Higher education bubble in the United States

943:. Prospective employers and state governments have gotten pickier in the collegiate programs they are willing to finance. As of 2023, seven states had passed legislation requiring the disclosure of data on the worth of a university degree, such as students' loan payment and post-graduation employment. Another reason for the decline of interest in the humanities and liberal arts is the fact that many prospective students avoided them for fear of loss of parental support, and the perceived intolerance towards conservatives on college campuses, which tend to be dominated by left-wing faculty members, though the details are not as simple as they first appear. On the other hand, in the life sciences, the number of students or researchers interested in a postdoctoral fellowship had plummeted thanks to a boom in the biotechnology industry, which has had an insatiable appetite for talents and is willing to pay much higher than universities. In physics and engineering, which are traditionally male-dominated fields, enrollments had also fallen since 2020, as white men lost interest in higher education. Due to these trends, public universities have also trimmed their STEM departments. 1012:

enrollments dropped even after the return of in-person classes. Worse still for colleges and universities, they had become dependent on foreign students for revenue because they pay full tuition fees and the international restrictions imposed to alleviate the spread of the pandemic meant that this stream of revenue shrank substantially. Several colleges permanently closed their doors by the end of the 2019–20 academic year. Numerous institutions, including elite ones, suspended graduate programs in the humanities and liberal arts due to low student interest and dim employment prospects. Various polls indicated that a growing number of Americans became skeptical of the value of higher education relative to the cost and said they wanted to see K–12 education be less focused on college preparation. Having witnessed the Millennials accumulating large amounts of student debts, members of

1145:, assets like houses are sometimes purchased with a view to reselling at a higher price, and this can produce rapidly escalating prices as people speculate on future prices. An end to the spiral can provoke abrupt selling of the assets, resulting in an abrupt collapse in price – the bursting of the bubble. Because the asset acquired through college attendance – a higher education – cannot be sold but only rented through wages, there is no similar mechanism that would cause an abrupt collapse in the value of existing degrees. For this reason, this analogy could be misleading. However, one rebuttal to the claims that a bubble analogy is misleading is the observation that the 'bursting' of the bubble are the negative effects on students who incur student debt, for example, as the 958:, in which employers ask for college degrees for jobs that don’t need one and previously did not require one. According to a Burning Glass Institute analysis of 2022 U.S. Census Bureau data, Bachelor’s degree holders in college-level jobs earn nearly 90% more than people with just a high-school diploma in their 20s, while 45% of college graduates are underemployed and earn 25% more than high-school graduates (not adjusting for any student loan debt of such graduates). Due to popular demand, the cost of higher education has grown at a rate faster than inflation between the late 20th and early 21st centuries. From the 1990s to the 2010s, tuition and fees rose 440%, as federal loans for students became more generous. As costs went up, so did student debt. 577:. Undergraduate and graduate enrollments have both been in decline, while trade schools continue to attract growing numbers of students. White men are a major group opting for alternatives to higher education. Many faculty members are leaving academia, especially those from the humanities. At the same time, university graduates are likely to regret having studied the humanities and liberal arts. While academics maintain that certain subjects are worth studying for their own sake, students are more concerned with increasing their earning potential. So far this century, numerous institutions of higher learning have permanently closed, especially community colleges, and for-profit institutions. 1216:(which can be capitalized and increase the principal loan amount), thus removing the incentive to only provide students loans that the students can be reasonably expected to repay. As evidence for this hypothesis, it has been suggested that returning bankruptcy protections (and other standard consumer protections) to student loans would cause lenders to be more cautious, thereby causing a sharp decline in the availability of student loans, which, in turn, would decrease the influx of dollars to colleges and universities, who, in turn, would have to sharply decrease tuition to match the lower availability of funds. 999:. By the early 2020s, the rate of growth of tuition fees had dropped, and some schools were freezing or even cutting theirs. If affordable or free online learning continued to grow, then non-elite institutions would struggle to justify their physical infrastructure. On the other hand, prestigious universities saw continued growth in the number of applicants and as such were in no danger of closing. This was due partly to students sending their applications to more schools for a chance of getting admitted and because (elite) institutions had not significantly expanded their capacities. 1102: 1094: 852: 1110: 22: 799: 1325: 482: 962: 1134:

certain majors, especially at costly private universities, may not justify the investment. It has been suggested that the returns to education should be compared to the returns to other forms of investment such as the stock market, bonds, real estate, and private equity. A higher return would suggest underinvestment in higher education, but lower returns would suggest a bubble. Studies have typically found a causal relationship between growth and education, although the

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from which industry and company funded research, and how much it would cost to attend. By the 2020s, graduating from a prestigious university no longer guaranteed gainful employment immediately after graduation. According to Gallup, public confidence in higher education has declined "sharply" between 2015 and 2023; even those with bachelor's or advanced degrees were less approving than before.

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to downsize or to merge. Rural ones had closed majors across the board, from the humanities to the sciences. More than half of the colleges and universities that remained saw substantial reductions in the number of students attending. Such institutions have adapted to the new reality by dropping programs with low student interest, including many in the liberal arts and the humanities, like

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on foreign students threatened the future of many American schools, which had hitherto been assuming that the number of international applicants would keep growing. Falling demand for higher education in the United States will force this industry to become more innovative, which is something it has not been traditionally good at. Moreover, as the

644:. But only 60% of those students, that is 42% of high school graduates, will graduate within 6 years with at least a Bachelor's degree. Note that Bachelor's degrees in the United States are typically designed to be completed in four years of full-time study, and Master's programs in the US are normally two years (full-time) in length. 848:

adjusted according to risk. They have further noted that there is evidence that undergraduate students in their first three years of college are not very good at predicting future wages by major. Indeed, student interest has shifted away from low-paying programs towards those of greater value in the job market. (See chart below.)

1184:, for those in the 25–34 age range, the differential between college graduate and high school graduate earnings fell 11% for men, to $ 18,303 from $ 20,623. The decline for women was an extraordinary 19.7%, to $ 14,868 from $ 18,525. Meanwhile, the cost of college has increased 16.5% in 2012 dollars since 2006, according to the 1256:

love of knowledge. And universities represent all the different areas and fields within a society. And the students and faculty come from all these fields. This is a community that represents the best that a society has to offer. And there was a mention of our universities being the best in the world.

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were becoming more severe By the early 2020s, enrollments were declining at a growing rate as the number of high-school graduates continued to fall. Pew Trusts projected in 2022 that most U.S. states will see a decline in grade-school enrollments during the 2020s, which would help curb of the cost of

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because students do not appreciate the extent to which these degrees could benefit their employment prospects and future income. Proponents of this argument have noted that schools charge equal prices for tuition regardless of what students study, but the interest rate on federal student loans is not

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An alternative thesis has suggested that there is no general bubble in higher education because, on average, higher education really does boost income and employment by more than enough to make it a good investment. The problem is that degrees in some specific fields may be overvalued because they do

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concluded that after controlling for race and age cohort, families with heads of household with post-secondary education who were born before 1980 benefited from wealth and income premiums, while for families with heads of household with post-secondary education but born after 1980 the wealth premium

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Some economists reject the notion of a higher education bubble, noting that the returns on higher education vastly outweigh the cost, while others believe that the number of institutions of higher education in the United States will fall in the 2020s and beyond, citing reasons of demographic decline,

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Some employers have now been hiring graduates directly from high school, offering them generous bonuses, high wages, and (paid) apprenticeship programs in order to offset the ongoing labor shortage. Trade schools and apprenticeship programs have seen significant increases in enrollment while about a

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Between the early 2000s and early 2020s, hundreds of institutions permanently closed their doors. In fact, they were closing at an accelerating rate, and for-profit institutions were the hardest hit, as they were targeted by stricter regulations from the Obama administration. Public universities had

