1293.
598:baptistry
522:Byzantine
514:bishopric
412:Florentia
400:Catilines
343:Etruscans
201:talk page
160:talk page
112:Consider
44:talk page
1620:(8): 34.
1477:Dowlen,
1408:(1953).
1359:"13th C"
1318:Page 4,
1262:See also
1184:Oltrarno
1129:and the
1069:Austrian
1002:Petrarch
998:humanist
988:and the
982:Catholic
954:Signoria
914:Cosimo I
861:Republic
496:and the
470:Oltrarno
421:and the
408:Fluentia
259:Florence
136:provide
1768:(2008)
1727:(2008)
1149:During
1146:, etc.
1103:, then
961:lottery
943:During
887:in 1530
809:Lorenzo
785:Albizzi
754:of the
712:jubilee
683:of the
633:podestĂ
624:Guelphs
550:Fiesole
534:Lombard
423:Mugnone
396:Fiesole
351:Fiesole
315:Chianti
303:Pistoia
267:Firenze
263:Italian
158:to the
140:in the
82:.
1785:(1971)
1761:(1969)
1751:
1737:(2009)
1720:(1976)
1706:(1998)
1558:
1500:
1479:Sorted
1416:
1330:
1309:I.1, 3
1268:Medici
1228:Uffizi
1138:, the
1051:, the
777:ciompi
739:papacy
701:guilds
689:Bruges
677:florin
628:Amidei
488:, the
466:Tuscia
404:Caesar
402:, and
355:Emilia
1096:Turin
1033:opera
959:This
938:Duchy
934:Lucca
930:Siena
697:Genoa
675:, or
621:Papal
546:Lucca
385:Sulla
359:Lazio
324:Signa
299:Prato
275:banks
250:) of
248:Duomo
103:DeepL
1749:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1454:–21.
1414:ISBN
1389:2018
1328:ISBN
1004:and
949:mobs
899:and
883:The
819:and
693:Pisa
644:and
524:and
474:Isis
431:Pisa
419:Arno
392:Mars
326:and
134:must
132:You
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940:).
920:by
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105:or
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339:BC
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