1794:
7297:
48:
1858:
7002:
2072:
750:
1018:
1674:
1320:
7257:
6708:
7269:
1603:, and antiparticles have these numbers negative. Most properties of corresponding antiparticles and particles are the same, with a few gets reversed; the electron's antiparticle, positron, has an opposite charge. To differentiate between antiparticles and particles, a plus or negative sign is added in
988:
The
Standard Model, as currently formulated, has 61 elementary particles. Those elementary particles can combine to form composite particles, accounting for the hundreds of other species of particles that have been discovered since the 1960s. The Standard Model has been found to agree with almost all
3292:
In principle, all physics (and practical applications developed therefrom) can be derived from the study of fundamental particles. In practice, even if "particle physics" is taken to mean only "high-energy atom smashers", many technologies have been developed during these pioneering investigations
3190:
experiments, which along with experimental measurements is used to extract the parameters of the
Standard Model with less uncertainty. This work probes the limits of the Standard Model and therefore expands scientific understanding of nature's building blocks. Those efforts are made challenging by
4148:... boson: A force-carrying particle, as opposed to a matter particle (fermion). Bosons can be piled on top of each other without limit. Examples are photons, gluons, gravitons, weak bosons, and the Higgs boson. The spin of a boson is always an integer: 0, 1, 2, and so on ...
1650:
Quarks and gluons additionally have color charges, which influences the strong interaction. Quark's color charges are called red, green and blue (though the particle itself have no physical color), and in antiquarks are called antired, antigreen and antiblue. The gluon can have
852:. After the formulation of the Standard Model during the 1970s, physicists clarified the origin of the particle zoo. The large number of particles was explained as combinations of a (relatively) small number of more fundamental particles and framed in the context of
1760:
is a hypothetical particle that can mediate the gravitational interaction, but it has not been detected or completely reconciled with current theories. Many other hypothetical particles have been proposed to address the limitations of the
Standard Model. Notably,
1886:(LHC), which had its first beam circulation on 10 September 2008, and is now the world's most energetic collider of protons. It also became the most energetic collider of heavy ions after it began colliding lead ions. Earlier facilities include the
3321:. Additional applications are found in medicine, national security, industry, computing, science, and workforce development, illustrating a long and growing list of beneficial practical applications with contributions from particle physics.
1463:
as red, green and blue. Because the interactions between the quarks store energy which can convert to other particles when the quarks are far apart enough, quarks cannot be observed independently. This is called
3171:
Theoretical particle physics attempts to develop the models, theoretical framework, and mathematical tools to understand current experiments and make predictions for future experiments (see also
3455:
832:
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, a bewildering variety of particles was found in collisions of particles from beams of increasingly high energy. It was referred to informally as the "
3915:
985:. On 4 July 2012, physicists with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced they had found a new particle that behaves similarly to what is expected from the Higgs boson.
63:
1705:â the neutron is composed of two down quarks and one up quark, and the proton is composed of two up quarks and one down quark. A baryon is composed of three quarks, and a
993:
tests conducted to date. However, most particle physicists believe that it is an incomplete description of nature and that a more fundamental theory awaits discovery (See
501:
1965:
3823:
1793:
673:. The electron has a negative electric charge, the positron has a positive charge. These antiparticles can theoretically form a corresponding form of matter called
5213:
4679:
Fleming, D. G.; Arseneau, D. J.; Sukhorukov, O.; Brewer, J. H.; Mielke, S. L.; Schatz, G. C.; Garrett, B. C.; Peterson, K. A.; Truhlar, D. G. (28 January 2011).
793:, but physicists later discovered that atoms are not, in fact, the fundamental particles of nature, but are conglomerates of even smaller particles, such as the
4752:
1946:, which collided protons and antiprotons and was the highest-energy particle collider on earth until the Large Hadron Collider surpassed it on 29 November 2009.
3420:
6887:
4952:
1553:, which can link quarks together to form composite particles. Due to the aforementioned color confinement, gluons are never observed independently. The
6744:
3415:
692:
that also govern their interactions. The dominant theory explaining these fundamental particles and fields, along with their dynamics, is called the
494:
3375:
7031:
6631:
5539:
3695:
3158:
141:
3777:
7139:
5309:
4827:
4053:
3430:
3338:
3476:
1301:
is applied to those particles that are, according to current understanding, presumed to be indivisible and not composed of other particles.
4250:
5628:
4213:
3849:
2241:
487:
3897:
3355:
4926:
7273:
6381:
3425:
2281:
1981:
1961:
1824:
such as gold ions and polarized protons. It is the world's first heavy ion collider, and the world's only polarized proton collider.
7016:
6619:
3385:
137:
3928:
Ordinary matter is composed entirely of first-generation particles, namely the u and d quarks, plus the electron and its neutrino.
6880:
1845:, operated since 2006, and VEPP-4, started experiments in 1994. Earlier facilities include the first electronâelectron beamâbeam
1004:
have provided the first experimental deviations from the
Standard Model, since neutrinos do not have mass in the Standard Model.
64:
6737:
5507:
4780:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
7134:
5131:
5030:
4582:
4518:
4474:
4454:
4176:
4017:
3990:
3961:
3909:
3880:
3817:
3803:
3671:
634:, make up most of the mass of ordinary matter. Mesons are unstable and the longest-lived last for only a few hundredths of a
4346:
3342:
2021:
1969:
1887:
3016:
67:
62:
7217:
5661:
1912:(HERA), which collided electrons and positrons with protons. The accelerator complex is now focused on the production of
1827:
17:
572:
of fermions, although ordinary matter is made only from the first fermion generation. The first generation consists of
6873:
5239:
5205:
4141:
3584:
3151:
757:
observed that a small fraction of the alpha particles experienced strong deflection when being struck by the gold foil.
68:
65:
7041:
6730:
6517:
5302:
5078:
4742:
4666:
4207:
3380:
3330:
167:
57:
4478:
2047:
as well as advanced accelerator design research. SLAC staff continue to participate in developing and building many
75:
66:
7222:
6598:
3809:
2786:
1949:
73:
58:
7296:
3553:
2084:
1977:
1973:
1821:
1817:
74:
4896:
1268:. All particles and their interactions observed to date can be described almost entirely by the Standard Model.
7182:
5455:
5004:
4948:
4803:
4570:
4547:
3204:
1805:
754:
55:
52:
7073:
7021:
5108:
3277:
3246:
is a particle physics theory suggesting that systems with higher energy have a smaller number of dimensions.
3144:
2349:
2198:
2158:
1412:
1072:
1067:
569:
111:
5052:
638:. They occur after collisions between particles made of quarks, such as fast-moving protons and neutrons in
463:
7232:
6614:
5295:
3435:
3410:
2886:
2816:
2188:
744:
348:
56:
4136:. Dark Matter, Dark Energy: The dark side of the universe. The Teaching Company. Part 2, p. 43.
5592:
3243:
2344:
2286:
2041:
1909:
785:
700:
to the current particle physics theory is not solved; many theories have addressed this problem, such as
53:
1853:
VEPP-2, operated from 1965 to 1974; and, its successor VEPP-2M, performed experiments from 1974 to 2000.
7287:
5423:
5396:
4870:
4199:
3982:
3949:
3302:
2193:
1740:
An atom is made from protons, neutrons and electrons. By modifying the particles inside a normal atom,
735:
was postulated by theoretical particle physicists and its presence confirmed by practical experiments.
3218:
Another major effort is in model building where model builders develop ideas for what physics may lie
2996:
2032:). Its 2-mile-long linear particle accelerator began operating in 1962 and was the basis for numerous
60:
7317:
7187:
6690:
3235:
3219:
2334:
1444:
1276:
1030:
875:
3769:
1647:
and convert to other particles. Some particles, such as the photon or gluon, have no antiparticles.
777:, concluded that each element of nature was composed of a single, unique type of particle. The word
51:
7192:
6102:
5529:
5182:
4246:
4049:
3334:
2821:
2451:
2296:
2261:
1891:
428:
358:
4978:
4371:
Tsan, Ung Chan (2013). "Mass, Matter, Materialization, Mattergenesis and
Conservation of Charge".
4039:
3175:). There are several major interrelated efforts being made in theoretical particle physics today.
