Higher education in Ontario

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sustainability with an associated set of metrics. Very limited information regarding how the components and metrics are to be used is available as the framework intends to provide a "vocabulary" for institutions to construct Strategic Mandate Agreements (SMAs). Strategic Mandate Agreements are the primary vehicles for implementing Ontario's differentiation goals. Institutions were required to submit SMA proposals in 2012 followed review by a committee appointed by the Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario. In August 2014, Ontario signed SMAs with its all 45 publicly funded colleges and universities. In 2015, Ontario's launching University Funding Formula Consultation with university sector to review and modernize the funding model. Consultations will include students, university leadership and faculty, as well as important partners such as employers, colleges, the elementary and secondary sector, and professional associations.

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divested from postsecondary education, institutions have used differential fees as a way to generate revenue. Today, international students thus pay, on average, 4.5 times more in tuition fees than domestic students. However, heavy reliance on revenue from foreign students can result in prioritizing the success of foreign students above the education and training of local students. In particular, universities must offer degrees that are of interest to foreign students. Also, the acceptance of students who are not sufficiently fluent in English or French requires an erosion of academic standards.

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twenty-two universities. Some universities have federated and/or affiliated colleges which are considered part of the public university system. In addition, there are seventeen private religious universities and over 500 private career colleges that are not classified as universities. Ontario's private career colleges provide specific skills training for employment and must be registered with the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development. A program run by

3837: 3468: 3567: 891: 816: 3847: 1214:(HEQCO) illustrates that issues such as geography and disability have negative impacts on participation that may largely relate back to family income and the cost of postsecondary education, but the two most significant factors affecting postsecondary participation in Ontario are parents' level of education and Aboriginal status, factors that relate more to the perception of higher education rather than the actual costs. 1410:

tripled. In 2013–14, 10% of all university enrolments in Ontario were international students contributing just under $ 3 billion annually to Ontario's economy. The top five source countries of international students at Ontario universities are China, India, Saudi Arabia, the United States, and Nigeria. International student enrolment at Ontario colleges is also growing, with a five-fold increase between 2000 and 2010.

3857: 1291:, in 2011 the CUCC evolved into the Ontario Council on Articulation and Transfer (ONCAT), which has assumed jurisdiction over the OCUTG; now known as the Ontario Postsecondary Transfer Guide (OPTG). ONCAT works to create establish and maintain pathways from college to college, college to university, and university to university transfers. They also work to maintain a province-wide 1439:

is projected to increase by an average of 1.7% through to 2017–18, meaning one of every six adult Ontarians will be enrolled in Ontario public post-secondary institutions. Internationalization of higher education is also on the rise, as the number of domestic students studying abroad and international students studying in Canada is increasing rapidly.

939:(OCUFA) represents 15,000 teachers, researchers, and librarians through its interaction with the Ontario government, opposition parties, related agencies, and associations. OCUFA allows its twenty-three member faculty associations to coordinate media relations and research for collective bargaining. In addition, OCUFA publishes the quarterly journal 1232:, which also sparked the creation of the HEQCO. While current government efforts are intended to address issues of access, the HEQCO warns that a lack of reliable system-wide data will make it difficult to monitor the effects of these efforts and the state of access and participation in the future. One current source of data, Stats Canada's 1312:

postsecondary education; 2) increase the global competitiveness of Ontario's postsecondary education; 3) build on and help focus the well-established strengths of Ontario colleges and universities -while avoiding unnecessary duplication; and 4) maintain an efficient and financially sustainable postsecondary education system.

468:. In the mid-1960s, the government of Ontario passed legislation to establish a new category of post-secondary institutions called Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATS) with an emphasis on vocational, technological, and general education. In 1966, the provincial government began to establish an 1332:

Ontario contains nine Indigenous institutions: Anishinabek Education Institute, First Nations Technical Institute, Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute, Iohahi:io Akwesasne Adult Education Centre, Oshki Pimache-O-Win Education and Training Institute, Ogwehoweh Skills and Trades Training Centre, Seven

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Established in 1974, the Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations & Unions (COUSA) represents non-union and union non-academic staff by providing a forum to share information, workshops, a common lobbying voice, and a method for collective action. In addition, COUSA participates in

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plan for postsecondary education in the province, initiated in 2005, includes a $ 6.2 billion commitment to postsecondary education to address such issues as capacity, access, financial assistance and more. The plan calls for, among other deliverables, a target postsecondary attainment rate of 70%.