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However, this thesis came under stress in the 2010s, as institutions of higher education came under heightened skepticism due to high costs and disappointing results. People became increasingly concerned about debts and deficits, forcing institutions to prove their worth by clarifying how much money

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and the population boom after World War II, demand for higher education grew significantly during the latter half of the twentieth century, making it one of the major growth sectors for the American economy. Historically, high schools separated students on career tracks, but this changed in the late

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Rather than filling garages with flashy cars, the data show, today's rich devote their budgets to less visible but more valuable ends. Chief among them is education for their children: the top 10% now allocate almost four times as much of their spending to school and university as they did in 1996,

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said that international student enrollment for the 2022–2023 academic year in American higher education institutions had exceeded pre-pandemic levels, with strong growth coming from India and sub-Saharan Africa and overall enrollment growing at its fastest rate in 40 years. Nevertheless, dependency

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Between the early 2000s and the late 2010s, the number of students from emerging economies going abroad for higher education increased, and the United States was the most popular destination for international students, many of whom were from mainland China. In fact, the United States was the single

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However, the data actually show that notwithstanding a slight increase in 2008–2009, student loan default rates have declined since the mid-1980s and 1990s. During both periods of growth and recession, those with college degrees are much less likely than those without to be unemployed, even though

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also tended to be more skeptical of the value of higher education and have been more open to alternative educational routes and career options. Young men, especially whites, have increasingly looked elsewhere due to the hostility of identity politics on campus directed towards them. Meanwhile, the

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Note that these add up to more than 100% because they are cumulative; e.g. it is assumed that all people with doctorates also have undergraduate and high school degrees, and are thus counted twice in the "lower" categories. Age 25 is used rather than age 18 because there are few people aged 18 or

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Universities become sort of like canaries in the mine for a culture. They become the sort of standard of where culture is going. The dynamism, the originality of these entrepreneurial experiences, the fact that society allows people to be original, to take risks, all of it comes from a passionate

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A second hypothesis claims that as a result of federal law that severely restricts the ability of students to discharge their federally guaranteed student loans in bankruptcy, lenders and colleges know that students are on the hook for any amount that they borrow, including late fees and interest

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as reasons for their decisions. Non-tenure track professors now make up three-quarters of college faculty, up from a quarter in 1975. Moreover, lecturers and professors in the humanities face a highly precarious job market. Graduates who majored in the humanities and the liberal arts in the 2010s

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to modernize public infrastructure and to rejuvenate the manufacturing sector. Before Biden, President Donald Trump signed a 2017 executive order expanding federal funding for apprenticeship programs which had bipartisan support. In 2022, President Biden announced an initiative aimed at expanding

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The 2010s were a turbulent period for higher education in the United States, as small private colleges from across the country faced deep financial trouble as they had to make high tuition discounts in order to attract students at a time when higher education costs were increasing, regulation was

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Research from the Center for Household Financial Stability of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis presented in 2018 predicted a positive albeit declining income premium for completing college but a declining wealth premium, which is almost indistinguishable from zero for the most recent cohort.

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Inconspicuous consumption – whether breastfeeding or education – is a means to a better quality of life and improved social mobility for one's own children, whereas conspicuous consumption is merely an end in itself – simply ostentation. For today's aspirational class, inconspicuous consumption

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did not receive a degree but may have student loans to pay off, and that the benefits are only for those who graduate. As of 2012, 29% of student debtors never graduated, and those who did could take decades to pay back the money they owed. Also, the returns for marginal students or students in

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During the early 2010s, whether or not the "higher-education bubble" existed became a topic of debate among economists. Data has shown that although the wage premium (the difference in incomes between those with a four-year college degree and those with only a high school diploma) has increased

566:, by the late 2010s, people with technical or vocational trainings are slightly more likely to be employed than those with a bachelor's degree and significantly more likely to be employed in their fields of specialty. The United States currently suffers from a shortage of skilled tradespeople. 1179:

college graduate earned compared with the median high-school graduate has narrowed by $ 1,387 for men over 25 working full time, a 5% fall. Women in the same category have fared worse, losing 7% of their income advantage ($ 1,496). A college degree's declining value is even more pronounced for

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reports that "Students are deeper in debt today than ever before.... The trend of heavy debt burdens threatens to limit access to higher education, particularly for low-income and first-generation students, who tend to carry the heaviest debt burden. Federal student aid policy has steadily put

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in 2020 merely accelerated many of the previous trends at work. The coronavirus not only wrought havoc on the nation but also caused a severe economic downturn. Consequently, families either delayed or avoided sending their children to institutions of higher education altogether. Undergraduate

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away from state and federal funding over to students. This has mostly applied to public universities which in 2011 for the first time have taken in more in tuition than in state funding and had the greatest increases in tuition. Implied from this shift away from public funding to tuition is

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have fared the worst of all, losing 37% of enrollments between 2010 and 2023. Prospective students have been shunning them in large numbers due to the low quality of education and student services. As of 2024, American institutions of higher learning were closing at a rate of one per week.

558:, or a shift of government spending towards law enforcement and national security. There is a further concern that having an excess supply of college graduates exacerbates political instability, historically linked to having a bulge in the number of young degree holders. 811:

with a university degree earns 20% less than expected. It was thought that people with college degrees are much less likely than those without to be unemployed, even though they are more expensive to employ (they earn higher wages). In 2019, a report from the

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apprenticeship and work-based training programs in K–12 public schools in order to create a competitive and skilled workforce. On the other hand, Biden's student loan relief plan worth $ 400 billion was struck down by the Supreme Court of the United States.

771:(2012), that higher education as a "product grows more and more elaborate—and more expensive—but the expense is offset by cheap credit provided by sellers who are eager to encourage buyers to buy." Reynolds called university degrees a marker of 1058:

In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, colleges and universities saw an increase in the number of faculty members leaving academia, citing low pay, stressful work environments, heavy workloads, lack of administrative support, and

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projected in 2011 that a shortage of college-educated workers and a surplus of workers without college degrees, which would cause the wage premium to increase and cause differences in unemployment rates to become even more dramatic.

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resources into student loan programs rather than need-based grants, a trend that straps future generations with high debt burdens. Even students who receive federal grant aid are finding it more difficult to pay for college."

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dramatically since the 1970s, so has the 'debt load' incurred by students due to the tuition inflation. By 2019, the total college debt exceeded US$ 1.5 trillion, and two out of three college graduates were saddled with debt.

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suggested that the availability of loans was fueling an increase in tuition prices and an education bubble. The "Bennett hypothesis" claimed that readily available loans allow schools to increase tuition without regard to

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A key measure of the benefits of a degree is the college graduate's earning potential – and on this score, their advantage over high-school graduates is deteriorating. Since 2006, the gap between what the

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higher education going forward. A 2019 analysis by Moody's Investor Services estimated that about 20% of all small private liberal arts colleges in the United States were in serious financial trouble.

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in addition to the travel complications produced by the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the number of Chinese students enrolling in many American colleges and universities. A 2023 report produced by the

619:. From the 1980s to the 2010s, demand for higher education increased, especially after the Great Recession of 2007–2009 when Americans flocked back to school in order to adapt to the new economy. 3425: 4118: 4570: 1072:"), attending elite institutions in the United States was commonplace and seen as a status symbol, but the deterioration in the bilateral relationship as exemplified by President Donald Trump's 554:

in which schools charge students expensive tuition fees without offering them marketable skills in return. The claim has generally been used to justify cuts to public higher education spending,

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A different explanation for rising tuition is the reduction of state and federal appropriations to colleges, making them more reliant on student tuition. Thus, it is not a bubble but a form of

4536: 3097: 1955: 828: 254: 1229:, "To speak of college as a bubble is silly. A bubble does not pop until months or years after the funding ceases. There is no indication that the funding for college education will cease." 4600: 3005: 3365: 3837: 1085:

and the lower classes continues to fall while women with higher incomes and education are having more children, students in the future will be less likely to have to rely on loans.

