31:
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Hilary
Koprowski and his late wife had two sons. Their first child Claude (born in Paris, 1940), who died in 2020, was a retired physician. Their second son, Christopher (born 1951) is a retired physician certified in two specialties, neurology and radio-oncology. He is also the former chair of the
425:
Koprowski viewed the live vaccine as more powerful, since it entered the intestinal tract directly and could provide lifelong immunity, whereas the Salk vaccine required booster shots. Also, administering a vaccine by mouth is easy, whereas an injection requires medical facilities and is more
1375:
LeBrun A, Cerf J, Gelfand HM, Courtois G, Plotkin SA, Koprowski H (1960) "Vaccination with the CHAT strain of type 1 attenuated poliomyelities virus in
Leopoldville, Belgian Congo 1. Description of the city, its history of poliomyelitis, and the plan of the vaccination campaign",
451:. Seventeen of the 20 children developed antibodies to polio virus — the other three apparently already had antibodies — and none of the children developed complications. Within 10 years, the vaccine was being used on four continents.
418:. In researching a potential polio vaccine, he had focused on live viruses that were attenuated (rendered non-virulent) rather than on killed viruses (the latter became the basis for the injected vaccine subsequently developed by
682:. The prize is awarded annually in conjunction with the International Symposium on Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, which is sponsored by the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease (IMMID) within the
1423:
Plotkin SA, LeBrun A, Courtois G, Koprowski H (1961) "Vaccination with the CHAT strain of type 1 attenuated poliomyelitis virus in
Leopoldville, Congo 3. Safety and efficacy during the first 21 months of study"
1399:
Plotkin SA, LeBrun A, Koprowski H (1960) "Vaccination with the CHAT strain of type 1 attenuated poliomyelitis virus in
Leopoldville. Belgian Congo 2. Studies of the safety and efficacy of vaccination",
2708:
734:
Koprowski rejected the claim, based on his own analysis. In a separate court case, he won a regretful clarification, and a symbolic award of $ 1 in damages, in a defamation suit against
2718:
1511:
936:
274:. He adopted scientific research as his life's work, but never gave up music and composed several musical works. In July 1938, while in medical school, Koprowski married
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Hilary
Koprowski was born in Warsaw to an educated, assimilated Jewish family. His parents met in 1906 when Paweł Koprowski (1882–1957) was serving in the
220:", which posited that the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines such as Koprowski's. This allegation was refuted by evidence showing that the
356:, 1957–91, during which period Wistar achieved international recognition for its vaccine research and became a National Cancer Institute Cancer Center.
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1523:
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refuted Hooper's claims, writing: "t can be stated with almost complete certainty that the large polio vaccine trial... was not the origin of AIDS."
312:
As the invasion of France loomed in 1940, Irena and the infant escaped from France via Spain and
Portugal —where the Koprowski family reunited — to
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was introduced to humans before his polio-vaccine trials were conducted in Africa. The case was settled out of court with a formal apology from
2728:
2703:
1721:
1610:
747:
Koprowski's original reports from 1960 to 1961 detailing part of his vaccination campaign in the
Belgian Congo are available online from the
632:
celebrating the 50th anniversary of the first administration of his oral polio vaccine. At the reception, he received commendations from the
1518:
1761:
1756:
477:. The group developed the HDCV rabies vaccine in the 1960s at the Wistar Institute. It was licensed for use in the United States in 1980.
740:, which had published an article repeating similar false allegations. A concurrent defamation lawsuit that Koprowski brought against the
457:'s early work with attenuated-live-virus polio vaccine was developed from attenuated polio virus that Sabin had received from Koprowski.
443:
species that is susceptible to polio. He administered the vaccine to himself in
January 1948 and, on 27 February 1950, to 20 children at
715:
The OPV AIDS hypothesis has, however, been rejected by the medical community and is contradicted by at least one article in the journal
2693:
556:
305:; while Irena went to France, where she gave birth to their first child, Claude Koprowski, and worked as an attending physician at a
1302:
493:. He authored or co-authored over 875 scientific papers and co-edited several scientific journals. He served as a consultant to the
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Worobey M, Santiago ML, Keele BF, Ndjango JB, Joy JB, Labama BL, Dhed'A BD, Rambaut A, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Hahn BH (2004).
