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explores the changing assumptions about city planning and government among the city's leaders. Dissatisfied with its haphazard development they endorsed centralized planning and wrote and secured the adoption of a new charter and set up a board of commissioners. The commission structure, however, caused government officials to view the city in separate parts rather than as a whole. By the 1920s supporters of comprehensive planning were calling for a program that included adoption of council-manager government, a citywide zoning policy, and public funds for improvements in parks, sewers, schools, and city streets. Voters approved the bond proposals and charter amendments in 1927 and 1930. Dallas thus achieved a more coordinated government which was theoretically more aware of the city's needs and more able to treat those needs equally for the benefit of the city as a whole.
409:, but this discouraged Northern investment and the political support of wealthy northern migrants to the city. From the 1870s on, Dallas leaders portrayed the city as southwestern, or later as part of the "Sunbelt", in order to incorporate wealthy non-southern whites, including Jews, into society. For example, between 1852 and 1925 the seven Sanger brothers built successful mercantile businesses along developing railroad lines, including the Sanger Bros. department store, and occupied numerous city and state government posts. White blue collar workers were marginalized, and even more so the Mexican Americans, and blacks.
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476:. The construction forces of the Texas & Pacific worked feverishly to safeguard the long trestle carrying their tracks across the stream. Suddenly this whole structure turned on its side down-stream, broke loose from the rest of the track at one end and swung out into the middle of the current and began breaking up, first into large sections and then into smaller pieces, rushing madly along to some uncertain destination. [Approximately half a dozen of the workmen fell into the torrent at this point; exaggerated reports of their drowning swept the city.
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517:, a city planner, created a plan for both the Trinity and the city. His plans included using levees to divert the river, removing railroad lines on Pacific Avenue, consolidating train depots into a central station, new parks and playgrounds, and the straightening and widening of several streets. Most of his plans went unimplemented for one or two decades, but in later years, many city officials began to see their importance. Kessler was brought back in 1920 to update his plans, and by the 1930s many had been realized.
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and social gatherings to the task of political persuasion. The Dallas Equal
Suffrage Association developed a suffrage campaign based on social values and community standards. Community and social occasions served as recruiting opportunities for the suffrage cause, blunting its radical implications with the familiarity of customary events and dressing it in the values of traditional female behavior, especially propriety.
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During 1913–19, advocates of woman suffrage drew on the educational and advertising techniques of the national parties and the lobbying tactics of the women's club movement. They also tapped into popular culture, successfully using popular symbolism and traditional ideals to adapt community festivals
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up and down the river proved futile, and plans to transform the river into a canal never came to fruition. The
Trinity also suffered from chronic flooding: floods occurred in 1844, 1866, 1871, and 1890, but none were as severe as the flood of 1908. On May 26, 1908, the Trinity River reached a depth
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and Dallas. The city and citizens' immediate reaction was to clamor for the construction of an indestructible, all-weather crossing over the
Trinity. This had already been attempted following the 1890 flood—the result was the "Long Wooden Bridge," an unstable structure which had connected
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reformers sought to improve municipal government by such changes as the commission system, city planning, and zoning controls. The interests of white business and residential districts were protected, but sometimes at the expense of blacks who lived in segregated neighborhoods. Fairbanks (1999)
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Women did much to establish the fundamental elements of the social structure of the city, focusing their energies on families, schools, and churches during the city's pioneer days. Many of the organizations which created a modern urban scene were founded and led by middle-class women. Through
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The shift towards manufacturing and heavy industry in Dallas formed partially out of problems hurting Dallas area cotton farmers. After purchasing supplies on credit during the year, farmers owed merchants most of their crop, whose price was lowered by the high shipping costs to the port of
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voluntary organizations and club work, they connected their city to national cultural and social trends. By the 1880s women in temperance and suffrage movements shifted the boundaries between private and public life in Dallas by pushing their way into politics in the name of social issues.
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said "indescribable suffering" plagued the area. Much to the horror of residents, thousands of livestock drowned in the flood and some became lodged in the tops of trees—the stench of their decay hung over the city as the water subsided.
