1225:
1186:
1060:. All upper eukaryotes, including vertebrates, plants and arthropods, possess at least one HDAC per class, while most vertebrates carry the 11 canonical HDACs, with the exception of bone fish, which lack HDAC2 but appears to have an extra copy of HDAC11, dubbed HDAC12. Plants carry additional HDACs compared to animals, putatively to carry out the more complex transcriptional regulation required by these sessile organisms. HDACs appear to be deriving from an ancestral acetyl-binding domain, as HDAC homologs have been found in bacteria in the form of Acetoin utilization proteins (AcuC) proteins.
1064:
4808:
1048:), corresponding to Class III. Class IV contains just one isoform (HDAC11), which is not highly homologous with either Rpd3 or hda1 yeast enzymes, and therefore HDAC11 is assigned to its own class. The Class III enzymes are considered a separate type of enzyme and have a different mechanism of action; these enzymes are NAD-dependent, whereas HDACs in other classes require Zn as a cofactor.
29:
1425:
pathways are proposed. In addition, a clinical trial is studying valproic acid effects on the latent pools of HIV in infected persons. HDIs are currently being investigated as chemosensitizers for cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or in association with DNA methylation inhibitors based on
1238:
Histone acetylation plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Hyperacetylated chromatin is transcriptionally active, and hypoacetylated chromatin is silent. A study on mice found that a specific subset of mouse genes (7%) was deregulated in the absence of HDAC1. Their study also
1076:
Within the Class I HDACs, HDAC1, 2, and 3 are found primarily in the nucleus, whereas HDAC8 is found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and is also membrane-associated. Class II HDACs (HDAC4, 5, 6, 7 9, and 10) are able to shuttle in and out of the nucleus, depending on different signals.
1313:
motors via the microtubule network to an organelle termed the aggresome. HDAC 6 binds polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins and links to dynein motors, thereby allowing the misfolded protein cargo to be physically transported to chaperones and proteasomes for subsequent destruction. HDAC6 is
1137:
to take place. Histone deacetylases remove those acetyl groups, increasing the positive charge of histone tails and encouraging high-affinity binding between the histones and DNA backbone. The increased DNA binding condenses DNA structure, preventing transcription.
1264:
It is a mistake to regard HDACs solely in the context of regulating gene transcription by modifying histones and chromatin structure, although that appears to be the predominant function. The function, activity, and stability of proteins can be controlled by
1043:
and are not affected by TSA. Homologues to these three groups are found in yeast having the names: reduced potassium dependency 3 (Rpd3), which corresponds to Class I; histone deacetylase 1 (hda1), corresponding to Class II; and silent information regulator 2
1285:
of lysine residues is emerging as an analogous mechanism, in which non-histone proteins are acted on by acetylases and deacetylases. It is in this context that HDACs are being found to interact with a variety of non-histone proteins—some of these are
1429:
HDAC inhibitors have effects on non-histone proteins that are related to acetylation. HDIs can alter the degree of acetylation of these molecules and, therefore, increase or repress their activity. For the four examples given above (see
1251:
and suggest a novel function for HDAC1 as a transcriptional coactivator. HDAC1 expression was found to be increased in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia subjects, negatively correlating with the expression of
1369:
is a key transcription factor and effector molecule involved in responses to cell stress, consisting of a p50/p65 heterodimer. The p65 subunit is controlled by acetylation via PCAF and by deacetylation via
1203:
proteins in a tightly assembled core region plus up to 30% of each histone remaining in a loosely organized tail (only one tail of each pair is shown). DNA is wrapped around the histone core proteins in
1332:
pathway. PTEN is subject to complex regulatory control via phosphorylation, ubiquitination, oxidation and acetylation. Acetylation of PTEN by the histone acetyltransferase p300/CBP-associated factor (
1208:. The lysines (K) are designated with a number showing their position as, for instance (K4), indicating lysine as the 4th amino acid from the amino (N) end of the tail in the histone protein.
1035:
HDAC proteins are grouped into four classes (see above) based on function and DNA sequence similarity. Class I, II and IV are considered "classical" HDACs whose activities are inhibited by
1508:
species and stages which may indicate they have potential in malaria treatment. It has been shown that HDIs accumulate acetylated histone H3K9/H3K14, a downstream target of class I HDACs.
1355:. APE1/Ref-1 is acetylated by PCAF; on the converse, it is stably associated with and deacetylated by Class I HDACs. The acetylation state of APE1/Ref-1 does not appear to affect its
1015:
HDAC (except class III) contain zinc and are known as Zn-dependent histone deacetylases. They feature a classical arginase fold and are structurally and mechanistically distinct from
3944:
435:
3458:
2589:
Yao XH, Nyomba BL (June 2008). "Hepatic insulin resistance induced by prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with reduced PTEN and TRB3 acetylation in adult rat offspring".
439:
2763:
Hahnen E, Hauke J, Tränkle C, Eyüpoglu IY, Wirth B, Blümcke I (February 2008). "Histone deacetylase inhibitors: possible implications for neurodegenerative disorders".
341:
208:
1351:) is a multifunctional protein possessing both DNA repair activity (on abasic and single-strand break sites) and transcriptional regulatory activity associated with
2290:
Valenzuela-Fernández A, Cabrero JR, Serrador JM, Sánchez-Madrid F (June 2008). "HDAC6: a key regulator of cytoskeleton, cell migration and cell-cell interactions".
4546:
2376:"Histone deactylase 1 expression is increased in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia subjects: analysis of the National Brain Databank microarray collection"
2057:
Imai S, Armstrong CM, Kaeberlein M, Guarente L (February 2000). "Transcriptional silencing and longevity protein Sir2 is an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase".
2501:"Comment on: Winkler et al. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is an essential modifier of glucocorticoid-induced hepatic gluconeogenesis. Diabetes 2012;61:513-523"
1495:
Histone deacetylase inhibitors may modulate the latency of some viruses, resulting in reactivation. This has been shown to occur, for instance, with a latent
3937:
3215:
Drummond DC, Noble CO, Kirpotin DB, Guo Z, Scott GK, Benz CC (2005). "Clinical development of histone deacetylase inhibitors as anticancer agents".