2913: 550:. Moreover, the higher education bubble might be even more serious than load of student debts. Without safeguards in place for funding and loans, the government risks creating a 3759: 946:

Colleges and universities have been criticized for offering degree programs that fail to provide students with relevant skills in the labor market after graduation, as well as

4793: 2352: 4326: 2386: 2154: 459: 63: 3183: 1744: 368: 4388: 1783: 3868: 4419: 3983: 3513: 2012: 831:. Moreover, although the income premium remains positive, it had declined to historic lows with more pronounced downward trajectories with heads of household with 67: 4984: 4642: 4149: 5967: 4883: 3490: 3067: 1146: 4678: 628:

ran an article which said that the future was bright for college graduates. The data also suggested that, notwithstanding a slight increase in 2008–09, student

3433: 4349: 4126: 3165: 5992: 341: 139: 2231: 3105: 3456: 2515: 1588: 4284: 417: 363: 225: 2617: 407: 72: 4014: 4528: 856: 316: 3634: 859:, especially computer science, grew in popularity while the liberal arts and social studies, especially history, have declined due to market forces. 4232: 3301: 3013: 1030:

third of college graduates, including 38% of recent graduates, worked in jobs that did not require a university degree, according to data from the

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Benhabib, Jess; Spiegel, Mark M. (October 1994). "The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data".

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Is College Worth It?: A Former United States Secretary of Education and a Liberal Arts Graduate Expose the Broken Promise of Higher Education

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is the possibility that excessive investment in higher education could have negative repercussions in the broader economy. Although college

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U.S. population pyramid in 2023. The number of Americans of college age will drop by the late 2020s, at a faster rate by the late 2030s.

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A 2011 study from the Labor Department found that a bachelor's degree "represents a significant advantage in the job market." In 2011,

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Ley, Katharina; Keppo, Jussi (2011). "The Credits that Count: How Credit Growth and Financial Aid Affect College Tuition and Fees".

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are rising, the supply of college graduates in many fields of study is exceeding the demand for their skills, which aggravates

445: 373: 156: 3346: 2099: 4650: 4157: 2951: 2294: 2202: 2041: 1383: 589: 563: 453: 301: 203: 102: 92: 3075: 2751: 2892: 2752:"Estimating the Payoff to Attending a More Selective College: An Application of Selection on Observables and Unobservables" 2580: 1775: 1690:"Changing Priorities: State Criminal Justice Reforms and Investments in Education | Center on Budget and Policy Priorities" 1485: 1343: 1077: 992: 358: 291: 220: 166: 144: 134: 5143:

The Price of Admission: How America’s Ruling Class Buys its Way into Elite Colleges — and Who Gets Left Outside the Gates.

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were partially driven by spending levels, and higher tuition was also correlated with increased public perceptions of

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to a college education are falling but instead believe that the benefits far outweigh the costs. Others argue that

1031: 808: 412: 97: 87: 4233:"College enrollment picks up for the first time in over a decade—but student debt is still a major sticking point" 4206: 4179: 1613: 5813: 5191: 2789: 2485: 665: 612: 149: 82: 2420: 1378: 5634: 5517: 3642: 2931: 1458: 496: 43: 1715: 1097:

College Degree Returns by Average 2011 Annual Out-of-Pocket Costs, from B. Caplan's The Case Against Education

119: 4476: 2457: 599:

1980s and early 1990s, when the mission of high schools shifted to preparing students for college. In 1987,

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Percentages are calculated based on census data by counting people that had attained that level or higher.

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were most likely to regret having done so and had lower expected incomes than their counterparts in STEM.

21: 5783: 5771: 5740: 5056: 4837: 4015:"These colleges survived World Wars, the Spanish flu and more. They couldn't withstand COVID-19 pandemic" 2735: 995:, investing in online learning programs, and addressing untapped demands, such as mid-career training or 876: 818: 600: 4913: 5900: 5669: 5571: 5535: 5529: 5437: 5359: 5184: 1185: 971: 608: 2712: 1926:

Thomas Lemieux, Postsecondary Education And Increasing Wage Inequality, 96 AM. ECON. REVIEW 195 (2006)

1562: 787:. Because a university degree still had considerable value, higher education might be an example of a 5987: 5936: 5371: 3483:"'The tipping point is coming': Unprecedented exodus of young life scientists is shaking up academia" 2663: 562:

poor outcomes, economic problems, and changing public interests and attitudes. According to the U.S.

383: 215: 2421:"The top 10 most-regretted college majors — and the degrees graduates wish they had pursued instead" 802:

Data from the Federal Reserve shows that student debt has risen steadily during the 2000s and 2010s.

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rates had declined between the mid-1980s and 1990s and early 2010s. The management consulting firm

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suggest that much of the worth of a university degree lies not in the skills acquired, but rather

5888: 5849: 5777: 5559: 5547: 5383: 2323: 1166: 988: 792: 5882: 5862: 5831: 5807: 5723: 5493: 5377: 5027: 3457:"As professors struggle to recruit postdocs, calls for structural change in academia intensify" 2848: 1220: 1051: 936: 896: 872: 832: 784: 4941: 4751: 2814: 5906: 5894: 5801: 5583: 5505: 5407: 5401: 5292: 5281: 5253: 5228: 1101: 954:

has argued the combination of more college graduates and weaker learning outcomes has led to

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most popular destination for Chinese students; among children of the Chinese ruling class ("

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little to boost income or improve job prospects, and degrees in other fields may in fact be

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Diploma Mills: How For-profit Colleges Stiffed Students, Taxpayers, and the American Dream

8: 5696: 5658: 5640: 5613: 5595: 5365: 5330: 5269: 5243: 2870: 1665:"Gov. Sam Brownback cuts higher education as Kansas tax receipts fall $ 53 million short" 574: 5134:

Will College Pay Off?: A Guide to the Most Important Financial Decision You'll Ever Make

4443:"The Supreme Court rejects Biden's plan to wipe away $ 400 billion in student loan debt" 1113:

Study comparing college revenue per student by tuition and state funding in 2008 dollars

1093: 5664: 5652: 5607: 5565: 5461: 5449: 5308: 5238: 4946: 4857: 2802: 2183: 1884: 1439: 1208: 1073: 1047: 641: 5150:

Paying the Price: College Costs, Financial Aid, and the Betrayal of the American Dream

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choices secure and preserve social status, even if they do not necessarily display it.

5912: 5541: 5488: 5467: 5431: 5413: 5319: 5275: 5031: 4861: 4778: 4747: 4722: 2979: 2810: 2806: 2187: 1841: 1833: 1813: 1491: 1443: 1431: 1126: 629: 539: 5756: 5751: 5728: 5523: 5233: 4849: 4774: 4699: 4563:"Chinese communist leaders denounce U.S. values but send children to U.S. colleges" 3191: 2794: 2173: 1874: 1423: 1316: 1302: 1142: 892: 528: 475: 4412:"Biden Administration Urges Schools to Expand Apprenticeships and Career Learning" 5872: 5734: 5702: 5624: 5499: 5425: 5207: 5149: 5133: 5124:

The Case Against Education: Why the Education System Is a Waste of Time and Money

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The Case Against Education: Why the Education System Is a Waste of Time and Money

4682: 4259:"Colleges are now closing at a pace of one a week. What happens to the students?" 2917: 2762: 1353: 1225: 1157: 947: 780: 603: 3704:"In Japan, plummeting university enrollment forecasts what's ahead for the U.S." 2893:"Led By For-Profit Colleges, Student Loan Defaults At Highest Level In A Decade" 2387:"The Humanities' Scholarly Infrastructure Isn't in Disarray – It's Disappearing" 1501: 1109: 5941: 5789: 5766: 5690: 5646: 5601: 5589: 4853: 4695: 3786:"Rural universities, already few and far between, are being stripped of majors" 2266:"Community college enrollment is down, but skilled-trades programs are booming" 1589:"What's a college degree worth? States start to demand colleges share the data" 1368: 1161: 1122: 980: 776: 764: 4119:"College Readiness Shouldn't Be a Top Priority for K-12 Anymore, Survey Shows" 3163: 1138:

and type of education matters, and not just the number of years of schooling.