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1947:
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from the French government. On 29 September 1998 he was presented by Poland's president with the Grand Cross of Poland's
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2012:
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Koprowski was president of
Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories, Inc, and head of the Center for Neurovirology at
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980:
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1997:
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Brian Martin (2001) "The
Politics of a Scientific Meeting: the Origin-of-AIDS Debate at the Royal Society" in
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and, in May 1990, the most prestigious honor of his home city, the Philadelphia Award. He was a Fellow of the
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The Pawel Koprowski Memorial Vacation Award was founded by Hilary Koprowski in 1958 in honor of his father.
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242:, and moved to Warsaw soon after their marriage in 1912. His mother Sonia (née Berland; 1883–1967), was a
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Koprowski received many honorary degrees, academic honors, and national decorations, including the
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group M virus originated in Africa 30 years before the OPV trials were conducted. The journal
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1836:
1746:
1053:, August 2013 vol. 87 no. 15, pp. 8270-8271. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01449-13. Accessed 24 May 2017.
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On 13 September 2004, Koprowski was presented with the Pioneer in NeuroVirology Award by the
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239:
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in 1939. He also received music degrees from the Warsaw Conservatory and, in 1940, from the
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Koprowski received many academic honors and national decorations, including the Belgian
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2019:
1985:
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was settled several years later; the settlement's terms were not publicly disclosed.
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686:. During the Symposium, the prize recipient is asked to deliver an honorary lecture.
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Koprowski developed his polio vaccine by attenuating the virus in brain cells of a
353:
324:. His field of research for several years was finding a live-virus vaccine against
202:
183:
2034:
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1131:
937:
Dr Hilary Koprowski: Virologist who developed the first oral vaccine against polio
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1932:
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Zheng, Zhichao; Diaz-Arévalo, Diana; Guan, Hongbing; Zeng, Mingtao (2018-07-03).
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111:
16:
Polish-Jewish-American physician, virologist, immunologist and medical researcher
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317:
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2007 Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal awarded to Hilary Koprowski (booklet/PDF file)
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publicized a hypothesis that Koprowski's research into a polio vaccine in the
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1980:
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411:, Koprowski created an early polio vaccine, based on an orally administered
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2007:
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Hilary Koprowski, Who Developed First Live-Virus Polio Vaccine, Dies at 96
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The College of Physicians of Philadelphia (2017). Accessed 24 May 2017.
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2001:
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Koprowski was the target of accusations in the press related to the "
983:, U.S. National Library of Medicine website; accessed 21 April 2015.
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813:
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In addition to his work on the polio vaccine, Koprowski (along with
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293:, fled the country, using Koprowski family business connections in
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Secondary School, and from age twelve he took piano lessons at the
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experiments, which ultimately led to the creation of the first
313:
297:, England. Hilary went to Rome, where he spent a year studying
51:
624:
On 25 February 2000 Koprowski was honored with a reception at
2709:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
2416:
2301:
1907:
1841:
722:
521:, and appointment as Alexander von Humboldt Professor at the
345:
298:
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at the 6th International Symposium on NeuroVirology held in
533:
Award for Medicine and the Nicolaus Copernicus Medal of the
1716:
878:"Investigating the origin of AIDS: some ethical dimensions"
814:"Origin of AIDS: contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted"
811:
709:
282:
271:
678:
in honor of Dr. Koprowski's contributions to the field of
289:'s invasion of Poland, Koprowski and his wife, likewise a
2719:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1113:
613:
by Finland's president. On 13 March 1997 he received the
552:, which in 1959 presented him with its Alvarenga Prize.
544:, including the Philadelphia Cancer Research Award, the
336:, New York, where Hilary was hired as a researcher for
163:(5 December 1916 – 11 April 2013) was a
1512:"Hilary Koprowski, polio vaccine pioneer, dead at 96".
1505:
Hilary Koprowski (2012), Polio Vaccine. Official site.
489:. In 2006 he was awarded a record 50th grant from the
473:) did significant work on an improved vaccine against
1116:"Noninvasive vaccination against infectious diseases"
605:
On 22 March 1995, Koprowski was made a Commander of
1063:
Hilary Koprowski, polio vaccine pioneer, dead at 96
1207:"Honorary doctorates - Uppsala University, Sweden"
994:
927:, Whatisbiotechnology.org; accessed 21 April 2015.
