843:
880:, the tale is slightly different: a large number of master masons, and not just Hiram, are working on the Temple, and the three ruffians are seeking the passwords and signs that will give them a higher wage. The result is the same, but this time, it is Master Masons who find the body. The secrets are not lost, but Solomon orders them buried under the Temple, inscribed on Hiram's grave, and the same substitution is made as a mark of respect. The secrets "lost" in the other tradition are here given to new Master Masons as part of their ritual. In this version, Hiram is often renamed Adoniram.
855:
866:, and his appointment by Solomon as chief architect and master of works at the construction of his temple. As the temple is nearing completion, three fellowcraft masons from the workforce ambush him as he leaves the building, demanding the secrets of a master mason. Hiram is challenged by each in turn and, at each refusal to divulge the information, his assailant strikes him with a mason's tool (differing between jurisdictions). He is injured by the first two assailants, and struck dead by the last.
873:. As the Master is missed the next day, Solomon sends out a group of fellowcraft masons to search for him. The loose acacia is accidentally discovered, and the body exhumed to be given a decent burial. The hiding place of the "three ruffians" is also discovered, and they are brought to justice. Solomon informs his workforce that the secret word of a master mason is now lost. He replaces it with a substitute word which is considered a secret by Masons.
42:
1181:
985:
who was the son of a Tyrian bronze worker, sent for by
Solomon to cast the bronze furnishings and ornate decorations for the new temple. From this reference, Freemasons often refer to Hiram (with the added Abiff) as "the widow's son." Hiram cast these bronzes in clay ground in the plain of the Jordan
932:
likely authored the Hiram Abiff legend in the early 1720s and introduced it into the Master Mason degree. In his research, Powell notes how
Desaguliers also introduced the "lost word" aspect of the Royal Arch degree which he likely read in a book he owned titled "The Temple of Solomon, portrayed by
973:
5:11 and 1 Kings 5:1–10 for having sent building materials and men for the original construction of the Temple in
Jerusalem. In the Masonic drama, "Hiram, King of Tyre" is clearly distinguished from "Hiram Abiff". The former is clearly a king and the latter clearly a master craftsman. They can be
1017:
as "Huram my master craftsman". Most translations of this passage take the "'ab-" in "'abi" as the construct state of 'abba, here translated as master. Older translations preferred to translate "'ab-" as father. The common translation of the -i suffix is "my", giving the problematic reading that
937:
legend, and used it as a base for the legend of Hiram Abiff. However instead of being used as a ritual since the 12th century, Powell argues that
Desaguliers used this existing myth to create a central story for the newly created Master Masonic degree, for which there is no evidence before 1720.
1157:, where Solomon plots to destroy Hiram because of the mutual love between Hiram and the Queen of Sheba. Meanwhile, in 1862, the whole adventure of Adoniram's love for Balkis and his murder by three workmen in the pay of Solomon had been set to music in
1000:
2:13–14 relates a formal request from King
Solomon of Jerusalem to King Hiram I of Tyre, for workers and for materials to build a new temple. King Hiram (Huram in Chronicles) responds "And now I have sent a skillful man, endowed with understanding,
1013:, fine linen and crimson, and to make any engraving and to accomplish any plan which may be given to him, with your skillful men and with the skillful men of my lord David your father." The phrase italicised above is translated in the
1200:, who (they claim) died in an almost identical manner. This idea is dismissed by most Masonic scholars, some of whom have described the theory as "highly imaginative" but ultimately one with "no historical validity."
834:. He is murdered inside this Temple by three ruffians, after they failed to obtain from him the Master Masons' secrets. The themes of the allegory are the importance of fidelity, and the certainty of death.