1392:
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) have a long history of use in psychiatry and neurology as mood stabilizers and anti-epileptics, for example,
3930:
4631:
4611:
1359:
activity, but it does regulate its transcriptional activity such as its ability to bind to the PTH promoter and initiate transcription of the
1537:
227:
4731:
4539:
422:. HDAC proteins are now also called lysine deacetylases (KDAC), to describe their function rather than their target, which also includes
1273:
is perhaps the most widely studied and understood modification in which certain amino acid residues are phosphorylated by the action of
4646:
1828:"Histone deacetylases, acetoin utilization proteins and acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases are members of an ancient protein superfamily"
418:
is wrapped around histones, and DNA expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. HDAC's action is opposite to that of
4532:
3489:
760:
220:
4208:
4120:
4087:
4015:
4173:
4054:
3966:
3635:
289:
171:
1671:"Histone Deacetylases (HDACs): Evolution, Specificity, Role in Transcriptional Complexes, and Pharmacological Actionability"
1558:"Structural and functional analysis of the human HDAC4 catalytic domain reveals a regulatory structural zinc-binding domain"
1426:
in vitro synergy. Isoform selective HDIs which can aid in elucidating role of individual HDAC isoforms have been developed.
450:
HDACs, are classified in four classes depending on sequence homology to the yeast original enzymes and domain organization:
361:
2255:
Longworth MS, Laimins LA (July 2006). "Histone deacetylase 3 localizes to the plasma membrane and is a substrate of Src".
3867:
4185:
1039:(TSA) and have a zinc dependent active site, whereas Class III enzymes are a family of NAD-dependent proteins known as
1421:), was approved in 2009 for patients with CTCL. The exact mechanisms by which the compounds may work are unclear, but
4255:
1092:, and forms complexes with other partner proteins, and is, therefore, involved in a variety of biological processes.
1024:
3399:"SAHAquines, Novel Hybrids Based on SAHA and Primaquine Motifs, as Potential Cytostatic and Antiplasmodial Agents"
3839:
2423:
Glozak MA, Sengupta N, Zhang X, Seto E (December 2005). "Acetylation and deacetylation of non-histone proteins".
1266:
1217:
165:
4148:
3892:
1439:
1117:
amino acids. These positive charges help the histone tails to interact with and bind to the negatively charged
147:
3834:
1875:
Dokmanovic M, Clarke C, Marks PA (October 2007). "Histone deacetylase inhibitors: overview and perspectives".
349:
4555:
4411:
3887:
1522:
1387:
442:, the histone deacetylases form an ancient protein superfamily known as the histone deacetylase superfamily.
152:
3855:
3829:
4786:
3021:
2010:"Structural and chemical biology of deacetylases for carbohydrates, proteins, small molecules and histones"
1410:
1125:, which occurs normally in a cell, neutralizes the positive charges on the histone by changing amines into
1556:
Bottomley MJ, Lo Surdo P, Di
Giovine P, Cirillo A, Scarpelli R, Ferrigno F, et al. (September 2008).
3482:
232:
3252:"HATs and HDACs: from structure, function and regulation to novel strategies for therapy and prevention"
2460:"Role of the aggresome pathway in cancer: targeting histone deacetylase 6-dependent protein degradation"
1438:
blocks the effect. HDIs have been shown to alter the activity of many transcription factors, including
140:
4798:
4110:
3515:
3033:
Batty N, Malouf GG, Issa JP (August 2009). "Histone deacetylase inhibitors as anti-neoplastic agents".
1779:"Histone Deacetylases and Mechanisms of Regulation of Gene Expression (Histone deacetylases in cancer)"
1399:
345:
3168:"Rational design and simple chemistry yield a superior, neuroprotective HDAC6 inhibitor, tubastatin A"
4512:
4499:
4486:
4473:
4460:
4447:
4434:
4396:
3712:
3648:
3618:
3596:
2626:"Role of acetylated human AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1) in regulation of the parathyroid hormone gene"
1532:
1527:
1517:
1414:
1291:
854:
723:
682:
595:
506:
419:
302:
75:
3070:"3-Hydroxypyridin-2-thione as novel zinc binding group for selective histone deacetylase inhibition"
4571:
4566:
4406:
4360:
4303:
3957:
3922:
3506:
3498:
3452:
3293:"Suppression of oxidative stress by β-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor"
3117:
Mwakwari SC, Guerrant W, Patil V, Khan SI, Tekwani BL, Gurard-Levin ZA, et al. (August 2010).
1912:"Nuclear receptor co-repressors are required for the histone-deacetylase activity of HDAC3 in vivo"
1485:
1224:
1185:
1176:
1141:
Histone deacetylase is involved in a series of pathways within the living system. According to the
1134:
960:
377:
168:
58:
92:
4308:
4027:
3813:
3502:
3397:
Beus M, Rajić Z, Maysinger D, Mlinarić Z, Antunović M, Marijanović I, et al. (August 2018).
3119:"Non-peptide macrocyclic histone deacetylase inhibitors derived from tricyclic ketolide skeleton"
1158:
556:
1378:
These are just some examples of constantly emerging non-histone, non-chromatin roles for HDACs.
1179:
1170:
1161:
3722:
3475:
3448:
2673:
Fantini D, Vascotto C, Deganuto M, Bivi N, Gustincich S, Marcon G, et al. (January 2008).
1467:
3228:
2325:
Zupkovitz G, Tischler J, Posch M, Sadzak I, Ramsauer K, Egger G, et al. (November 2006).
1314:
important regulator of HSP90 function and its inhibitor proposed to treat metabolic disorders.
4716:
4329:
4248:
3906:
3901:
3769:
3671:
3291:
Shimazu T, Hirschey MD, Newman J, He W, Shirakawa K, Le Moan N, et al. (January 2013).
2979:
Monneret C (April 2007). "Histone deacetylase inhibitors for epigenetic therapy of cancer".
4761:
4401:
4158:
3803:
3717:
3683:
3577:
3304:
2066:
1733:
1720:
Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, et al. (August 2009).
1669:
Milazzo G, Mercatelli D, Di Muzio G, Triboli L, De Rosa P, Perini G, Giorgi FM (May 2020).
1287:
328:
128:
2834:
Geurs S, Clarisse D, Baele F, Franceus J, Desmet T, De
Bosscher K, D'hooghe M (May 2022).