178:who demonstrated the world's first effective live
2574:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
1452:Listen to the Music: The Life of Hilary Koprowski
2660:
1492:Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America
1317:
569:Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America
2699:Commanders of the Order of the Lion of Finland
1041:
1039:
367:Koprowski died on April 11, 2013, aged 96, in
1539:
939:, independent.co.uk; accessed 21 April 2015.
2669:Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
1238:"Panel nixes Congo trials as AIDS source".
1036:
655:. On 1 May 2007, Koprowski was awarded the
1546:
1532:
1517:New York Times Obituary (April 21, 2013),
1369:
1056:
1047:"In Memoriam: Hilary Koprowski, 1916–2013"
2769:Polish recipients of the Legion of Honour
2714:Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
1417:
1393:
1311:
1290:
1288:
1147:
992:
901:
837:
807:
805:
2684:American people of Polish-Jewish descent
997:A Woman Wanders Through Life and Science
875:
358:
211:Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
1120:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
960:, ancestry.com; accessed 21 April 2015.
676:Hilary Koprowski Prize in Neurovirology
649:International Society for NeuroVirology
590:On June 3, 1983, Koprowski received an
585:Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters
2661:
1285:
1273:"Origin of AIDS" update: Clarification
1022:
1020:
1018:
1001:. State University of New York Press.
802:
540:Koprowski received numerous honors in
352:. Koprowski served as director of the
182:. He authored or co-authored over 875
2729:Polish emigrants to the United States
2704:Deaths from pneumonia in Pennsylvania
1527:
766:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
684:Drexel University College of Medicine
573:Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts
561:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
550:College of Physicians of Philadelphia
523:Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry
250:. Hilary Koprowski attended Warsaw's
1282:, uow.edu.au, 9 December 1993, p. 39
708:in the late 1950s might have caused
571:. He held foreign membership in the
504:
391:department of radiation oncology at
1015:
958:The Koprowski and Berland Genealogy
581:Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
13:
2601:Eradication of infectious diseases
2358:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
696:Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis
689:
218:oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis
14:
2780:
2694:Chopin University of Music alumni
2191:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
1510:Stacey Burling (April 14, 2013),
1498:
1471:, Oxford University Press, 2005;
1296:Politics & the Life Sciences,
970:MĂ©moires of Judith Yazvina (2004)
460:
447:, a home for disabled persons in
340:, the pharmaceutical division of
2580:Alternative vaccination schedule
1555:Artificial induction of immunity
594:from the Faculty of Medicine at
499:Pan American Health Organization
402:
379:. He and his wife are buried at
29:
1266:
1231:
1213:
1199:
1187:
1164:
1107:
1082:
1068:
480:
2412:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
1519:"Hilary Koprowski dies at 96."
1488:Directory PIASA Members, 1999
1252:10.1126/science.258.5083.738-d
986:
974:
963:
951:
942:
930:
918:
869:
555:Koprowski was a member of the
517:for Research and Invention, a
513:from the King of Belgium, the
383:, Southlawn Section, Lot 782,
1:
2739:Rockefeller Foundation people
1948:Group B streptococcal disease
1767:Vaccines for Children Program
1514:Philly.com, Internet Archive.
1444:
1344:10.1126/science.257.5073.1024
1132:10.1080/21645515.2018.1461296
1090:"Nutrition Outreach Programs"
1065:, philly.com, April 13, 2013.
491:National Institutes of Health
2679:American medical researchers
1320:"AIDS and the polio vaccine"
860:Note 1,13: Korber, B.et al.
640:, and Pennsylvania Governor
565:New York Academy of Sciences
557:National Academy of Sciences
316:, where Koprowski worked in
222:human immunodeficiency virus
56:Government General of Warsaw
7:
2744:University of Warsaw alumni
1220:Award Ceremony and speeches
1076:"Claude Koprowski Obituary"
754:
630:Thomas Jefferson University
487:Thomas Jefferson University
10:
2785:
1454:, Berlin, Springer, 2000;
693:
577:Polish Academy of Sciences
535:Polish Academy of Sciences
529:. In 1989 he received the
332:the Koprowskis settled in
303:Santa Cecilia Conservatory
268:Santa Cecilia Conservatory
131:Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal
2619:
2588:
2527:
2459:
2350:
2322:
2289:
1963:
1794:
1787:
1706:
1634:
1586:
1484:; accessed 21 April 2015.
