41:
554:
447:, seeking a review of the relationship between Poonch and Jammu and Kashmir. The Government of India responded that, since Poonch was part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, all submissions should be made through the British Resident of Jammu and Kashmir government. The Resident stated that the order of 1928, eventually based on Currie's original award, definitely settled the status of Poonch as a 'subordinate Jagirdar of Kashmir'. Jagatdev Singh's claims were dismissed without further comment.
479:(agents) of the Raja. In the 1930s, 40 percent of the earnings were collected as tax, amounting to Rs. 1 million. Whereas proprietary rights were granted to landholders elsewhere in Kashmir following the Glancy Commission recommendations in 1933, the Poonchis did not benefit from the reforms due to the jagir's autonomy. For some unknown reason, the residents of the Mendhar tehsil were granted ownership rights, which caused further resentment in the other tehsils.
539:
393:(r. 1885–1925), a 'Council of Administration' was imposed on Jammu and Kashmir by the British. The Council is said to have started encroaching on Poonch, egged on by Pratap Singh's brother Amar Singh. Complaints were made to the British, who continued the original line that Poonch was a feudatory of Jammu and Kashmir and so it was an internal affair of Jammu and Kashmir.
358:, the British Resident in Lahore, in 1852, who confirmed that Gulab Singh was indeed their suzerain. The brothers were to give the Maharaja Gulab Singh a horse with gold trappings every year and consult him on all matters of importance. The House of Poonch however continued to contest this arrangement right up to 1940.
1109:
482:
After 1928, Maharaja Hari Singh started encroaching on the administration of Poonch and, a dual system of rule was established. A resident administrator of the
Maharaja was appointed in the Poonch jagir and further officials were loaned from the state. The Raja's courts had jurisdiction only in petty
486:
The
Maharaja also imposed additional taxes to generate his own revenue from the jagir. They included taxes on cattle and sheep, export/import taxes on items like soap and silk, and imaginative taxes on wives and widows. A 'horse tax' required a payment of 50 percent of the purchase price of a horse.
309:
After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh court fell into anarchy and palace intrigues took over. Dhyan Singh, Suchet Singh as well as Dhyan Singh's son Hira Singh were murdered in these struggles. Poonch was confiscated by the Sikh Durbar on the grounds that the Rajas had rebelled against
454:
became the new Raja while being a minor. Maharaja Hari Singh appointed a guardian, who was his military secretary, to look after the Raja's 'property'. The Raja's mother was prohibited from participating in the minority administration. In July 1940, a gathering of Poonch public passed a resolution
499:
states that, being a mountainous area, Poonch accorded small farms with poor soil, but had high costs of living. The
Kashmiri tax burden made the situation worse. Many Poonchi men worked outside the jagir to alleviate the situation. They worked in Punjab, the railways, British Indian army and the
471:
Until
Jagatdev Singh's accession in 1928, the Poonch jagir was autonomous, except for the payment of a token tribute of Rs. 231 to the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. The jagir had its own officials, including a bureaucracy, police and a standing army of one company. It is said that the local
361:
In 1852, the brothers
Jawahir Singh and Moti Singh quarrelled and the Punjab Board of Revenue awarded a settlement. Moti Singh was awarded the territory of the Poonch district, and Jawahir Singh that of the Mirpur district. Christopher Snedden remarks that Moti Singh's territory amounted to
353:
The brothers
Jawahir Singh and Moti Singh were not satisfied. They put forward a claim to being independent rulers of Poonch, maintaining that they were entitled to a share in the 'family property' of all the territories controlled by Gulab Singh. The matter was adjudicated by
1140:
380:
contested this action claiming that the territory should return to him as the sole surviving descendant of Dhyan Singh. The
British did not accept the claim saying that Jawahir Singh forfeited his territory when he agreed to the annual stipend.
301:
and, in 1827, appointed Dhyan Singh as the Raja of
Bhimber, Chibbal and Poonch (covering the Mirpur and Poonch districts as of 1947). Dhyan Singh spent most of his time in Lahore, subsequently becoming the
306:(prime minister) in the Sikh court. Gulab Singh is said to have managed his jagirs on his behalf. In 1837, the hill tribes of Poonch launched a rebellion, which Gulab Singh suppressed with some cruelty.