2811:
1964:(BEPC II), the Beijing Spectrometer (BES), the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF), the
1857:
69:
7261:
7106:
6974:
6964:
6788:
6753:
6658:
6293:
5920:
5654:
4539:
4277:
3483:
3096:
2566:
2374:
2369:
2231:
894:
526:
129:
59:
689:
6979:
6952:
6826:
6593:
5930:
5613:
5475:
4236:
3953:
3200:
3192:
2966:
2946:
2446:
2379:
2291:
2256:
2025:
1714:
378:
263:
203:
133:
72:
4574:
4564:
7227:
7101:
7068:
6849:
6680:
5618:
5587:
5450:
5371:
4193:
3845:
3187:
2856:
2716:
2412:
2276:
2138:
1913:
1890:(LEP), which was stopped on 2 November 2000 and then dismantled to give way for LHC; and the
1883:
1861:
1709:
is composed of two quarks (one normal, one anti). Baryons and mesons are collectively called
1400:
1039:
720:
253:
70:
54:
3941:
7177:
7116:
7111:
7085:
6932:
5577:
5401:
5361:
4922:
4836:
4787:
4696:
4607:
4380:
4296:
4090:
3722:
3613:
3294:
3281:
3270:
3208:
3196:
3101:
2881:
2417:
2271:
2063:
2003:
1655:, which are the result of quarks' interactions to form composite particles (gauge symmetry
1292:
994:
967:
853:
701:
647:
163:
103:
71:
61:
5261:
4848:
4680:
2183:
2040:
collision experiments until 2008. Since then the linear accelerator is being used for the
1894:, which is being reused as a pre-accelerator for the LHC and for fixed-target experiments.
1035:
8:
7144:
6839:
6695:
5678:
5552:
5411:
5406:
5391:
5366:
5343:
5319:
4661:, Ludwig Bergmann, Clemens Schaefer, and Wilhelm Raith, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1997,
3735:
3710:
3172:
3111:
2441:
2007:
1455:(â1/3 or 2/3) and leptons have whole-numbered electric charge (0 or 1). Quarks also have
1297:
766:
685:
522:
398:
213:
198:
81:
4840:
4791:
4700:
4611:
4384:
4300:
4094:
3726:
3617:
2826:
2556:
870:
The current state of the classification of all elementary particles is explained by the
438:
7172:
6942:
6773:
6638:
5647:
5608:
5485:
5480:
5433:
4747:
4720:
4623:
4510:
4503:
4320:
4286:
3689:
3636:
3601:
3534:
3509:
3450:
3440:
3262:
3121:
3046:
2976:
2861:
2846:
2776:
2741:
2731:
2691:
2606:
2496:
2456:
2246:
2208:
2163:
2151:
2128:
2123:
1668:
1530:
1221:
883:
605:
373:
288:
6722:
4799:
1713:. Quarks inside hadrons are governed by the strong interaction, thus are subjected to
1503:), with strong indirect evidence that a fourth generation of fermions does not exist.
973:(12 particles and their associated anti-particles), which are the constituents of all
7058:
6707:
6675:
6588:
6067:
5812:
5739:
5623:
5572:
5517:
5497:
5383:
4852:
4724:
4712:
4662:
4627:
4619:
4578:
4543:
4514:
4450:
4312:
4203:
4172:
4137:
4102:
4081:
4013:
3986:
3957:
3942:
3905:
3876:
3813:
3750:
3677:
3667:
3641:
3580:
3395:
3390:
3258:
3223:
3076:
3006:
2891:
2736:
2671:
2641:
2611:
2471:
2466:
2311:
2236:
2226:
2118:
2048:
1960:). IHEP manages a number of China's major particle physics facilities, including the
1935:
1774:
1766:
1562:
1465:
1452:
1428:
1272:
1245:
728:
716:
593:
423:
353:
318:
248:
243:
208:
183:
159:
155:
4642:
2796:
7237:
6984:
6969:
6798:
6793:
6685:
6456:
6231:
6092:
6077:
5759:
5562:
5428:
5156:
4844:
4795:
4704:
4615:
4388:
4324:
4304:
4106:
4098:
3740:
3730:
3631:
3621:
3529:
3521:
3400:
3116:
3031:
3011:
2981:
2931:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2631:
2616:
2546:
2251:
2178:
2168:
2103:
1991:
1526:
1522:
1348:, showing a neutron (n, udd) converted into a proton (p, udu). "u" and "d" are the
891:
887:
849:
790:
601:
597:
408:
403:
303:
278:
238:
4429:
are associated to antimatter particles. All known interactions do conserve matter.
4308:
7159:
7026:
6653:
6578:
6562:
6502:
5912:
5837:
5827:
5817:
5729:
5582:
5492:
5438:
5338:
4339:
4162:
4129:
4007:
3231:
3061:
3056:
3026:
3021:
2991:
2951:
2921:
2901:
2806:
2701:
2696:
2661:
2646:
2621:
2601:
2581:
2511:
2501:
2422:
2384:
2301:
2266:
2098:
2076:
2071:
1558:
1324:
1265:
806:
802:
798:
723:. Theoretical particle physics is the study of these particles in the context of
697:
662:
546:
537:. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of
453:
338:
328:
323:
313:
273:
268:
228:
115:
3293:
that later find wide uses in society. Particle accelerators are used to produce
3276:
There are also other areas of work in theoretical particle physics ranging from
1144:
468:
7301:
7197:
6896:
6712:
6626:
6583:
6319:
6107:
5880:
5802:
5797:
5719:
5512:
5467:
5445:
5333:
4168:
3549:
3360:
3310:
3306:
3222:(at higher energies or smaller distances). This work is often motivated by the
3179:
3086:
3036:
2956:
2941:
2926:
2906:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2851:
2836:
2801:
2791:
2721:
2656:
2626:
2561:
2526:
2516:
2491:
2362:
2329:
2203:
1999:
1722:
1721:
quarks must have their color charge to be neutral, or "white" for analogy with
1698:
1546:
1496:
1279:, displaying particle-like behaviour under certain experimental conditions and
1183:
1170:
906:
871:
865:
826:
818:
693:
557:
393:
363:
308:
298:
283:
193:
99:
35:
4681:"Kinetic Isotope Effects for the Reactions of Muonic Helium and Muonium with H
4392:
2841:
7311:
7167:
7126:
6781:
6670:
6522:
6489:
6281:
6251:
6183:
6042:
5822:
5749:
5734:
5522:
4856:
3681:
3405:
3370:
3250:
3227:
3091:
3081:
3071:
3066:
2986:
2971:
2771:
2766:
2596:
2591:
2551:
2521:
2486:
2476:
2407:
2402:
2029:
1939:
1925:
1813:
1762:
1726:
1600:
1596:
1566:
1518:
1492:
1472:
1448:
1288:
1284:
774:
709:
705:
413:
368:
333:
188:
5287:
5235:
4708:
3269:
rather than particles. If the theory is successful, it may be considered a "
1980:(HXMT), and the Accelerator-driven Sub-critical System (ADS) as well as the
1849:
VEP-1, which conducted experiments from 1964 to 1968; the electron-positron
7149:
7080:
6989:
6947:
6937:
6648:
6198:
6188:
6178:
5939:
5890:
5832:
5754:
5709:
5547:
4825:
Courant, Ernest D. (December 2003). "Accelerators, Colliders, and Snakes".
4716:
4316:
4241:
4044:
3805:
Particles and
Fundamental Interactions: An Introduction to Particle Physics
3754:
3645:
3525:
3126:
3051:
2936:
2911:
2896:
2831:
2711:
2706:
2586:
2576:
2571:
2536:
2531:
2506:
2461:
2339:
2306:
2133:
2113:
2011:
1745:
1644:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1500:
1484:
1456:
1440:
1436:
1082:
1077:
841:
837:
833:
810:
654:
473:
443:
418:
388:
258:
233:
218:
107:
5082:
1565:. All bosons have an integer quantum spin (0 and 1) and can have the same
1283:-like behaviour in others. In more technical terms, they are described by
1017:
7063:
6957:
6925:
6920:
6821:
6663:
6431:
6334:
6329:
6246:
6241:
6171:
6125:
6082:
6047:
6006:
5898:
5862:
5724:
4470:
3977:
C. Quigg (2006). "Particles and the
Standard Model". In G. Fraser (ed.).
3314:
3298:
3226:
and is constrained by existing experimental data. It may involve work on
3182:
and its tests. Theorists make quantitative predictions of observables at
3106:
3041:
3001:
2961:
2916:
2781:
2686:
2681:
2666:
2651:
2636:
2044:
1875:
1831:
1809:
1782:
1778:
1741:
1718:
1673:
1643:. When a particle and an antiparticle interact with each other, they are
1604:
1554:
1476:
1196:
982:
898:
856:. This reclassification marked the beginning of modern particle physics.
789:
meaning "indivisible", has since then denoted the smallest particle of a
770:
732:
635:
448:
433:
383:
343:
293:
977:. Finally, the Standard Model also predicted the existence of a type of
749:
596:. The three fundamental interactions known to be mediated by bosons are
6405:
6299:
6289:
6271:
6161:
6062:
5997:
5714:
5639:
5567:
5557:
4738:
4291:
4275:
Debrescu, B. A. (2005). "Massless Gauge Bosons Other Than The Photon".