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The rapid increase (60% from in the last decade) in student enrolment in Ontario universities has not been met in similar increase of university professors (28% increase in the same time span) resulting in a student-to-faculty ratio of 26:1, which is much higher than the national average. Enrolment

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into a federated institution. By 1963, Ontario's post-secondary system consisted of 14 universities (with 35,000 full-time undergraduate students), seven institutes of technology (with just over 4,000 students), 11 teachers colleges, almost 60 hospital schools of nursing, and the Ontario College of

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Ontario's Ministry of Citizenship, Immigration, and International Trade recruits international post-secondary students as permanent residents through three Provincial Nominee Programs: the International Student With Job Offer Stream, the International Masters Graduate Stream, and the International

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Tuition fees in Ontario are higher than any other province in Canada. On average, undergraduate students pay 29% more and graduate students pay 41% more compared to the Canadian average. In the last 20 years, Ontario college tuition fees outpaced inflation by 435% and undergraduate tuition fees by

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The number of international students studying in Ontario universities has grown each year by an average of 7% since the start of the 21st century, until it grew by more than 8% in 2011–12 and 9% in 2012–13. Between 2000 and 2010, the number of international students at Ontario universities almost

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for details). This binary structure has been long-standing and intentional with little mobility between the two sides; a characteristic that has been maintained through formidable resistance from universities to develop a more articulated system. Only in recent years have pathways begun to emerge

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manages the operations of the Ministry that has responsibility for administration of laws relating to postsecondary education and skills training in Ontario. The Ministry of Colleges and Universities also works with several external advisory bodies to assist the governance of the higher education

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who was appointed in June 2021. The ministry administers laws covering 22 public universities, 24 public colleges (21 Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) and three Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning (ITALs)), 17 privately funded religious universities, and over 500 private

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Ontario Council on Articulation and Transfer (ONCAT) traces its roots to the College University Consortium Council (CUCC) which was established in 1996. ONCAT was founded in 2011. It is a coordinating body to develop and maintain a new transfer portal and transfer guide. The purpose is to assist

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underrepresented groups); continued enrolment growth; greater student mobility between institutions; and technology-enabled changes to program delivery. Additional changes include gradual economic constraint, increasing integration with business and industry, and an extensive use of technology.

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In 1994, the Ontario government excluded international students from the Ontario Health Insurance Program (OHIP). International students studying at universities must enrol in a private health insurance program called the University Health Insurance Plan (UHIP), while many international college

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Since 2012, Ontario is driving its Differentiation Agenda encompassing several initiatives undertaken by the Government of Ontario to transform the postsecondary education system with the following overarching transformation goals: 1) support student success and access to a high quality Ontario

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In a recent study of student perspectives of postsecondary mobility in Ontario published in the Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education Professional File, PhD. candidate Christine Arnold writes, "Transfer pathways have progressed significantly in the province over the last five years

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government. After 1995, the provincial government undertook actions that led to increased privatization within higher education, blurred boundaries in the binary structure, institutional differentiation, and the overall system's expansion. In 1996, the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training

480:. The universities retained a monopoly over the right to grant degrees and the government defined clear non-degree granting mandates for the CAATs thereby creating a binary system of higher education within Ontario. Also in 1967, the government of Ontario responded to citizens' interest to form 64:

the division of responsibilities and taxing powers between the Ontario and Canadian governments creates the need for cooperation to fund and deliver higher education to students. Each higher education system aims to improve participation, access, and mobility for students. There are two central

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According to the Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario's predictions, the future of postsecondary education in Ontario will include increased diversity among students (due to continued immigration, growth in the number of adult learners, and efforts to increase participation by currently

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Ontario has a binary public post-secondary education structure consisting of parallel college and university systems. The public college system comprises 21 colleges of applied arts and technology and three institutes of technology and advanced learning. The public university system comprises