1448:
1149:. The ruffians who kill him are under the instruction of Solomon himself. De Nerval relates the story as having been told in an Eastern coffee house over a two-week period. A similar account is given in
550:
933:
Scripture-light." If the word was to be found, it would need to be first lost, hence the Hiram Abiff story. According to Powell, Desaguliers as a
Frenchman living in England, would have known the
1046:
announced that many problems with this text would be solved by reading "'abi" as the second part of a proper name, which he rendered as "Hiram Abif", agreeing with the translations of
862:
The legend of Hiram Abiff as related in Anglo-American
Masonic jurisdictions underpins the Third Degree and first appeared in the early 1720s. It generally starts with his arrival in
869:
His murderers hide his body under a pile of rubble, returning at night to move the body outside the city, where they bury it in a shallow grave marked with a sprig of
263:
1005:(the son of a woman of the daughters of Dan, and his father was a man of Tyre), skilled to work in gold and silver, bronze and iron, stone and wood,
787:
326:
1383:
847:
1367:
364:
1449:"Search results for '2 Chronicles 2' using the 'Jerome's Latin Vulgate (405)' – Bible Search – Reference Desk – StudyLight.org"
1399:
1076:, artificer, craftsman. "Now Solomon sent for an artificer out of Tyre, whose name was Hiram: he was by birth of the tribe of
1741:
1675:
1316:
292:
954:, there are three separate instances of people named Hiram that were involved in the construction of the temple of Solomon:
1776:
1725:
1704:
1648:
1565:
English translation of Gerard de Nerval, Voyage en Orient (1851), Harcourt, Brace & Co, New York, 1930, pp244-380
1333:
895:
The leading theory supported by many scholars of historical
Freemasonry was advanced by the French masonic historian
780:
199:
1395:
1145:. Before his death, he undergoes mystical adventures as his tale is interwoven with that of Solomon and Balkis, the
759:
321:
505:
234:
1761:
1665:
1433:
694:
689:
1562:
1245:
in
Jerusalem. This fraternity could have influenced some early masonic guilds which borrowed heavily from the
1771:
634:
535:
354:
214:
174:
1766:
1311:. Translated by Graham, Jon. Rochester, Vermont, United States: Inner Traditions. footnote on page 59.
1080:, on his mother's side (for she was of that tribe); but his father was Ur, of the stock of the Israelites."
773:
500:
462:
81:
888:
There have been many proposals for the origin of the
Masonic Hiram Abiff story that are dismissed by most
1193:
929:
719:
457:
407:
359:
154:
1756:
1574:
Charles William Heckethorn, The Secret Societies of all Ages and Countries, London, 1897, Vol ii, pp3-7
1150:
1043:
397:
86:
71:
1736:
Domenico V. Ripa Montesano, Vademecum di Loggia, Edizione Gran Loggia Phoenix – Roma Italia 2009
1030:. The other reading is as the old Hebrew genitive, and some variant of "of my father" is found in the
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669:
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369:
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1134:
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589:
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219:
91:
76:
842:
1553:
Paulus Cassel (tr. A. Bernstein), An Explanatory Commentary on Esther, Edinburgh, 1888, p. 268.
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194:
924:
In 2021, Christopher Powell published a paper in the journal of Quatuor Coronati Lodge, the
1400:
http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%202:1-14,4:11-16&version=NIV
1125:
889:
724:
679:
654:
639:
571:
510:
25:
1295:
French language collection of ritual, 18th-early 19th century, retrieved 14 September 2012
1141:. This is an elaboration of the second version above, where the Master Craftsman is named
1129:, where he relates the tale, inserting all the masonic passwords, as part of the story of
8:
1250:
1227:
1027:
997:
900:
831:
739:
674:
659:
649:
604:
472:
467:
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119:
114:
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1544:, Book VIII (in this version chapter 3 para 4 contains v76) retrieved 20 September 2012
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447:
442:
349:
164:
1583:
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who, in 2005, highlighted the similarity between the death of Hiram and the murder of
1781:
1737:
1721:
1700:
1671:
1644:
1537:
1312:
1246:
1223:
1184:
Lomas and Knight claim the wounds of Sequenre Tao II make him a match for Hiram Abiff
1035:
918:
545:
520:
412:
1411:
1308:
The secret history of Freemasonry: Its origins and connection to the Knights Templar
1786:
1487:
1242:
1197:
1163:
904:
432:
1396:
http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Kings%205,7:13-46&version=NIV
1306:
1108:
1051:
970:
816:
540:
169:
159:
921:, and his body hidden by his murderers before being miraculously re-discovered.