8:
4365:
4138:
3786:
3754:
3614:
1497:
1434:) on HDACs acting on non-histone proteins, in each of those instances the HDAC inhibitor
1360:
1240:
1154:
773:
423:
411:
104:
70:
3467:
3308:
2458:
Rodriguez-Gonzalez A, Lin T, Ikeda AK, Simms-Waldrip T, Fu C, Sakamoto KM (April 2008).
2070:
1737:
1722:"Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions"
1129:
and decreases the ability of the histones to bind to DNA. This decreased binding allows
63:
4298:
4163:
3555:
3423:
3398:
3374:
3349:
3325:
3292:
3192:
3167:
3143:
3118:
3094:
3069:
3004:
2921:
2896:
2877:
2788:
2699:
2674:
2525:
2500:
2400:
2375:
2351:
2326:
2232:
2207:
2183:
2158:
2134:
2109:
2090:
2034:
2009:
1985:
1960:
1936:
1911:
1803:
1778:
1759:
1697:
1670:
1641:
1608:
1584:
1557:
1067:
Topological phylogenetic tree representation of 226 members of the HDAC protein family.
2650:
2625:
2110:"The Rpd3/Hda1 family of lysine deacetylases: from bacteria and yeast to mice and men"
1852:
1827:
1056:
HDACs are conserved across evolution, showing orthologs in all eukaryotes and even in
183:
4828:
4756:
4641:
4621:
4133:
3874:
3428:
3379:
3330:
3273:
3232:
3197:
3148:
3099:
3050:
2996:
2961:
2944:
Miller TA, Witter DJ, Belvedere S (November 2003). "Histone deacetylase inhibitors".
2926:
2881:
2869:
2780:
2745:
2704:
2655:
2606:
2571:
2530:
2481:
2440:
2405:
2356:
2307:
2272:
2237:
2188:
2139:
2082:
2039:
1990:
1941:
1892:
1857:
1808:
1763:
1751:
1702:
1646:
1628:
1589:
1402:. Also in recent years, there has been an effort to develop HDIs for cancer therapy.
785:
732:
502:
336:
294:
159:
38:
3008:
2792:
2327:"Negative and positive regulation of gene expression by mouse histone deacetylase 1"
1794:
270:
4721:
4581:
4344:
4339:
4313:
4241:
3796:
3779:
3418:
3410:
3369:
3361:
3320:
3312:
3263:
3224:
3187:
3179:
3166:
Butler KV, Kalin J, Brochier C, Vistoli G, Langley B, Kozikowski AP (August 2010).
3138:
3130:
3089:
3081:
3042:
2988:
2953:
2916:
2908:
2859:
2851:
2772:
2735:
2724:"Ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and acetylation--triple threat in muscle wasting"
2694:
2686:
2645:
2637:
2598:
2561:
2520:
2512:
2471:
2432:
2395:
2387:
2346:
2338:
2299:
2264:
2227:
2219:
2178:
2170:
2129:
2121:
2094:
2074:
2029:
2021:
1980:
1972:
1931:
1923:
1884:
1847:
1839:
1798:
1790:
1741:
1692:
1682:
1636:
1620:
1579:
1569:
1352:
324:
2591:
American
Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
2566:
2549:
2476:
2459:
1888:
4706:
4586:
4524:
4391:
4375:
4288:
3660:
3365:
3046:
2992:
2391:
2289:
2174:
1489:
1321:
1270:
1118:
282:
2806:
2206:
de
Ruijter AJ, van Gennip AH, Caron HN, Kemp S, van Kuilenburg AB (March 2003).
1624:
1413:
approved in 2006 for the treatment of cutaneous manifestations in patients with
846:
187:
4812:
4736:
4711:
4676:
4429:
4370:
4190:
4153:
4125:
4077:
4072:
4059:
4009:
3971:
3870:
3858:
3808:
3462:
3350:"The molecular biology of human herpesvirus-6 latency and telomere integration"
2912:
2602:
2436:
1435:
1398:. In more recent times, HDIs are being studied as a mitigator or treatment for
1274:
1036:
414:. HDACs allow histones to wrap the DNA more tightly. This is important because
203:
2835:
2776:
2690:
2303:
2025:
4822:
4334:
4293:
4217:
4143:
4092:
3572:
2208:"Histone deacetylases (HDACs): characterization of the classical HDAC family"
1843:
1632:
1482:
1394:
1020:
178:
3316:
1746:
1721:
43:
4746:
4741:
4726:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4601:
4283:
3999:
3979:
3432:
3414:
3383:
3334:
3277:
3268:
3251:
3236:
3201:
3152:
3103:
3054:
3000:
2965:
2930:
2873:
2864:
2840:
a lean inhibitor strategy: screening, synthesis, and biological evaluation"
2784:
2749:
2708:
2659:
2641:
2610:
2575:
2534:
2485:
2444:
2409:
2360:
2311:
2276:
2268:
2241:
2192:
2143:
2086:
2043:
1994:
1945:
1896:
1812:
1755:
1706:
1650:
1593:
1574:
1278:
1080:
HDAC6 is a cytoplasmic, microtubule-associated enzyme. HDAC6 deacetylates
392:
3022:
Depletion of Latent HIV in CD4 Cells - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
1861:
1687:
298:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4661:
4651:
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4442:
4278:
4067:
3994:
3984:
3759:
3727:
3630:
2342:
1317:
1282:
1213:
1209:
1122:
693:
380:
116:
4771:
4766:
4696:
4636:
4626:
4596:
4222:
4105:
4022:
3911:
3605:
3560:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
2855:
2457:
2223:
1443:
1422:
1418:
1403:
1356:
1329:
1302:
1230:
1205:
1196:
1191:
1167:
535:
403:
3183:
3134:
3085:
2957:
2740:
2723:
2516:
1976:
1927:
1336:) can repress its activity; on the converse, deacetylation of PTEN by
4751:
4701:
4606:
4481:
4455:
4198:
3953:
3567:
2078:
1306:
1130:
1089:
905:
3952:
2125:
1910:
You SH, Lim HW, Sun Z, Broache M, Won KJ, Lazar MA (February 2013).
1417:(CTCL) that have failed previous treatments. A second HDI, Istodax (
4807:
4616:
4591:
4100:
3774:
3764:
1504:
Histone deacetylase inhibitors have shown activity against certain
1114:
277:
3068:
Patil V, Sodji QH, Kornacki JR, Mrksich M, Oyelere AK (May 2013).
