201:
240:
231:. A contract for forty tons of lacquer was signed in January 1917, and deliveries finally began in April 1917. There were difficulties meeting demand at first, in part due to shortage of the raw materials. However, the company expanded fast, and moved into other products needed by the aircraft industry. The British Government patented Henri Drefus's process for producing acetic acid anhydride. By 1918, Henri Dreyfus was managing a workforce of 14,000.
184:, Cellonit Gesellschaft Dreyfus & Co., to produce fireproof celluloid from cellulose acetate. The Cellonit company, founded in 1913, was innovative in developing new materials. The Dreyfus brothers produced the first acetate continuous filament yarn in 1913. However, most of the production went in film for motion pictures or toiletry items. The Paris-based
255:, and did not return until July 1919. The two brothers moved into new cellulose-based products including varnishes, paints and an artificial silk yarn that they called celanese. Spondon had the capacity to make about 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of acetate filament daily when Henri launched the product under the "celanese" brand in 1921.
278:
are commodity raw materials, methanol carbonylation long appeared to be attractive precursors to acetic acid. Henri
Dreyfus developed a methanol carbonylation pilot plant at British Celanese as early as 1925. However, a lack of practical materials that could contain the corrosive reaction mixture at
262:
Henri
Dreyfus's brother Camille ran the American company, which went public in 1927. Although they were technically independent public companies, in practice the two were both controlled by the Dreyfus brothers, who treated them as parent and subsidiary. Henri was a director of the American company
302:
Henri
Dreyfus died in 1944. During his life he had filed more than 2,000 patent applications. In 1946 Camille Dreyfus set up the Henry Dreyfus Foundation in memory of his brother, "to advance the science of chemistry, chemical engineering and related sciences as a means of improving human relations
219:
acetate dopes in the United
Kingdom. Camille and Henri Dreyfus moved to Britain in 1916 to supervise construction of a factory to make the dope, used to coat the fabric skins of airplanes to make them taut, fire-resistant and waterproof. The British Cellulose and Chemical Manufacturing company was
294:
for infringement of acetate patents in 1931, then filed a series of appeals that eventually reached the House of Lords, which rejected the claim. They sued again in 1936 and lost again in 1937. The appeal against this decision was withdrawn when the two companies began merger talks. They reached
258:
Henri
Dreyfus concentrated on technical development and running the British company for the rest of his life. The British Celanese company went public in 1920. The government acquired £1,450,000 in preferred shares in return for the funding it had supplied, but sold this stake over the next few
814:
250:
With the end of World War I in
November 1918 all the lacquer contracts were cancelled and the company had to struggle to survive. Camille Dreyfus had left in February 1918 to set up an American operation, later to become the
220:
established to operate the factory with 160,000 shares, of which the
Dreyfus brothers and Alexander Clavel received 79,998, the Prudential Trust of Canada 40,470, Vickers Ltd. 19,800 and the remainder to smaller investors.
169:, including scientific investigation of the properties of the compound and commercial exploitation. This would consume the rest of their lives. The initial goal was to create a safe and non-flammable alternative to
259:
years. The company changed its name to
British Celanese in 1923. The company repeatedly forecast large profits, but did not pay any dividends on its common shares until 1944, when Drayfus died.
328:
published a letter commenting that "To die a millionaire and to have failed to pay any dividend to one's ordinary shareholders for two decades is in itself quite an achievement".
31:
161:
The
Dreyfus brothers began experimenting in a small laboratory in a corner of the garden of their father's house in Basel. Their first achievement was to develop synthetic
890:
385:
263:
until his death. Henri
Dreyfus was effective in promoting his company's products in competition with other artificial fiber manufacturers, notably
139:, Switzerland in 1878. He was the younger brother of Camille Dreyfus (1878-1956). His parents were Abraham and Henrietta (née Wahl) Dreyfus.