508:, over 60,000 men from Poonch served in the army, while the rest of the state contributed only about 10,000 men. The physical proximity of Poonch to the military recruiting grounds in Punjab, such as
500:
British merchant navy in Bombay. The army was an especially important employer. It was said that every male Muslim in the jagir was, had been or would be a soldier in the
British Indian army. During
373:. Ranbir Singh paid Jawahir Singh an annual stipend of Rs. 100,000 until his death, and confiscated his territory (the Mirpur district) afterwards because Jawahir Singh had no heirs.
266:
made Siraj-Ud-Din the ruler of Poonch. Siraj-Ud-Din and his descendants Raja
Shahbaz Khan, Raja Abdul Razak, Raja Rustam Khan and Raja Khan Bahadur Khan ruled this area up to 1792.
459:. By 1945, the Maharaja's administration was deeply unpopular in Poonch, especially among the families of military servicemen, who contrasted it with that of their counterparts in
404:, whereas he maintained that it was a 'state'. This was apparently a very emotive issue for Baldev Singh and, subsequently, to the residents of Poonch. Baldev Singh's successor
451:
409:
405:
397:
377:
472:
officials, most of whom were Hindus, were disgruntled because their salaries were lower than in the rest of state. This led to inefficiency and corruption.
254:
who invaded this area in 1020. Ghaznavi failed to enter Kashmir, as he could not capture the fort of Lohara (modern day Loran, in district of Poonch).
287:
29:
This article is about the history of the Poonch district of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. For the Poonch district of Pakistan, see
443:
and implemented several encroachments on the administration of Poonch. Frictions continued. In 1936, Jagatdev Singh sent a 'memorial' to the
412:(r. 1928–1940) continued the complaints. In 1927, the British resident in Kashmir Evelyn Howell got involved and he advised Maharaja
234:
At the time of Xuanzang's visit, the Kashmir Valley controlled all the territories adjacent to it in the south and the west, including
17:
455:
expressing 'profound sorrow and deep indignation and resentment' at the Maharaja's proclamation and his description of Poonch as a
179:. It is likely that the Kashmir Valley was under the control of this region. The Abhisaras submitted to the invader, along with
369:(r. 1857–1885), who succeeded Gulab Singh. The British agreed with the assessment and forced Jawahir Singh into exile in
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1079:
655:
138:, as a fief. After the death of Ranjit Singh, Dhyan Singh was murdered in Sikh intrigues, and the region was transferred to
1325:
585:
400:(r. 1892–1918), who succeeded Moti Singh, complained in 1895 that Jammu and Kashmir started referring to Poonch as a
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80:
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755:
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56:
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cases. All serious crimes were referred to the courts in Srinagar. The Raja of Poonch lost his prestige and power.
612:. The district itself was eventually converted into a 'Poonch Division' and divided into four separate districts:
596:. When a ceasefire was effected, the Poonch district was split across the two countries. The former capital city,
1330:
921:
246:
Around 850CE, Poonch became a sovereign state ruled by Raja Nar, who was basically a horse trader. According to
40:
1202:
1179:
577:
1320:
350:. Gulab Singh reinstated the jagir of Poonch to Jawahir Singh, the eldest remaining son of Dhyan Singh.
593:
533:
517:
155:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1065:
613:
561:
504:, 31,000 men from Jammu and Kashmir served in the army, a great majority of them from Poonch. During
475:
The Raja of Poonch owned all the land in the jagir. The actual 'holders of land' were referred to as
331:
30:
807:
342:
rivers was transferred to Gulab Singh, including Poonch. He was recognised an independent ruler, a
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390:
366:
663:
592:. In response, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir joined India, and the conflict turned into an
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76:
34:
733:
416:
that, while Poonch was clearly subsidiary to Jammu and Kashmir, it was only referred to as an
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675:
573:
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151:
127:
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771:
645:
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727:
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323:
959:
947:
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516:, facilitated their enrolment. Poonchis enlisted as 'Punjabi Musalmans' and served in the
223:, the districts of Rajouri, Poonch and Abhisara had been under the sway of the Republican
8:
1239:
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902:
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496:
172:
147:
99:
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228:
158:. The war ended a year later with the region being divided between India and Pakistan.