429:(1902–85) was a leader in the civil rights movement through the Dallas NAACP. She focused on working with black youths, organizing them as the vanguard of protests against segregationist practices in Texas.
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224:, United States from 1874 to 1929 documents the city's rapid growth and emergence as a major center for transportation, trade and finance. Originally a small community built around agriculture, the
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Hill-Aiello, Thomas A. "Dallas, Cotton and the
Transatlantic Economy, 1885-1956." PhD dissertation U. of Texas, Arlington 2006. 326 pp. DAI 2007 67(9): 3555-A. DA3229563 Fulltext:
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building, at twenty-one stories and 312 feet (95 m) was the tallest building in Texas at the time. It officially opened on
October 5, 1912. In August 1922, the 29-story
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Gower, Patricia Ellen. "Dallas: Experiments in
Progressivism, 1898-1919." PhD dissertation Texas A. & M. U. 1996. 228 pp. DAI 1997 58(1): 263-A. DA9718350 Fulltext:
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made the city a strategic location for several expanding industries. During the time, Dallas prospered and grew to become the most populous city in Texas, lavish steel and
655:
Enstam, Elizabeth York. "The Dallas Equal
Suffrage Association, Political Style, and Popular Culture: Grassroots Strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1913-1919."
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Elizabeth York Enstam, "The Dallas Equal
Suffrage Association, Political Style, and Popular Culture: Grassroots Strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1913-1919."
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Dallas was without power for three days, all telephone and telegraph service was down, and rail service was canceled. The only way to reach Oak Cliff was by boat.
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There was little manufacturing in Dallas. The city began to light its streets with gas lamps in 1874 and began to brick over dirt lanes. In 1880, the first
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of 52.6 feet (16.03 m) and a width of 1.5 miles (2.4 km). Five people died, 4,000 were left homeless, and property damages were estimated at
324:, numerous business failed, including five local banks. Cotton prices dipped below five cents a pound, and the lumber and flour markets weakened.
646:, another training facility. The city of Dallas purchased Love Field in 1927 to use as a municipal airport, and Camp Dick was dissolved in 1919.
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Bank. The city had campaigned to have it located in Dallas for years, and the bank's arrival assured Dallas's place as a major financial center.
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555:) was opened in 1912 among festivities that drew 58,000 spectators. The bridge, at the time, was the longest concrete structure in the world.
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was never as healthy as
Dallasites hoped it would be. Dallas was established on the banks of the Trinity in hopes that navigation south to the
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in Dallas, after the city offered $ 300,000 and 666.5 acres (2.70 km) of land for the campus. The result of this agreement,
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came to Dallas, linking the water company and the fire station. In 1885, the Main Street was lit with electricity. In 1888, the
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for many products. More important it became the world center for the cotton trade. It led the world in the manufacturing of
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were established. Conversely, the city suffered multiple setbacks with a recession from a series of failing markets (the "
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By 1898 however, the city began to recover and grow again. Restored growth invigorated the skilled workers, who joined
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As Old as Dallas Itself: A History of
Lawyers in Dallas, the Dallas Bar Associations, and the City They Helped Build.
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Fairbanks, Robert B. "Rethinking Urban Problems: Planning, Zoning, and City Government in Dallas, 1900-1930."
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machinery. As it further entered the 20th century, Dallas built up a major presence in banking and insurance.
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The city's fathers originally depicted Dallas as southern in order to rationalize slavery and opposition to
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Patricia E. Gower, "The Price of Exclusion: Dallas Municipal Policy and its Impact on African Americans."
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Gower, Patricia E. "The Price of Exclusion: Dallas Municipal Policy and its Impact on African Americans."
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After the disastrous flood, the city wanted to find a way to control the reckless Trinity and to build a
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Jefferson Boulevard in Oak Cliff and Cadiz Street in Dallas until being washed away in the 1908 flood.
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267:(1909) was the city's first skyscraper, soaring 190 feet above Main Street was demolished in 2013.