5961: 5926: 5347: 4887: 3675:"Colleges face reckoning as plummeting birthrate worsens enrollment declines" 3272: 1805: 1435: 1348: 1203: 1198: 1181: 884: 326: 5114:

The Student Loan Mess: How Good Intentions Created a Trillion-Dollar Problem

3812:"More colleges set to close even as top schools experience application boom" 1251:

that a purely economic analysis of a higher education bubble is incomplete:

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First-year U.S. college degree returns for select majors, by type of student

616: 5931: 5553: 5223: 5218: 5060: 2552:"PROOF POINTS: 861 colleges and 9,499 campuses have closed down since 2004" 2178: 2126:"After decades of pushing bachelor's degrees, U.S. needs more tradespeople" 1288: 1274: 1247: 1130: 1039: 1035: 951: 551: 536: 4350:"As enrollment plummets, academia gets schooled about where it went wrong" 4319:"Trump touts apprenticeships, turning to an issue with bipartisan support" 3223: 1427: 1408: 798: 640:

As of 2018, 70% of high school graduates in the United States enrolled in

5713: 5302: 5263: 2830:"Hiring Is Up For The Class Of 2011, But Previous Classes Still Struggle" 2798: 1879: 1862: 1232: 1069: 961: 916: 912: 904: 788: 573:

noted in 2019 that investment in higher education has reached a point of

4985:"How the Bush Administration Pointlessly Screwed Over Student Borrowers" 3760:"The Long-Term Decline in Fertility—and What It Means for State Budgets" 1888: 4962:"Student Loans: Time to Reform the Law That Treats Debtors Like Crooks" 4838:"Has the Expansion of Higher Education Led to Greater Economic Growth?" 2071:"Anxious about debt, Generation Z makes college choice a financial one" 1640:"Should the U.S. cut spending on education (yes) or the military (no)?" 1118: 923:. At the same time, graduates with the highest expected income studied 864: 4624:"With surge from India, international students flock to United States" 3869:"Yes, It Really Is Harder to Get into Highly Selective Colleges Today" 3164:

William R. Emmons; Ana H. Kent; Lowell R. Ricketts (January 7, 2019).

3098:"Modern American elites have come to favour inconspicuous consumption" 863:

Among graduates of the early 2020s, the most regretted majors include

750: 3733:"A look at trends in college and university consolidation since 2016" 3590:"Half of College Grads Are Working Jobs That Don't Use Their Degrees" 3545:"Half of College Grads Are Working Jobs That Don't Use Their Degrees" 2013:"A Generation of American Men Give Up on College: 'I Just Feel Lost'" 1043: 888: 868: 5176: 3929:"Fewer kids are going to college because they say it costs too much" 2324:"As Undergrad Physics Enrollment Stumbles, Departments Look Inward" 1909: 1487:

Dream Factories: Why Universities Won't Solve the Youth Jobs Crisis

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by lowering standards both for admission and coursework. Economist

580:

It is possible that the bubble will not burst, but rather deflate.

547: 437: 4815: 4593:"Covid-19 will be painful for universities, but also bring change" 2148: 2146: 1981:"Expert predicts 25% of colleges will "fail" in the next 20 years" 4041:"Pandemic Leads Dozens of Universities to Pause Ph.D. Admissions" 3328:"The 16 worst-paying college majors, five years after graduation" 3068:"How a Louis Vuitton bag can explain the higher education bubble" 1863:"The Rise and Fall of an International Counterculture, 1960-1975" 1388: 908: 900: 880: 595: 555: 3347:"The 16 highest-paying college majors, 5 years after graduation" 3166:"Is College Still Worth It? The New Calculus of Falling Returns" 2155:"Is College Still Worth It? The New Calculus of Falling Returns" 5002: 2143: 1358: 1310: 1296: 1176: 470: 4694: 2295:"While some students skip college, trade programs are booming" 2153:

Emmons, William R.; Kent, Ana H.; Ricketts, Lowell R. (2019).

1614:"U.S. Republican budget cuts social spending, boosts military" 4067:"Yet another report says fewer Americans value 4-year degree" 3400:"Are millennials to blame for the decline in English majors?" 4942:

Public Universities Relying More on Tuition Than State Money

4816:"How Much Do Educational Outcomes Matter in OECD Countries?" 4093:"Half of young Americans say college is no longer necessary" 1117:

The view that higher education is a bubble is debated. Some

4529:"US visas for Chinese students tumble 99% as tensions rise" 3958:"Jaded with education, more Americans are skipping college" 3902:"Could a fifth of America's colleges really face the chop?" 1268: 3247:"Facing skepticism, colleges set out to prove their value" 2581:"Community colleges are reeling. 'The reckoning is here.'" 1810:

The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914–1991

4912:

Vedder, Richard; Denhart, Christopher (January 8, 2014),

4180:"Can Gen Z Save Manufacturing from the 'Silver Tsunami'?" 3867:

Petrilli, Michael J.; Enamorado, Pedro (March 24, 2020).

1459:"Reflections on the underemployment of college graduates" 2911:

An Economy that Works: Job Creation and America's Future

2100:"Americans' Confidence in Higher Education Down Sharply" 2042:"The other college debt crisis: Schools are going broke" 1407:

Archibald, Robert B.; Feldman, David (David H.) (2006).

5096:

Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality.

4884:

American Association of State Colleges and Universities

4803:. World Bank & Kennedy School of Government (2000). 4469:"The most-regretted (and lowest-paying) college majors" 3609:"Cliodynamics: can science decode the laws of history?" 3588:

Fuhrmans, Vanessa; Ellis, Lindsay (February 22, 2024).

3564:"Why Americans Have Lost Faith in the Value of College" 3543:

Fuhrmans, Vanessa; Ellis, Lindsay (February 22, 2024).

3222:. U.S. Department of Labor. May 4, 2011. Archived from 2849:"Job Outlook for College Graduates Is Slowly Improving" 2686:"Should more kids skip college for workforce training?" 2450:"The most-regretted (and lowest-paying) college majors" 1147:

American Association of State Colleges and Universities

1042:

focused on higher education and high-skilled jobs, the

1021:

continued to fall, following a decades-long trend. But

5057:"Is a College Diploma Worth the Soaring Student Debt?" 4877:"Student Debt Burden, Volume 3, Number 8, August 2006" 4814:

Hanushek, Eric A.; Woessmann, Ludger (December 2010).

3302:"Academic Prioritization or Killing the Liberal Arts?" 3119:

whereas for other groups the figure has hardly budged.

2930:

Belkin, Douglas; Moriarty, Dylan (December 19, 2018).

1922: 1920: 1918: 1180:

younger Americans. According to data collected by the

1034:. Although the previous Democratic administrations of 3273:"The fight to find work: 'I've applied for 200 jobs'" 1050:

that do not require a college degree, as part of its

1002: 5171:

A look at trends in college consolidation since 2016

4207:"The Fight to Save Women's Colleges From Extinction" 3635:"Student Debt Rises by 8% as College Tuitions Climb" 3514:"What Happens When A Poor State Guts Its University" 3037:"Coronavirus bursts the US college education bubble" 2486:"In era of high costs, humanities come under attack" 2264:

Steinberg, Anya; Nadworny, Elissa (March 28, 2022).