1555:
1366:
4042:
3734:
3601:
1609:"Erasers of histone acetylation: the histone deacetylase enzymes"
1200:
1081:
1057:
1040:
1016:
901:
407:
135:
2624:
Bhakat KK, Izumi T, Yang SH, Hazra TK, Mitra S (December 2003).
1668:
4494:
4264:
3989:
3530:
2056:
1475:
1310:
1110:
1063:
989:
873:
687:
400:
388:
356:
215:
111:
99:
87:
4468:
4168:
3791:
3643:
2205:
1961:"Histone deacetylase inhibitors: Potential in cancer therapy"
1471:
1451:
1371:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1298:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1126:
1106:
1085:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
863:
858:
850:
832:
819:
802:
795:
781:
777:
765:
756:
742:
719:
701:
678:
660:
630:
620:
615:
611:
603:
581:
568:
542:
530:
Embryonic lethal, increased histone acetylation, increase in
522:
488:
34:
2894:
2836:"Identification of mercaptoacetamide-based HDAC6 inhibitors
2550:"PTEN acetylation modulates its interaction with PDZ domain"
2324:
4032:
4004:
3862:
3692:
3623:
2672:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1333:
1320:
is an important phosphatase involved in cell signaling via
1146:
1045:
955:
789:
769:
728:
715:
674:
647:
607:
564:
518:
514:
318:
265:
123:
4233:
3396:
3165:
2833:
2762:
16:
Class of enzymes important in regulating DNA transcription
3497:
3116:
3067:
1719:
1325:
599:
560:
531:
510:
415:
3214:
2675:"APE1/Ref-1 regulates PTEN expression mediated by Egr-1"
445:
3290:
2422:
28:
2548:
Ikenoue T, Inoki K, Zhao B, Guan KL (September 2008).
4796:
2943:
2895:
Mwakwari SC, Patil V, Guerrant W, Oyelere AK (2010).
2156:
1874:
1777:
Chen, Hong Ping; Zhao, Yu Tina; Zhao, Ting C (2015).
1105:
Histone tails are normally positively charged due to
2623:
2547:
1294:, some are not. Note the following four examples:
4554:
2829:
2827:
2373:
3347:
4820:
2374:Sharma RP, Grayson DR, Gavin DP (January 2008).
2254:
1909:
3032:
2824:
794:Maintenance of vascular integrity, increase in
1664:
1662:
1660:
4540:
4249:
3938:
3483:
2157:Barneda-Zahonero B, Parra M (December 2012).
1825:
1538:RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure
1492:of FOXO3a by histone deacetylase inhibition.
1305:. Misfolded protein aggregates are tagged by
426:. In general, they suppress gene expression.
3284:
3243:
3217:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
3208:
3026:
2972:
2897:"Macrocyclic histone deacetylase inhibitors"
2888:
2756:
2715:
2666:
2617:
2582:
2541:
2451:
2416:
2367:
2283:
2248:
2199:
2150:
1776:
1607:Seto, Edward; Yoshida, Minoru (2014-04-01).
2007:
1952:
1868:
1713:
1657:
1606:
1166:Cellular processes; cell growth and death;
1071:
4547:
4533:
4256:
4242:
3945:
3931:
3490:
3476:
2721:
1819:
1613:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
753:heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, placenta
27:
4572:β-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-hydroxybutyrate)
3451:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3422:
3373:
3348:Arbuckle JH, Medveczky PG (August 2011).
3324:
3267:
3229:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095825
3191:
3142:
3093:
2920:
2863:
2739:
2698:
2649:
2588:
2565:
2524:
2475:
2399:
2350:
2231:
2182:
2133:
2033:
1984:
1935:
1916:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
1851:
1802:
1745:
1696:
1686:
1640:
1583:
1573:
454:HDAC classification in higher eukaryotes
3249:
3172:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2978:
2107:
1223:
1184:
1062:
2765:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
1958:
1826:Leipe DD, Landsman D (September 1997).
1143:Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
1100:
4821:
2318:
2114:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1259:
1153:Environmental information processing;
4528:
4237:
4174:Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
3926:
3636:Histone acetylation and deacetylation
3471:
2901:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
2498:
1277:or dephosphorylated by the action of
1000:brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney
446:Classes of HDACs in higher eukaryotes
1220:on the lysines of the histone tails.
429:
1562:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1488:has been shown in mice to increase
13:
2807:"Scientists 'reverse' memory loss"
1381:
1309:and removed from the cytoplasm by
750:Nucleus / cytoplasm / mitochondria
14:
4840:
3442:
2159:"Histone deacetylases and cancer"
4806:
1965:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
1267:post-translational modifications
1218:post-translational modifications
4582:Acetoacetic acid (acetoacetate)
3956:: carbon-nitrogen non-peptide (
3840:Archaeal transcription factor B
3390:
3341:
3250:Yang XJ, Seto E (August 2007).
3159:
3110:
3061:
3015:
2937:
2799:
2722:Hasselgren PO (December 2007).
2492:
2101:
2050:
2001:
1795:10.1615/critrevoncog.2015012997
1528:Histone methyltransferase (HMT)
1518:Histone acetyltransferase (HAT)
1019:(class III), which fold into a
436:acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases
247:Histone deacetylase superfamily
4556:Histone deacetylase inhibitors
4149:Inosine monophosphate synthase
3123:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
3074:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
2946:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
2728:Journal of Cellular Physiology
2331:Molecular and Cellular Biology
2108:Yang XJ, Seto E (March 2008).
1903:
1770:
1600:
1549:
1133:expansion, permitting genetic
843:heart, liver, kidney, placenta
1:
4787:Receptor/signaling modulators
2567:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1107
2477:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5989
1959:Marks PA, Xu WS (July 2009).
1889:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-07-0324
1543:
1523:Histone deacetylase inhibitor
1388:Histone deacetylase inhibitor
1344:, can stimulate its activity.
1229:Some repression signals on a
1190:Some activation signals on a
712:heart, skeletal muscle, brain
671:heart, skeletal muscle, brain
313:Available protein structures:
3366:10.1016/j.micinf.2011.03.006
3047:10.1016/j.canlet.2009.03.013
2993:10.1097/CAD.0b013e328012a5db
2511:(7): e10, author reply e11.