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For the City as a Whole: Planning, Politics, and the Public Interest in Dallas, Texas, 1900-1965.
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Efforts to repair the damage caused by the flood and prevent future disasters began in 1911 when
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opened as the first zoo in the state. In 1890, Dallas annexed the geographically-larger city of
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relocate to Dallas. The school refused, but this action brought Dallas to the attention of the
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Stefanie Decker, "Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Juanita Craft Versus the Dallas Elite."
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650,000 bond program was approved in a city election, and the new Oak Cliff viaduct (now the
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An advertisement for the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad in an 1881 Dallas city directory
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627:(now the Magnolia Hotel) opened next door and took the title of tallest-in-Texas.
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By the turn of the century, Dallas was the leading wholesale market in the entire
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Now the wreckage of a shed or outhouse would move by, followed by a drowned
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Rose G. Biderman, "The Sanger Brothers and Their Role in Texas History."
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921:. By Jackie McElhaney and Michael V. Hazel. Retrieved on April 20, 2006.
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1083:. Woodland Hills, California: Windsor Publications. pp. 119–155.
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was established by the U.S. Army as an aviation training ground, and
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White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841-2001
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White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841-2001
358:, a city across the Trinity River, was annexed. The same year, the
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800:. Alongside strong population growth, Dallas annexed the city of
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Payne, Darwin (1982). "Chapter V: A New Century, A New Dallas".
289:. Worldwide cotton prices were low, due to overproduction. The
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Women and the Creation of Urban Life: Dallas, Texas, 1843-1920.
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Women and the Creation of Urban Life: Dallas, Texas, 1843-1920.
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455:, would eventually be possible. However, attempts to move even
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Long, John Sherman (Summer 1975). "Texas in the Gilded Age".
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The Dallas Myth: The Making and Unmaking of an American City
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Efforts began in 1910 to have Southwestern University in
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was hit harder than any other part of the city—the
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Pauline Periwinkle and Progressive Reform in Dallas.
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738:(1996). 240 pp. the standard scholarly history
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731:(2008), interpretation by a leading historian
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1122:"CAMP JOHN DICK AVIATION CONCENTRATION CAMP"
425:Women of color usually operated separately.
600:In 1911, Dallas became the location of the
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1897:Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas
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21:This article is part of a series on the
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1907:Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas
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935:Hidden History of Dallas (1876-1900)
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736:Dallas: The Making of a Modern City.
589:. They voted in 1911 to establish a
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937:. Retrieved on September 12, 2006.
897:. Retrieved on September 28, 2006.
804:, which placed it ahead of Houston.
743:ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
723:ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
630:Aviation became a popular topic in
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322:national financial "Panic of 1893"
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1902:Congress of the Republic of Texas
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953:. Retrieved on October 13, 2006.
433:Great Trinity River Flood of 1908
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226:convergence of several railroads
1120:ART, LEATHERWOOD (2010-06-12).
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576:Dallas skyline, April 1, 1913.
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747:McElhaney, Jacquelyn Masur.
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1881:Timelines of cities in Texas
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796:: The city surpassed was
734:Hill, Patricia Evridge.
672:Enstam, Elizabeth York.
451:Bays, and ultimately the
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1021:Elizabeth York Enstam,
684:Journal of Urban History
602:eleventh regional branch
1562:Trinity Railway Express
256:in the spring of 1908.
250:the disastrous flooding
700:Fairbanks, Robert B.
553:Houston Street Viaduct
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947:Dallas Public Library
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1263:Asian Trade District
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339:affiliated with the
1633:All Dallas articles
1605:Arlington Renegades
1051:2001 39(1): 33-42.
966:2001 39(1): 43-54.
888:General Information
711:2001 39(1): 43–54.
615:was constructed in
536:Dallas Morning News
533:, publisher of the
493:Dallas Times Herald
265:Praetorian Building
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836:2006-04-22 at the
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1154:Handbook of Texas
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917:Handbook of Texas
773:. (2006). 300 pp.