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Although tuition fees for domestic students are regulated by Ontario's provincial government, international student fees have not been regulated since 1996. As recently as the 1970s, there were no differential fees for international students in Ontario; however, as successive governments have

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2% of Ontario's population are First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people. Overall, Ontario's Indigenous communities are significantly younger and have a population growth rate four times higher than the non-Indigenous population in Ontario. 30.7% of people in Ontario have a university credential

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Ontario's Ministry of Finance identified five significant pressures currently faced by the postsecondary sector in Ontario: educating a growing share of the population; helping equalize economic and social outcomes across the population; providing an important component of lifelong learning;

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In the decade following, a collection of laddering and degree-completion agreements had begun to accumulate on the Ontario College University Transfer Guide (OCUTG). The agreements tend to be very specific between one university and one college. This style of transfer agreement differs from

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Ontario's current public university and college system was essentially established in the late 1960s; however, both systems have since changed, and the objective of colleges increasingly includes degree-granting powers. This brings into question the design of a college system discrete from

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for Postsecondary Education. The framework contains six components including jobs, innovation & economy, teaching and learning, student population, research and graduate education, program, and institutional collaboration; and two directions, namely strategic enrolment and financial

73:. While application services are centralized, admission and selection processes vary and are the purview of each institution independently. Admission to many Ontario postsecondary institutions can be highly competitive. Post-secondary students in Ontario are typically represented by 1221:

plan for postsecondary education in the province beginning in 2005. The plan calls for a $ 6.2 billion investment in postsecondary education to address such issues as capacity, access, financial assistance and more, including a target postsecondary attainment rate of 70%.

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countries of 37%. A study commissioned by Colleges Ontario found that, between 2001–02 to 2006–07, 60% of Ontario students enrolled directly in postsecondary programs (34% in university, 20% in college, and 6% in apprenticeships) after five years of secondary school.

914:(COU) represents twenty degree-granting institutions through a committee consisting of one executive and one academic from each member institution. The COU supports a wide range of activities regarding issues to enhance the role of universities (e.g., 402:. In 1951, the provincial government hired a part-time consultant on higher education policy matters to support the Minister of Education given that no office in the government or agency had ever had full responsibility for the sector. In 1956, Premier 128:. Governor Simcoe was the first advocate for establishing educational institutions in the new colony to increase citizens' connection to Britain and prevent the incursion of influence from post-revolutionary schools in the United States. In 1797, the 1329:

compared with only 11.8% of Indigenous people in Ontario. Today, 1.7% of university students and 3.6% of college students in Ontario overall are Indigenous; in northern Ontario, 9.2% of university students and 13% of college students are Indigenous.

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with the establishment of private and sectarian universities in Ontario during the early 19th century. Initially, Ontario's first three universities were formed with religious affiliations. Established in 1827, King's College was associated with the

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Generations Education Institute, Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig, and Six Nations Polytechnic. Indigenous institutions in Ontario operate without public funds and grant diplomas or degrees through partnerships with colleges and universities.

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persuaded the government of Ontario to turn the Training and Re-Establishment Institute for veterans into the Ryerson Institute of Technology. Over the following forty-five years, the institute expanded its vocational focus to become

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but universities supported the national war effort through funding from the government of Canada. In 1942, the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning established the non-denominational Carleton College that later became

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Cameron, D.M & Royce, D.M. (1996) Appendix B: Prologue to Change: An Abbreviated History of Public Policy and Postsecondary Education in Ontario. Report of the Advisory Panel on Future Directions for Postsecondary Education.