897:
870:
858:
427:
Jagatdev Singh ascended as the Raja in 1928 at a young age, and the reigning Maharaja
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1249:
1198:
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1095:
1075:
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1019:
1007:
789:
651:
1211:
Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971), "Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War",
760:, Official web site of the Poonch District (Jammu and Kashmir), 2016, archived from
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175:
invaded the lower Jhelum belt to fight Porus, the Jhelum valley region was known as
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68:
1064:
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681:
669:
1151:
1110:"Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh"
119:
107:
1224:
1314:
621:
597:
291:
192:
150:. After the departure of the British in August 1947, the tribesmen of Poonch
131:
115:
88:
1261:
1043:
777:
761:
1210:
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565:
546:
505:
365:
In 1859, Jawahir Singh was accused of 'treacherous conspiracy' by Maharaja
275:
72:
576:
in the western part of the-then Poonch district. The rebels led by Sardar
501:
339:
283:
279:
212:
184:
139:
135:
123:
1171:
Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir
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864:
846:
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879:
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335:
187:(Taxila), and the region was consolidated into the Alexander's empire.
1232:
795:
1165:
605:
114: 1003–1320 CE). Afterwards Poonch came under the control of the
106:, but also known by its capital city, Lohara, which gave rise to the
84:
1128:
885:
819:
538:
263:
224:
220:
201:
64:
714:, 1996, p 133, 219/220, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee;
317:
44:
The Poonch Jagir in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (1946)
509:
311:
460:
370:
235:
1187:
1049:
294:, enrolled in the Maharaja's army and rose to high positions.
298:
216:
180:
60:
1087:
297:
In 1822, Ranjit Singh appointed Gulab Singh as the Raja of
922:"Poonch: A History of Conflict and Division - Azadi Times"
487:
Evidently, these taxes generated considerable resentment.
238:, which is said to have been subjugated at a recent date.
67:. The Pakistani part of the erstwhile district is now the
75:
territory, whilst the Indian part of the district is the
154:, inviting Pakistani assistance and giving rise to the
1150:
891:
852:
828:
813:
801:
740:
Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir 1994
682:
Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir 1994
670:
Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir 1994
87:; while the capital of the Indian-controlled side is
250:, Raja Trilochanpal of Poonch gave a tough fight to
310:the state and handed it over to Faiz Talib Khan of
450:With the death of Jagatdev Singh in 1940, his son
431:(r. 1925–1949), son of Amar Singh, imposed a
102:conquests. In later sources, the region is called
83:. The capital of the Pakistan-controlled side is
778:Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015
1312:
318:Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1947)
1197:, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co,
865:Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects 2004
389:After Maharaja Ranbir Singh was succeeded by
1038:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
1026:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
1014:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
1002:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
990:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
978:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
966:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
954:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
942:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
909:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
880:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
841:Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971
584:, which provided arms, and then launched an
439:mentioned, among others, that Poonch was a
326:(1845–1846) and the subsequent Treaties of
274:In 1819 this area was captured by Maharaja
750:
748:
269:
650:, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 2–,
94:In ancient times, Poonch was part of the
1288:Present day districts on OpenStreetMap:
1071:Culture and Political History of Kashmir
572:After independence in 1947, there was a
552:
537:
215:evidence, and evidence from 7th century
204:in the 7th century transliterated it as
39:
33:. For the Poonch district of India, see
745:
726:. Department of Modern Indian History,
14:
1313:
647:Historical Dictionary of Ancient India
637:
523:
59:, which is currently divided between
718:, p 269-71, N. R. Ray, N. K. Sinha;
702:Watters, Yuan Chawang, Vol I, p 284.
384:
362:two-thirds of Dhyan Singh's estate.
1265:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris
1050:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003
792:, Daily Excelsior, 6 November 2016.
643:
608:was established by Pakistan in the
334:, the entire territory between the
57:princely state of Jammu and Kashmir
24:
712:Political History of Ancient India
241:
166:
25:
1352:
1282:
466:
420:in the original grant, not as a
346:, of the newly created state of
161:
1160:. London: Martin Hopkinson Ltd.
1088:Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007),
1074:, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.,
1058:
914:
783:
196:mentions Poonch under the name
1245:Kashmir: The Unwritten History
1108:Huttenback, Robert A. (1961),
705:
696:
687:
13:
1:
1262:Snedden, Christopher (2015),
816:, Chapters III, IV.