1318:Hilary Koprowski (1992).
993:Koprowska, Irena (1997).
749:World Health Organization
495:World Health Organization
449:Rockland County, New York
381:West Laurel Hill Cemetery
154:
144:
137:
126:
118:
107:
97:
89:
81:
62:
37:
28:
21:
1943:Clostridioides difficile
1469:Polio: An American Story
1378:Bull World Health Organ.
1194:Directory PIASA Members
876:Martin B (August 2003).
796:
2201:Tick-borne encephalitis
1426:Bull World Health Organ
1402:Bull World Health Organ
1330:(5073): 1024, 1026–27.
661:Sabin Vaccine Institute
657:Albert Sabin Gold Medal
233:
74:Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
2674:American immunologists
2611:List of vaccine topics
1611:Mathematical modelling
1246:(5083): 738–39. 1992.
364:
322:Rockefeller Foundation
186:and co-edited several
2606:Vaccinate Your Family
2057:Japanese encephalitis
864:288, 1789–1796 (2000)
776:List of Polish people
519:Fulbright Scholarship
515:French Order of Merit
362:
240:Imperial Russian Army
93:Poland, United States
2734:Polish immunologists
2689:American virologists
2489:John Franklin Enders
1182:History of Vaccines,
894:10.1136/jme.29.4.253
634:United States Senate
409:Lederle Laboratories
344:. Here he began his
338:Lederle Laboratories
307:psychiatric hospital
1675:Virus-like particle
1599:Vaccine ingredients
1336:1992Sci...257.1024K
830:2004Natur.428..820W
721:, which claims the
700:British journalist
665:Baltimore, Maryland
638:Pennsylvania Senate
393:Christiana Hospital
375:, Pennsylvania, of
256:Warsaw Conservatory
188:scientific journals
2646:Never to phase III
2445:Hexavalent vaccine
2259:Epstein–Barr virus
2154:Oxford–AstraZeneca
1847:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
1435:2012-02-06 at the
1411:2012-02-06 at the
1387:2008-10-31 at the
1305:2008-08-02 at the
1278:2008-08-05 at the
1225:2008-10-02 at the
1176:2020-07-11 at the
1171:"Rabies Vaccine 2"
1078:. 22 October 2020.
1031:The New York Times
596:Uppsala University
592:honorary doctorate
445:Letchworth Village
365:
350:oral polio vaccine
2656:
2655:
2568:Vaccines and SIDS
2455:
2454:
2229:Hepatitis A and B
2205:Varicella zoster
1667:Subunit/component
1507:Internet Archive.
1490:, New York City,
1033:, April 20, 2013.
672:Drexel University
611:Order of the Lion
511:Order of the Lion
505:Honors and legacy
436:Sigmodon hispidus
342:American Cyanamid
264:Warsaw University
207:Order of the Lion
195:Order of the Lion
184:scientific papers
158:
157:
139:Scientific career
2776:
2764:Fulbright alumni
2547:MMR autism fraud
2494:Maurice Hilleman
2479:Hilary Koprowski
1792:
1791:
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1541:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1439:
1421:
1415:
1397:
1391:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1354:. Archived from
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1309:
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1270:
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1235:
1229:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1126:(7): 1717–1733.
1111:
1105:
1104:
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1101:
1092:. Archived from
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1080:
1079:
1072:
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1060:
1054:
1043:
1034:
1024:
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1000:
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928:
922:
916:
915:
905:
873:
867:
866:
841:
809:
791:Wistar Institute
742:Associated Press
674:established the
615:Legion d'Honneur
546:John Scott Award
387:, Pennsylvania.