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implemented an investment plan for postsecondary education called "Reaching Higher" outlining its strategy until 2010. As part of this plan, the provincial government accepted a recommendation of the Rae Report to establish the

4587: 977:(CSA) represents 109,000 students across twenty student associations at colleges in Ontario. The CSA focuses on developing its members and advocacy on issues for students at college and college-university institutions. 406:

replaced the consultant with a committee of senior government officials who served two years before being replaced by civil servants from the government departments of economics, education and treasury who made up the

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In 1996, the provincial government initiated the College and University Consortium Council (CUCC) in order to foster closer collaboration between colleges and universities in Ontario. Three years later, in 1999, the

1023:(HEQCO) is an independent agency funded by the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development and provides recommendations to enhance access, quality and accountability of Ontario's colleges and universities. 228:. In 1868, the province of Ontario withdrew financial support for religious universities. In 1874, the Canadian government established the first federal institution of higher education in Kingston, Ontario, the 1005:(UCRU) represents 250,000 students across Canada and five student associations in Ontario. Membership in the UCRU is open to student associations that represent undergraduate students at a university in the 4582: 549:

In 2000, the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development authorized Ontario's Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) to offer a limited number of applied baccalaureate degrees under the

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represents 155,000 students at eight Ontario higher education institutions. The alliance focuses on higher education issues related to accessibility, affordability, accountability and quality.

1264:(COU) and the Association of Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology of Ontario (ACAATO) jointly endorsed a set of principles governing mobility and transfer that has become known as the 901:

There are eight associations in Ontario that provide representation for faculty, staff, institutions, and students by interacting within the structure of higher education in Ontario.

1202:, indicates that 63% of Ontario's population aged 25–34 have educational attainment to at least the tertiary level as compared to the national average of 56% and the average across 3893: 925:

Colleges Ontario is the advocacy and outreach association of Ontario's 24 Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (including three Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning).

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allocates responsibility for higher education to the provinces. In Ontario, executive responsibility lies with the Minister of Colleges and Universities, who is a member of the

2934:. Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education Professional File, Number 31. Ottawa: Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education. Retrieved November 18, 2011 from 2470: 2696: 2577:

Salmi, J. & Hauptman, A. (2006). Resource allocation mechanisms in tertiary education: A typology and an assessment. In Global University Network for Innovation (GUNI),

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Ontario boasts the highest postsecondary participation and attainment rates among Canadian provinces, ranking high in international comparisons as well. A 2010 report from

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represents 300,000 students across thirty-five student unions in Ontario. The federation focuses on advocacy through effective research, lobbying, and student mobilization.

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In 2014, Ontario postsecondary enrolment fell for the first time in 15 years, with 2.9% fewer students enrolled at universities and 3.5% fewer at community colleges.

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Despite these comparatively strong participation and attainment rates, under-represented groups in Ontario face access issues that are common around the world. The

2903: 936: 1036:(OCAS) is a corporation created by the Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology in Ontario. It provides a centralized application system for prospective students. 216:

established that the government of Canada has responsibility for trade and commerce whereas section 93 conferred to each province responsibility for education.

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Private universities grant degrees under the authority of an Act of the Legislative Assembly or may provide individual degree programs with the consent of the

3174: 1578: 2833: 2820: 2808: 2834:"It's a slide demographic experts have warned about, noting enrolment should slip until after 2020, when the boomers' grandchildren begin to land on campus" 825:

The higher education system in Ontario includes the interaction among government, external advisory bodies, educational institutions, and associations. The

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universities and has led to Ontario's Ministry of Finance's formal recommendation to increase differentiation through establishing mandate agreements.

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as a bilingual federation representing Roman Catholic, United, and Anglican religious affiliations. In 1961, the government expanded and changed the

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served as the founding president. By 1960, there were five publicly supported secular universities. In 1960, the government of Ontario established

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of Upper Canada for a portion of Crown Land to support the foundation of grammar schools and a college or university. Higher education preceded

225: 1624: 3991: 3443: 3402: 1738:

Fisher, D., Rubenson, K., Bernatchez, J., Clift, R., Jones, G., Lee, J., MacIvor, M., Meredith, J., Shanahan, T., & Trottier, C. (2006).

1652: 1316: 514: 333:. By 1945, there were three publicly supported secular universities, six denominational private colleges, and several vocational institutes. 1095:, Equalization and Territorial Formula Financing programs for financing instruction and investment. Funding of research is supported by the 260:

by merging Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College. By 1899, there were seven higher education institutions established in Ontario.