1158:
1146:
1092:
987:
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229:
144:
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1006:
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189:
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61:
1238:
1189:
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1039:
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1018:
Hiram was sending his own father, also called Hiram. This is found in the
16:
Fictitious character in Masonic allegory, based on Old Testament character
1219:
896:
820:
422:
402:
56:
33:
1369:
Orbis miraculum, or, The temple of Solomon pourtrayed by Scripture-light
1107:
for Solomon, which in Esther's time is being used by the descendants of
1292:
1264:, along with his other books, "should be avoided by serious students".
1231:
1226:
might have been the origin of the character Hiram Abiff in the masonic
1031:
374:
917:, was killed by a hammer-blow to the head while working as a mason at
1283:
Kent Henderson, The Legend of Hiram Abif, retrieved 14 September 2012
1210:
863:
827:
149:
981:
7:13–14, Hiram is described as the son of a widow from the tribe of
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1100:
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978:
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958:
914:
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870:
858:
Bronze statue by Nickolaus-Otto Kruch, Berlin, Germany (2013).
1563:
The Women Of Cairo, Scenes Of Life In The Orient, Volume Two
1138:
1598:
1504:
1488:
Anderson's 1723 Constitutions, in Franklin's 1734 reprint
1334:"The Hiramic Legend and the Creation of the Third Degree"
1260:, are critical of the work of Shah. She has claimed that
1196:, the prototype for Hiram Abiff was the Egyptian king
1103:, credits Hiram with the construction of a miraculous
1058:
1697:
Freemasonry in Context: History, Ritual, Controversy
1432:
2 Chronicles 2:13–14, New King James Version – From
837:
1119:The most elaborate version of the legend occurs in
883:
1615:"Sec. 6, Anti-masonry Frequently Asked Questions"
1748:
1443:
1441:
1114:
1694:
1528:2 Chronicles 4:16, retrieved 20 September 2012
1412:"The Second Book of the Chronicles. Chapter 2"
1155:The Secret Societies of all Ages and Countries
1438:
815:presented to all candidates during the third
781:
1718:Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible
1072:(Chapter 8:76) refers to Hiram as τεχνίτης,
327:International Order of the Rainbow for Girls
1695:de Hoyos, Arturo; Morris, S. Brent (2004).
788:
774:
1230:. The link, he believes, was through the
1663:
1592:
1481:
1179:
853:
841:
365:Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry
1749:
1715:
1398:and 2 Chronicles 2:1–14 & 4:11–16
1331:
1304:
941:
1599:Lomas, Robert; Knight, Chris (1997).
293:Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star
1638:
1256:Others, such as, German orientalist
1203:
1365:
1175:
913:. Renaud, like his prototype Saint
13:
1501:"Biblia 1545 Ausgabe Letzter Hand"
1133:, the "Queen of the Morning" and "
1059:Other accounts of a biblical Hiram
14:
1798:
1503:. Lutherbibel.net. Archived from
1170:
838:The Masonic legend of Hiram Abiff
811:) is the central character of an
200:Order of Royal and Select Masters
1699:. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books.
1670:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
1347:. London: Quatuor Coronati Lodge
965:(today, in the modern nation of
826:Hiram is presented as the chief
40:
1657:
1632:
1607:
1577:
1568:
1556:
1547:
1531:
1519:
1493:
1459:
1237:("The Builders") who built the
1042:. In his 1723 "Constitutions",
884:Historical Origin of the Legend
506:Great Architect of the Universe
1426:
1404:
1388:
1359:
1325:
1298:
1286:
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1:
1688:
1115:Later accounts of Hiram Abiff
1095:written sometime between the
1054:reading of 2 Chronicles 4:16.