765:Phillips, Michael
751:(1998). 201 pp.
676:(1998). 284 pp.
291:Farmers' Alliance
272:Shift to industry
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761:(1999). 325 pp.
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1711:French Texas
1638:Texas Portal
1615:Dallas Wings
1590:Dallas Stars
1493:1996–present
1467:
1420:City Council
1378:Victory Park
1368:Turtle Creek
1308:Kessler Park
1152:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
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642:was home to
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354:. In 1903,
345:
337:trade unions
334:
319:
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283:
215:
168:Demographics
86:
15:
1876:San Antonio
1836:Brownsville
1777:Indian Wars
1648:North Texas
1511:DFW Airport
1430:Fire-Rescue
1348:Park Cities
1333:"M" Streets
802:East Dallas
632:World War I
547:. Soon, a
545:Kansas City
488:West Dallas
457:paddleboats
364:Main Street
310:East Dallas
131:(1986–1995)
121:(1975–1985)
111:(1946–1974)
107:Mid-century
101:(1930–1945)
91:(1874–1929)
81:(1856–1873)
71:(1839–1855)
57:Territorial
1856:Fort Worth
1792:Revolution
1762:Annexation
1521:Love Field
1402:Government
1283:Deep Ellum
1273:Casa Linda
1131:2016-12-11
858:(3): 300.
778:References
694:Fulltext:
636:Love Field
591:university
587:Methodists
583:Georgetown
401:Self image
383:cotton gin
306:Dallas Zoo
242:an airport
234:Dallas Zoo
97:Oil period
67:Settlement
1861:Galveston
1704:By period
1600:FC Dallas
1547:Streetcar
1525:Southwest
1488:1986–1995
1483:1975–1985
1478:1946–1974
1473:1930–1945
1468:1874–1929
1463:1856–1873
1458:1839–1855
1338:Oak Cliff
1303:Fair Park
1245:Landmarks
1240:Education
1213:Metroplex
1163:from the
1151:from the
1057:0424-1444
1012:. (2006).
992:0749-5471
972:0424-1444
914:from the
794:side note
717:0424-1444
692:0096-1442
665:0022-4642
644:Camp Dick
640:Fair Park
526:Oak Cliff
481:C.L. Moss
474:livestock
472:or other
449:Galveston
356:Oak Cliff
346:In 1894,
295:St. Louis
287:Galveston
173:Education
127:Recession
1942:Category
1826:Amarillo
1787:Oil boom
1755:By topic
1531:Freeways
1515:American
1453:Pre-1838
1383:West End
1343:Oak Lawn
1323:Lakewood
1293:Downtown
1207:City of
891:Archived
880:Archived
864:43471232
834:Archived
524:linking
479:—
379:saddlery
368:downtown
352:Oak Lawn
42:Timeline
26:City of
1866:Houston
1851:El Paso
1797:Slavery
1772:Forests
1445:History
1235:Climate
1230:Culture
1025:(1998).
798:Houston
619:. The
604:of the
445:Trinity
252:of the
248:") and
230:masonry
218:history
163:Climate
158:Culture
141:(1996–)
61:(–1838)
37:History
1871:Laredo
1846:Dallas
1831:Austin
1572:Sports
1425:Police
1373:Uptown
1278:Cedars
1225:People
1209:Dallas
1156:Online
1087:
1055:
990:
970:
919:Online
862:
715:
690:
663:
522:bridge
413:Gender
240:, and
28:Dallas
1410:Mayor
860:JSTOR
696:Ebsco
470:swine
1818:city
1807:Vice
1536:DART
1414:List
1085:ISBN
1053:ISSN
1002:See
988:ISSN
968:ISSN
713:ISSN
688:ISSN
661:ISSN
549:US$
447:and
381:and
263:The
216:The
1816:By
767:.
634:.
543:in
366:in
220:of
1944::
1124:.
1106:-
1063:^
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829:-
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1412:(
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1211:(
1193:e
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1134:.
1093:.
866:.
205:e
198:t
191:v
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