1287:, makes the most recent call for improvements to student mobility and institutional cooperation. Following government endorsement of the 1211: 1027: 1020: 1006: 539: 66: 4572: 4139: 1498: 1277: 849:

Governance within Ontario universities generally follows a bicameral approach with separation of authority between a board and senate.

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Following the October 2011 provincial election which resulted in a Liberal minority, the government re-affirmed its commitment to the

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Ontario has a binary postsecondary education system consisting essentially of universities on one hand and colleges on the other (see

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A 2018 study of students in their first and last years at university found that, in the use of written or numerical information to

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Report of the Advisor to the Minister of Colleges and Universities on the Governance of the Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology

444: 3213:

http://www.quality-matters.ca/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/QUALITY-MATTERS-ISSUE-NOTE-FACULTY-AND-INFRASTRUCTURE-FINAL.pdf

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By 2000, there were a total of twenty public universities established in Ontario. In 2002, the government of Ontario created the

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Students with family incomes below $ 160,000 are eligible for a 30% off university tuition rebate of $ 1,780 from the province.

988: 954: 949:, and provides research briefs and reports on its website. For advocacy, OCUFA has a separate website entitled Quality Matters. 129: 2369: 1299:(College-University Consortium Council, 2007); resources and sources for transfer currently do not match this level of care." 4592: 4236: 4099: 1974: 1182:, 25% of students showed inadequate ability, 45% showed adequate ability, while 30% showed superior ability. A comparison of 919: 305: 170: 41: 2598: 1115:

Parents receive funding from the government of Canada to save money for the post-secondary education of their children. The

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and provided by universities, colleges of applied arts and technology, and private career colleges. The current minister is

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Art. In 1964, the government introduced a Department of University Affairs within the Ministry of Education under Minister

2821:

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3889&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2

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http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=4435&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2

1555: 4567: 3981: 3739: 3734: 3658: 3367: 3281:

Jones, G. (2005). On complex intersections: Ontario universities and governments. In F. Iacobucci & C. Tuohy (Eds.),

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functioning as an engine of innovation; and delivering quality education with a constrained provincial fiscal situation.

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as long as the funds are repaid within a ten-year period. Graduate students may also be eligible for funding through the

1033: 915: 70: 2900: 542:

as an independent advisory agency. On June 18, 2008, the provincial government converted Algoma University College into

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Academic Reform: Policy Options for Improving the Quality and Cost-Effectiveness of Undergraduate Education in Ontario

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601%. Universities in Ontario educate more students with less provincial funding per student than any other province.

1146:. In addition, students with earnings who have previously contributed to a Canadian retirement tax shelter (i.e., the 4001: 3691: 3588: 3397: 3325:

Snowdon, K. (2005). Assessing the revenue framework and multi-year planning in the Rae Report. In C. M. Beach (Ed.),

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Skolnik, M. L. (2005). The Rae Review and the structure of postsecondary education in Ontario. In C. M. Beach (Ed.),

1116: 1054: 273: 190: 166: 3312:

Rae, B. (2005). Ontario: A Leader in Learning – Report & Recommendations. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario.

2499:"AMS, UCRU call on federal government to increase financial support for students and graduates impacted by COVID-19" 2471:"SUBMITTED TO THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRY, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AS PART OF THE REVIEW OF THE COPYRIGHT ACT" 4276: 4246: 4109: 4006: 3427: 1575: 1096: 415:, Ira Needles, and Rev. Cornelius Siegfried founded the Waterloo College Associate Faculties that later became the 229: 133: 3104:"Why is it important to attract international students to Ontario universities? - Council of Ontario Universities" 4557: 4266: 4162: 4149: 4104: 4016: 3915: 3817: 3620: 3407: 3124: 1518: 1261: 981: 911: 858: 838: 399: 24: 3019:"What proportion of university students in Ontario come from other countries? - Council of Ontario Universities" 2415: 4216: 4094: 4089: 3678: 3598: 2777: 2392: 2052: 1817: 1478: 1120: 301: 1940: 4435: 4041: 3860: 3653: 3295:

Milway, J. (2005). Post-secondary education and Ontario's prosperity. In F. Iacobucci & C. Tuohy (Eds.),

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Skolnik, M. (1998). "Higher education in the 21st century: Perspectives on an emerging body of literature."