354:Wistar Institute
258:. He received a
203:Legion of Honour
161:Hilary Koprowski
69:
47:
45:
33:
23:Hilary Koprowski
19:
18:
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2783:
2779:
2778:
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2773:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2636:Clinical trials
2615:
2584:
2523:
2499:Stanley Plotkin
2461:
2451:
2363:Cancer vaccines
2346:
2340:Schistosomiasis
2318:
2312:Trypanosomiasis
2285:
2249:Cytomegalovirus
2159:Pfizer–BioNTech
1959:
1783:
1732:Vaccine wastage
1702:
1630:
1582:
1552:
1501:
1450:Roger Vaughan,
1447:
1442:
1437:Wayback Machine
1422:
1418:
1413:Wayback Machine
1398:
1394:
1389:Wayback Machine
1374:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1316:
1312:
1307:Wayback Machine
1293:
1286:
1280:Wayback Machine
1271:
1267:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1227:Wayback Machine
1218:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1178:Wayback Machine
1169:
1165:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1045:Plotkin, S.A.,
1044:
1037:
1025:
1016:
1009:
991:
987:
979:
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952:
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935:
931:
923:
919:
874:
870:
839:10.1038/428820a
810:
803:
799:
757:
698:
692:
690:AIDS accusation
507:
483:
467:Stanley Plotkin
463:
405:
363:Koprowski, 2007
236:
112:Irena Koprowska
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48:5 December 1916
43:
41:
24:
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2269:Herpes simplex
2266:
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2218:
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2203:
2198:
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2169:Sinopharm BIBP
2166:
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2119:Bharat Biotech
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1749:
1747:Vaccine injury
1744:
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1710:
1708:
1707:Administration
1704:
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1499:External links
1497:
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1465:David Oshinsky
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1209:. 9 June 2023.
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1007:
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973:
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888:(4): 253–256.
868:
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763:
756:
753:
694:Main article:
691:
688:
619:Order of Merit
506:
503:
482:
479:
471:Tadeusz Wiktor
462:
461:Rabies vaccine
459:
404:
401:
318:Rio de Janeiro
276:Irena Grasberg
260:medical degree
235:
232:
199:Order of Merit
174:active in the
156:
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70:(aged 96)
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2526:
2520:
2519:Drew Weissman
2517:
2515:
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2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:H. Fred Clark
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Louis Pasteur
2472:
2470:
2469:Edward Jenner
2467:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:DTwP-HepB-Hib
2438:
2436:
2435:DTaP-IPV-HepB
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:combination:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
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2401:
2398:
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2332:
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2329:
2327:
2325:
2324:Helminthiasis
2321:
2313:
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2300:
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2250:
2247:
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2240:
2237:
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2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:combination:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
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2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
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2167:
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2127:
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2110:
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2100:
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2023:
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2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
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1987:
1984:
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1982:
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1968:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
1926:
1925:
1924:combination:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
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1879:
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1872:
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1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:Meningococcus
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Leptospirosis
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
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1805:
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1797:
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1762:Vaccine court
1760:
1758:
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1738:
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1718:
1717:GAVI Alliance
1715:
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1478:
1477:0-19-515294-8
1474:
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1460:0-387-98849-1
1457:
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1379:
1372:
1358:on 2008-08-21
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1117:
1110:
1096:on 2010-06-13
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1008:9780791431771
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865:
863:
857:
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845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
824:(6985): 820.
823:
819:
815:
808:
806:
801:
792:
789:
787:
786:Polio vaccine
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
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758:
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750:
745:
743:
739:
738:
737:Rolling Stone
732:
730:
729:
724:
720:
719:
713:
711:
707:
706:Belgian Congo
703:
702:Edward Hooper
697:
687:
685:
681:
680:neurovirology
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423:
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403:Polio vaccine
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227:Rolling Stone
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:, the French
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
180:polio vaccine
177:
176:United States
173:
169:
166:
162:
153:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
102:Polio vaccine
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
66:11 April 2013
65:
61:
57:
53:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2596:Epidemiology
2572:
2544:
2478:
2430:DTaP-IPV/Hib
2221:Yellow fever
2134:EpiVacCorona
1891:Tuberculosis
1864:Pneumococcal
1832:Lyme disease
1660:Heterologous
1559:Immunization
1487:
1468:
1451:
1425:
1419:
1401:
1395:
1377:
1371:
1360:. Retrieved
1356:the original
1327:
1323:
1313:
1298:pp. 119-130
1295:
1268:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1215:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1166:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1084:
1070:
1058:
1050:
996:
988:
976:
965:
953:
944:
932:
920:
885:
882:J Med Ethics
881:
871:
861:
859:
821:
817:
761:Albert Sabin
746:
735:
733:
726:
716:
714:
699:
669:
646:
626:Philadelphia
623:
604:
589:
554:
542:Philadelphia
539:
508:
484:
481:Affiliations
464:
455:Albert Sabin
453:
434:
428:
424:
406:
389:
373:Philadelphia
366:
330:World War II
326:yellow fever
311:
280:
237:
225:
215:
205:, Finland's
192:
172:immunologist
160:
159:
138:
68:(2013-04-11)
2759:2013 deaths
2754:1916 births
2632:from market
2528:Controversy
2462:researchers
2378:Hepatitis B
2264:Hepatitis C
2209:Chicken pox
2035:Hepatitis E
2030:Hepatitis B
2025:Hepatitis A
1976:Chikungunya
1953:Shigellosis
1807:Brucellosis
1693:Therapeutic
1647:Inactivated
1587:Development
1575:Inoculation
1567:Vaccination
537:in Warsaw.