2203:"Why Is Undergraduate College Enrollment Declining?" 1808:(1996). "Chapter Ten: Social Revolution 1945-1990". 1409:"State Higher Education Spending and the Tax Revolt" 1264: 1192: 4503:"A golden age for universities will come to an end" 3366:"The Liberal Arts May Not Survive the 21st Century" 3136:"The new, subtle ways the rich signal their wealth" 2952:"Educational Attainment in the United States: 2018" 1915: 1527:"A higher-ed bubble even bigger than student loans" 648:Educational attainment in the United States (2018) 535:and underemployment while increasing the burden of 2152: 4813: 3866: 3426:"Professors and Politics: What the Research Says" 3211: 3209: 2263: 5959: 4706:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 3299: 2232:"A 5th Straight Semester of Enrollment Declines" 1936: 1934: 1932: 1716:"Social Instability Lies Ahead, Researcher Says" 1406: 4764: 4742:Simkovic, Michael (2015). "The Knowledge Tax". 4285:"How Gen Z Is Becoming the Toolbelt Generation" 2731:"How U.S. News Calculates the College Rankings" 1944:, Chronicle of Higher Education, Sept. 21, 2010 987:, creating majors for emerging fields, such as 5968:Universities and colleges in the United States 4561:Higgins, Andrew; Fan, Maureen (May 19, 2012). 3206: 3130: 2929: 2384: 1483: 5192: 5173:. Higher Ed Dive. Last updated June 18, 2024. 4936: 4934: 4932: 4911: 4670: 4668: 3587: 3542: 1942:Job-Skill Trends and the College-Wage Premium 1929: 754:Cost of US college education relative to the 504: 5993:Education controversies in the United States 4150:"Gen Z's Distrust in Higher Ed a 'Red Flag'" 1956:"Is college still worth it? Read this study" 525:higher education bubble in the United States 2864: 2862: 2750:Dale, S.B.; Krueger, A.B. (December 1998). 2749: 2618:"This Is the Way the College 'Bubble' Ends" 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1212:reported that such claims are exaggerated. 5199: 5185: 5026: 4929: 4665: 4560: 4378: 4090: 3300:Dutt-Ballerstadt, Reshmi (March 1, 2019). 2886: 2884: 1953: 511: 497: 5049: 4704:The Race Between Education and Technology 4204: 3836:Kirshner, Jodie Adams (January 8, 2023). 3397: 2711:Bennett, William J. (February 18, 1987). 2385:Hamilton-Honey, Emily (August 10, 2022). 2177: 1954:Singletary, Michelle (January 11, 2020). 1878: 1836:(2005). "IV: The Emergence of Autonomy". 1465:. Teachers College at Columbia University 78:History of education in the United States 4982: 4741: 4621: 4526: 4409: 4064: 4012: 3984:"America's Innovation Engine Is Slowing" 3838:"Why Some Students Are Skipping College" 3835: 3632: 3157: 3034: 2978:. New York: Encounter Books. p. 1. 2973: 2859: 2786: 2615: 2350: 2200: 2162:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 2123: 1895: 1804: 1745:"America Is Pumping Out Too Many Ph.D.s" 1738: 1736: 1524: 1384:Higher education problems in South Korea 1108: 1100: 1092: 960: 919:are the most likely to offer a negative 850: 797: 749: 5094:Armstrong, E. and Hamilton, L. (2015). 4874: 4640: 4556: 4554: 4500: 4496: 4494: 4466: 4440: 4312: 4310: 4230: 3955: 3926: 3809: 3757: 3606: 3423: 3344: 3325: 2890: 2881: 2846: 2827: 2710: 2549: 2447: 2418: 2321: 2292: 2035: 2033: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1776:"How America Fractured Into Four Parts" 1713: 1525:Epperson, Sharon (September 11, 2014). 1490:, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 232, 1456: 1339:College admissions in the United States 5973:Education finance in the United States 5960: 5020: 4835: 4716: 4379:Brownstein, Ronald (January 5, 2023). 4316: 4256: 3981: 3896: 3894: 3810:Dickler, Jessica (February 22, 2023). 3783: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3561: 3511: 3454: 3393: 3391: 3363: 3295: 3293: 3244: 3181: 3065: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2828:Eichler, Alexander (August 30, 2011). 2761:. Princeton University. Archived from 2653: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2578: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2419:Dickler, Jessica (November 12, 2022). 2317: 2315: 2288: 2286: 2259: 2257: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2068: 2010: 1832: 1773: 1129:is not accounted for, given those who 1074:entry restrictions on Chinese students 5978:Higher education in the United States 5206: 5180: 4959: 4791: 4603:from the original on December 3, 2020 4539:from the original on February 6, 2021 4501:Birrell, Hamish (November 17, 2020). 4467:Van Dam, Andrew (September 2, 2022). 4410:Stanford, Libby (November 14, 2022). 4231:Dickler, Jessica (January 24, 2024). 4147: 4013:Aspegren, Elinor (January 28, 2021). 3951: 3949: 3879:from the original on October 24, 2020 3481:Wosen, Jonathan (November 10, 2022). 3480: 3270: 2891:Kirkham, Chris (September 12, 2011). 2574: 2572: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2448:Van Dam, Andrew (September 2, 2022). 2443: 2441: 2414: 2412: 2380: 2378: 2346: 2344: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2064: 2062: 2011:Belkin, Douglas (September 6, 2021). 1742: 1733: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1549: 1547: 1520: 1518: 1188:' higher education tuition-fee index. 891:; the least regretted majors include 590:Higher education in the United States 103:History of education in New York City 93:History of education in Massachusetts 5101:Bennett, W. and Wilezol, D. (2013). 4676:Trends in College Spending 1998–2008 4641:Seltzer, Rick (September 15, 2016). 4622:Anderson, Nick (November 13, 2023). 4551: 4520: 4491: 4347: 4307: 4282: 4205:Shugarman, Emily (August 14, 2021). 4148:Knott, Katherine (August 12, 2022). 4116: 4091:Wellemeyer, James (August 6, 2019). 4038: 3562:Belkin, Douglas (January 19, 2024). 3512:Powell, Michael (December 3, 2023). 3424:Jaschik, Scott (February 27, 2017). 3003: 2868: 2847:Johnson, Lacey (November 17, 2011). 2117: 2039: 2030: 1999: 1860: 1714:Turchin, Peter (December 27, 2016). 1484:Coates, Ken; Morrison, Bill (2016), 1344:College tuition in the United States 1239:professor and bestselling author of 1078:Institute of International Education 4983:Weissman, Jordan (April 16, 2015). 4794:"Where has all the education gone?" 4527:Watanabe, Shin (November 4, 2020). 4172: 4039:Korn, Melissa (December 29, 2020). 3927:Dickler, Jessica (March 14, 2021). 3891: 3751: 3720: 3692: 3657: 3398:Berlatsky, Noah (October 8, 2018). 3388: 3290: 2992: 2869:Pope, Justin (September 12, 2011). 2640: 2598: 2550:Barshay, Jill (November 21, 2022). 2503: 2472: 2312: 2283: 2254: 2194: 2088: 1973: 1854: 1798: 1767: 13: 5078: 4960:Quinn, Jane (September 24, 2010). 4842:National Institute Economic Review 4348:Will, George F. (April 19, 2023). 3946: 3758:Chapman, Jeff (December 5, 2022). 3607:Turchin, Peter (August 16, 2012). 3600: 2569: 2538: 2516:"Was your degree really worth it?" 2438: 2409: 2375: 2351:Flaherty, Colleen (July 5, 2022). 2341: 2293:Sanchez, Olivia (April 17, 2023). 2220: 2124:Krupnick, Matt (August 29, 2017). 2059: 1940:Sandy Baum and Michael McPherson, 1577: 1544: 1515: 1379:Higher education problems in China 1003:Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic 991:, and professional programs, like 20: 14: 6004: 5164: 5032:"College: Why It Is Not a Bubble" 3956:Binkley, Collin (March 9, 2023). 3784:Marcus, Jon (December 16, 2022). 3364:Harris, Sam (December 13, 2018). 3035:Foroohar, Rana (April 26, 2020). 2932:"Calculating the Risk of College" 2871:"Student loan default rates jump" 2853:The Chronicle of Higher Education 2654:Belkin, Douglas (July 19, 2017). 2616:Thompson, Derek (July 26, 2017). 2201:Nadworny, Elissa (May 25, 2018). 2170:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1786:from the original on June 8, 2021 1587:Burke, Lilah (January 21, 2023). 1193:Alternatives to bubble hypothesis 814:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 625:The Chronicle of Higher Education 571:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5326:1830s Chicago real estate bubble 5315:1810s Alabama real estate bubble 5010:"Why College Prices Keep Rising" 4976: 4953: 4905: 4868: 4829: 4807: 4785: 4758: 4744:University of Chicago Law Review 4735: 4710: 4688: 4634: 4615: 4585: 4460: 4434: 4403: 4372: 4341: 4276: 4250: 4224: 4065:Paterson, James (July 3, 2018). 3345:Winters, Mike (March 16, 2024). 3326:Winters, Mike (March 16, 2024). 