2392:10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.020
2175:10.1016/j.molonc.2012.07.003
1051:
440:acetoin utilization proteins
7:
4712:Sodium oxybate (GHB sodium)
4263:
1625:10.1101/cshperspect.a018713
1511:
1095:
1030:
10:
4845:
4111:Protein-arginine deiminase
4033:Fatty acid amide hydrolase
3516:Transcriptional regulation
2913:10.2174/156802610792232079
2603:10.1152/ajpregu.00804.2007
2437:10.1016/j.gene.2005.09.010
2008:BĂĽrger M, Chory J (2018).
1400:neurodegenerative diseases
1385:
33:Catalytic domain of human
4780:
4752:Valproic acid (valproate)
4562:
4420:
4412:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
4384:
4353:
4322:
4271:
4207:
4184:
4119:
4086:
4053:
3965:
3883:
3848:
3822:
3747:
3713:Transcription coregulator
3705:
3682:
3659:
3649:Histone acetyltransferase
3619:Histone methyltransferase
3597:Histone-modifying enzymes
3595:
3588:
3523:
3514:
2777:10.1517/13543784.17.2.169
2691:10.1080/10715760701765616
2304:10.1016/j.tcb.2008.04.003
2026:10.1038/s42003-018-0214-4
1877:Molecular Cancer Research
1533:Histone-modifying enzymes
1415:cutaneous T cell lymphoma
1199:consist of four pairs of
1175:Human diseases; cancers;
897:
828:
656:
484:
420:histone acetyltransferase
355:
335:
317:
312:
308:
288:
276:
264:
256:
251:
246:
226:
214:
202:
197:
193:
177:
158:
146:
134:
122:
110:
98:
86:
81:
69:
57:
52:
26:
21:
4304:Diffusion-limited enzyme
3453:Medical Subject Headings
1177:chronic myeloid leukemia
1109:groups present on their
1072:Subcellular distribution
468:Subcellular localization
4602:Butyric acid (butyrate)
4028:Aspartylglucosaminidase
3814:Internal control region
3317:10.1126/science.1227166
2844:Chemical Communications
2212:The Biochemical Journal
1747:10.1126/science.1175371
1470:, Runx, SF1 Sp3, STAT,
1159:notch signaling pathway
557:Glucocorticoid receptor
3415:10.1002/open.201800117
3354:Microbes and Infection
3269:10.1038/sj.onc.1210599
2499:Mahla RS (July 2012).
2380:Schizophrenia Research
2292:Trends in Cell Biology
2269:10.1038/sj.onc.1209473
2014:Communications Biology
1844:10.1093/nar/25.18.3693
1832:Nucleic Acids Research
1575:10.1074/jbc.M803514200
1235:
1221:
1068:
813:brain, skeletal muscle
37:with bound inhibitor.
4717:Sodium phenylbutyrate
4567:3,3'-Diindolylmethane
4397:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
4330:Allosteric regulation
3907:Intrinsic termination
3672:DNA methyltransferase
2679:Free Radical Research
1688:10.3390/genes11050556
1288:transcription factors
1227:
1188:
1121:on the DNA backbone.
1066:
1021:Rossmann architecture
884:liver, spleen, kidney
399:) from an ε-N-acetyl
35:histone deacetylase 4
4762:Valproate semisodium
4407:Lineweaver–Burk plot
4159:GTP cyclohydrolase I
3684:Chromatin remodeling
2642:10.1093/emboj/cdg595
2343:10.1128/MCB.01220-06
1436:Trichostatin A (TSA)
1340:deacetylase and, by
1101:Histone modification
424:non-histone proteins
412:non-histone proteins
374:Histone deacetylases
4139:Adenosine deaminase
4038:Histone deacetylase
3641:Histone deacetylase
3631:Histone demethylase
3615:Histone methylation
3449:Histone+deacetylase
3309:2013Sci...339..211S
3178:(31): 10842–10846.
2071:2000Natur.403..795I
1738:2009Sci...325..834C
1568:(39): 26694–26704.
1498:human herpesvirus-6
1361:parathyroid hormone
1301:is associated with
1260:Non-histone effects
1239:found a regulatory
1155:signal transduction
997:Nucleus / cytoplasm
810:Nucleus / cytoplasm
774:endothelin receptor
709:Nucleus / cytoplasm
668:Nucleus / cytoplasm
480:Knockout phenotype
471:Tissue distribution
455:
41:rendering based on
22:Histone deacetylase
4366:Enzyme superfamily
4299:Enzyme promiscuity
4164:Cytidine deaminase
4123:: Cyclic amidines/
4090:: Linear amidines/
2856:10.1039/D2CC01550A
2597:(6): R1797–R1806.
2224:10.1042/BJ20021321
2163:Molecular Oncology
1236:
1222:
1069:
453:
434:Together with the
4794:
4793:
4772:Vorinostat (SAHA)
4757:Valproate pivoxil
4642:Indole-3-carbinol
4622:Diallyl disulfide
4522:
4521:
4231:
4230:
4134:Guanine deaminase
3969:: Linear amides /
3920:
3919:
3875:RNA polymerase II
3743:
3742:
3701:
3700:
3303:(6116): 211–214.
3262:(37): 5310–5318.
3184:10.1021/ja102758v
3135:10.1021/jm100507q
3129:(16): 6100–6111.
3086:10.1021/jm301769u
2981:Anti-Cancer Drugs
2958:10.1021/jm0303094
2952:(24): 5097–5116.
2907:(14): 1423–1440.
2850:(42): 6239–6242.
2741:10.1002/jcp.21190
2636:(23): 6299–6309.
2560:(17): 6908–6912.
2517:10.2337/db12-0323
2337:(21): 7913–7928.
2263:(32): 4495–4500.
2218:(Pt 3): 737–749.
2065:(6771): 795–800.
1977:10.1002/jcb.22185
1928:10.1038/nsmb.2476
1838:(18): 3693–3697.
1732:(5942): 834–840.
1486:β-hydroxybutyrate
1013:
1012:
786:androgen receptor
733:estrogen receptor
638:Nucleus/cytoplasm
503:Androgen receptor
430:HDAC super family
387:) are a class of
371:
370:
367:
366:
362:structure summary
242:
241:
238:
237:
141:metabolic pathway
4836:
4811:
4810:
4802:
4722:Sodium valproate
4549:
4542:
4535:
4526:
4525:
4402:Hanes–Woolf plot
4345:Enzyme activator
4340:Enzyme inhibitor
4314:Enzyme catalysis
4258:
4251:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4057:: Cyclic amides/
3947:
3940:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3797:Response element
3780:Response element
3593:
3592:
3521:
3520:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3360:(8–9): 731–741.