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Jones, G. (2004). Ontario higher education reform, 1995–2003: From modest modifications to policy reforms.

2015:

Jones, G. (2004). Ontario higher education reform, 1995–2003: From modest modifications to policy reforms.

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Ontario's Liberal government and the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development embarked on the

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system that created a double cohort of students entering post-secondary education. In 2005, the Honourable

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students to transfer between institutions and research and report on credit transfer activity and results.

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established the College of Bytown in 1848. In 1866, the College of Bytown completed its conversion to the

4365: 4329: 4206: 4119: 3822: 3797: 3754: 3744: 3726: 3706: 3686: 3608: 3556: 3448: 3382: 3056: 1508: 862: 477: 473: 109: 20: 3332: 2756: 4597: 4425: 4296: 4286: 4231: 3966: 3422: 3363: 3347: 3255: 2729: 1503: 1483: 918:) and collaboration between institutions to increase effectiveness (e.g., sharing information through 439:

consisting of civil servants and non-government members. In 1962, the government of Ontario formed the

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plan by announcing that 3 new undergraduate campuses will be established to serve increasing demand.

1315:

On November 29, 2013, Minister of Training, Colleges, and Universities released the final version of

245: 3307: 3149: 3125:"Ontario Post-Secondary Education Funding Policies: Perverse Incentives and Unintended Consequences" 3103: 3018: 2869: 385:

In 1946, the government of Ontario established the Lakehead Technical Institute in Port Arthur (now

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Arnold, C.H. (2011). Following the Ontario Transfer Student: From College to University Inception.

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targets assistance to parents less likely to have funds available to contribute to a RESP account.

1111:. Both governments of Canada and Ontario provide funding and support for post-secondary students. 4602: 4400: 3812: 3648: 3506: 2959: 1131: 1062: 518: 449: 65:

organizations that assist with the process of applying to Ontario universities and colleges: the

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http://www.heqco.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/FINAL%20PSE%20Attainment%20Research%20Note%20ENG.pdf

4529: 4201: 4074: 4036: 1100: 1092: 416: 313: 145: 53: 1240:, provides less comprehensive data with respect to higher education transitions specifically. 1067:

The public funding of higher education in Ontario primarily relies on cooperation between the

1030:(OUAC) is an organization acting as a bureau managing applications to universities in Ontario. 4370: 4291: 4046: 4021: 4011: 3961: 3593: 3340: 2188: 1763: 1088: 1072: 826: 749: 653: 489: 440: 428: 289: 237: 213: 205: 162: 3313: 2200: 4390: 4134: 3996: 3976: 3946: 3782: 3762: 3640: 1513: 1124: 1068: 493: 485: 461: 174: 3566: 3329:(pp. 27 – 72). Kingston, ON: John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy. 3302:

Panacci, A.G. (2014). Baccalaureate Degrees at Ontario Colleges: Issues and Implications.

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skills showed little improvement over the course of an average student's academic career.

557: 8: 4577: 4350: 3971: 3956: 3941: 3625: 3575: 3322:(pp. 7 – 26). Kingston, ON: John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy. 2776:. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario. Retrieved November 18, 2011 from 2692:. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario. Retrieved November 18, 2011 from 1466: 1049: 390: 330: 293: 288:. In 1906, controversy over the role of the Ontario government and the leadership of the 257: 221: 189:. In 1912, Queen's College ended its affiliation with the Presbyterian Church and became 137: 125: 94: 61: 3242:

https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231311/http://www.csshe-scees.ca/pf/PF_31_Arnold.pdf

2114: 1075:. Public funding of higher education involves direct public funding of institutions for 998:(CASA) represents 275,000 students across Canada and one student association in Ontario. 224:

through the overlapping of interests and responsibilities between the provinces and the

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or Rae Review. Within four months of its release, the provincial government of Premier

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as the first college. In 1967, the government of Ontario established twenty-three more

394: 121: 74: 3871: 735:. Report of the Advisory Panel on Future Directions for Postsecondary Education, 1996 4463: 4430: 4345: 3931: 3846: 3265: 3223:

Weber, L. (2007). "Internationalization of Canadian Universities: Where Are We Now?"