3745:
3445:
3341:(P5) in the US that will update the 2014 P5 study that recommended the
2761:
2676:
2541:
2481:
2173:
2108:
1734:
1730:
1592:
1420:
1353:
1328:
1249:
990:
822:
674:
639:
577:
458:
223:
4111:
3626:
3456:
International
Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions
1319:
6547:
6537:
6507:
6400:
6366:
6359:
6236:
6226:
6221:
6193:
5961:
5744:
5418:
4900:
4446:
3365:
1917:
1842:
1777:, and various other particles are proposed to explain the origins of
1480:
1001:
845:
814:
724:
643:
534:
5000:
4775:
4345:. Review: Hypothetical particles and Concepts. Particle Data Group.
4076:
3195:. Some theorists working in this area use the tools of perturbative
7242:
6854:
6643:
6471:
6426:
6410:
6371:
6344:
6057:
6052:
6032:
6002:
5992:
5987:
5807:
5782:
5777:
5704:
3183:
2726:
2037:
2033:
1943:
1931:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1757:
1459:, which is labeled arbitrarily with no correlation to actual light
1424:
1416:
1375:
1349:
1257:
1225:
998:
825:
in that same year; both discoveries also led to the development of
794:
670:
666:
589:
573:
553:
545:, while the study of combination of protons and neutrons is called
542:
3770:"Newly Discovered Particle Appears to Be Long-Awaited Higgs Boson"
6915:
6865:
6805:
6757:
6552:
6542:
6512:
6466:
6461:
6436:
6354:
6339:
6266:
6261:
6166:
6151:
6097:
6072:
6037:
5966:
5948:
5687:
5104:
5056:
3895:
2015:
1953:
1905:
1901:
1690:
1681:
consists of two up quarks and one down quark, linked together by
1538:
1432:
1233:
970:
631:
585:
561:
538:
5236:"Fermilab | Science at Fermilab | Benefits to Society"
6532:
6527:
6156:
6143:
6134:
5956:
5870:
5769:
4678:
1879:
1871:
1835:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1678:
1534:
1408:
1314:
1253:
1237:
1229:
1154:
1114:
974:
963:
762:
678:
627:
619:
615:
581:
530:
4659:
Constituents of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, Nuclei and
Particles
4443:
Constituents of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, Nuclei and Particles
4337:
3902:
Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts
3309:
has been pushed forward by their use in particle physics. The
715:
Practical particle physics is the study of these particles in
6765:
6557:
6497:
6349:
6208:
6087:
6027:
5982:
5875:
5853:
5696:
3266:
3239:
1995:
1957:
1921:
1770:
1706:
1682:
1656:
1652:
1550:
1542:
1512:
1460:
1443:(â1/2, 1/2, 3/2, etc.). This causes the fermions to obey the
1310:
1241:
1130:
1092:
978:
902:
879:
769:
dates from at least the 6th century BC. In the 19th century,
623:
611:
565:
4874:
3896:
B. Povh; K. Rith; C. Scholz; F. Zetsche; M. Lavelle (2004).
1295:. Following the convention of particle physicists, the term
874:, which gained widespread acceptance in the mid-1970s after
6324:
6256:
6216:
5792:
5787:
4500:
3318:
3191:
the difficulty of calculating high precision quantities in
1897:
1867:
1488:
1280:
1261:
779:
658:
618:. Hadrons that contain an odd number of quarks are called
5079:"Kek | High Energy Accelerator Research Organization"
4397:
Matter conservation means conservation of baryonic number
3297:
for research and treatment (for example, isotopes used in
1471:
There are three known generations of quarks (up and down,
1998:). It is the home of a number of experiments such as the
1987:
1607:. For example, the electron and the positron are denoted
3801:
3249:
A third major effort in theoretical particle physics is
6752:
5026:
4974:
4077:"Determination of the number of light neutrino species"
3178:
One important branch attempts to better understand the
1748:, which has one of its electrons replaced with a muon.
1729:
can have other types, arrangement or number of quarks (
4006:
Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (1 January 2013).
7285:
5262:"Muon Colliders Hold a Key to Unraveling New Physics"
5206:"The Best Explanation for Everything in the Universe"
1801:
The world's major particle physics laboratories are:
1236:(protons and neutrons are composite particles called
3421:
Non-extensive self-consistent thermodynamical theory
4773:
1838:). Its main projects are now the electron-positron
1208:
719:processes and in particle accelerators such as the
4774:Harrison, M.; Ludlam, T.; Ozaki, S. (March 2003).
4502:
3715:Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
1966:International Cosmic-Ray Observatory at Yangbajing
4743:"Don't Pull the String Yet on Superstring Theory"
3898:"Part I: Analysis: The building blocks of matter"
3802:Braibant, S.; Giacomelli, G.; Spurio, M. (2009).
3416:Self-consistency principle in high energy physics
3265:by building a theory based on small strings, and
1587:Most aforementioned particles have corresponding
1572:
622:and those that contain an even number are called
7309:
5105:"SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Home Page"
3664:50 quantum physics ideas you really need to know
3514:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1932:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)
5132:"Standard Model: a beautiful but flawed theory"
4493:
4159:"Role as gauge boson and polarization" §5.1 in
3873:A Modern Primer in Particle and Nuclear Physics
3501:
3376:International Conference on High Energy Physics
3242:theory, combinations of these, or other ideas.
1431:). Collectively, quarks and leptons are called
1220:Modern particle physics research is focused on
50:
7032:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
4009:Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Volume 2
3257:attempt to construct a unified description of
1870:(European Organization for Nuclear Research) (
1209:Total number of (known) elementary particles:
6881:
6738:
5655:
5317:
5303:
4828:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
4421:are associated to matter particles, negative
4128:
4124:
4122:
3939:
3657:
3655:
3574:
3477:"Fundamentals of Physics and Nuclear Physics"
3431:Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System
3339:Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel
3152:
1744:can be formed. A simple example would be the
1447:, where no two particles may occupy the same
495:
4641:Kofoed, Melissa; Miller, Shawn (July 2024).
4640:
4562:
4228:
4160:
4005:
3979:The New Physics for the Twenty-First Century
3602:"The Elementary Particles of Quantum Fields"
1788:
1685:. The quarks' color charge are also visible.
1549:. The strong interaction is mediated by the
568:(force-carrying particles). There are three
4533:
4440:
4338:Bernardi, G.; Carena, M.; Junk, T. (2007).
1271:Dynamics of particles are also governed by
6888:
6874:
6745:
6731:
5662:
5648:
5310:
5296:
5183:"The vanishing dimensions of the Universe"
4119:
4033:
4031:
4029:
3797:
3795:
3694:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3652:
3356:Particle physics and representation theory
3159:
3145:
2070:
1797:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA
1561:â the gluon and photon are expected to be
1545:. The weak interaction is mediated by the
1487:) and leptons (electron and its neutrino,
502:
488:
5203:
5003:. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY.
4949:"The Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics"
4897:"The VEPP-4 accelerating-storage complex"
4373:International Journal of Modern Physics E
4290:
4110:
4074:
3870:
3744:
3734:
3635:
3625:
3579:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3533:
3426:Standard Model (mathematical formulation)
3287:
1982:Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory
1557:gives mass to the W and Z bosons via the
1224:, including atomic constituents, such as
797:. The early 20th century explorations of
5669:
4598:Close, F. E. (1988). "Gluonic Hadrons".
4527:
4274:
3976:
3708:
3507:
3386:List of accelerators in particle physics
3234:, extra spatial dimensions (such as the
1942:). Its main facility until 2011 was the
1856:
1792:
1672:
1318:
1161:
1137:
1134:
1099:
1096:
901:. The species of gauge bosons are eight
748:
731:. The two are closely interrelated: the
5204:Wolchover, Natalie (22 December 2017).
5180:
4824:
4505:An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory
4191:
4161:Aitchison, I.J.R.; Hey, A.J.G. (1993).
4052:, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
4026:
3792:
3317:technology were initially developed at
665:. For example, the antiparticle of the
27:Study of subatomic particles and forces
14:
7310:
6133:
5508:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
5129:
5001:"Germany's largest accelerator centre"
4501:M. E. Peskin; D. V. Schroeder (1995).