426:expensive.
416:polio virus
385:Bala Cynwyd
334:Pearl River
252:Mikołaj Rej
90:Citizenship
82:Nationality
2663:Categories
2563:Thiomersal
2509:Paul Offit
2484:Jonas Salk
2460:Inventors/
2331:research:
2308:research:
2245:research:
2174:Skycovione
2164:Sanofi–GSK
2109:SARS-CoV-2
2020:Hantavirus
1986:rVSV-ZEBOV
1971:Adenovirus
1939:research:
1817:Diphtheria
1655:Attenuated
1445:References
1428:24:785-92
1404:22:215-34
1380:22:203-13
1362:2006-06-09
1100:2009-04-27
771:Jonas Salk
583:, and the
567:, and the
531:San Marino
431:cotton rat
420:Jonas Salk
413:attenuated
295:Manchester
230:magazine.
209:, and the
168:virologist
44:1916-12-05
2642:Phase III
2630:Withdrawn
2558:Pox party
2368:ALVAC-CEA
2290:Protozoan
2179:Sputnik V
2129:CoronaVac
2099:Rotavirus
2002:Pandemrix
1854:Pertussis
1795:Bacterial
1679:Synthetic
1642:Conjugate
1594:Adjuvants
1571:Infection
1140:2164-5515
1051:J. Virol.
981:Biography
642:Tom Ridge
441:New World
407:While at
377:pneumonia
369:Wynnewood
291:physician
248:Berdichev
114:(m. 1938)
2400:Prostvac
2393:Gardasil
2388:Cervarix
2335:Hookworm
2214:Shingles
2196:Smallpox
2114:Corbevax
2050:Gardasil
2045:Cervarix
1788:Vaccines
1742:Schedule
1713:Global:
1621:Timeline
1563:Vaccines
1433:Archived
1409:Archived
1385:Archived
1303:Archived
1276:Archived
1223:Archived
1196:, p. 25.
1174:Archived
1158:29624470
912:12930866
848:15103367
755:See also
670:In 2014
653:Sardinia
497:and the
397:Delaware
328:. After
320:for the
285:, after
149:Virology
119:Children
2589:Related
2535:General
2297:Malaria
2184:Valneva
2149:Novavax
2144:Moderna
2139:Janssen
2124:CanSino
2104:Rubella
2062:Measles
1933:Td/Tdap
1903:Typhoid
1886:Tetanus
1881:Q fever
1812:Cholera
1802:Anthrax
1671:Peptide
1635:Classes
1616:Storage
1494:, 1999.
1352:1509249
1332:Bibcode
1324:Science
1260:1439779
1240:Science
1149:6067898
925:Profile
903:1733782
862:Science
856:4418410
826:Bibcode
728:Science
659:by the
607:Finland
371:, near
301:at the
287:Germany
244:dentist
2625:WHO-EM
2545:Lancet
2422:TA-NIC
2407:NicVAX
2254:Dengue
2094:Rabies
1920:Typhus
1859:Plague
1737:Policy
1698:Toxoid
1626:Trials
1475:
1458:
1430:online
1406:online
1382:online
1350:
1300:online
1258:
1156:
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559:, the
527:Munich
475:rabies
314:Brazil
165:Polish
145:Fields
133:(2007)
127:Awards
108:Spouse
85:Polish
76:, U.S.
52:Warsaw
2724:Polio
2553:NCVIA
2417:TA-CD
2351:Other
2302:RTS,S
2082:Sabin
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2072:Mumps
1981:Ebola
1964:Viral
1913:ViCPS
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1772:VAERS
1722:NITAG
1651:Live
852:S2CID
797:Notes
781:Poles
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272:Rome
234:Life
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2383:HPV
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1993:Flu
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1822:Hib
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