536:List of Masonic Abbreviations
355:Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition
215:Order of Saint Thomas of Acon
1720:. Thomas Nelson Publishers.
1667:Mystical Dimensions of Islam
1664:Schimmel, Annemarie (2011).
1332:Powell, Christopher (2021).
501:Masonic ritual and symbolism
82:Regular Masonic jurisdiction
7:
1490:retrieved 14 September 2012
974:confused in other contexts.
930:John Theophilus Desaguliers
360:Masonic conspiracy theories
304:Masonic youth organizations
155:Order of Mark Master Masons
10:
1803:
1372:. London: George Sawbridge
1151:Charles William Heckethorn
848:St. John's Church, Chester
87:Anglo-American Freemasonry
1777:Fictional murdered people
903:in the late 12th Century
483:List of Masonic buildings
463:Mark Masons' Hall, London
288:Order of the Eastern Star
1414:. Hebrewoldtestament.com
1394:1 Kings 5 & 7:13–46
1382:Also available from the
1267:
458:Freemasons' Hall, London
370:Papal ban of Freemasonry
270:Masonic groups for women
180:Red Cross of Constantine
1643:. Anchor. p. 187.
1589:, accessed 26 July 2014
1542:Antiquities of the Jews
1341:Ars Quatuor Coronatorum
1249:in the creation of the
1069:Antiquities of the Jews
961:, King of the realm of
926:Ars Quatuor Coronatorum
878:Continental Freemasonry
453:Lodge Mother Kilwinning
220:Royal Order of Scotland
92:Continental Freemasonry
77:Prince Hall Freemasonry
1716:Strong, James (1990).
1185:
1015:New King James Version
910:The Four Sons of Aymon
859:
851:
478:Detroit Masonic Temple
259:Tall Cedars of Lebanon
254:Royal Order of Jesters
225:Order of Knight Masons
205:Grand College of Rites
110:History of Freemasonry
67:Masonic lodge officers
1762:Books of Kings people
1639:Shah, Idries (1971).
1305:Naudon, Paul (2005).
1247:Oriental architecture
1188:According to authors
1183:
857:
845:
832:King Solomon's Temple
531:Chamber of Reflection
283:Order of the Amaranth
278:Women and Freemasonry
195:Societas Rosicruciana
1772:Fictional architects
1366:Lee, Samuel (1659).
928:, which argues that
572:Volume of Sacred Law
511:Square and Compasses
1584:Charles Gounod.com
1228:Master Mason ritual
992:Zarethan/Zeredathah
942:Hirams in the Bible
901:Renaud de Montauban
892:Masonic scholars.
890:historical-critical
468:House of the Temple
428:John the Evangelist
120:Masonic manuscripts
1619:freemasonry.bcy.ca
1603:. Arrow Books LTD.
1540:Flavius Josephus,
1507:on 4 December 2008
1258:Annemarie Schimmel
1194:Christopher Knight
1186:
1121:GĂ©rard de Nerval's
1091:commentary on the
1024:Douay–Rheims Bible
994:(1 Kings 7:46–47).