631:
257:
111:
1117:The Journal of Asian Studies
7:
1326:History of Indian districts
1268:, Oxford University Press,
1094:, Pearson Education India,
10:
1357:
892:Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930
853:Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930
829:Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930
814:Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930
802:Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930
580:, sought support from the
534:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
527:
490:
435:(instruction) on him. The
156:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
98:region and formed part of
28:
18:Historical Poonch District
1336:Poonch District, Pakistan
1225:10.1017/s0026749x00002845
720:Journal of Indian History
610:Pakistani Poonch district
545:of Pakistan-administered
31:Poonch District, Pakistan
408:(r. 1918–1927) and
262:In 1596, Mughal emperor
55:) was a district of the
1341:History of Azad Kashmir
1248:, HarperCollins India,
724:University of Allahabad
560:in Indian-administered
270:Sikh Empire (1819–1846)
1331:Poonch district, India
693:MBH 7.4.5; 7/91/39-40.
602:Indian Poonch district
569:
568:territory to its left.
550:
45:
35:Poonch district, India
1174:, C. Hurst & Co,
578:Muhammad Ibrahim Khan
556:
541:
530:1947 Poonch rebellion
128:Maharaja Ranjit Singh
100:Alexander the Great's
43:
1240:Snedden, Christopher
1213:Modern Asian Studies
1091:Demystifying Kashmir
728:University of Kerala
644:Roy, Kumkum (2009),
582:Dominion of Pakistan
356:Sir Frederick Currie
324:First Anglo-Sikh War
126:. The Sikh monarch,
1194:Kashmir in Conflict
1189:Schofield, Victoria
968:, pp. 237–238.
956:, pp. 234–236.
944:, pp. 233–234.
855:, pp. 121–123.
790:A peep into Bhimber
604:. A new capital at
497:Christopher Snedden
452:Shiv Ratandev Singh
290:, belonging to the
130:gave Poonch to the
1321:History of Kashmir
716:A History of India
594:Indo-Pakistani War
570:
551:
549:(in green) in 1947
524:Division of Poonch
376:Moti Singh's son,
148:British suzerainty
46:
1298:Poonch (Pakistan)
1275:978-1-84904-342-7
1081:978-81-85880-31-0
1004:, pp. 29–30.
992:, pp. 30–31.
980:, pp. 29–31.
843:, pp. 52–53.
804:, pp. 31–40.
757:History of Poonch
672:, pp. 67–68.
657:978-0-8108-5366-9
600:, came under the
588:of its own using
562:Jammu and Kashmir
385:Autonomy disputes
348:Jammu and Kashmir
144:Jammu and Kashmir
81:Jammu and Kashmir
16:(Redirected from
1348:
1278:
1258:
1235:
1207:
1184:
1161:
1147:
1145:
1139:, archived from
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1066:Bamzai, P. N. K.
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445:Viceroy of India
252:Mahmood Ghaznavi
122:and finally the
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558:Poonch district
543:Poonch Division
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528:Main articles:
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518:Punjab Regiment
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469:
387:
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242:Sovereign State
169:
167:Ancient history
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142:as part of the
77:Poonch district
69:Poonch Division
49:Poonch District
38:
23:
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1306:Poonch (India)
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1283:External links
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213:Mahabharata
185:Takshashila
140:Gulab Singh
136:Dhyan Singh
124:Sikh Empire
118:, then the
1315:Categories
1204:1860648983
1181:1850656614
1166:Rai, Mridu
928:2023-06-25
632:References
514:Rawalpindi
429:Hari Singh
414:Hari Singh
322:After the
258:Mughal Era
219:traveler
206:Pun-nu-tso
1302:Sudhanoti
1242:(2013) ,
1191:(2003) ,
722:, p 304,
618:Sudhanoti
606:Rawalakot
574:rebellion
198:Paranotsa
173:Alexander
104:Paranotsa
85:Rawalakot
1168:(2004),
1154:(1930).
1068:(1994),
586:invasion
495:Scholar
344:maharaja
338:and the
332:Amritsar
264:Jahangir
225:Kambojas
221:Xuanzang
202:Xuanzang
177:Abhisara
152:rebelled
96:Abhisara
65:Pakistan
1137:2049956
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564:; with
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491:Economy
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312:Rajouri
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371:Ambala
328:Lahore
236:Taxila
89:Poonch
1229:JSTOR
1144:(PDF)
1133:JSTOR
1113:(PDF)
457:jagir
441:jagir
437:sanad
433:sanad
422:jagir
402:jagir
396:Raja
340:Indus
304:diwan
299:Jammu
181:Ambhi
171:When
132:Dogra
61:India
1290:Bagh
1270:ISBN
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624:and
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