3245:Marcus, Jon (January 22, 2016). 3104:. August 5, 2017. Archived from 3066:Campos, Paul (January 8, 2015). 3004:Will, George F. (June 8, 2012). 2040:Cohn, Scott (December 3, 2019). 1457:Barshay, Jill (August 4, 2014). 1323: 1309: 1295: 1281: 1267: 1219:Economic and social commentator 1046:government has been emphasizing 1032:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 791:, albeit a subtle rather than a 480: 469: 98:History of education in Missouri 88:History of education in Kentucky 5091:Johns Hopkins University Press. 4918:, American Enterprise Institute 4915:How the College Bubble Will Pop 4441:Sherman, Mark (June 30, 2023). 4283:Chen, Te-Ping (April 1, 2024). 4198: 4141: 4110: 4084: 4058: 4032: 4006: 3982:Watney, Caleb (July 19, 2020). 3975: 3920: 3860: 3829: 3803: 3777: 3633:Mitchell, Josh (May 31, 2012). 3626: 3581: 3555: 3536: 3505: 3474: 3455:Langin, Katie (June 13, 2022). 3448: 3417: 3357: 3338: 3319: 3264: 3238: 3184:"Why Millennials Can't Grow Up" 3175: 3124: 3090: 3059: 3028: 2967: 2942: 2923: 2903: 2840: 2821: 2793:. Ley, K. and Keppo, J., SSRN. 2790:Social Science Research Network 2780: 2743: 2723: 2704: 2678: 2522:. April 3, 2023. Archived from 2098:Brenan, Megan (July 11, 2023). 2069:Solman, Paul (March 28, 2019). 1947: 1826: 1774:Packer, George (June 8, 2021). 1743:Smith, Noah (January 4, 2021). 1707: 1682: 1561:. April 5, 2023. Archived from 1416:The Journal of Higher Education 83:History of education in Chicago 5518:Western Australian gold rushes 4721:. Princeton University Press. 4317:Wagner, John (June 15, 2017). 4257:Marcus, Jon (April 26, 2024). 3702:Marcus, Jon (April 18, 2023). 2322:Boatman, Liz (June 15, 2023). 1861:Suri, Jeremi (February 2009). 1657: 1632: 1606: 1477: 1450: 1400: 1088: 418:Full-service community schools 1: 5111:Best, J. and Best, E. (2014) 4823:IZA Discussion Paper No. 5401 4767:Journal of Monetary Economics 3271:Jones, Laura (June 9, 2021). 3182:Lowrey, Anne (May 13, 2021). 3006:"Subprime college educations" 2579:Marcus, Jon (April 2, 2023). 2484:Marcus, Jon (March 7, 2013). 1394: 1009:COVID-19 in the United States 970:becoming more stringent, and 745: 583: 5947:U.S. higher education bubble 5858:Chinese stock bubble of 2007 5820:United States housing bubble 5814:2000s Danish property bubble 5796:Baltic states housing bubble 5572:Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush 5158:The Higher Education Bubble. 4779:10.1016/0304-3932(94)90047-7 3673:Marcus, Jon (May 22, 2021). 2949:over with advanced degrees. 2759:Industrial Relations Section 2736:U.S. News & World Report 2230:Moody, Josh (May 26, 2022). 1374:Higher Education Price Index 575:diminishing marginal returns 7: 5784:Japanese asset price bubble 5772:New Zealand property bubble 5741:New Zealand property bubble 5670:Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush 5438:First Nova Scotia Gold Rush 5128:Princeton University Press. 5118:Atkinson Family Foundation. 2976:The higher education bubble 2974:Reynolds, Glenn H. (2012). 2909:McKinsey Global Institute, 1838:The Cold War: A New History 1260: 819:Survey of Consumer Finances 769:The Higher Education Bubble 738: 735: 727: 724: 716: 713: 705: 702: 694: 691: 683: 680: 672: 669: 601:U.S. Secretary of Education 396:For-profit higher education 10: 6009: 5901:Australian property bubble 5536:Tierra del Fuego gold rush 5420:Colorado River mining boom 5360:Queen Charlottes Gold Rush 4854:10.1177/002795011322400103 4836:Holmes, Craig (May 2013). 4685:" (PDF) Delta Cost Project 4643:"The International Bubble" 3220:Bureau of Labor Statistics 1867:American Historical Review 1186:Bureau of Labor Statistics 825:statistical insignificance 807:Consequently, the average 587: 349:School corporal punishment 5937:Social media stock bubble 5922: 5871: 5750: 5712: 5679: 5623: 5479:2nd Industrial Revolution 5477: 5372:New South Wales gold rush 5340: 5293:1st Industrial Revolution 5291: 5252: 5214: 5147:Goldrick-Rab, S. (2016). 5098:Harvard University Press. 4381:"Biden's Blue-Collar Bet" 3132:Currid-Halkett, Elizabeth 2916:January 18, 2013, at the 823:has weakened to point of 816:using data from the 2016 384:School-to-work transition 5838:Canadian property bubble 5826:Romanian property bubble 5665:1930s Kakamega gold rush 5456:Vermilion Lake gold rush 2656:"More Colleges Drop Out" 1910:Risk-Based Student Loans 1555:"The university lottery" 1242:Reading Lolita in Tehran 1237:Johns Hopkins University 1154:they earn higher wages. 1083:birth rates of teenagers 487:United States portal 33:This article is part of 5889:Lebanese housing bubble 5850:Lebanese housing bubble 5844:Chinese property bubble 5778:Spanish property bubble 5635:1920s Florida land boom 5560:Cripple Creek Gold Rush 5548:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 5489:1870s Lapland gold rush 5384:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush 4647:Inside Higher Education 4154:Inside Higher Education 3639:The Wall Street Journal 3594:The Wall Street Journal 3568:The Wall Street Journal 3549:The Wall Street Journal 3430:Inside Higher Education 2936:The Wall Street Journal 2660:The Wall Street Journal 2391:Inside Higher Education 2357:Inside Higher Education 2236:Inside Higher Education 2017:The Wall Street Journal 1167:The Wall Street Journal 989:artificial intelligence 664:High school diploma or 564:Department of Education 205:Education policy issues 174:Environmental education 25:Tuition cost of college 5883:2000s commodities boom 5863:Uranium bubble of 2007 5832:Polish property bubble 5808:2000s commodities boom 5724:1970s commodities boom 5494:Coromandel Gold Rushes 5378:Australian gold rushes 4875:Hillman, Nick (2006). 4717:Caplan, Bryan (2018). 4471:. Department of Data. 2179:10.20955/r.101.297-329 1258: 1190: 1114: 1106: 1098: 972:demographic challenges 966: 937:electrical engineering 897:information technology 860: 829:rising cost of college 803: 759: 634:McKinsey & Company 544:financial institutions 342:Standards-based reform 317:Gender achievement gap 307:Racial achievement gap 240:Educational attainment 26: 5907:Cryptocurrency bubble 5895:Corporate debt bubble 5802:Irish property bubble 5584:Mount Baker gold rush 5506:Black Hills gold rush 5408:Similkameen Gold Rush 5402:Pennsylvania oil rush 5390:Pike's Peak gold rush 5282:Bengal Bubble of 1769 5254:Commercial revolution 5229:Irrational exuberance 5156:Reynolds, G. (2012). 5131:Cappelli, P. (2015). 2713:"Our Greedy Colleges" 2460:on September 16, 2022 1428:10.1353/jhe.2006.0029 1253: 1172: 1112: 1104: 1096: 964: 933:aerospace engineering 854: 801: 753: 588:Further information: 533:graduate unemployment 408:Research universities 275:Student financial aid 270:Graduate unemployment 245:Post-secondary issues 221:Primary and secondary 184:Mathematics education 24: 5578:Kobuk River Stampede 5512:Colorado Silver Boom 5444:West Coast gold rush 5396:Rock Creek Gold Rush 5354:California gold rush 4893:on December 11, 2010 4479:on September 2, 2022 4422:on February 25, 2023 4329:on February 20, 2021 4263:The Hechinger Report 4129:on February 25, 2023 3493:on November 14, 2022 3436:on November 21, 2021 3226:on December 20, 2011 2954:. U.S. Census Bureau 2877:. Science X network. 2799:10.2139/ssrn.1766549 1880:10.1086/ahr.114.1.45 1364:Elite overproduction 1331:United States portal 1245:, has stated on the 1061:occupational burnout 997:continuing education 985:critical race theory 956:credential inflation 929:computer engineering 925:chemical engineering 921:return on investment 833:postgraduate degrees 773:socioeconomic status 767:argued in his book, 756:consumer price index 722:Professional degree 476:Education portal 312:Desegregation busing 265:Elite overproduction 194:Vocational education 5983:Education economics 5714:The Great Inflation 5697:Porcupine Gold Rush 5681:Post–WWII expansion 5659:Porcupine Gold Rush 5641:Fairbanks Gold Rush 5614:Porcupine Gold Rush 5596:Fairbanks Gold Rush 5366:Victorian gold rush 5331:Chilean silver rush 5244:Stock market bubble 5141:Golden, D. (2006). 5121:Caplan, B. (2018). 5084:Angulo, A. (2016). 