3889:
3599:
3556:from the original on 11 September 2018
1533:. Electromagnetism is mediated by the
1007:
966:. The Standard Model also contains 24
6869:
6726:
5643:
5291:
5216:from the original on 15 November 2020
4849:10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110450
4737:
4597:
4475:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
4434:
4270:
4268:
4234:
4216:from the original on 14 November 2012
3780:from the original on 11 February 2014
3661:
3510:"John Dalton and the London Atomists"
1962:Beijing ElectronâPositron Collider II
1521:of fundamental interactions, such as
1304:
836:". Important discoveries such as the
7268:
5111:from the original on 5 February 2015
5033:from the original on 5 November 2009
4929:from the original on 3 December 2013
4755:from the original on 7 December 2008
4370:
3852:from the original on 16 October 2019
3767:
3343:Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
2022:SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
1970:Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment
1900:(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) (
1011:
997:). In recent years, measurements of
4981:from the original on 5 January 2010
4951:. English Russia. 21 January 2012.
4873:. Vepp2k.inp.nsk.su. Archived from
4481:from the original on 23 August 2008
4352:from the original on 3 October 2018
4340:"Higgs bosons: Theory and searches"
4331:
4253:from the original on 7 October 2018
4056:from the original on 7 October 2018
4037:
1828:Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics
614:cannot exist on their own but form
24:
6895:
4806:from the original on 15 April 2021
4413:being algebraic numbers. Positive
4265:
4164:Gauge Theories in Particle Physics
3918:from the original on 22 April 2022
3826:from the original on 15 April 2021
3702:
46:
25:
7329:
5283:
5181:Corbion, Ashley (22 March 2011).
5130:Gagnon, Pauline (14 March 2014).
5007:from the original on 26 June 2012
4955:from the original on 28 June 2012
3846:"Neutrinos in the Standard Model"
3381:Introduction to quantum mechanics
3331:physics beyond the Standard Model
1595:. Normal particles have positive
859:
552:The fundamental particles in the
168:Physics beyond the Standard Model
7295:
7267:
7256:
7255:
7000:
6706:
6599:Timeline of particle discoveries
5242:from the original on 9 June 2012
1950:Institute of High Energy Physics
1888:Large ElectronâPositron Collider
1016:
5629:Timeline of physics discoveries
5254:
5228:
5197:
5174:
5149:
5123:
5097:
5081:. Legacy.kek.jp. Archived from
5071:
5045:
5019:
4993:
4967:
4941:
4915:
4899:. V4.inp.nsk.su. Archived from
4889:
4863:
4818:
4767:
4731:
4672:
4651:
4634:
4591:
4556:
4463:
4364:
4185:
4153:
4068:
3999:
3970:
3933:
3864:
3838:
1978:Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope
1974:China Spallation Neutron Source
1882:). Its main project is now the
1818:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
1751:
7183:Causal dynamical triangulation
4600:Reports on Progress in Physics
4571:Johns Hopkins University Press
4441:Raith, W.; Mulvey, T. (2001).
3761:
3736:10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021
3593:
3575:Weinberg, Steven (1995â2000).
3568:
3542:
3469:
2010:, an experiment measuring the
1806:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1573:Antiparticles and color charge
1252:processes; such particles are
681:, are their own antiparticle.
677:. Some particles, such as the
653:Particles have corresponding
642:. Mesons are also produced in
13:
1:
7022:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
4800:10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01937-X
4309:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.151802
3871:Terranova, Francesco (2021).
3462:
3203:, referring to themselves as
2199:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
2159:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
1908:). Its main facility was the
1264:, as well as a wide range of
765:is fundamentally composed of
112:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
6615:History of subatomic physics
5055:. ihep.ac.cn. Archived from
4103:10.1016/0370-2693(89)90704-1
3768:Mann, Adam (28 March 2013).
3711:"Review of Particle Physics"
3666:. London. pp. 120â123.
3577:The quantum theory of fields
3436:Timeline of particle physics
3411:Resonance (particle physics)
1816:). Its main facility is the
1662:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1190:
1187:
1177:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1108:
1105:
1102:
745:History of subatomic physics
7:
5593:Quantum information science
3709:Nakamura, K (1 July 2010).
3348:
3345:, among other experiments.
3244:Vanishing-dimensions theory
2042:Linac Coherent Light Source
1910:Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage
1765:particles aim to solve the
1291:, which is also treated in
1029:to comply with Knowledge's
850:matter-antimatter imbalance
10:
7334:
5424:Classical electromagnetism
4925:(in Russian). Inp.nsk.su.
4923:"VEPP-2M collider complex"
4620:10.1088/0034-4885/51/6/002
4200:Cambridge University Press
3983:Cambridge University Press
3950:Greenwood Publishing Group
3904:(4th ed.). Springer.
3337:proposed for CERN and the
3329:Major efforts to look for
3303:external beam radiotherapy
2194:Explicit symmetry breaking
1666:
1576:
1510:
1453:elementary electric charge
1308:
863:
755:GeigerâMarsden experiments
742:
738:
142:Standard Model mathematics
7251:
7210:
7188:Canonical quantum gravity
7158:
7125:
7094:
7051:
7040:
7009:
6998:
6903:
6835:
6814:
6764:
6704:
6607:
6571:
6488:
6449:
6419:
6393:
6389:
6380:
6312:
6280:
6207:
6142:
6124:
6020:
5975:
5947:
5938:
5929:
5911:
5889:
5861:
5852:
5768:
5695:
5686:
5677:
5601:
5538:
5466:
5382:
5354:
5326:
4393:10.1142/S0218301313500274
4249:, Department of Physics.
3848:. The T2K Collaboration.
3324:
3220:beyond the Standard Model
2350:BargmannâWigner equations
2055:
1789:Experimental laboratories
1723:mixing the primary colors
1506:
1451:. Quarks have fractional
1445:Pauli exclusion principle
1195:
1182:
1169:
1153:
1129:
1113:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
876:experimental confirmation
848:brought new questions to
813:(based on experiments by
698:reconciliation of gravity
7193:Superfluid vacuum theory
6754:Fundamental interactions
6632:mathematical formulation
6227:Eta and eta prime mesons
5530:Condensed matter physics
4247:Georgia State University
4050:Georgia State University
3508:Grossman, M. I. (2014).
3335:Future Circular Collider
1892:Super Proton Synchrotron
1244:), that are produced by
1042:may contain suggestions.
1027:may need to be rewritten
895:fundamental interactions
6975:Quantum electrodynamics
6965:Electroweak interaction
6789:Electroweak interaction
6294:Double-charm tetraquark
4776:"RHIC project overview"
4709:10.1126/science.1199421
4540:Oxford University Press
4278:Physical Review Letters
4192:Watkins, Peter (1986).
3301:), or used directly in
2375:Electroweak interaction
2370:Quantum electrodynamics
2345:WheelerâDeWitt equation
2232:Background field method
1820:(RHIC), which collides
783:, after the Greek word
688:are excitations of the
564:(matter particles) and
130:Electroweak interaction
6953:Quantum chromodynamics
5614:Nobel Prize in Physics
5476:Relativistic mechanics
5027:"Fermilab | Home"
4644:Introductory Chemistry
3944:The Quantum Revolution
3940:K. A. Peacock (2008).
3875:. Oxford Univ. Press.
3662:Baker, Joanne (2013).
3600:Jaeger, Gregg (2021).
3526:10.1098/rsnr.2014.0025
3288:Practical applications
3236:RandallâSundrum models
3230:, alternatives to the
3201:effective field theory
3193:quantum chromodynamics
2380:Quantum chromodynamics
2257:Effective field theory
1865:
1798:
1715:quantum chromodynamics
1686:
1435:, because they have a
1404:
854:quantum field theories
773:, through his work on
758:
556:are classified in the
134:Quantum chromodynamics
78:
7069:Cosmological constant
6850:Philosophy of physics
6691:Waveâparticle duality
6681:Relativistic particle
5818:Electron antineutrino
5619:Philosophy of physics
4563:B. A. Schumm (2004).
3305:. The development of
3207:. Others make use of
2335:KleinâGordon equation
2277:LSZ reduction formula
1914:synchrotron radiation
1884:Large Hadron Collider
1860:
1796:
1717:(color charges). The
1676:
1519:mediators or carriers
1401:electron antineutrino
1322:
1277:waveâparticle duality
1060:Elementary Particles
752:
721:Large Hadron Collider
648:particle accelerators
523:fundamental particles
164:Neutrino oscillations
84:of the Standard Model
77:
7178:Loop quantum gravity
7117:Theory of everything
7112:Grand Unified Theory
7086:Neutrino oscillation
6933:Quantum field theory
5921:FaddeevâPopov ghosts
5671:Particles in physics
5578:Mathematical physics
5157:"The Standard Model"
4534:M. Munowitz (2005).
4449:. pp. 777â781.
4401:and leptonic number
4195:Story of the W and Z
4012:. Cengage Learning.
3812:. pp. 313â314.
3282:loop quantum gravity
3271:Theory of Everything
3211:and call themselves
3209:lattice field theory
3197:quantum field theory
2418:Theory of everything
2272:Lattice field theory
2242:Correlation function
2064:Quantum field theory
2004:neutrino oscillation
1298:elementary particles
1293:quantum field theory
995:Theory of Everything
878:of the existence of
767:elementary particles
710:supersymmetry theory
702:loop quantum gravity
686:elementary particles
104:Quantum field theory
82:Elementary particles
7145:Split supersymmetry
7107:KaluzaâKlein theory
6980:Fermi's interaction
6840:Glossary of physics
6815:Hypothetical forces
6696:Particle chauvinism
6639:Subatomic particles
5553:Atmospheric physics
5392:Classical mechanics
5320:branches of physics
4841:2003ARNPS..53....1C
4792:2003NIMPA.499..235H
4701:2011Sci...331..448F
4612:1988RPPh...51..833C
4385:2013IJMPE..2250027T
4301:2005PhRvL..94o1802D
4095:1989PhLB..231..519D
3727:2010JPhG...37g5021N
3618:2021Entrp..23.1416J
3173:theoretical physics
2397:Incomplete theories
1653:eight color charges
1411:is made from first-
1222:subatomic particles
1061:
1008:Subatomic particles
882:. It describes the
626:. Two baryons, the
519:high-energy physics
18:High Energy Physics
7173:Superstring theory
6943:Strong interaction
6774:Strong interaction
5609:History of physics
5059:on 1 February 2016
5053:"IHEP | Home"
4877:on 29 October 2012
4748:The New York Times
4075:D. Decamp (1989).
3451:Track significance
3441:Unparticle physics
3278:particle cosmology
3263:general relativity
2282:Partition function
2209:Topological charge
2129:General relativity
2124:Special relativity
2049:particle detectors
1866:
1799:
1687:
1669:Composite particle
1531:strong interaction
1405:
1305:Quarks and leptons
1059:
897:, using mediating
761:The idea that all
759:
661:but with opposite
606:strong interaction
594:electron neutrinos
79:
7283:
7282:
7206:
7205:
7081:Strong CP problem
7059:Hierarchy problem
6863:
6862:
6720:
6719:
6676:Massless particle
6484:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6445:
6444:
6308:
6307:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6068:Magnetic monopole
6016:
6015:
5907:
5906:
5848:
5847:
5828:Muon antineutrino
5813:Electron neutrino
5637:
5636:
5624:Physics education
5573:Materials science
5540:Interdisciplinary
5498:Quantum mechanics
4695:(6016): 448â450.
4584:978-0-8018-7971-5
4520:978-0-201-50397-5
4456:978-0-8493-1202-1
4237:"The Color Force"
4178:978-0-85274-328-7
4082:Physics Letters B
4040:"The Color Force"
4019:978-1-285-62958-2
3992:978-0-521-81600-7
3963:978-0-313-33448-1
3911:978-3-540-20168-7
3882:978-0-19-284524-5
3819:978-94-007-2463-1
3673:978-1-78087-911-6
3627:10.3390/e23111416
3489:on 2 October 2012
3396:Magnetic monopole
3391:List of particles
3259:quantum mechanics
3224:hierarchy problem
3213:lattice theorists
3169:
3168:
2262:Expectation value
2237:BRST quantization
2184:Poincaré symmetry
2139:YangâMills theory
2119:Quantum mechanics
2051:around the world.
1775:strong CP problem
1767:hierarchy problem
1466:color confinement
1429:electron neutrino
1273:quantum mechanics
1218:
1217:
1057:
1056:
1031:quality standards
805:led to proofs of
512:
511:
160:Hierarchy problem
156:Strong CP problem
16:(Redirected from
7325:
7318:Particle physics
7300:
7299:
7291:
7271:
7270:
7259:
7258:
7049:
7048:
7004:
7003:
6985:Weak hypercharge
6970:Weak interaction
6911:Particle physics
6890:
6883:
6876:
6867:
6866:
6845:Particle physics
6799:electromagnetism
6794:weak interaction
6747:
6740:
6733:
6724:
6723:
6710:
6686:Virtual particle
6457:Mesonic molecule
6391:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6232:Bottom eta meson
6140:
6139:
6131:
6130:
6103:WâČ and ZâČ bosons
6093:Sterile neutrino
6078:Majorana fermion
5945:
5944:
5936:
5935:
5859:
5858:
5838:Tau antineutrino
5693:
5692:
5684:
5683:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5641:
5640:
5563:Chemical physics
5503:Particle physics
5429:Classical optics
5312:
5305:
5298:
5289:
5288:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4977:. Info.cern.ch.
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4786:(2â3): 235â244.
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4741:(22 July 1996).
4735:
4729:
4728:
4676:
4670:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4566:Deep Down Things
4560:
4554:
4553:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4508:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4351:
4344:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4294:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4035:
4024:
4023:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3947:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3738:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3685:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3629:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3552:. 1 March 2021.
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3482:. Archived from
3481:
3473:
3401:Micro black hole
3295:medical isotopes
3255:String theorists
3205:phenomenologists
3161:
3154:
3147:
2252:Effective action
2179:Lorentz symmetry
2104:Electromagnetism
2074:
2060:
2059:
1864:detector for LHC
1642:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1591:, which compose
1527:weak interaction
1523:electromagnetism
1398:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1266:exotic particles
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1020:
1012:
959:
958:
957:
950:
949:
941:
940:
939:
932:
931:
923:
922:
921:
914:
913:
791:chemical element
663:electric charges
602:weak interaction
598:electromagnetism
529:that constitute
521:is the study of
515:Particle physics
504:
497:
490:
96:Particle physics
49:
40:particle physics
32:
31:
21:
7333:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7294:
7286:
7284:
7279:
7247:
7202:
7160:Quantum gravity
7154:
7121:
7090:
7043:
7036:
7027:Higgs mechanism
7005:
7001:
6996:
6899:
6894:
6864:
6859:
6831:
6810:
6766:Physical forces
6760:
6751:
6721:
6716:
6700:
6654:Nuclear physics
6603:
6567:
6503:Davydov soliton
6476:
6441:
6415:
6376:
6304:
6276:
6203:
6112:
6012:
5971:
5925:
5903:
5885:
5844:
5764:
5673:
5668:
5638:
5633:
5597:
5583:Medical physics
5534:
5493:Nuclear physics
5462:
5456:Non-equilibrium
5378:
5350:
5322:
5316:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5245:
5243:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5185:. Astra Materia
5179:
5175:
5165:
5163:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5136:Quantum Diaries
5128:
5124:
5114:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5085:on 21 June 2012
5077:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4984:
4982:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4956:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4903:on 16 July 2011
4895:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4807:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4756:
4736:
4732:
4684:
4677:
4673:
4656:
4652:
4639:
4635:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4439:
4435:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4273:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4127:
4120:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4036:
4027:
4020:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3938:
3934:
3921:
3919:
3912:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3820:
3800:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3766:
3762:
3707:
3703:
3687:
3686:
3674:
3660:
3653:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3351:
3327:
3307:superconductors
3290:
3232:Higgs mechanism
3165:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3132:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2423:Quantum gravity
2398:
2390:
2389:
2385:Higgs mechanism
2365:
2355:
2354:
2340:Proca equations
2325:
2317:
2316:
2302:Renormalization
2267:Feynman diagram
2222:
2214:
2213:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2094:
2079:
2077:Feynman diagram
2058:
2006:experiment and
1791:
1754:
1671:
1665:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1585:
1577:Main articles:
1575:
1559:Higgs mechanism
1517:Bosons are the
1515:
1509:
1423:) and leptons (
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1325:Feynman diagram
1317:
1309:Main articles:
1307:
1275:; they exhibit
1053:
1047:
1044:
1034:
1021:
1010:
956:
954:
953:
952:
948:
946:
945:
944:
943:
938:
936:
935:
934:
930:
928:
927:
926:
925:
920:
918:
917:
916:
912:
910:
909:
908:
907:
892:electromagnetic
868:
862:
827:nuclear weapons
807:nuclear fission
803:quantum physics
799:nuclear physics
747:
741:
547:nuclear physics
508:
479:
478:
179:
171:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
145:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
119:
118:
116:Higgs mechanism
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
85:
76:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7331:
7321:
7320:
7305:
7304:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7265:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7198:Twistor theory
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7164:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7131:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7066:
7061:
7055:
7053:
7046:
7044:Standard Model
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7006:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6900:
6897:Standard Model
6893:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6770:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6750:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6727:
6718:
6717:
6713:Physics portal
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6627:Standard Model
6624:
6623:
6622:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6594:Quasiparticles
6591:
6586:
6581:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6490:Quasiparticles
6486:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6397:
6395:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6327:
6322:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6286:
6284:
6282:Exotic hadrons
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6148:
6146:
6137:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6108:X and Y bosons
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5951:
5942:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5917:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5881:W and Z bosons
5878:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5735:Strange (quark
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5690:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5667:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5644:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5472:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5446:Thermodynamics
5443:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5315:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5285:
5284:External links
5282:
5279:
5278:
5253:
5227:
5196:
5173:
5148:
5122:
5096:
5070:
5044:
5018:
4992:
4966:
4940:
4914:
4888:
4862:
4817:
4766:
4730:
4682:
4671:
4650:
4633:
4606:(6): 833â882.
4590:
4583:
4555:
4548:
4542:. p. 35.
4526:
4519:
4511:AddisonâWesley
4492:
4462:
4455:
4433:
4379:(5): 1350027.
4363:
4330:
4292:hep-ph/0411004
4285:(15): 151802.
4264:
4227:
4208:
4202:. p. 70.
4184:
4177:
4169:IOP Publishing
4152:
4143:978-1598033502
4142:
4118:
4089:(4): 519â529.
4067:
4025:
4018:
3998:
3991:
3985:. p. 91.
3969:
3962:
3932:
3910:
3888:
3881:
3863:
3837:
3818:
3791:
3760:
3701:
3672:
3651:
3592:
3586:978-0521670531
3585:
3567:
3541:
3520:(4): 339â356.
3500:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3361:Atomic physics
3358:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3326:
3323:
3311:World Wide Web
3289:
3286:
3180:Standard Model
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2363:Standard Model
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Dirac equation
2326:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:Wick's theorem
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Regularization
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2204:Noether charge
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:Gauge symmetry
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2019:
2000:K2K experiment
1985:
1968:in Tibet, the
1947:
1929:
1895:
1854:
1825:
1790:
1787:
1763:supersymmetric
1753:
1750:
1727:exotic hadrons
1667:Main article:
1664:
1661:
1638:
1630:
1620:
1612:
1574:
1571:
1547:W and Z bosons
1511:Main article:
1508:
1505:
1393:
1383:
1369:
1361:
1341:
1333:
1306:
1303:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1006:
955:
947:
937:
929:
919:
911:
872:Standard Model
866:Standard Model
864:Main article:
861:
860:Standard Model
858:
819:nuclear fusion
743:Main article:
740:
737:
729:quantum theory
694:Standard Model
690:quantum fields
657:with the same
558:Standard Model
510:
509:
507:
506:
499:
492:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
100:Standard Model
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
80:
43:
42:
36:Standard Model
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7330:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7276:
7275:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7168:String theory
7166:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7127:Supersymmetry
7124:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7008:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6884:
6879:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6748:
6743:
6741:
6736:
6734:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6671:Exotic matter
6669:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6659:Eightfold way
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6649:Antiparticles
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6320:Atomic nuclei
6318:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6252:Upsilon meson
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6184:Lambda baryon
6182:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6043:Dual graviton
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:Superpartners
5937:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:Muon neutrino
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5755:Bottom (quark
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5660:
5658:
5653:
5651:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:Ocean physics
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5523:Modern optics
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5372:Computational
5370:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5184:
5177:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4821:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4675:
4668:
4667:3-11-013990-1
4664:
4660:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4586:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4269:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4215:
4211:
4209:9780521318754
4205:
4201:
4198:. Cambridge:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4156:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4130:Carroll, Sean
4125:
4123:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4071:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3936:
3929:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3796:
3779:
3775:
3774:Wired Science
3771:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3721:(7A): 1â708.
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Number theory
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:High pressure
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3273:", or "TOE".
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3251:string theory
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:supersymmetry
3225:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:Zamolodchikov
3100:
3098:
3097:Zamolodchikov
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Supersymmetry
2406:
2404:
2403:String theory
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:United States
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:United States
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:European XFEL
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:border, near
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:United States
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:atomic nuclei
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1606:
1602:
1601:baryon number
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:antiparticles
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1567:quantum state
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:quantum state
1446:
1442:
1441:half-integers
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1377:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1289:Hilbert space
1287:vectors in a
1286:
1285:quantum state
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1112:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1025:This section
1023:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
984:
981:known as the
980:
976:
972:
969:
965:
961:
904:
900:
896:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:
782:
781:
776:
775:stoichiometry
772:
768:
764:
756:
751:
746:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
706:string theory
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:antiparticles
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
485:
483:
482:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
175:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
149:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
89:
88:
83:
45:
44:
41:
37:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7272:
7260:
7150:Supergravity
7010:Constituents
6990:Weak isospin
6948:Color charge
6938:Gauge theory
6910:
6844:
6827:Quintessence
6711:
6382:Hypothetical
6330:Exotic atoms
6199:Omega baryon
6189:Sigma baryon
6179:Delta baryon
5931:Hypothetical
5913:Ghost fields
5899:Higgs boson
5833:Tau neutrino
5725:Charm (quark
5670:
5548:Astrophysics
5502:
5362:Experimental
5271:17 September
5269:. Retrieved
5265:
5256:
5244:. Retrieved
5238:. Fnal.gov.
5230:
5218:. Retrieved
5210:The Atlantic
5209:
5199:
5187:. Retrieved
5176:
5164:. Retrieved
5160:
5151:
5139:. Retrieved
5135:
5125:
5113:. Retrieved
5099:
5087:. Retrieved
5083:the original
5073:
5061:. Retrieved
5057:the original
5047:
5035:. Retrieved
5029:. Fnal.gov.
5021:
5009:. Retrieved
4995:
4983:. Retrieved
4975:"Welcome to"
4969:
4957:. Retrieved
4943:
4931:. Retrieved
4917:
4905:. Retrieved
4901:the original
4891:
4879:. Retrieved
4875:the original
4865:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4810:16 September
4808:. Retrieved
4783:
4779:
4769:
4757:. Retrieved
4746:
4733:
4692:
4688:
4674:
4658:
4653:
4643:
4636:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4565:
4558:
4535:
4529:
4504:
4499:Part III of
4495:
4483:. Retrieved
4471:"Antimatter"
4465:
4442:
4436:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4354:. Retrieved
4333:
4282:
4276:
4255:. Retrieved
4242:HyperPhysics
4240:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4194:
4187:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4133:
4086:
4080:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4045:HyperPhysics
4043:
4008:
4001:
3978:
3972:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3920:. Retrieved
3901:
3891:
3872:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3840:
3828:. Retrieved
3804:
3782:. Retrieved
3773:
3763:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3663:
3612:(11): 1416.
3609:
3605:
3595:
3576:
3570:
3558:. Retrieved
3550:"Antimatter"
3544:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3484:the original
3471:
3333:include the
3328:
3291:
3275:
3254:
3248:
3217:
3212:
3188:astronomical
3177:
3170:
3131:
2977:Stueckelberg
2717:Jona-Lasinio
2307:Vacuum state
2292:Quantization
2134:Gauge theory
2114:Strong force
2099:Field theory
2012:CP violation
1800:
1773:address the
1755:
1752:Hypothetical
1746:hydrogen-4.1
1742:exotic atoms
1739:
1688:
1649:
1586:
1583:Color charge
1579:Antiparticle
1516:
1501:its neutrino
1493:its neutrino
1470:
1457:color charge
1437:quantum spin
1406:
1296:
1270:
1219:
1212:
1078:Antiparticle
1045:
1036:You can help
1026:
991:experimental
987:
899:gauge bosons
869:
842:James Cronin
838:CP violation
834:particle zoo
831:
811:Lise Meitner
784:
778:
760:
714:
683:
652:
610:
580:which form
551:
518:
514:
513:
126:Constituents
108:Gauge theory
95:
39:
29:
7211:Experiments
7102:Technicolor
7064:Dark matter
6958:Quark model
6926:Higgs boson
6921:Gauge boson
6822:Fifth force
6806:Gravitation
6778:fundamental
6664:Quark model
6432:Theta meson
6335:Positronium
6247:Omega meson
6242:J/psi meson
6172:Antineutron
6083:Dark photon
6048:Graviphoton
6007:Stop squark
5715:Down (quark
5451:Statistical
5367:Theoretical
5344:Engineering
5266:www.aps.org
5166:7 September
5141:7 September
5115:19 February
5063:29 November
4835:(1): 1â37.
4573:. pp.
4485:3 September
4235:C.R. Nave.
3746:10481/34593
3315:touchscreen
3299:PET imaging
3117:Zinn-Justin
2967:Sommerfield
2892:Pomeranchuk
2862:Osterwalder
2857:Oppenheimer
2787:ĆopuszaĆski
2612:Fredenhagen
2413:Technicolor
2045:X-ray laser
1832:Novosibirsk
1810:Long Island
1783:dark energy
1779:dark matter
1645:annihilated
1605:superscript
1555:Higgs boson
1354:down quarks
1346: decay
1246:radioactive
1073:Generations
1048:August 2024
983:Higgs boson
968:fundamental
809:in 1939 by
771:John Dalton
733:Higgs boson
717:radioactive
640:cosmic rays
636:microsecond
578:down quarks
570:generations
304:Chamberlain
152:Limitations
7218:Gran Sasso
7042:Beyond the
7017:CKM matrix
6904:Background
6406:Heptaquark
6367:Superatoms
6300:Pentaquark
6290:Tetraquark
6272:Quarkonium
6162:Antiproton
6063:Leptoquark
5998:Neutralino
5760:antiquark)
5750:antiquark)
5745:Top (quark
5740:antiquark)
5730:antiquark)
5720:antiquark)
5710:antiquark)
5679:Elementary
5568:Geophysics
5558:Biophysics
5402:Analytical
5355:Approaches
4549:0195167376
4112:11384/1735
3952:. p.
3856:15 October
3830:19 October
3784:6 February
3463:References
3446:Tetraquark
3112:Zimmermann
3007:Vainshtein
2752:Kontsevich
2697:Iliopoulos
2672:Heisenberg
2497:Bogoliubov
2435:Scientists
2287:Propagator
2174:T-symmetry
2169:P-symmetry
2164:C-symmetry
2152:Symmetries
2109:Weak force
2093:Background
2026:Menlo Park
1822:heavy ions
1735:pentaquark
1731:tetraquark
1593:antimatter
1529:, and the
1413:generation
1250:scattering
1240:, made of
962:, and the
823:Hans Bethe
675:antimatter
644:cyclotrons
604:, and the
274:Iliopoulos
184:Rutherford
178:Scientists
138:CKM matrix
92:Background
6644:Particles
6589:Particles
6548:Polariton
6538:Plasmaron
6508:Dropleton
6401:Hexaquark
6372:Molecules
6360:Protonium
6237:Phi meson
6222:Rho meson
6194:Xi baryon
6126:Composite
5962:Gravitino
5705:Up (quark
5518:Molecular
5419:Acoustics
5412:Continuum
5407:Celestial
5397:Newtonian
5384:Classical
5327:Divisions
4857:0163-8998
4739:Sokal, A.
4725:206530683
4628:250819208
4447:CRC Press
4134:Guidebook
4038:R. Nave.
3690:cite book
3682:857653602
3366:Astronomy
3047:Wetterich
3032:Weisskopf
2982:Sudarshan
2932:Schwinger
2847:Nishijima
2812:Maldacena
2777:Leutwyler
2742:Kinoshita
2642:Goldstone
2632:Gell-Mann
2547:Doplicher
2324:Equations
1918:PETRA III
1851:colliders
1843:VEPP-2000
1840:colliders
1663:Composite
1407:Ordinary
1399:" is the
1374:" is the
1258:neutrinos
1226:electrons
1040:talk page
846:Val Fitch
815:Otto Hahn
725:cosmology
646:or other
590:electrons
535:radiation
464:de Mayolo
409:Schwinger
349:Kobayashi
239:Gell-Mann
204:Sudarshan
7312:Category
7262:Category
7243:Tevatron
7095:Theories
7052:Evidence
6916:Fermions
6855:Universe
6782:residual
6620:timeline
6472:R-hadron
6427:Glueball
6411:Skyrmion
6345:Tauonium
6058:Inflaton
6053:Graviton
6033:Curvaton
6003:Sfermion
5993:Higgsino
5988:Chargino
5949:Gauginos
5808:Neutrino
5793:Antimuon
5783:Positron
5778:Electron
5688:Fermions
5240:Archived
5220:11 March
5214:Archived
5109:Archived
5031:Archived
5005:Archived
4979:Archived
4953:Archived
4927:Archived
4804:Archived
4759:26 March
4753:Archived
4717:21273484
4479:Archived
4347:Archived
4317:15904133
4251:Archived
4214:Archived
4132:(2007).
4060:26 April
4054:Archived
3916:Archived
3850:Archived
3824:Archived
3810:Springer
3778:Archived
3755:10020536
3646:34828114
3560:12 March
3554:Archived
3349:See also
3184:collider
3062:Wightman
3027:Weinberg
3017:Virasoro
2997:Tomonaga
2992:Thirring
2987:Symanzik
2947:Semenoff
2922:Schrader
2887:Polyakov
2807:Majorana
2747:Klebanov
2702:Ivanenko
2692:'t Hooft
2662:Guralnik
2607:Fröhlich
2602:Fritzsch
2597:Frampton
2512:Buchholz
2457:Bargmann
2447:Anderson
2247:Crossing
2038:positron
2034:electron
2016:B mesons
2008:Belle II
1952:(IHEP) (
1944:Tevatron
1924:and the
1847:collider
1758:graviton
1691:neutrons
1563:massless
1433:fermions
1425:electron
1415:quarks (
1376:electron
1234:neutrons
999:neutrino
971:fermions
795:electron
671:positron
667:electron
630:and the
586:neutrons
562:fermions
554:universe
543:neutrons
454:Guralnik
399:Politzer
374:'t Hooft
329:Weinberg
324:Majorana
314:Schwartz
279:Lederman
264:Anderson
254:Friedman
214:Anderson
209:Davis Jr
194:Chadwick
7302:Physics
7274:Commons
7238:Super-K
7074:problem
6758:physics
6608:Related
6579:Baryons
6553:Polaron
6543:Plasmon
6518:Fracton
6513:Exciton
6467:Diquark
6462:Pomeron
6437:T meson
6394:Baryons
6355:Pionium
6340:Muonium
6267:D meson
6262:B meson
6167:Neutron
6152:Nucleon
6144:Baryons
6135:Hadrons
6098:Tachyon
6073:Majoron
6038:Dilaton
5967:Photino
5803:Antitau
5770:Leptons
5602:Related
5486:General
5481:Special
5339:Applied
5246:23 June
5089:23 June
5037:23 June
5011:23 June
4985:23 June
4959:23 June
4933:21 July
4907:21 July
4881:21 July
4871:"index"
4837:Bibcode
4788:Bibcode
4697:Bibcode
4689:Science
4608:Bibcode
4575:131â132
4536:Knowing
4381:Bibcode
4356:28 July
4325:7123874
4297:Bibcode
4257:2 April
4220:28 July
4091:Bibcode
3922:28 July
3723:Bibcode
3637:8623095
3614:Bibcode
3606:Entropy
3535:4213434
3493:21 July
3072:Wilczek
3037:Wentzel
3012:Veltman
2957:Shirkov
2952:Shifman
2942:Seiberg
2927:Schwarz
2907:Rubakov
2832:Naimark
2782:Lipatov
2772:Lehmann
2737:Kendall
2627:Gelfand
2622:Glashow
2582:Feynman
2562:Faddeev
2557:Englert
2527:Coleman
2517:Cachazo
2502:Brodsky
2487:Bjorken
2477:Berezin
2467:Belavin
2227:Anomaly
2085:History
1992:Tsukuba
1984:(JUNO).
1954:Beijing
1936:Batavia
1906:Germany
1902:Hamburg
1725:. More
1719:bounded
1711:hadrons
1703:baryons
1697:in the
1695:protons
1473:strange
1378:, and "
1327:of the
1254:photons
1238:baryons
1230:protons
1184:W Boson
1171:Z Boson
1115:Leptons
1083:Colours
817:), and
739:History
669:is the
632:neutron
620:baryons
616:hadrons
588:, and
582:protons
539:protons
439:Englert
414:Wilczek
379:Veltman
354:Maskawa
309:Cabibbo
269:Glashow
244:Kendall
229:Feynman
189:Thomson
7288:Portal
6584:Mesons
6533:Phonon
6528:Magnon
6450:Others
6420:Mesons
6313:Others
6209:Mesons
6157:Proton
6021:Others
5976:Others
5957:Gluino
5891:Scalar
5871:Photon
5854:Bosons
5697:Quarks
5513:Atomic
5468:Modern
5318:Major
5189:21 May
4855:
4723:
4715:
4665:
4657:§1.8,
4626:
4581:
4546:
4517:
4453:
4323:
4315:
4206:
4175:
4140:
4016:
3989:
3960:
3908:
3879:
3816:
3753:
3680:
3670:
3644:
3634:
3583:
3532:
3325:Future
3267:branes
3127:Zumino
3092:Yukawa
3082:Witten
3077:Wilson
3067:Wigner
3002:Tyutin
2962:Skyrme
2912:Ruelle
2882:Plefka
2877:Peskin
2867:Parisi
2827:MĂžller
2817:Migdal
2802:Maiani
2797:LĂŒders
2762:Landau
2757:Kuraev
2732:KÀllén
2722:Jordan
2707:Jackiw
2647:Gribov
2537:DeWitt
2532:Dashen
2522:Callan
2492:Bleuer
2462:Becchi
2452:Anselm
2056:Theory
1976:, the
1972:, the
1880:Geneva
1872:Franco
1836:Russia
1771:axions
1683:gluons
1679:proton
1597:lepton
1539:quanta
1537:, the
1535:photon
1525:, the
1507:Bosons
1485:bottom
1409:matter
1388:ν
1337:β
1315:Lepton
1260:, and
1242:quarks
1232:, and
1155:Photon
1131:Gluons
1093:Quarks
1087:Total
1038:. The
975:matter
964:photon
960:bosons
903:gluons
890:, and
884:strong
880:quarks
786:atomos
763:matter
696:. The
684:These
679:photon
628:proton
624:mesons
612:Quarks
600:, the
566:bosons
531:matter
527:forces
469:Lattes
459:Kibble
419:Cronin
404:Reines
369:Yukawa
284:Maiani
259:Powell
249:Taylor
234:Rubbia
7140:NMSSM
6572:Lists
6563:Trion
6558:Roton
6498:Anyon
6325:Atoms
6088:Preon
6028:Axion
5983:Axino
5876:Gluon
5863:Gauge
4721:S2CID
4624:S2CID
4350:(PDF)
4343:(PDF)
4321:S2CID
4287:arXiv
3487:(PDF)
3480:(PDF)
3240:Preon
3122:Zuber
2972:Stora
2937:Segal
2917:Salam
2902:Proca
2897:Popov
2872:Pauli
2852:Oehme
2842:Neveu
2837:Nambu
2822:Mills
2712:Jaffe
2687:Hagen
2682:Higgs
2657:Gupta
2652:Gross
2637:Glimm
2617:Furry
2587:Fierz
2577:Fermi
2572:Fayet
2567:Fadin
2552:Dyson
2542:Dirac
2507:Brout
2482:Bethe
2442:Adler
2221:Tools
1996:Japan
1958:China
1922:FLASH
1916:with
1876:Swiss
1707:meson
1657:SU(3)
1551:gluon
1543:light
1513:Boson
1477:charm
1461:color
1311:Quark
1262:muons
1197:Higgs
1188:Pair
1162:None
1138:None
1122:None
1119:Pair
1103:Pair
1068:Types
979:boson
474:Zweig
449:Hagen
444:Brout
434:Higgs
429:Vleck
424:Fitch
394:Pauli
384:Gross
359:Mills
344:Salam
299:Nambu
294:Cowan
224:Dirac
219:Fermi
7135:MSSM
6523:Hole
6350:Onia
6257:Kaon
6217:Pion
5788:Muon
5439:Wave
5334:Pure
5273:2023
5248:2012
5222:2022
5191:2013
5168:2023
5161:CERN
5143:2023
5117:2015
5091:2012
5065:2015
5039:2012
5013:2012
4987:2012
4961:2012
4935:2012
4909:2012
4883:2012
4853:ISSN
4812:2019
4761:2010
4713:PMID
4663:ISBN
4579:ISBN
4544:ISBN
4515:ISBN
4487:2008
4451:ISBN
4425:and
4417:and
4409:and
4358:2022
4313:PMID
4259:2012
4222:2022
4204:ISBN
4173:ISBN
4138:ISBN
4062:2009
4014:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3958:ISBN
3924:2022
3906:ISBN
3877:ISBN
3858:2019
3832:2020
3814:ISBN
3786:2014
3751:PMID
3696:link
3678:OCLC
3668:ISBN
3642:PMID
3581:ISBN
3562:2021
3495:2012
3319:CERN
3313:and
3261:and
3199:and
3186:and
3087:Yang
3057:Wick
3052:Weyl
3042:Wess
3022:Ward
2727:Jost
2677:Hepp
2667:Haag
2592:Fock
2472:Bell
2036:and
2002:, a
1898:DESY
1868:CERN
1781:and
1756:The
1701:are
1693:and
1689:The
1625:and
1581:and
1499:and
1491:and
1489:muon
1483:and
1475:and
1421:down
1352:and
1313:and
1281:wave
1248:and
1201:Own
1175:Own
1159:Own
1141:Own
1002:mass
989:the
942:and
888:weak
844:and
801:and
780:atom
753:The
727:and
708:and
659:mass
592:and
584:and
576:and
541:and
533:and
525:and
389:Pais
364:Yang
339:Ward
319:Perl
289:Meer
199:Bose
7233:SNO
7228:LHC
7223:INO
6756:of
5798:Tau
5434:Ray
4845:doi
4796:doi
4784:499
4705:doi
4693:331
4616:doi
4389:doi
4305:doi
4107:hdl
4099:doi
4087:231
3954:125
3741:hdl
3731:doi
3632:PMC
3622:doi
3530:PMC
3522:doi
3280:to
3238:),
3107:Zee
2792:Low
2767:Lee
2014:of
1988:KEK
1862:CMS
1737:).
1659:).
1599:or
1541:of
1497:tau
1481:top
1439:of
1356:, "
1125:12
1109:36
840:by
821:by
560:as
517:or
334:Lee
38:of
7314::
5264:.
5212:.
5208:.
5159:.
5134:.
5107:.
4851:.
4843:.
4833:53
4831:.
4802:.
4794:.
4782:.
4778:.
4751:.
4745:.
4719:.
4711:.
4703:.
4691:.
4687:.
4622:.
4614:.
4604:51
4602:.
4577:.
4569:.
4538:.
4513:.
4509:.
4477:.
4473:.
4445:.
4405:,
4395:.
4387:.
4377:22
4375:.
4319:.
4311:.
4303:.
4295:.
4283:94
4281:.
4267:^
4245:.
4239:.
4212:.
4171:.
4167:.
4146:.
4121:^
4105:.
4097:.
4085:.
4079:.
4048:.
4042:.
4028:^
3981:.
3956:.
3948:.
3926:.
3914:.
3900:.
3822:.
3808:.
3794:^
3776:.
3772:.
3749:.
3739:.
3729:.
3719:37
3717:.
3713:.
3692:}}
3688:{{
3676:.
3654:^
3640:.
3630:.
3620:.
3610:23
3608:.
3604:.
3528:.
3518:68
3516:.
3512:.
3284:.
3253:.
3215:.
2028:,
1994:,
1956:,
1938:,
1920:,
1904:,
1834:,
1812:,
1785:.
1769:,
1733:,
1677:A
1569:.
1495:,
1479:,
1468:.
1427:,
1419:,
1417:up
1350:up
1323:A
1256:,
1228:,
1213:61
1204:1
1191:2
1178:1
1165:1
1149:8
1135:1
1106:3
1100:3
1097:2
924:,
905:,
886:,
829:.
712:.
704:,
650:.
608:.
574:up
549:.
7290::
6889:e
6882:t
6875:v
6746:e
6739:t
6732:v
6296:)
6292:(
6009:)
6005:(
5663:e
5656:t
5649:v
5311:e
5304:t
5297:v
5275:.
5250:.
5224:.
5193:.
5170:.
5145:.
5119:.
5093:.
5067:.
5041:.
5015:.
4989:.
4963:.
4937:.
4911:.
4885:.
4859:.
4847::
4839::
4814:.
4798::
4790::
4763:.
4727:.
4707::
4699::
4685:"
4683:2
4669:.
4647:.
4630:.
4618::
4610::
4587:.
4552:.
4523:.
4489:.
4459:.
4427:L
4423:A
4419:L
4415:A
4411:L
4407:A
4403:L
4399:A
4391::
4383::
4360:.
4327:.
4307::
4299::
4289::
4261:.
4224:.
4181:.
4115:.
4109::
4101::
4093::
4064:.
4022:.
3995:.
3966:.
3885:.
3860:.
3834:.
3788:.
3757:.
3743::
3733::
3725::
3698:)
3684:.
3648:.
3624::
3616::
3589:.
3564:.
3538:.
3524::
3497:.
3160:e
3153:t
3146:v
2024:(
2018:.
1990:(
1934:(
1928:.
1874:-
1830:(
1808:(
1634:e
1616:e
1403:.
1394:e
1365:e
1145:8
1050:)
1046:(
1033:.
951:Z
933:W
915:W
503:e
496:t
489:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.