3345:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3080:(9): 3492–3506.
3065:
3059:
3058:
3030:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2867:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2630:The EMBO Journal
2621:
2615:
2614:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2470:(8): 2557–2560.
2455:
2449:
2448:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2386:(1–3): 111–117.
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2079:10.1038/35001622
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1749:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1553:
1353:oxidative stress
1322:phosphoinositols
1119:phosphate groups
881:Mostly cytoplasm
840:Mostly cytoplasm
696:differentiation
477:Binding partners
456:
452:
310:
309:
244:
243:
195:
194:
46:
31:
19:
18:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4805:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4776:
4707:Sodium butyrate
4587:Allyl mercaptan
4558:
4553:
4523:
4518:
4430:Oxidoreductases
4416:
4392:Enzyme kinetics
4380:
4376:List of enzymes
4349:
4318:
4289:Catalytic triad
4267:
4262:
4232:
4227:
4203:
4191:Aminohydrolases
4189:
4180:
4126:Aminohydrolases
4124:
4115:
4091:
4082:
4060:Amidohydrolases
4058:
4049:
3972:Amidohydrolases
3970:
3961:
3951:
3921:
3916:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3844:
3818:
3739:
3697:
3678:
3661:DNA methylation
3655:
3599:
3584:
3510:
3496:
3445:
3440:
3395:
3391:
3346:
3342:
3289:
3285:
3248:
3244:
3213:
3209:
3164:
3160:
3115:
3111:
3066:
3062:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3016:
2977:
2973:
2942:
2938:
2893:
2889:
2865:1854/LU-8752799
2832:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2761:
2757:
2720:
2716:
2671:
2667:
2622:
2618:
2587:
2583:
2554:Cancer Research
2546:
2542:
2497:
2493:
2464:Cancer Research
2456:
2452:
2421:
2417:
2372:
2368:
2323:
2319:
2288:
2284:
2253:
2249:
2204:
2200:
2155:
2151:
2126:10.1038/nrm2346
2106:
2102:
2055:
2051:
2006:
2002:
1957:
1953:
1908:
1904:
1883:(10): 981–989.
1873:
1869:
1824:
1820:
1775:
1771:
1718:
1714:
1667:
1658:
1605:
1601:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1514:
1490:gene expression
1390:
1384:
1382:HDAC inhibitors
1275:protein kinases
1271:phosphorylation
1262:
1103:
1098:
1074:
1054:
1033:
824:Cardiac defect
737:Cardiac defect
576:Cardiac defect
465:Catalytic sites
448:
432:
398:
48:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4816:
4815:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Trichostatin A
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4677:Phenylbutyrate
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4503:
4490:
4477:
4464:
4451:
4438:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4354:Classification
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4161:
4156:
4154:DCMP deaminase
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4093:Ureohydrolases
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4078:Dihydroorotase
4075:
4073:Beta-lactamase
4070:
4064:
4062:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4010:Aspartoacylase
4007:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3963:
3962:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3871:RNA polymerase
3865:
3859:RNA polymerase
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3664:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3611:
3609:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3527:
3525:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3444:
3443:External links
3441:
3439:
3438:
3409:(8): 624–638.
3389:
3340:
3283:
3242:
3207:
3158:
3109:
3060:
3041:(2): 192–200.
3035:Cancer Letters
3025:
3014:
2987:(4): 363–370.
2971:
2936:
2887:
2823:
2798:
2771:(2): 169–184.
2755:
2734:(3): 679–689.
2714:
2665:
2616:
2581:
2540:
2491:
2450:
2415:
2366:
2317:
2298:(6): 291–297.
2282:
2247:
2198:
2169:(6): 579–589.
2149:
2120:(3): 206–218.
2100:
2049:
2000:
1971:(4): 600–608.
1951:
1922:(2): 182–187.
1902:
1867:
1818:
1789:(1–2): 35–47.
1783:Crit Rev Oncog
1769:
1712:
1681:(5): 556–604.
1656:
1619:(4): a018713.
1599:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1386:Main article:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1345:
1315:
1307:ubiquitination
1261:
1258:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1149:), these are:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1073:
1070:
1053:
1050:
1037:trichostatin A
1032:
1029:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
987:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
952:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
899:
895:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
870:
869:
866:
861:
844:
841:
838:
835:
830:
826:
825:
822:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
799:
798:
792:
763:
754:
751:
748:
745:
739:
738:
735:
726:
713:
710:
707:
704:
698:
697:
690:
685:
672:
669:
666:
663:
658:
654:
653:
650:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
627:
626:
623:
618:
593:
590:
587:
584:
578:
577:
574:
571:
554:
551:
548:
545:
539:
538:
528:
525:
500:
497:
494:
491:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
447:
444:
431:
428:
396:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
353:
352:
339:
333:
332:
322:
315:
314:
306:
305:
292:
286:
285:
280:
274:
273:
268:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
240:
239:
236:
235:
230:
224:
223:
218:
212:
211:
206:
200:
199:
191:
190:
181:
175:
174:
163:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
126:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
50:
49:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4841:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4538:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:Enzyme family
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:Cooperativity
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Oxyanion hole
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4252:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4224:
4223:Thiaminase II
4221:
4219:
4218:Riboflavinase
4216:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:AMP deaminase
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3578:trp repressor
3576:
3574:
3573:lac repressor
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:Transcription
3493:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3403:ChemistryOpen
3400:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1395:valproic acid
1389:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:co-regulators
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1135:transcription
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
991:
988:
985:
984:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
963:
962:
961:S. cerevisiae
958:in the yeast
957:
954:
953:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
900:
896:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
867:
865:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
834:
831:
827:
823:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:
762:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
736:
734:
730:
727:
725:
721:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
691:
689:
686:
684:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
662:
659:
655:
651:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
624:
622:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
537:
533:
529:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
490:
487:
483:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
451:
443:
441:
437:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
394:
393:acetyl groups
390:
386:
382:
379:
375:
363:
360:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
320:
316:
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
293:
291:
287:
284:
281:
279:
275:
272:
269:
267:
263:
260:Hist_deacetyl
259:
255:
250:
245:
234:
231:
229:
225:
222:
219:
217:
213:
210:
207:
205:
201:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
180:
179:Gene Ontology
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
130:
127:
125:
121:
118:
117:NiceZyme view
115:
113:
109:
106:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
89:
85:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
4783:
4782:
4747:Valnoctamide
4742:Tucidinostat
4727:Sulforaphane
4672:Parthenolide
4667:Panobinostat
4657:Mocetinostat
4632:Fimepinostat
4612:Citarinostat
4508:Translocases
4505:
4492:
4479:
4466:
4453:
4443:Transferases
4440:
4427:
4284:Binding site
4037:
4000:Aminoacylase
3980:Asparaginase
3640:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3017:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2815:. Retrieved
2813:. 2007-04-29
2810:
2801:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2685:(1): 20–29.