4628:The Washington Post 4567:The Washington Post 4473:The Washington Post 4391:on January 16, 2023 4354:The Washington Post 4323:The Washington Post 4289:Wall Street Journal 4045:Wall Street Journal 3524:on December 5, 2023 3217:"Education pays..." 3010:The Washington Post 2454:The Washington Post 1960:The Washington Post 1755:on January 13, 2021 939:, finance, and the 827:due in part to the 649: 429:Levels of education 401:For-profit colleges 369:Foreign involvement 5653:Cobalt silver rush 5608:Cobalt silver rush 5566:Klondike Gold Rush 5462:Kildonan Gold Rush 5450:Big Bend Gold Rush 5309:Carolina gold rush 5270:Mississippi bubble 5239:Real-estate bubble 4947:The New York Times 4681:2013-08-08 at the 4599:. August 8, 2020. 4160:on August 12, 2022 3848:on January 8, 2023 3739:. November 1, 2019 2717:The New York Times 2692:. January 26, 2016 2397:on August 21, 2022 2353:"Calling It Quits" 2242:on August 17, 2022 1908:Michael Simkovic, 1834:Gaddis, John Lewis 1209:The New York Times 1121:do not think that 1115: 1107: 1099: 1023:community colleges 967: 861: 804: 760: 700:Bachelor's degree 647: 642:tertiary education 391:Community colleges 337:School segregation 255:Cost and financing 179:Language education 27: 5955: 5954: 5913:Everything bubble 5562:(c. 1890–c. 1910) 5542:Cayoosh Gold Rush 5532:(c. 1880–c. 1930) 5520:(c. 1880–c. 1900) 5502:(c. 1870–c. 1890) 5500:Cassiar Gold Rush 5496:(c. 1870–c. 1890) 5468:Omineca Gold Rush 5432:Cariboo Gold Rush 5414:Stikine Gold Rush 5350:(c. 1840–c. 1850) 5320:Georgia Gold Rush 5305:(c. 1790–c. 1810) 5208:Financial bubbles 4792:Pritchett, Lant. 4573:on March 25, 2014 4360:on April 21, 2023 4295:on April 10, 2024 4117:Stanford, Libby. 3904:. United States. 3376:on August 4, 2020 3134:(June 14, 2017). 3047:on April 26, 2020 1987:. August 31, 2019 1840:. Penguin Books. 743: 742: 689:Associate degree 609:demand elasticity 521: 520: 374:Special education 364:Sexual harassment 157:Medical education 111:Curriculum topics 47: 6000: 5988:Economic bubbles 5757:Great Regression 5752:Great Moderation 5729:Mexican oil boom 5524:Indiana gas boom 5276:South Sea bubble 5234:Social contagion 5201: 5194: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5160:Encounter Books. 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4957: 4951: 4938: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4892: 4886:. Archived from 4881: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4820: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4798: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4700:Lawrence F. Katz 4692: 4686: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4649:. Archived from 4638: 4632: 4631: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4569:. Archived from 4558: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4475:. Archived from 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4447:Associated Press 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4418:. Archived from 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4387:. Archived from 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4356:. Archived from 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4325:. Archived from 4314: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4291:. Archived from 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4156:. Archived from 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4125:. Archived from 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3994:on July 23, 2020 3990:. Archived from 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3962:Associated Press 3953: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3844:. Archived from 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3790:Hechinger Report 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3707:Hechinger Report 3699: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3679:Hechinger Report 3670: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3641:. Archived from 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3613:The Conversation 3604: 3598: 3597: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3520:. Archived from 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3489:. Archived from 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3432:. Archived from 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3372:. Archived from 3361: 3355: 3354: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3306:Inside Higher Ed 3297: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3190:. Archived from 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3074:. Archived from 3063: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3043:. Archived from 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3012:. Archived from 3001: 2990: 2989: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2927: 2921: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2768:on July 16, 2011 2767: 2756: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2666:on July 20, 2017 2662:. Archived from 2651: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2628:on July 26, 2017 2624:. Archived from 2613: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2585:Associated Press 2576: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2556:Hechinger Report 2547: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2526:on April 8, 2023 2512: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2490:Hechinger Report 2481: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2456:. Archived from 2445: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2393:. Archived from 2382: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2359:. Archived from 2348: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2319: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2299:Associated Press 2290: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2261: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2238:. 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March 17, 2015 1610: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1593:Hechinger Report 1584: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1565:on April 5, 2023 1551: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1522: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1500:, archived from 1481: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1463:Hechniger Report 1454: 1448: 1447: 1413: 1404: 1333: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1319: 1317:Education portal 1314: 1313: 1305: 1303:Economics portal 1300: 1299: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1223:has remarked at 1143:financial bubble 1048:blue-collar jobs 1019:women's colleges 915:. Music and the 893:computer science 785:market signaling 711:Master's degree 656:Age 25 and over 650: 646: 613:college rankings 529:tuition payments 513: 506: 499: 485: 484: 483: 474: 473: 413:Community school 332:Racial diversity 302:Achievement gaps 206: 68:in insular areas 50: 46:Education in the 45: 29: 28: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5918: 5875: 5873:Information Age 5867: 5759: 5755: 5746: 5735:Silver Thursday 5716: 5708: 5703:Poseidon bubble 5683: 5675: 5627: 5625:Interwar period 5619: 5481: 5473: 5426:Otago gold rush 5336: 5295: 5287: 5256: 5248: 5210: 5205: 5167: 5138:Public Affairs. 5081: 5079:Further reading 5076: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5036:LewRockwell.com 5030:(May 2, 2011). 5025: 5021: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4958: 4954: 4939: 4930: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4834: 4830: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4763: 4759: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4715: 4711: 4693: 4689: 4683:Wayback Machine 4673: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4653:on May 17, 2023 4639: 4635: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4559: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4499: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4211:The Daily Beast 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4186:. July 24, 2019 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3954: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3671: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3605: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3560: 3556: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3396: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3362: 3358: 3343: 3339: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3298: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3215: 3214: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3194:on May 26, 2021 3180: 3176: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3144: 3142: 3129: 3125: 3111: 3109: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3041:Financial Times 3033: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3002: 2993: 2986: 2972: 2968: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2928: 2924: 2918:Wayback Machine 2908: 2904: 2897:Huffington Post 2889: 2882: 2867: 2860: 2845: 2841: 2834:Huffington Post 2826: 2822: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2754: 2748: 2744: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2652: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2614: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2577: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2548: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2514: 2513: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2482: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2446: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2417: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2383: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2363:on July 5, 2022 2349: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2320: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2262: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2228: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2199: 2195: 2157: 2151: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2096: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2067: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2038: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2009: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1952: 1948: 1939: 1930: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1896: 1859: 1855: 1848: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1772: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1741: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1712: 1708: 1698: 1696: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1585: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1553: 1552: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1523: 1516: 1507: 1505: 1504:on June 1, 2016 1498: 1482: 1478: 1468: 1466: 1455: 1451: 1411: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1354:Economic bubble 1329: 1324: 1322: 1315: 1308: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1273: 1266: 1263: 1226:LewRockwell.com 1195: 1164:has written in 1158:Ohio University 1091: 1007:The arrival of 1005: 993:law enforcement 948:grade inflation 877:general studies 855:Healthcare and 748: 611:. In addition, 604:William Bennett 592: 586: 517: 481: 479: 478: 468: 442:Early childhood 424: 359:School violence 292:Charter schools 204: 198: 167:Nursing degrees 145:Legal education 140:Music education 135:Civic education 73:By subject area 48: 44: 19: 12: 11: 5: 6006: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5942:Unicorn bubble 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5879: 5877: 5876:(2007–present) 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5804:(c. 2000–2007) 5799: 5793: 5790:Dot-com bubble 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5767:1980s oil glut 5763: 5761: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5743:(c. 1980–1982) 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5700: 5699:(1945–c. 1960) 5694: 5693:(1945–c. 1950) 5691:Texas oil boom 5687: 5685: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5655:(1918–c. 1930) 5650: 5647:Texas oil boom 5644: 5643:(1918–c. 1930) 5638: 5637:(c. 1920–1925) 5631: 5629: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5602:Texas oil boom 5599: 5598:(c. 1900–1918) 5593: 5590:Nome Gold Rush 5587: 5586:(1897–c. 1925) 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5526:(c. 1880–1903) 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5368:(1851–c. 1870) 5363: 5357: 5351: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5323: 5322:(1828–c. 1840) 5317: 5312: 5306: 5299: 5297: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5260: 5258: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5165:External links 5163: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5145: 5139: 5129: 5119: 5109: 5108:Thomas Nelson. 5099: 5092: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5063:. May 27, 2011 5048: 5019: 5001: 4975: 4952: 4928: 4904: 4867: 4848:(1): R29–R47. 4828: 4806: 4784: 4773:(2): 143–173. 4757: 4734: 4728:978-0691174655 4727: 4709: 4696:Claudia Goldin 4687: 4664: 4633: 4614: 4584: 4550: 4519: 4490: 4459: 4433: 4416:Education Week 4402: 4371: 4340: 4306: 4275: 4249: 4223: 4197: 4171: 4140: 4123:Education Week 4109: 4083: 4071:Education Dive 4057: 4031: 4005: 3974: 3945: 3919: 3908:. May 28, 2020 3890: 3873:Education Next 3859: 3828: 3802: 3776: 3750: 3737:Education Dive 3719: 3691: 3656: 3645:on May 7, 2023 3625: 3599: 3580: 3554: 3535: 3504: 3473: 3447: 3416: 3387: 3356: 3337: 3318: 3289: 3263: 3237: 3205: 3174: 3156: 3123: 3108:on May 9, 2019 3089: 3078:on May 6, 2023 3058: 3027: 3016:on May 7, 2023 2991: 2985:978-1594036651 2984: 2966: 2941: 2922: 2902: 2880: 2858: 2839: 2820: 2779: 2742: 2722: 2703: 2677: 2639: 2597: 2568: 2537: 2502: 2471: 2437: 2408: 2374: 2340: 2311: 2282: 2253: 2219: 2193: 2142: 2116: 2087: 2058: 2029: 1998: 1972: 1946: 1928: 1914: 1894: 1853: 1847:978-0143038276 1846: 1825: 1818: 1806:Hobsbawm, Eric 1797: 1766: 1732: 1706: 1681: 1656: 1644:www.debate.org 1631: 1605: 1576: 1543: 1514: 1497:978-1459733770 1496: 1476: 1449: 1422:(4): 618–644. 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1369:Free education 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1320: 1306: 1292: 1278: 1262: 1259: 1199:shifting costs 1194: 1191: 1162:Richard Vedder 1090: 1087: 1004: 1001: 981:gender studies 885:communications 777:Michael Spence 765:Glenn Reynolds 747: 744: 741: 740: 737: 734: 730: 729: 726: 723: 719: 718: 715: 712: 708: 707: 704: 701: 697: 696: 693: 690: 686: 685: 682: 679: 675: 674: 671: 668: 661: 660: 657: 654: 585: 582: 519: 518: 516: 515: 508: 501: 493: 490: 489: 465: 464: 463: 462: 457: 454:Post-secondary 431: 430: 426: 425: 423: 422: 421: 420: 410: 405: 404: 403: 393: 388: 387: 386: 379:Apprenticeship 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 345: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 284: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 242: 237: 230: 229: 228: 226:Post-secondary 223: 212: 209: 208: 200: 199: 197: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 170: 169: 164: 162:Medical school 154: 153: 152: 142: 137: 132: 127: 125:Normal schools 122: 116: 113: 112: 108: 107: 106: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 58: 57: 53: 52: 40: 39: 18:Economic trend 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6005: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5927:Carbon bubble 5925: 5924: 5921: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5530:Ohio oil rush 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5348:Railway Mania 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4917: 4916: 4908: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4602: 4598: 4597:The Economist 4594: 4588: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4555: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4508: 4507:The Economist 4504: 4497: 4495: 4483:September 21, 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4212: 4209:. U.S. News. 4208: 4201: 4185: 4184:Industry Week 4181: 4175: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4050:September 23, 4046: 4043:. Education. 4042: 4035: 4020: 4016: 4009: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3950: 3938:September 19, 3934: 3930: 3923: 3907: 3906:The Economist 3903: 3897: 3895: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3708: 3705: 3698: 3696: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3618:September 22, 3614: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3523: 3519: 3516:. Education. 3515: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3392: 3375: 3371: 3368:. 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