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http://www.ocutg.on.ca/www/index_en.php?page=the_ontario_postsecondary_transfer_guide

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combined with funding of students. To fund public higher education institutions, the

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that articulated a separation of powers, resulting in the widespread adoption of the

150: 141: 4473: 4410: 4395: 4380: 4360: 4355: 4026: 3936: 3840: 3787: 2715:. Toronto: Canadian Education Statistics Council. Retrieved November 18, 2011 from 2665:"On Test: Skills, Summary of Findings from HEQCO's Skills Assessment Pilot Studies" 2366: 941: 469: 465: 453: 321: 284:

established the Dominican College of Philosophy and Theology that later became the

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career colleges. 18 of the top 50 research universities in Canada are in Ontario.

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students are also required to purchase mandatory private health insurance plans.

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Jones, G. & Skolnik, M. (1997). Governing boards in Canadian universities .

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Jones, G. & Skolnik, M. (1997). Governing boards in Canadian universities .

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http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/postsecondary/schoolsprograms/university/index.html

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Ontario Council of Regents for Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (1990).

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Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2011, September 27).

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Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2011, September 27).

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Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2011, September 18).

1552: 895: 869: 758: 690:. Ontario Council of Regents for Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology, 1990 658: 598: 241: 201: 90: 4621: 4440: 4166: 3486: 2845: 2267: 2156: 1835: 1758:

Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials (2006, January 5).

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founded the "Western University of London" with religious affiliation to the

178: 154: 3171:"What will postsecondary education look like by the time my kids get there?" 2932:

Following the Ontario Transfer Student: From College to University Inception

2778:

http://www.heqco.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/At-Issue-8-Accessibility-ENG.pdf

1924: 1469:, provides recommendations on the way forward for Ontario higher education. 642:. Commission on the Future Development of the Universities of Ontario, 1984 77:

affiliated with one of several provincial or national student associations.

2262:

Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2007, March 16).

1941:

http://www.laurentian.ca/Laurentian/Home/About+LU/Historical+highlights.htm

1547:

Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2007, March 20).

606: 602: 403: 297: 158: 117: 3083: 2345:

Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Unions (n.d.).

2095:

Reaching higher: The McGuinty government plan for postsecondary education.

1805:

http://www.collegedominicain.ca/new/pages/english/about_DUC/about_DUC.html

3362: 3262:

Rethinking Higher Education: Participation, Research, and Differentiation

2868:. Toronto: The College Quarterly, 6(1). Retrieved November 18, 2011 from 2246:

Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2011, Oct 20).

1967:

Academic Transformation: The Forces Reshaping Higher Education in Ontario

727: 501: 424: 412: 386: 320:. Higher education was a low-priority under the provincial government of 60:; there is no corresponding federal ministry of higher education. Within 45: 2213:"Ontario's Differentiation Policy Framework for Postsecondary Education" 2183:

Advisory Panel on Future Directions for Postsecondary Education (1996).

2111:

Orazietti announces Algoma University officially independent institution

1699:

http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-5.html#anchorbo-ga:s_91-gb:s_93

1150:) may make tax-free withdrawals under the Canadian tax system using the 618:. Report of the Commission on Post-Secondary Education in Ontario, 1972 232:. In 1876, the Ontario Society of Artists founded the forerunner to the 3050:"Ontario's Differentiation Policy Frameworkfor Postsecondary Education" 2173:

http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/abcs/rcom/full/royalcommission.pdf

2033: 1969:. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 7. 1288: 1123:

provides funds to eligible parents to deposit into a RESP account. The

1080: 890: 610: 558:

Ontario Provincial Government and Postsecondary education, 1943–present

530: 773:

Ontario's differentiation policy framework for postsecondary education

492:. In 1992, the provincial government converted Nipissing College into 484:

which became a university in 2008. In addition, the government formed

40:

includes postsecondary education and skills training regulated by the

3546: 2412: 2350: 1991: