1983:, who occupied Brittany along with most of the rest of the French state during the Second World War. On the other hand, other Breton nationalists took part in the Resistance. Brittany played a particularly important role in the Resistance thanks to its proximity to Great Britain, the relatively rugged landscape, and the presence of important naval installations. However, during the Second World War the Allies bombed Brittany along with the rest of Northern France with such ferocity that many towns such as Lorient nearly ceased to exist. The act involved the killing of many thousands of French citizens. In the case of Lorient, the town was not freed until the end of the war and the submarine pens were not destroyed unlike the civilian areas which had been wiped out.
1263:
1907:, there was an unfavorable attitude towards the Revolution with only 200 of the city's population of 12,000 accepting the new constitution. Prieur declared Brittany's countryside overcome by fanaticism in order to justify terror as the new order. Prieur then infiltrated cities with troops and conducted house searches to locate and silence rebellious aristocrats and peasants. While arrests were the first defense of the newly established government against counter-revolutionaries, fear quickly mounted concerning the power of this group. Quickly, leaders such as Carrier had moved from ordering arrests to ordering executions of anyone found guilty of treason against the state.
233:
1916:
334:
2785:
2688:
1525:
255:
245:
1080:
24:
1440:. It was Peter Mauclerc who introduced the use of ermines in the Breton coat of arms and came to espouse the cause of his fief's independence with respect to France. While John attempted to regain Brittany in the name of Eleanor, he was defeated in 1214 and finally recognized Alix and Peter. Eleanor ended up in English prison without issue, with her claim never raised ever since.
802:
size as deer or wild boar. For a time, hunting and gathering continue, as well as fishing and foraging. By the time of the
Neolithic, however, animal domestication and cereal production replace hunting. The population is mainly coastal and larger on the south coast. The skeletons found from this period attest to an average size of 1.59 meters for men and 1.52 m for women.
858:: the Locmariaquer megaliths amounting to 18.5 m. Engravings can also be found there and their functions are multiple: Indicator of burials, astronomical and topographic features, or reflecting a water worship. The last menhirs were raised around 1800-1500 BC. They can be combined in single or multiple rows, or in semicircles or circles.
1875:’ to local regions—such as Brittany—to ensure the preservation of national unity within France. The function of these Representatives, by order of the National Convention, was to replace the local government leaders. In doing so, the Representatives were meant to quell anti-revolutionary sentiment. The order of the
946:(hand-bricks) were the typical form of briquetage, between 2.5 and 15 cm long and with a diameter of 4–7 cm. At the salterns at Landrellec and Enez Vihan at Pleumeur-Bodou the remains of rectangular ovens have been excavated that are 2.5–3 m long and about 1 m wide, constructed of stones and clay. On the
1974:
Brittany has had its own regionalist and separatist movements which have experienced varying success at elections and other political contests. Modern Breton nationalism developed at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The main body of these movements situated themselves within the
709:
was an important turning point for
Bretons, who discovered new ways of life, which some would seek to integrate little by little. The question of the proper place for the Breton language and regional traditions became the central element of a political movement which began to emerge in the same era.
838:
and the Petit-Mont, whose buildings date back to 5000 BC., evidenced by their similarities to a unity of culture in the peninsula. This type of construction will eventually evolve and provide more regional variants. In these burial sites were found engravings similar to those observed in Irish sites
637:
The union of the country as
Brittany occurred in 851 under King Erispoë, son of Nominoë, but was disrupted by disputes over succession and Norsemen incursions. Since 939, Brittany was re-established as a Sovereign Duchy with somewhat definite borders, administered by Dukes of Breton houses from 939
1376:
and expand
Salomon's territory. The Vikings tactically helped their Breton allies by making devastating pillaging raids on the Frankish kingdoms. This unfortunately became a double edged sword over the next few decades as the Vikings turned on the Bretons and pillaged Brittany, eventually occupying
801:
The
Mesolithic period covers in the region a period from 10,000 BC. to 5000 BC., corresponding to the end of the last Ice Age and the resulting rise in water level. Steppe vegetation is replaced by a vegetation of birch and pine, and hazel, oak and elms; large mammals give way to animals of smaller
618:
factories along its coasts. When Rome encountered crises in the third and fifth centuries, the first wave of island
Bretons were asked by the imperial power to help secure their territory, beginning with a migratory movement that was carried out until the sixth century, and saw the beginnings of
1927:
In the 19th-century
Brittany acquired a reputation for timeless autarky, as Romantics developed an image of the province as a bastion of peasant traditionalism, religious festivals, and wild landscapes. At the same time, Breton life became increasingly integrated with that of the rest of France,
2091:, demonstrated to prevent the construction of a nuclear power generator in their commune, despite the paratroopers and helicopters sent by the government. They received a wide support from the media. The power station project was abandoned after the presidential elections of 1981, which brought
1159:, which contains semi-factual information about the usurpation of Maximus, states that they married native women after cutting out their tongues to preserve the purity of their language. This can be interpreted as a legend formulated in order to explain the Welsh (Brythonic) name for Brittany,
1760:
in Paris unanimously proclaimed the abolition of feudal privileges. These included the privileges of the provinces such as
Brittany. Brittany thus lost the juridical existence, autonomy, Parlement, and administrative, fiscal and legal peculiarities guaranteed since the Edict of Union of 1532.
827:, about 5000 dolerite axes were extracted per year, representing 40% of the axes of the Breton peninsula. The dissemination of these tools stretched to Paris basin, and 10 copies of these axes were found to Belgium and southern England. The region also imported yellow blond flint blades from
1847:
presence in the region was weakened by
September 1793 due to previous mutinies and the restructuring of the navy. Brittany, with its weak infrastructure, was poorly connected to the rest of France. Normally, cities in Brittany were used for their naval importance, but they eventually became
657:
The Breton province then maintained relative autonomy and benefited from its own institutions. After a period of strong economic and demographic growth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, due to a period of newfound peace, Brittany experienced a troubled period from the end of the
1769:) in Paris had initiated the move to abolish feudal distinctions, the decision proved increasingly unpopular in Brittany, where the loss of local autonomy and the increasingly anti-clerical character of the Revolution were resented. Many Bretons took part in the
578:
found in sites such as the cairn of
Barnenez, the cairn of Gavrinis, the table of the Merchants of Locmariaquer or the alignments of Carnac. In the course of its protohistory which began around the middle of the third century BCE, a subsoil rich in
1884:, one prominent Representative on a Mission, who had been sent to Brittany, dutifully reported to the Committee of Public Safety that he would "arrest those declared guilty of the counter-revolutionary disorders committed by this company".
805:
Human technology continues to progress with a reduction in size of stone tools to form microliths. Human societies are more structured, with a degree of specialization of activities in a given community (as indicated by studies of the
689:
marked by a modernization of agriculture and by huge increases in population, an emigration to the rest of France began. Although a traditionally conservative region, Brittany saw the rise of workers' movements in cities such as
823:: land is reclaimed from the forest after having fired and is then used for breeding before sprinkling grass. This evolution was made possible by the development of methods of extracting stones and their shaping. In a quarry in
1377:
it. This situation was only overturned with the return of exiled Bretons and an alliance with the Franks. From this point Brittany became a duchy with various levels of fealty to West Francia and eventually France.
1879:
on 14 August 1793 declared that these Representatives "take every measure of interior and exterior defense which they may consider necessary" contributed to the nation-wide violence experienced during the Terror.
810:
burial site) and the beginning of an artistic expression. Traces of deaths caused by tools like arrows are also visible on some skeletons, attesting to sometimes violent conflicts between different communities.
2017:
during the 1960s. This was in operation for about ten years, and since 1988 it has been in the process of being dismantled. This is the first time that a nuclear power station has been dismantled in France.
763:. The oldest traces of fire use (in the region but also of occidental Europe) are found on the site of Menez Dregan with a date making them up to 400 000 years BC. The few human groups are then made of
1565:
was kidnapped by the count of Penthièvre, grandson of Joanna of Penthièvre. John's wife, duchess Joanna de France besieged the rebels and set free her husband, who confiscated the Penthièvre's goods.
789:, or at Plasenn-al-Lomm on the island of Bréhat. No painted cave is identified in the area, probably because of rising sea levels during the next period. But the nearest cave of this type is known in
747:, and take the form of settlements built in natural shelters (cliffs created by the erosion along the coasts). In addition to pebbles, bifaces are found there, and the site dates to 300,000 BC. J.-C.
2790:
2788:
1542:, descendants of the former kings of Brittany, strongly supported the Penthièvre side and was nearly extinguished in the repeated fights between Montfort and Penthièvre's troops. The king of France,
2394:(Droit Public et Droit Privé), Ouvrage couronné par l' Institut, publié avec le concours du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 3 vol., Editions du cercle de Brocéliande, Rennes 1953–1955.
1955:. Because of bad conditions, worsened by mud and rain, several hundreds died from disease. The camp has been described as a "concentration camp" and became a significant atrocity story within
1727:
claimed that French soldiers garrisoned in Rennes had roasted a Breton infant on a spit. A whole street in Rennes, suspected of seditiousness, was demolished leaving the inhabitants homeless.
2051:
movement has sought to stem the loss of young Breton speakers through bilingual immersion schools. Breton music has also become more widely known through the work of musicians such as
1502:
in 1364, where the House of Montfort was victorious over the French party. After the first Treaty of Guérande, Joanna of Penthièvre abdicated her claims to the dukedom in favour of
1208:
treatise, dates from 590 (for comparison, the earliest text in French dates from 843). Most of the early Breton language medieval manuscripts were lost during the Viking invasions.
563:
Brittany was abolished as an administrative unit, but continued to retain its distinctive cultural identity. Its administrative existence was reconstituted, in reduced size, as the
1248:
sought to expand their territory (including holdings in British Devon and Cornwall), claiming overlordship over all Bretons, though there was constant tension between local lords.
1935:
However, the image of Brittany as anti-republican led French politicians to doubt the reliability of Breton soldiers during the military actions that followed the collapse of the
1550:(also a son-in-law of Joanna de Penthièvre). In 1378, the king of France sought to annex Brittany, which provoked the Bretons to recall John IV from exile. The second Treaty of
923:
are widespread in Northern Armorica, for example at Trégor, Ebihens and Enez Vihan near Pleumeur-Bodou (Côtes-d'Armor) and the island of Yoc'h near Landuvez (Finistère) of late
1015:
in the 3rd century led to unrest and depopulation, numerous villages were destroyed. Thick layers of black earth in the towns point to urban depopulation as well. The rule of
654:. An autonomous power emerged in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, maintaining a policy of independence from France. The union of Brittany to France occurred in 1532.
2047:
becomes universalized. On the other hand, Breton has enjoyed increasing support among intellectuals and professionals since the 1970s, and the relatively small, urban-based
1903:
sought to implement the authority of the convention by arresting suspected counter-revolutionaries, removing the local authorities of Brittany, and making speeches. In
1595:, was forced to submit to a treaty giving the King of France the right to determine the marriage of the Duke's daughter, a 12-year-old girl, the heir to the Duchy. The
2021:
Since the 1960s in particular Breton nationalism has developed a strong leftist character, alongside the Catholic traditionalist strain. Certain groups such as the
1228:(Broërec) – which eventually were incorporated into the larger Breton state. The first two kingdoms derive their names from the homelands of the migrating Britons (
1975:
Catholic traditionalist current. After 1944, Breton nationalism was widely discredited thanks to the collaboration of a number of prominent nationalists (such as
137:
834:
This period is also notable for the development of megalithic monuments, helped by a significant economic growth. Two of the most ancient sites, the mound of
2102:
destroyed hundreds of highway speed cameras, tax portals, and tax bureau offices in their successful direct action campaign to have the "ecotaxe" abolished.
748:
2043:
has declined precipitously. In most Breton-speaking communities, it has become uncommon for children born since 1945 to acquire much of the language as
1403:, then heir apparent to the Duchy of Brittany, resisted his father's attempts to annex Brittany to the possessions of the English Crown. Geoffroy's son
1436:
In 1213, with the aim of strengthening his power in Brittany, Philip August introduced Peter as administrator of the duchy and tutor of his son, duke
1715:, the leader of the rebellion, was assassinated by the Marquis de Montgaillard whom Ar Balp was holding prisoner. The rebellion was repressed by the
1573:
735:
The Paleolithic period of Brittany ranges from 700 000 to 10 000 years BC. Traces of the oldest industries were found in the middle valley of the
1352:
recognised the independence of Brittany and determined the borders that defined the historic duchy and later province. Under Erispoe's successor
1829:
2778:
2707:
851:
1414:
In 1185, Geoffroy II signed "Count Geoffrey's Assise" which forbade the subdivision of fiefs, thereby reinforcing the Breton feudal system.
1576:, was published. This book was the world's first trilingual dictionary, the first Breton dictionary and also the first French dictionary.
1034:
1843:, as the British desired continued access to the ports on Brittany's coast. Brittany was especially open to British landings since the
1293:
When the Carolingian empire was divided in 843, Nominoe took advantage of the confusion to consolidate his territory. In alliance with
931:
626:
kingdom created a Breton borderland incorporating the counties of Rennes and Nantes. From the sixth to ninth centuries however, the
710:
A long process of modernization took place from the 1920s through the 1970s, in concert with a movement of cultural reaffirmation.
88:
2920:
Seals of Brittany from Dom Morice's Mémoires pour servir de preuves à l'histoire ecclésiastique et civile de Bretagne (1742-1744)
1888:, another such Representative on a Mission, was involved in extinguishing the uprisings in the coastal towns of Brittany such as
1685:, and Bretons came to constitute a leading component of the French navy. Bretons played an important role in the colonization of
1659:
1152:, is mentioned by medieval Welsh sources as having led the settlement of Brittany by mercenaries serving Maximus. The Welsh text
587:
objects, which led to commercial routes for export to other regions of Europe. It was inhabited by Gallic peoples including the
1839:
Despite the obstacle posed by one of the plot's major architects going into hiding, the insurrection continued on, aided by the
60:
1959:. In 1871 the camp was closed and the French military decided to incorporate the remaining 19,000 Breton soldiers into the 2nd
1757:
2407:
Correspondence of Jean-Baptiste Carrier (people's Representative to the Convention) during His Mission in Brittany, 1793–1794
2176:
1647:
2944:
1832:
was a significant figure in this plot but ultimately ended up in hiding after a secret agent divulged his participation to
1538:
left for exile in England in 1373. The higher nobility of that time, like the house of Coetmen-Penthièvre, or the house of
1528:
67:
41:
539:, large scale migration from the British Isles led to the foundation of British colonies linked initially to homelands in
1697:
785:
The Upper Paleolithic is characterized by refined tools like blades and lamellae found on the site of Beg-ar-C'Hastel in
120:
This article is about the cultural region in the north-west of France. For the current French administrative region, see
2222:
2153:
2130:
1634:
despite the rising tide of royal absolutism. Brittany remained on the whole strongly Catholic during the period of the
1569:
2452:
2371:
2356:
2348:
2333:
2318:
2267:
2203:
1613:
107:
74:
2384:
Michel de Mauny, 1532-1790 Les dessous de l' Union de la Bretagne à la France, Editions France-Empire, Rennes, 1986.
2026:
1262:
2195:
1991:
1749:
rose to become one of the most important commercial centres of France. The backbone of Nantes's prosperity was the
1175:
564:
333:
121:
1554:(1381) established Brittany's neutrality in the Anglo-French conflict, although John continued to swear homage to
2919:
535:
cultures in the area and the Celtic tribal territories that existed before Roman rule. After the collapse of the
56:
2899:
2241:
1716:
1418:
45:
1708:
1654:
and husband of the countess of Penthièvre) sought to have himself proclaimed Duke of Brittany and allied with
1167:
or "half-silent". In fact, the term "Llydaw" or "Ledav" in early Breton probably derives from the Celtic name
1087:
In the 380s, a large number of Britons in the Roman army may have been stationed in Armorica. The 9th century
854:
where the largest, that of Kerloas, rises to 9.50 m. The largest ever erected is located in South Brittany in
2029:, marginal even within nationalist circles, made headlines through sabotage against highly symbolic targets.
1876:
1400:
976:. After their defeat their leaders were killed and the tribe sold as slaves. The Romans called the district
2939:
2084:
2006:(one of the two traditional Breton capitals) from the Breton region has been a matter of much controversy.
1592:
647:
1642:, although Protestantism made some headway in Nantes and a few other areas. From 1590 to 1598, during the
1174:
There are numerous records of missionaries migrating from Britania during the second wave, especially the
254:
1812:
Many Bretons, especially members of the merchant class, remained sympathetic to the monarchy during the
2909:
2900:
Skol uhel ar vro – High Institute of Brittany - Ti Istor Breizh – The house for the History of Brittany
1868:
1849:
1404:
1112:
602:
since the Gallo-Roman period, Brittany developed an important maritime trade network near the ports of
1872:
1095:, who withdrew Roman forces from Britania, settled the troops there. Other British and Welsh authors (
819:
The Neolithic period (stretching from 5000 BC to 2000 BC.) saw the arrival of an agriculture based on
2501:
1596:
1562:
1503:
1483:
1422:
1353:
129:
1860:, and some revolutionaries feared that these towns would place themselves under British control as
1840:
1821:
1774:
1731:
1643:
1535:
1471:
1437:
1116:
547:, and Wales. The various independent petty Breton states later developed into a Kingdom and then a
341:
2717:
1630:
After 1532, Brittany retained a certain fiscal and regulatory autonomy, which was defended by the
2022:
1742:. The marquis de Pontcallec and three others were tried and executed in Nantes for the uprising.
1639:
1392:
1372:, were killed by the Vikings. The Franks were forced to confirm Brittany's independence from the
1016:
686:
574:, which began around 5000 BCE, is characterised in the region by the development of an important
81:
34:
1778:
778:
where scrapers were found in a site dated to 70,000 BC., as well as at Goaréva on the island of
1724:
1704:
872:
760:
719:
2092:
1240:") derives from the name of one of the first known Breton rulers, who dominated the region of
2119:
Histoire de la Bretagne et des Bretons : Des âges obscurs au règne de Louis XIV (tome 1)
1995:
1929:
1915:
1881:
1790:
1670:
1487:
1369:
1183:
651:
634:
tried to integrate the region into the Frankish kingdom, with limited and ephemeral success.
232:
384:
244:
2713:
1936:
1825:
1750:
1673:, Brittany benefited from France's naval expansion. Major ports were built or renovated at
1651:
1555:
1495:
1491:
1357:
1294:
1187:
521:
472:
1712:
1407:
did likewise during his reign (1186–1203) until his death, perhaps by assassination under
1356:, Hastein's Vikings and the Bretons united as one in 866 to defeat a Frankish army at the
312:
8:
2213:
Cassard, Jean-Christophe; Croix, Alain; Le Quéau, Jean-René; Veillard, Jean-Yves (2008).
1944:
1900:
1885:
1631:
1608:
1600:
1543:
1426:
1396:
1257:
740:
2014:
999:
756:
2772:
1968:
1956:
1947:. Fearing Breton separatist sentiments, the soldiers were interned in a military camp,
1663:
1655:
1341:
1271:
1104:
1088:
1038:
988:
779:
591:
and the Namnetes in the first centuries BCE before these territories were conquered by
1920:
935:
924:
2731:
2496:
2448:
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2329:
2314:
2282:
2263:
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2218:
2199:
2172:
2149:
2126:
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in world history which severely affected the north and northwest coasts of Brittany.
1964:
1960:
1852:
was preparing to attack Britain as Britain had significant influence in the towns of
1813:
1782:
1547:
1524:
1386:
1365:
1275:
950:
about 50 salterns have been found so far, mainly dating to the final La Téne period.
659:
560:
548:
525:
223:
2904:
1999:
1987:
1604:
1599:
was the last independent ruler of the duchy as she was ultimately obliged to marry
1588:
1475:
1349:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1135:
1058:
1002:
has taken up the ancient name. After the reforms of Diocletian, it was part of the
947:
675:
570:
The history of Brittany begins with settlement beginning in prehistoric times. The
2924:
2069:
1711:. The rebels, in contact with Holland, were expecting assistance that never came.
1421:
captive under John of England, the Bretons supported Arthur's half younger sister
663:
2506:
2044:
2040:
1940:
1499:
1479:
1456:
1430:
1408:
1201:
1123:
1021:
1004:
764:
706:
671:
199:
185:
125:
2477:
Tragic Episodes of the French Revolution in Brittany: with Unpublished Documents
2484:
The Chouans: the Social Origins of Popular Counter-Revolution in Upper Brittany
2387:
2099:
2048:
1833:
1735:
1720:
1464:
1452:
1444:
1225:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1131:
1092:
965:
820:
615:
575:
212:
2286:
994:
793:. The end of the Palaeolithic period in the region is around 10,000 BC. J.-C.
662:
of 1789. Brittany was dissolved in 1789 and divided among the departments of
2933:
2426:
2088:
1857:
1678:
1584:
1517:
or Estates of Brittany were established. They would develop into the Duchy's
1486:, nephew of the king of France. This protracted conflict, a component of the
1474:
was fought in 1341–1364. The parties were the half-brother of the last duke,
1443:
The 14th and 15th centuries saw the recognition of the distinction between a
1329:, which had previously formed part of the Frankish border zone known as the "
1061:
is commonly dated to the late fourth century, but material evidence is rare.
1026:
973:
969:
879:
699:
691:
592:
588:
571:
379:
374:
152:
139:
1270:
During the 9th century the Bretons resisted incorporation into the Frankish
2764:
2142:
Histoire de la Bretagne et des Bretons : Des Lumières au XXIe (tome 2)
2052:
2036:, went on strike to obtain a wage increase. The strike lasted eight weeks.
2033:
1998:
traditionally understood to comprise the Breton territory. This removal of
1976:
1762:
1417:
After the presumed death of Duke Arthur I, with Arthur's full elder sister
1337:
1330:
1019:(307–350) led to a certain renaissance. Numerous coins were minted. At the
895:
855:
639:
631:
627:
536:
404:
1923:) wearing traditional Breton costumes at the beginning of the 20th century
667:
2060:
1948:
1848:
industrialized because of the Republic, which prepared them for war. The
1844:
1770:
1690:
1580:
1340:
was secured when the Frankish army was defeated once again in 851 at the
1221:
913:
Armorican gold coins have been widely exported and are even found in the
903:
1551:
1321:
and the Frankish border. Nominoe gained control over the major towns of
1899:
The peasants in Brittany were royalist and opposed the new government.
1853:
1686:
1674:
1190:
1111:, settling in Armorica in the following century to escape the invading
1046:
939:
934:. Each oven was about 2 m long. The site dates to the end of the early
883:
824:
771:
752:
409:
399:
2064:
ran aground a few hundred metres from the shores of the small port of
1739:
1658:. The latter, on the other hand, considered establishing his daughter
1611:
incorporated the duchy into the Kingdom of France in 1532 through the
2073:
2010:
1800:
1635:
1518:
1507:
1216:
In the Early Middle Ages, Brittany was divided into three kingdoms –
1030:
914:
840:
457:
1079:
807:
23:
2145:
2122:
2065:
1237:
1233:
1217:
1122:
These Britons gave the region its current name and contributed the
1108:
1012:
978:
959:
891:
835:
828:
786:
775:
679:
599:
556:
540:
532:
517:
487:
324:
293:
2914:
2436:
Twelve Who Ruled: The Committee of Public Safety during the Terror
1539:
871:
For the history of Brittany before the first written records, see
718:
For the history of Brittany before the first written records, see
2168:
2080:
1952:
1889:
1817:
1682:
1361:
1345:
1302:
1298:
1283:
1279:
1245:
1168:
1096:
920:
887:
790:
743:. The oldest traces of habitat are located in Saint-Colomban, in
736:
695:
450:
445:
389:
304:
272:
2868:
2866:
2191:
2003:
1980:
1904:
1893:
1861:
1746:
1373:
1326:
1322:
1287:
1241:
1205:
1194:
1179:
1100:
1054:
907:
899:
847:
744:
643:
623:
607:
603:
584:
552:
479:
462:
394:
369:
364:
346:
2841:
2839:
2618:
2616:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2535:
2533:
1309:. In 845 the Breton army under Nominoe defeated the forces of
1318:
1229:
1193:
also evangelised Brittany, commemorated at Saint-Columban in
1050:
983:
930:
An estimated 40–55 kg of salt per oven were produced at
878:
A variety of tribes are mentioned in Roman sources, like the
544:
2863:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2212:
2165:
Toute l'Histoire de Bretagne : Des origines à nos jours
1049:
troops in the territory of the Veneti and Osismii. Frankish
1041:(circa 400 AD) mentions a number of local units manning the
638:
to 1166, before falling into the sphere of influence of the
2851:
2836:
2628:
2613:
2569:
2545:
2530:
2032:
In March 1972, workers at the Joint Français, a factory in
1986:
When France was divided into administrative regions by the
1546:, named as lieutenant-general of Brittany his brother, the
611:
2518:
1579:
The army of the Kingdom of France, with the help of 5,000
520:
or only to the creation and development of a specifically
2915:
Personelezh Breizh e saozneg - Breton identity in English
2591:
2589:
2009:
An experimental nuclear power station was constructed at
1971:
and also blamed for the defeat by the French commanders.
580:
2163:
Monnier, Jean-Jacques; Cassard, Jean-Christophe (2012).
1788:
The territory of Brittany was divided in 1789 into five
986:
of a Celtic word meaning "coastal region"), part of the
2905:
Istor Breizh e saozneg - History of Brittany in English
1939:, as resulted from the disastrous French defeat in the
1666:, however, brought Mercœur to an honourable surrender.
774:
period, remain two outstanding sites in the region, in
622:
In order to prevent Breton incursion, the neighbouring
2761:
La Révolte du Papier Timbré advenu en Bretagne en 1675
2601:
2586:
2557:
2362:
Myles Dillon, Nora Chadwick, Christian-J. Guyonvarc'h
501:
2878:
2824:
2812:
2758:
1794:, partially on the basis of earlier divisions called
1781:. Brittany thus became a hotbed of resistance to the
1617:, which was registered with the Estates of Brittany.
739:
river, identified as pebbles arranged in a quarry in
650:
lasted from 1341 to 1364 against the backdrop of the
2800:
1282:. The Bretons made friendly overtures to the Danish
1119:. Modern archaeology supports a two-wave migration.
2486:, 1770–1796. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
1738:in contact with Spain led a tax revolt against the
1719:, and hundreds of Bretons were hanged or broken on
751:from this period are found along the sea coast, as
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2931:
2378:
2326:Les royaumes brittoniques au Très Haut Moyen Age
1967:, but poorly equipped, they were crushed by the
1867:In light of these mounting foreign threats, the
1603:. The duchy passed on her death to her daughter
2405:Carrier, Jean-Baptiste; Carrier, E. H. (1920).
2872:
2857:
2845:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2580:
2551:
2539:
2524:
2404:
2293:
2251:
2162:
2110:
2079:In February and March 1980, the population of
1429:of France married Alix to the Capetian prince
1083:Map of British settlements in the 6th century.
1251:
205:
2743:
2438:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1910:
1830:Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouërie
906:describe the Armoricani as belonging to the
531:Pre-Brythonic Armorica includes the ancient
191:
177:
2415:The Oxford History of the French Revolution
1707:and elsewhere rose up in the Revolt of the
1513:In the midst of the conflict, in 1352, the
1478:(supported by the English), and his niece,
1138:. (Brittany used to be known in English as
2910:Douaroniezh Breizh – Geography of Brittany
2777:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1614:Edict of Union between Brittany and France
1490:, has passed into legend (see for example
1266:Partition of the Carolingian Empire in 843
583:allowed the development of an industry in
528:and the subsequent history of that state.
2794:
2746:Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia
2607:
2595:
2563:
2420:
2139:
2116:
1662:at the head of a reconstituted Brittany.
1583:from Switzerland and Italy, defeated the
1244:(Gwened). The rulers of Domnonia such as
1103:) mention a second wave of South-Western
1074:
713:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2694:
2445:A Short History of the French Revolution
2417:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
2398:
2392:Histoire des Institutions de la Bretagne
2276:
2257:
2231:
1914:
1820:began to plan a re-establishment of the
1523:
1510:was introduced in Brittany as a result.
1433:, establishing Peter as regent of Alix.
1313:, King of West Francia (France), at the
1261:
1078:
595:in 57 BCE, and progressively Romanized.
1807:
1798:which in turn had issued from medieval
1317:, in the eastern part of Brittany near
1142:to distinguish it from Great Britain.)
1025:, new forts were built, for example at
964:In 56 BC the area was conquered by the
938:or the middle La Tène period. Numerous
846:Besides these barrows are also present
516:may refer to the entire history of the
427:34,023 km (13,136 sq mi)
2932:
2884:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2442:
2433:
2328:Editions du Pontig-Coop Breizh, 1997.
2294:Dillon, Myles; Chadwick, Nora (1967).
1773:, the royalist insurgency assisted by
1625:
1572:, a Breton-Latin-French dictionary by
2470:Histoire De La Révolution En Bretagne
2281:. Presse de l' Université d' Angers.
2185:
1824:of the province, and a return to the
1211:
2341:L'État Breton aux 14e et 15e siècles
2298:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1336:Control over Rennes, Nantes and the
1069:
972:. The main resistance came from the
942:remains have been found. At Tregor,
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
2925:Breton and European Digital Library
2716:. Project Gutenberg. Archived from
2447:(6th ed.). London: Routledge.
2215:Dictionnaire d'histoire de Bretagne
2072:. The result was the fifth-largest
1698:French colonisation of the Americas
1380:
13:
2462:
2058:On 16 March 1978, the supertanker
1648:Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur
1498:). Its outcome was decided at the
1182:. Many Breton towns are named for
284:Kentoc'h mervel eget bezañ saotret
14:
2956:
2893:
2313:University of Wales Press, 1977.
1871:sent Republican troops known as ‘
1395:, siding with the rebels against
1043:Tractus armoricanus et nervicanus
850:, the highest known being in the
2366:Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1974.
2303:
2196:Presses Universitaires de Rennes
1529:The tomb of Francis II in Nantes
1176:seven founder-saints of Brittany
619:many kingdoms in the peninsula.
332:
253:
243:
231:
122:Brittany (administrative region)
22:
2752:
2737:
2724:
2700:
2434:Palmer, Robert Roswell (1941).
2429:. New York: Vanguard Printings.
2105:
1994:included only four of the five
1200:The earliest text known in the
861:
33:needs additional citations for
2759:Arthur de La Borderie (1884).
2409:. London; New York: John Lane.
2311:Saints seaways and settlements
1064:
730:
1:
2512:
2379:Brittany as a French province
1758:National Constituent Assembly
1620:
1534:Deserted by his nobles, Duke
953:
796:
551:, before it was unified with
167:Historical province in France
2277:Tonnerre, Noël-Yves (1994).
2188:Bretagne, images et histoire
2039:Since the 1940s, use of the
1873:Representatives on a Mission
1589:Duke of independent Brittany
1148:, the mythic founder of the
814:
725:
648:War of the Breton Succession
7:
2945:History of France by region
2748:. Volumes 1-5. p. 244.
2490:
2423:The Great French Revolution
2260:Les origines de la Bretagne
2252:Prehistory and protohistory
2111:Surveys and reference books
1963:. They participated in the
1703:In 1675, insurgents in the
1587:army in 1488, and the last
1305:defeated the Franks at the
866:
658:seventeenth century to the
289:Rather death than dishonour
10:
2961:
2873:Carrier & Carrier 1920
2858:Carrier & Carrier 1920
2846:Carrier & Carrier 1920
2744:John T. Koch, ed. (2006).
2683:Monnier & Cassard 2012
2671:Monnier & Cassard 2012
2659:Monnier & Cassard 2012
2647:Monnier & Cassard 2012
2635:Monnier & Cassard 2012
2623:Monnier & Cassard 2012
2581:Monnier & Cassard 2012
2552:Monnier & Cassard 2012
2540:Monnier & Cassard 2012
2525:Monnier & Cassard 2012
2443:Popkin, Jeremy D. (2015).
2217:(in French). Skol Vreizh.
1919:A Breton couple (Léna and
1869:Committee of Public Safety
1850:Committee of Public Safety
1644:War of the Catholic League
1384:
1255:
1252:Resistance to outside rule
957:
870:
717:
124:. For the given name, see
119:
2502:List of Breton historians
2343:, 2 vol., Maloine, 1987.
1911:Post-Revolutionary period
1745:During the 18th century,
1391:Bretons took part in the
1236:). Bro Waroc'h ("land of
567:in the mid-20th century.
524:culture and state in the
496:
486:
469:
456:
444:
436:
431:
423:
418:
352:
340:
331:
301:
267:
239:
230:
221:
172:
130:Brittany (disambiguation)
2472:. Berrien: Morvan, 1977.
2421:Kropotkin, Petr (1927).
2279:Naissance de la Bretagne
2140:Cornette, Joël (2008b).
2117:Cornette, Joël (2008a).
1841:Kingdom of Great Britain
1734:of 1720, members of the
1732:conspiracy of Pontcallec
1472:Breton War of Succession
1364:. Two Frankish leaders,
1091:states that the emperor
2324:Christian Y.M. Kerboul
2258:Fleuriot, Léon (1980).
2234:Histoire de la Bretagne
2232:Delumeau, Jean (2000).
1928:particularly under the
1607:, but Claude's husband
1431:Peter Mauclerc of Dreux
1297:and the Viking warlord
1130:, a sister language to
687:long nineteenth century
320:Old Land of Our Fathers
206:
2468:Armand Du Chatellier.
2364:Les royaumes celtiques
1924:
1756:On 4 August 1789, the
1705:diocese of Cornouaille
1531:
1267:
1163:, as originating from
1084:
1075:Arrival of the Bretons
873:Prehistory of Brittany
720:Prehistory of Brittany
714:Prehistory of Brittany
192:
178:
128:. For other uses, see
2399:Revolutionary history
2236:(in French). Privat.
2186:Croix, Alain (1996).
1918:
1882:Jean-Baptiste Carrier
1765:(better known as the
1527:
1506:. A modified form of
1482:, who was married to
1461:Britannia britonizans
1344:by the Bretons under
1265:
1082:
992:province. The modern
471: • Summer (
57:"History of Brittany"
2714:Lady Charlotte Guest
1937:Second French Empire
1826:estates of the realm
1808:Revolutionary period
1779:revolt in the Vendée
1777:and allied with the
1751:Atlantic slave trade
1652:governor of Brittany
1496:Bertrand de Guesclin
1492:Combat of the Thirty
1480:Joanna of Penthièvre
1358:Battle of Brissarthe
1295:Lambert II of Nantes
1290:expansionist ideas.
1274:. The first unified
1011:The uprising of the
42:improve this article
2940:History of Brittany
2482:Donald Sutherland.
2093:François Mitterrand
1945:Franco-Prussian War
1901:Pierre Louis Prieur
1886:Pierre Louis Prieur
1877:National Convention
1632:Estates of Brittany
1626:Early modern period
1609:Francis I of France
1601:Louis XII of France
1449:Britannia gallicana
1397:Henry II of England
1393:Revolt of 1173–1174
1258:Kingdom of Brittany
1022:tractus Armoricanus
749:Acheulian bifacials
741:Saint-Malo-de-Phily
632:Carolingian dynasty
628:Merovingian dynasty
518:Armorican peninsula
514:history of Brittany
353:Largest settlements
224:Historical province
149: /
2734:, the Netherlands.
1957:Breton nationalism
1925:
1669:During the era of
1656:Philip II of Spain
1532:
1504:John the Conqueror
1488:Hundred Years' War
1360:, near modern-day
1342:Battle of Jengland
1272:Carolingian Empire
1268:
1212:The petty kingdoms
1184:these early saints
1089:Historia Brittonum
1085:
1039:Notitia Dignitatum
1005:diocesis Galliarum
989:Gallia Lugdunensis
652:Hundred Years' War
565:Region of Brittany
437: • Total
424: • Total
2732:Leiden University
2497:Breton literature
2296:The Celtic Realms
2178:978-2-915623-79-6
2002:, which contains
1965:Battle of Le Mans
1961:Army of the Loire
1814:French Revolution
1783:French Revolution
1725:Madame de Sévigné
1713:Sébastian Ar Balp
1515:États de Bretagne
1438:Jehan of Brittany
1387:Duchy of Brittany
1374:Frankish kingdoms
1366:Robert the Strong
1276:Duchy of Brittany
1070:Early Middle Ages
944:boudins de Calage
660:French Revolution
561:French Revolution
549:Duchy of Brittany
526:Early Middle Ages
510:
509:
322:
313:Bro Gozh ma Zadoù
291:
282:
118:
117:
110:
92:
2952:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2768:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2712:. Translated by
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2584:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2528:
2522:
2479:. D. Nutt, 1912.
2458:
2439:
2430:
2425:. Translated by
2410:
2299:
2290:
2273:
2247:
2228:
2209:
2182:
2159:
2136:
2000:Loire-Atlantique
1988:Vichy government
1640:Wars of Religion
1484:Charles of Blois
1476:John of Montfort
1381:High Middle Ages
1350:Charles the Bald
1315:Battle of Ballon
1311:Charles the Bald
1307:Battle of Messac
1301:, Nominoe's son
1286:to help contain
1059:Christianisation
1053:were present in
948:Gulf of Morbihan
770:From the Middle-
765:hunter-gatherers
757:Hôpital-Camfrout
676:Loire-Inférieure
506:
503:
476:
336:
318:
287:
278:
257:
247:
235:
216:
209:
203:
195:
189:
181:
170:
169:
164:
163:
161:
160:
159:
154:
153:48.000°N 3.000°W
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2930:
2929:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2786:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2725:
2720:on 24 May 2009.
2706:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2507:Viking Brittany
2493:
2465:
2463:Further reading
2455:
2413:William Doyle.
2401:
2381:
2339:Jean Kerhervé,
2306:
2270:
2254:
2244:
2225:
2206:
2179:
2171:: Skol Vreizh.
2156:
2133:
2113:
2108:
2087:containing the
2041:Breton language
1992:Brittany Region
1990:, the official
1941:Battle of Sedan
1921:Théodore Botrel
1913:
1822:Estates General
1810:
1717:duc de Chaulnes
1628:
1623:
1500:Battle of Auray
1389:
1383:
1348:; consequently
1278:was founded by
1260:
1254:
1214:
1202:Breton language
1124:Breton language
1077:
1072:
1067:
962:
956:
876:
869:
864:
817:
799:
733:
728:
723:
716:
707:First World War
672:Ille-et-Vilaine
500:
470:
414:
361:
360:
317:
309:
297:
286:
277:
268:Motto(s):
263:
262:
261:
260:
251:
250:
226:
217:
210:
204:
197:
190:
183:
175:
168:
157:
155:
151:
148:
143:
140:
138:
136:
135:
133:
126:Brittany (name)
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2894:External links
2892:
2890:
2889:
2887:, p. 210.
2877:
2862:
2850:
2835:
2833:, p. 209.
2823:
2821:, p. 206.
2811:
2799:
2795:Kropotkin 1927
2784:
2751:
2736:
2723:
2709:The Mabinogion
2699:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2612:
2608:Cornette 2008a
2600:
2596:Cornette 2008a
2585:
2568:
2564:Cornette 2008a
2556:
2544:
2529:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2440:
2431:
2418:
2411:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2388:Marcel Planiol
2385:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2360:
2337:
2322:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2274:
2268:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2229:
2224:978-2915623451
2223:
2210:
2204:
2183:
2177:
2160:
2155:978-2757809969
2154:
2137:
2132:978-2757809952
2131:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:Bonnets Rouges
1930:Third Republic
1912:
1909:
1834:Georges Danton
1809:
1806:
1736:petty nobility
1709:Bonnets Rouges
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1574:Jehan Lagadeuc
1561:In 1420, duke
1465:Lower Brittany
1453:Upper Brittany
1425:instead. King
1399:. Henry's son
1385:Main article:
1382:
1379:
1256:Main article:
1253:
1250:
1224:(Kernev), and
1213:
1210:
1156:Dream of Maxen
1150:house of Rohan
1146:Conan Meriadoc
1140:Little Britain
1093:Magnus Maximus
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1045:, for example
958:Main article:
955:
952:
868:
865:
863:
860:
821:slash-and-burn
816:
813:
798:
795:
732:
729:
727:
724:
715:
712:
576:megalithic art
508:
507:
498:
494:
493:
490:
484:
483:
477:
467:
466:
460:
454:
453:
448:
442:
441:
438:
434:
433:
429:
428:
425:
421:
420:
416:
415:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
358:
357:
356:
354:
350:
349:
344:
338:
337:
329:
328:
302:Anthem: None (
299:
298:
269:
265:
264:
258:
252:
248:
242:
241:
240:
237:
236:
228:
227:
222:
219:
218:
176:
173:
166:
158:48.000; -3.000
116:
115:
98:September 2023
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2957:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2886:
2881:
2875:, p. 18.
2874:
2869:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2809:, p. 78.
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2695:Fleuriot 1980
2691:
2685:, p. 23.
2684:
2679:
2673:, p. 21.
2672:
2667:
2661:, p. 19.
2660:
2655:
2649:, p. 25.
2648:
2643:
2637:, p. 24.
2636:
2631:
2625:, p. 15.
2624:
2619:
2617:
2610:, p. 36.
2609:
2604:
2598:, p. 35.
2597:
2592:
2590:
2583:, p. 12.
2582:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2566:, p. 34.
2565:
2560:
2554:, p. 13.
2553:
2548:
2542:, p. 11.
2541:
2536:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
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2454:9781315508924
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2428:
2427:N.F. Dryhurst
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2262:. Éd. Payot.
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2098:In 2014, the
2096:
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2089:Pointe du Raz
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2070:Ploudalmézeau
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2015:Monts d'Arrée
2012:
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1776:
1775:Great Britain
1772:
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1764:
1761:Although the
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1548:duke of Anjou
1545:
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1000:Côtes-d'Armor
997:
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985:
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970:Julius Caesar
967:
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700:Saint-Nazaire
697:
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683:
681:
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664:Côtes-du-Nord
661:
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645:
642:and then the
641:
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629:
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614:, as well as
613:
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593:Julius Caesar
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572:neolithic era
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488:ISO 3166 code
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380:Saint-Nazaire
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59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2880:
2860:, p. 7.
2853:
2848:, p. 1.
2826:
2814:
2802:
2765:Saint-Brieuc
2760:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2726:
2718:the original
2708:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
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2642:
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2603:
2559:
2547:
2527:, p. 9.
2520:
2483:
2476:
2475:G. Lenotre.
2469:
2444:
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2414:
2406:
2391:
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2340:
2325:
2310:
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2214:
2187:
2164:
2141:
2118:
2106:Bibliography
2097:
2078:
2059:
2057:
2053:Alan Stivell
2038:
2034:Saint-Brieuc
2031:
2020:
2008:
1985:
1977:Roparz Hemon
1973:
1934:
1926:
1898:
1866:
1838:
1811:
1799:
1795:
1791:départements
1789:
1787:
1766:
1755:
1744:
1729:
1702:
1694:
1668:
1629:
1612:
1597:Duchess Anne
1578:
1568:In 1464 the
1567:
1560:
1533:
1514:
1512:
1469:
1460:
1451:(now called
1448:
1442:
1435:
1416:
1413:
1390:
1338:Pays de Retz
1335:
1331:Breton March
1292:
1269:
1215:
1199:
1180:Saint Gildas
1173:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1144:
1139:
1127:
1121:
1113:Anglo-Saxons
1086:
1042:
1020:
1010:
1003:
993:
987:
984:Latinisation
977:
963:
943:
929:
919:
912:
896:Coriosolites
877:
862:Protohistory
856:Locmariaquer
845:
833:
818:
804:
800:
784:
769:
734:
704:
684:
656:
640:Plantagenets
636:
621:
597:
569:
559:. After the
555:to become a
537:Roman Empire
530:
513:
511:
405:Saint-Brieuc
319:
311:
303:
288:
283:
279:
271:
259:Coat of arms
134:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
2885:Palmer 1941
2831:Palmer 1941
2819:Palmer 1941
2807:Popkin 2015
2797:, p. .