2682:
2678:
2668:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2017:
2013:
2003:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1678:
1674:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1480:
1431:
1428:
1404:
1393:
1391:
1377:
1347:APE1/Ref-1 (
1279:phosphatases
1263:
1237:
1228:
1214:acetylations
1210:Methylations
1189:
1180:PATH:ko05220
1171:PATH:ko04110
1162:PATH:ko04330
1142:
1140:
1104:
1079:
1075:
1055:
1034:
1014:
959:
904:in mammals (
449:
433:
391:that remove
384:
373:
372:
105:BRENDA entry
4692:Resminostat
4687:Quisinostat
4682:Pracinostat
4662:Niacinamide
4652:Martinostat
4577:Abexinostat
4279:Active site
4188:: Nitriles/
4068:Barbiturase
3995:Biotinidase
3985:Glutaminase
3884:Termination
3760:Pribnow box
3728:Corepressor
3723:Coactivator
3524:prokaryotic
3223:: 495–528.
1501:infection.
1483:ketone body
1478:, and YY1.
1283:acetylation
1269:. Protein
1216:are common
1206:chromosomes
1197:Nucleosomes
1123:Acetylation
1027:dependent.
694:chondrocyte
692:Defects in
641:Ubiquitous?
252:Identifiers
93:IntEnz view
53:Identifiers
4767:Valpromide
4732:Trapoxin B
4697:Romidepsin
4637:Givinostat
4627:Entinostat
4597:Belinostat
4482:Isomerases
4456:Hydrolases
4323:Regulation
4106:Agmatinase
4023:Ceramidase
3954:Hydrolases
3912:Rho factor
3902:Terminator
3893:eukaryotic
3868:eukaryotic
3849:Elongation
3835:Eukaryotic
3823:Initiation
3606:nucleosome
3589:eukaryotic
3561:gal operon
3556:ara operon
3551:Gua Operon
3546:gab operon
3541:trp operon
3536:lac operon
3507:Eukaryotic
2817:2007-07-08
1544:References
1506:Plasmodium
1423:epigenetic
1419:romidepsin
1405:Vorinostat
1374:and HDAC6.
1357:DNA repair
1330:PI3 kinase
1303:aggresomes
1231:nucleosome
1212:{Me}, and
1192:nucleosome
1168:cell cycle
592:Ubiquitous
553:Ubiquitous
499:Ubiquitous
474:Substrates
404:amino acid
325:structures
162:structures
129:KEGG entry
76:9076-57-7
4784:See also:
4702:Scriptaid
4607:Capsaicin
4361:EC number
4199:Nitrilase
3888:bacterial
3856:bacterial
3830:Bacterial
3804:Insulator
3748:Promotion
3718:Activator
3568:Repressor
3503:Bacterial
3459:Animation
2882:248527466
2431:: 15–23.
1764:206520776
1633:1943-0264
1458:, HSP90,
1241:crosstalk
1131:chromatin
1090:cortactin
1052:Evolution
847:α-Tubulin
283:IPR000286
82:Databases
4829:EC 3.5.1
4823:Category
4647:Kevetrin
4617:Curcumin
4592:Apicidin
4385:Kinetics
4309:Cofactor
4272:Activity
4101:Arginase
3809:Silencer
3787:Enhancer
3775:CAAT box
3765:TATA box
3755:Promoter
3433:30151334
3384:21458587
3335:23223453
3278:17694074
3256:Oncogene
3237:15822187
3202:20614936
3153:20669972
3104:23547652
3055:19345475
3009:39017666
3001:17351388
2966:14613312
2931:20536416
2874:35510683
2811:BBC News
2793:14344174
2785:18230051
2750:17657723
2709:18324520
2660:14633989
2611:18385463
2576:18757404
2535:22723278
2505:Diabetes
2486:18413721
2445:16289629
2410:17961987
2361:16940178
2312:18472263
2277:16532030
2257:Oncogene
2242:12429021
2193:22963873
2144:18292778
2087:10693811
2044:30534609
1995:19459166
1946:23292142
1897:17951399
1813:25746103
1756:19608861
1707:32429325
1651:24691964
1594:18614528
1512:See also
1462:, NFÎşB,
1454:, GATA,
1446:, E2F1,
1432:Function
1324:and the
1243:between
1115:arginine
1096:Function
1041:sirtuins
1031:Subtypes
1023:and are
1017:sirtuins
902:sirtuins
438:and the
406:on both
381:3.5.1.98
342:RCSB PDB
278:InterPro
233:proteins
221:articles
209:articles
166:RCSB PDB
64:3.5.1.98
4813:Biology
4495:Ligases
4265:Enzymes
4211:: Other
4043:Sirtuin
3735:Inducer
3602:histone
3424:6104433
3375:3130849
3326:3735349
3305:Bibcode
3297:Science
3193:2916045
3144:2924451
3095:3657749
2922:3144151
2700:2677450
2526:3379673
2401:2254186
2352:1636735
2233:1223209
2184:5528343
2135:2667380
2095:2967911
2067:Bibcode
2035:6281622
2020:: 217.
1986:2766855
1937:3565028
1862:9278492
1804:4809735
1734:Bibcode
1726:Science
1698:7288346
1642:3970420
1585:3258910
1466:, p53,
1281:. The
1201:histone
1082:tubulin
1058:Archaea
589:Nucleus
550:Nucleus
496:Nucleus
462:Members
408:histone
395:(O=C-CH
389:enzymes
271:PF00850
188:QuickGO
153:profile
136:MetaCyc
71:CAS no.
