206:, Foucault wrote, hermaphrodites were viewed as people who had an amalgamation of masculine and feminine traits. When they reached adulthood, hermaphrodites in the Middle Ages were allowed to decide whether they wanted to be male or female. However, this procedure was abandoned in later times, when scientists decided that each person only had one real gender. When a person demonstrated the physical or mental traits of the opposite sex, such aberrations were deemed random or inconsequential. Scholars Elizabeth A. Meese and Alice Parker noted that the memoir's lessons are applicable to the contemporary world in that the lack of a clear gender identity transgresses the truth.
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was an intersex woman born in 1838. Unlawfully in love with another woman, she was forced to live as a man because of a judge's orders, after a doctor found her to be intersex, and her homosexual behaviors were brought forth. Upon this legal change of her sex, Barbin's name was also changed, and she
234:
body exposing and refuting the regulative strategies of sexual categorization (Ă la
Foucault) but as an example of how the law maintains an "'outside' within itself". They argue that Barbin's sexual disposition—"one of ambivalence from the outset"—represents a recapitulation of the ambivalence
235:
inherent within the religious law that produces her. Specifically, Butler cites the "institutional injunction to pursue the love of the various 'sisters' and 'mothers' of the extended convent family and the absolute prohibition against carrying that love too far".
452:
255:. Believing that the memoir evaded discussion about intersex individuals' anatomy and emotions, Eugenides concluded that he would "write the story that I wasn't getting from the memoir".
187:
was referred as either
Camille or Abel. In 1868, Barbin committed suicide due to her poverty, gender and sexuality troubles and the false persona she was forced to maintain.
307:
163:, which only appears in the English-language translation of the memoirs. Foucault discovered Barbin's memoirs during his research about hermaphroditism for
462:
230:. They call Foucault's introduction a "romanticized appropriation" of Barbin's experience; rather, Butler understands Barbin's upbringing not as an
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was to restrict "the free choice of indeterminate individuals". He noted that the legal efforts in the 1860s and 1870s to control
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In his critical introduction, Foucault calls Barbin's pre-masculine upbringing a "happy limbo of non-identity" (xiii).
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states that Barbin's own writings showed that she saw herself as an "exceptional female", but female nonetheless.
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159:'s nineteenth-century memoirs, which were originally written in French. The book contains an introduction by
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Herculine Barbin: Being the
Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite
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Herculine Barbin: Being the
Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite
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Sexuality and the
Reading Encounter: Identity and Desire in Proust, Duras, Tournier, and Cixous
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8:
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Reinventing the Sexes: The
Biomedical Construction of Femininity and Masculinity
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French
Historians 1900-2000: New Historical Writing in Twentieth-Century France
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224:, takes this as an opportunity to read Foucault against himself, especially in
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Making a
Spectacle: Feminist Essays on Contemporary Women's Theatre
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Foucault explained in his introduction that the objective of
124:
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673:
453:"A Novelist Goes Far Afield but Winds Up Back Home Again"
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occurred despite centuries of comparative acceptance of
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The
Difference Within: Feminism and Critical Theory
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348:
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263:The birthday of Herculine Barbin is marked in
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569:Meese, Elizabeth A.; Parker, Alice (1989).
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155:is a 1980 English-language translation of
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647:van den Wijngaard, Marianne (1997).
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245:The collection of memoirs inspired
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577:John Benjamins Publishing Company
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780:
767:Sex characteristics (legal term)
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519:Daileader, Philip, ed. (2010).
480:
310:from the original on 2011-06-06
296:Brown, Frederick (1980-10-09).
525:. Whalen, Philip. Chichester:
451:Goldstein, Bill (2003-01-01).
227:History of Sexuality, Volume I
106:199 (Pantheon Books paperback)
1:
270:
172:
1291:Books published posthumously
1012:International Intersex Forum
801:Disorders of sex development
703:
552:University of Michigan Press
432:. Regions of Sexuality (8).
303:The New York Review of Books
209:
7:
1007:Intersex Day of Remembrance
870:Civil society organizations
343:Daileader & Whalen 2010
265:Intersex Day of Remembrance
10:
1307:
1251:LGBTQ literature in France
964:Sex verification in sports
602:Cambridge University Press
367:Barbin & Foucault 1980
298:"The Heroic Hermaphrodite"
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16:Memoir by Herculine Barbin
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1205:Sex differences in humans
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66:
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50:
36:
24:
725:Compulsory sterilization
657:Indiana University Press
594:Oksala, Johanna (2005).