2697:, p. .
2304:Middle ages
2061:Amoco Cadiz
1996:departments
1979:) with the
1949:Camp Conlie
1943:during the
1845:French Navy
1816:. In 1791,
1771:Chouannerie
1763:Breton Club
1691:West Indies
1581:mercenaries
1411:'s orders.
1401:Geoffroy II
1226:Bro Waroc'h
1222:Cornouaille
1220:(Devnent),
1188:Irish saint
1065:Middle Ages
1047:Mauritanian
1017:Constantine
995:département
904:Poseidonius
852:Leon region
731:Paleolithic
598:As part of
280:Historical:
156: /
2934:Categories
2513:References
2309:E.G.Bowen
2287:1170517706
2243:2708917048
2095:to power.
1951:, outside
1864:had done.
1854:Saint-Malo
1801:bailliages
1796:présidiaux
1687:New France
1675:Saint-Malo
1621:Modern era
1593:Francis II
1570:Catholicon
1556:Charles VI
1459:-speaking
1447:-speaking
1191:Colombanus
954:Roman rule
940:briquetage
884:Armoricani
825:Plussulien
797:Mesolithic
772:Mousterian
753:Treguennec
432:Population
410:Douarnenez
400:Saint-Malo
68:newspapers
2773:cite book
2074:oil spill
2011:Brennilis
1969:Prussians
1721:the wheel
1636:Huguenots
1544:Charles V
1519:parlement
1508:Salic law
1409:King John
1206:botanical
1128:Brezhoneg
1035:Le Yaudet
1031:Avranches
915:Rhineland
841:Newgrange
815:Neolithic
726:Stone Age
668:Finistère
522:Brythonic
458:Time zone
440:4,829,968
2491:See also
2146:Le Seuil
2123:Le Seuil
2066:Portsall
2025:and the
1828:system.
1767:Jacobins
1689:and the
1664:Henry IV
1660:Isabella
1638:and the
1552:Guérande
1455:) and a
1288:Frankish
1234:Cornwall
1218:Domnonia
1165:lled-taw
1109:Dumnonia
1013:Bagaudae
979:Armorica
960:Armorica
921:Salterns
892:Namnetes
867:Iron Age
836:Barnenez
829:Touraine
787:Kerlouan
776:Mont-Dol
685:After a
680:Morbihan
630:and the
624:Frankish
600:Armorica
557:province
541:Cornwall
533:megalith
502:bretagne
325:de facto
294:de facto
207:Bertaèyn
179:Bretagne
174:Brittany
2730:Source:
2169:Morlaix
2085:commune
2081:Plogoff
2013:in the
1953:Le Mans
1890:Lorient
1818:Bretons
1740:Régence
1730:In the
1683:Lorient
1671:Colbert
1536:John IV
1419:Eleanor
1362:Le Mans
1354:Salomon
1346:Erispoe
1303:Erispoe
1299:Hastein
1284:Vikings
1280:Nominoe
1246:Conomor
1169:Litavis
1136:Cornish
1105:Britons
1097:Nennius
936:La Tène
932:Ebihens
925:La Tène
888:Osismii
848:menhirs
791:Saulges
761:Pléneuf
737:Vilaine
696:Lorient
646:. The
616:salting
497:Website
451:Bretons
446:Demonym
390:Lorient
385:Quimper
342:Country
305:de jure
273:de jure
141:48°00′N
82:scholar
2451:
2370:
2355:
2347:
2332:
2317:
2285:
2266:
2240:
2221:
2202:
2192:Rennes
2175:
2152:
2129:
2083:, the
2045:French
2004:Nantes
1905:Vannes
1894:Vannes
1862:Toulon
1747:Nantes
1681:, and
1605:Claude
1585:Breton
1563:John V
1457:Breton
1405:Arthur
1370:Ranulf
1327:Nantes
1323:Rennes
1242:Vannes
1238:Waroch
1195:Carnac
1186:. The
1161:Llydaw
1101:Gildas
1055:Rennes
1037:. The
974:Veneti
968:under
966:Romans
927:date.
908:Belgae
900:Strabo
880:Veneti
808:Téviec
780:Bréhat
745:Carnac
644:Capets
610:, and
608:Vannes
604:Nantes
589:Veneti
585:bronze
553:France
482:(CEST)
395:Vannes
370:Rennes
365:Nantes
347:France
270:None (
200:Breton
196:
193:Breizh
186:French
182:
144:3°00′W
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
2049:Diwan
1981:Nazis
1858:Brest
1679:Brest
1540:Rougé
1463:(now
1445:Gallo
1319:Redon
1230:Devon
1132:Welsh
1117:Irish
1107:from
1051:laeti
1027:Brest
839:like
692:Brest
545:Devon
480:UTC+2
465:(CET)
463:UTC+1
375:Brest
213:Gallo
89:JSTOR
75:books
2779:link
2449:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2315:ISBN
2283:OCLC
2264:ISBN
2238:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2127:ISBN
1892:and
1856:and
1494:and
1470:The
1423:Alix
1368:and
1325:and
1232:and
1204:, a
1178:and
1154:The
1134:and
1115:and
1099:and
1033:and
902:and
894:and
705:The
698:and
678:and
612:Alet
512:The
504:.com
492:FR-E
419:Area
359:List
249:Flag
61:news
2068:in
2027:ARB
2023:FLB
1700:).
1695:see
1467:).
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998:of
982:(a
759:or
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2771:{{
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1591:,
1558:.
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1008:.
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2289:.
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2246:.
2227:.
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292:(
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211:(
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198:(
188:)
184:(
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111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
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79:·
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