4799:Portal
4469:Lyases
4209:3.5.99
4012:(ACY2)
3990:Urease
3531:Operon
3455:(MeSH)
3431:
3421:
3382:
3372:
3333:
3323:
3276:
3235:
3200:
3190:
3151:
3141:
3102:
3092:
3053:
3007:
2999:
2964:
2929:
2919:
2880:
2872:
2791:
2783:
2748:
2707:
2697:
2658:
2651:291836
2648:
2609:
2574:
2533:
2523:
2484:
2443:
2408:
2398:
2359:
2349:
2310:
2275:
2240:
2230:
2191:
2181:
2142:
2132:
2093:
2085:
2059:Nature
2042:
2032:
1993:
1983:
1944:
1934:
1895:
1860:
1853:146955
1850:
1811:
1801:
1762:
1754:
1705:
1695:
1649:
1639:
1631:
1592:
1582:
1407:(SAHA)
1311:dynein
1256:mRNA.
1127:amides
1111:lysine
1088:, and
990:HDAC11
874:HDAC10
688:RFXANK
401:lysine
357:PDBsum
331:
321:
303:SUPFAM
257:Symbol
216:PubMed
198:Search
184:AmiGO
172:PDBsum
112:ExPASy
100:BRENDA
88:IntEnz
59:EC no.
4421:Types
4186:3.5.5
4169:AICDA
4121:3.5.4
4088:3.5.3
4055:3.5.2
3967:3.5.1
3792:E-box
3644:HDAC1
3463:Merck
3005:S2CID
2878:S2CID
2789:S2CID
2091:S2CID
1760:S2CID
1675:Genes
1472:TFIIE
1456:HNF-4
1452:FEN 1
1372:HDAC3
1367:NF-ÎşB
1363:gene.
1349:APEX1
1342:HDAC1
1338:SIRT1
1299:HDAC6
1254:GAD67
1249:HDAC2
1245:HDAC1
1107:amine
1086:Hsp90
930:SIRT7
926:SIRT6
922:SIRT5
918:SIRT4
914:SIRT3
910:SIRT2
906:SIRT1
864:RUNX2
859:SMAD7
851:HSP90
833:HDAC6
820:FOXP3
803:HDAC9
796:MMP10
790:Tip60
782:ACTN4
778:ACTN1
766:HIF1A
761:PLAG2
757:PLAG1
743:HDAC7
720:SMAD7
702:HDAC5
679:GATA1
661:HDAC4
648:EST1B
631:HDAC8
621:NCOR1
616:MEF2D
612:STAT3
604:GATA1
582:HDAC3
569:STAT3
543:HDAC2
523:STAT3
489:HDAC1
459:Class
299:SCOPe
290:SCOP2
148:PRIAM
4513:list
4506:EC7
4500:list
4493:EC6
4487:list
4480:EC5
4474:list
4467:EC4
4461:list
4454:EC3
4448:list
4441:EC2
4435:list
4428:EC1
4016:ACY3
4005:ACY1
3960:3.5)
3863:rpoB
3706:both
3693:CHD7
3624:EZH2
3429:PMID
3380:PMID
3331:PMID
3274:PMID
3233:PMID
3198:PMID
3149:PMID
3100:PMID
3051:PMID
2997:PMID
2962:PMID
2927:PMID
2870:PMID
2781:PMID
2746:PMID
2705:PMID
2656:PMID
2607:PMID
2572:PMID
2531:PMID
2482:PMID
2441:PMID
2425:Gene
2406:PMID
2357:PMID
2308:PMID
2273:PMID
2238:PMID
2189:PMID
2140:PMID
2083:PMID
2040:PMID
1991:PMID
1942:PMID
1893:PMID
1858:PMID
1809:PMID
1752:PMID
1703:PMID
1647:PMID
1629:ISSN
1590:PMID
1481:The
1464:PCNA
1460:Ku70
1448:EKLF
1444:cMyb
1440:ACTR
1409:was
1334:PCAF
1318:PTEN
1290:and
1247:and
1147:KEGG
1113:and
1046:Sir2
956:Sir2
770:BCL6
716:GCMA
675:GCMA
608:RELA
565:BCL6
534:and
519:E2F1
515:MyoD
410:and
385:HDAC
350:PDBj
346:PDBe
329:ECOD
319:Pfam
295:1c3s
266:Pfam
228:NCBI
169:PDBe
124:KEGG
44:2vqj
3770:BRE
3461:at
3419:PMC
3411:doi
3370:PMC
3362:doi
3321:PMC
3313:doi
3301:339
3264:doi
3225:doi
3188:PMC
3180:doi
3176:132
3139:PMC
3131:doi
3090:PMC
3082:doi
3043:doi
3039:280
2989:doi
2954:doi
2917:PMC
2909:doi
2860:hdl
2852:doi
2838:via
2773:doi
2736:doi
2732:213
2695:PMC
2687:doi
2646:PMC
2638:doi
2599:doi
2595:294
2562:doi
2521:PMC
2513:doi
2472:doi
2433:doi
2429:363
2396:PMC
2388:doi
2347:PMC
2339:doi
2300:doi
2265:doi
2228:PMC
2220:doi
2216:370
2179:PMC
2171:doi
2130:PMC
2122:doi
2075:doi
2063:403
2030:PMC
2022:doi
1981:PMC
1973:doi
1969:107
1932:PMC
1924:doi
1885:doi
1848:PMC
1840:doi
1799:PMC
1791:doi
1742:doi
1730:325
1693:PMC
1683:doi
1637:PMC
1621:doi
1580:PMC
1570:doi
1566:283
1476:TCF
1411:FDA
1326:AKT
1025:NAD
898:III
855:SHP
829:IIB
729:REA
724:HP1
683:HP1
657:IIA
600:YY1
596:SHP
561:YY1
536:p27
532:p21
511:p53
507:SHP
416:DNA
337:PDB
204:PMC
160:PDB
39:PDB
4825::
3958:EC
3873::
3861::
3608:):
3505:,
3427:.
3417:.
3405:.
3401:.
3378:.
3368:.
3358:13
3356:.
3352:.
3329:.
3319:.
3311:.
3299:.
3295:.
3272:.
3260:26
3258:.
3254:.
3231:.
3221:45
3219:.
3196:.
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3174:.
3170:.
3147:.
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3127:53
3125:.
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