166:The History of Sexuality
1276:Intersex in non-fiction
630:Oxford University Press
430:Transformations Journal
406:Meese & Parker 1989
328:Meese & Parker 1989
1286:1980s LGBTQ literature
1246:1980 non-fiction books
1183:Non-binary recognition
1002:Intersex Awareness Day
925:Ancient Greek religion
848:Sexual differentiation
423:"Locating Third Sexes"
355:van den Wijngaard 1997
1256:LGBTQ autobiographies
875:Fictional characters‎
816:Medical interventions
772:Yogyakarta Principles
757:Medical interventions
527:John Wiley & Sons
1271:Pantheon Books books
544:Lynda, Hart (1989).
1281:Intersex in history
857:Society and culture
655:. Bloomington, IN:
597:Foucault on Freedom
192:social institutions
21:
978:History and events
458:The New York Times
396:, pp. 115–116
19:
1233:
1232:
1178:Non-binary gender
1146:Children's rights
1021:Rights by country
900:Intersex and LGBT
806:Genetic diagnosis
752:Malta declaration
747:Legal recognition
550:. Ann Arbor, MI:
536:978-1-4051-9867-7
488:Barbin, Herculine
247:Jeffrey Eugenides
238:Intersex scholar
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147:
117:978-0-394-73862-8
87:Publication place
54:Richard McDougall
20:Herculine Barbin
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910:Military service
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492:Foucault, Michel
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461:. Archived from
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179:Herculine Barbin
157:Herculine Barbin
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78:Publication date
41:Herculine Barbin
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1266:Michel Foucault
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267:on 8 November.
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200:hermaphroditism
196:gender identity
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161:Michel Foucault
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95:Media type
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62:English, French
45:Michel Foucault
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221:Gender Trouble
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885:Gender system
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861:
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849:
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844:
843:Quigley scale
841:
839:
836:
834:
833:Phall-O-Meter
831:
829:
826:
822:
819:
818:
817:
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812:
811:Hermaphrodite
809:
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666:0-253-33250-8
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639:0-19-815885-8
635:
631:
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626:
621:
617:
613:
611:0-521-84779-6
607:
603:
600:. Cambridge:
599:
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588:
586:1-55619-042-5
582:
578:
575:. Amsterdam:
574:
573:
567:
563:
561:0-472-06389-8
557:
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511:0-394-73862-4
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465:on 2015-12-22
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421:(July 2004).
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381:, p. 279
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259:Commemoration
256:
254:
253:
248:
243:
241:
240:Morgan Holmes
236:
233:
229:
228:
223:
222:
217:
216:Judith Butler
207:
205:
202:. During the
201:
197:
193:
188:
185:
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168:
167:
162:
158:
154:
153:
143:
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139:Dewey Decimal
135:
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118:
115:
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109:
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97:
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82:June 12, 1980
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69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
1222:
1193:Third gender
1188:Queer theory
1093:South Africa
838:Prader scale
828:Orchidometer
735:Human rights
717:legal issues
713:Human rights
650:
624:
620:Wilson, Emma
596:
571:
546:
521:
500:. New York:
496:
481:Bibliography
467:. Retrieved
463:the original
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312:. Retrieved
301:
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286:, p. 52
279:
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189:
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151:
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144:616.69400924
1198:Transgender
1103:Switzerland
1088:New Zealand
959:Researchers
794:and biology
408:, p. 6
394:Oksala 2005
357:, p. 3
330:, p. 5
284:Wilson 1996
204:Middle Ages
1240:Categories
1151:Disability
990:of surgery
969:Television
945:Androgynos
930:Aphroditus
905:Literature
628:. Oxford:
469:2010-02-01
314:2010-05-07
271:References
173:Background
51:Translator
1173:Androgyny
1033:Australia
1028:Argentina
890:Guevedoce
866:(antonym)
438:1444-3775
379:Hart 1989
252:Middlesex
249:to write
210:Responses
67:Publisher
1224:Category
1139:See also
1128:military
1053:Colombia
995:timeline
941:Judaism
920:Religion
792:Medicine
705:Intersex
622:(1996).
494:(1980).
308:Archived
232:intersex
59:Language
1063:Germany
985:History
864:Endosex
821:history
740:reports
131:5800446
37:Authors
1163:Gender
1156:rights
1113:Uganda
1108:Taiwan
1078:Mexico
1058:France
1038:Canada
950:Tumtum
915:People
663:
636:
608:
583:
558:
533:
508:
436:
90:France
1098:Spain
1083:Nepal
1073:Malta
1068:Kenya
1048:China
1043:Chile
880:Films
426:(PDF)
103:Pages
98:Print
31:Cover
1168:LGBT
895:Flag
715:and
661:ISBN
634:ISBN
606:ISBN
581:ISBN
556:ISBN
531:ISBN
506:ISBN
434:ISSN
125:OCLC
112:ISBN
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659:.
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317:.
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