969:), is credited in
860:
852:
448:List of Freemasons
443:Elizabeth Aldworth
350:Anti-Masonic Party
165:Royal Arch Masonry
1757:Masonic symbolism
1742:978-88-905059-0-4
1677:978-0-8078-9976-2
1318:978-1-59477-028-9
1224:Dhul-Nun al-Misri
1204:Dhul-Nun al-Misri
1137:", Prince of the
1052:Miles Coverdale's
919:Cologne Cathedral
846:Architect Hiram,
798:
797:
546:Masonic Landmarks
521:Eye of Providence
413:Thomas Smith Webb
387:People and places
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1767:Solomon's Temple
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1586:La Reine de Saba
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1243:Dome of the Rock
1198:Seqenenre Tao II
1176:Seqenenre Tao II
1164:La reine de Saba
1126:Voyage en Orient
1064:Flavius Josephus
1028:Wycliffe's Bible
935:chanson de geste
905:chanson de geste
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776:
553:Morals and Dogma
473:Solomon's Temple
433:John the Baptist
339:Views on Masonry
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1467:"Chronicles II"
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1109:Cyrus the Great
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690:North Macedonia
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541:Sprig of Acacia
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408:William Preston
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322:Job's Daughters
175:Knights Templar
170:Cryptic Masonry
160:Holy Royal Arch
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1171:Other theories
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1159:Charles Gounod
1147:Queen of Sheba
1123:1851 account,
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1093:Book of Esther
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1044:James Anderson
1036:Bishop's Bible
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1601:The Hiram Key
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62:Masonic lodge
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1622:. Retrieved
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1538:Sacred Texts
1533:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:the original
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1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1461:
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1416:. Retrieved
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1374:. Retrieved
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1361:
1349:. Retrieved
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1251:Gothic style
1239:Jami Al-Aqsa
1209:
1208:In his book
1207:
1190:Robert Lomas
1187:
1162:
1154:
1124:
1118:
1097:fall of Rome
1085:Targum Sheni
1082:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1040:Geneva Bible
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998:2 Chronicles
948:Hebrew Bible
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720:South Africa
566:Ahiman Rezon
565:
552:
525:
345:Anti-Masonry
241:Side degrees
210:Swedish Rite
72:Grand Master
18:
1624:13 December
1376:13 December
1220:Idries Shah
1003:Ḥuram 'abi.
897:Paul Naudon
821:Freemasonry
809:Widow's son
801:Hiram Abiff
695:Philippines
526:Hiram Abiff
423:Albert Pike
403:Prince Hall
57:Grand Lodge
34:Freemasonry
1751:Categories
1689:References
1418:19 October
1161:'s opera,
1032:Septuagint
805:Hiram Abif
670:Luxembourg
584:By country
564:Dermott's
375:Taxil hoax
264:The Grotto
249:The Shrine
1641:The Sufis
1262:The Sufis
1232:Sufi sect
1211:The Sufis
1074:tekhnĂtÄ“s
864:Jerusalem
828:architect
755:Venezuela
730:Sri Lanka
645:Indonesia
150:York Rite
1782:Allegory
1351:22 March
1241:and the
1235:Al-Banna
1218:scholar
1143:Adoniram
1101:Crusades
1099:and the
1078:Naphtali
1038:and the
986:between
983:Naphtali
971:2 Samuel
813:allegory
740:Thailand
715:Scotland
700:Portugal
675:Malaysia
590:Barbados
317:A.J.E.F.
51:Overview
26:a series
24:Part of
1787:Hiram I
1511:13 June
1473:13 June
1293:Rituels
1135:Soliman
1089:Aramaic
1066:in his
1026:and in
1020:Vulgate
988:Succoth
979:1 Kings
967:Lebanon
946:In the
915:Reinold
850:(1900).
807:or the
750:Ukraine
705:Romania
665:Lebanon
635:Iceland
630:Germany
625:Finland
615:Denmark
610:Croatia
595:Belgium
551:Pike's
495:Related
312:DeMolay
137:Masonic
104:History
1740:
1724:
1703:
1674:
1647:
1315:
1216:Afghan
1214:, the
1131:Balkis
1105:throne
1034:, the
1022:, the
1007:purple
871:acacia
817:degree
803:(also
745:Turkey
735:Sweden
710:Russia
685:Mexico
650:Israel
620:France
600:Canada
1337:(PDF)
1268:Notes
1139:Genii
1087:, an
959:Hiram
725:Spain
680:Malta
660:Japan
655:Italy
640:India
605:China
235:Corks
1738:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1626:2023
1513:2014
1475:2014
1420:2021
1378:2023
1353:2024
1313:ISBN
1192:and
1083:The
1050:and
1011:blue
1009:and
990:and
963:Tyre
1345:134
1153:'s
977:In
950:or
876:In
830:of
819:in
1753::
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1451:.
1440:^
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28:on
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1321:.
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