215:(July 1914 – November 1918) the Cellonite company was the only bidder to respond to a request from the British War Office for manufacture of
837:
774:
290:
Patents were awarded for many important inventions such as disperse dying and the dry-spinning process. British Celanese sued
1064:
1037:
919:
873:
770:
753:
725:
696:
1134:
180:
On 12 December 1912 Henri and Camille Dreyfus, funded by the entrepreneur Alexander Clavel-Respinger, set up a factory in
1139:
833:
946:
173:, then used for motion pictures and photography. By 1910 they had perfected plastic film and acetate lacquers, or
793:
Jaeger, Hans (1990). "Buchbesprechungen" [Dictionary of Business Biography by David J. Jeremy: Review].
188:
cinema equipment manufacturer became a major customer. The company also made lacquers that were used for German
386:
CAMILLE DREYFUS OF CELANESE DIES; Board Chairman Since 1945 Did the Basic Research for New Chemical Industry
891:"Celanese: 'There can be life after Celanese...but we will look back at the plant with fond memories'"
239:
116:
200:
1129:
865:
1054:
1027:
909:
713:
684:
347:
743:
351:
228:
192:
and airplanes. Demand for acetate lacquers grew steadily as the aircraft industry expanded.
1124:
1119:
1015:
978:
960:
355:
252:
974:
956:
8:
155:
147:
992:
1097:
858:
802:
1060:
1033:
942:
915:
869:
749:
721:
692:
284:
166:
143:
1089:
936:
636:
243:
204:
778:
275:
433:
431:
429:
427:
1113:
841:
771:"Camille and Henry Dreyfus: Two Pioneers and the Foundation that Honors Them"
174:
1023:
424:
296:
212:
105:
48:
806:
267:. A 1930 survey found that 98% of British women were aware of celanese.
1101:
973:
642:
291:
264:
162:
369:
367:
365:
363:
216:
170:
108:
1093:
299:(1939-1945) broke out. They were not resumed in Dreyfus's lifetime.
146:. The brothers both went to school in Basel and then studied at the
280:
271:
189:
120:
1010:
Wagner, Frank S. (1978). "Acetic acid". In Grayson, Martin (ed.).
745:
Enterprise, Management and Innovation in British Business, 1914-80
648:
588:
360:
185:
1029:
The History of Foreign Investment in the United States, 1914–1945
224:
955:
437:
295:
agreement on a merger in 1939, but the deal was incomplete when
30:
714:"War Demand and Industrial Supply: The 'Dope Scandal', 1915–19"
718:
War and Economic Development: Essays in Memory of David Joslin
181:
136:
44:
132:
112:
525:
554:
552:
472:
470:
151:
1080:
Yoshioka, Ruby (21 May 1966). "Fibers and More Fibers".
832:
742:
Davenport-Hines, R.P.T.; Jones, Geoffrey (1988-09-08).
624:
399:
397:
395:
393:
373:
813:
654:
576:
549:
537:
513:
501:
491:
489:
487:
485:
467:
443:
414:
412:
564:
860:
Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders
741:
660:
612:
594:
455:
390:
482:
409:
991:
857:
600:
1111:
1012:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
348:The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History
938:The American Synthetic Rubber Research Program
643:The birth of Celanese: Celanese Corporation
104:, 7 January 1882 – 30 December 1944) was a
911:Handbook of Fiber Chemistry, Third Edition
689:African Americans in Science: Institutions
29:
1032:. Harvard University Press. p. 746.
1079:
1052:
838:The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation
775:The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation
768:
630:
476:
449:
418:
287:or more) discouraged commercialization.
238:
199:
150:, Paris. In 1904 Henri Dreyfus earned a
1022:
975:"The birth of Celanese (1921 – 1950's)"
888:
711:
582:
558:
543:
531:
519:
507:
495:
131:Henri Dreyfus was born in 1882, into a
1112:
1009:
934:
864:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
855:
795:Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte
792:
606:
570:
461:
403:
914:. Taylor & Francis. p. 774.
907:
682:
666:
618:
303:and circumstances around the world."
935:Morris, Peter John Turnbull (1989).
769:Dinsmoor, Dorothy (21 August 2000).
438:The beginnings: Celanese Corporation
246:acetate factory, Spondon, Derbyshire
165:. In 1908 they turned to developing
13:
14:
1151:
889:Johnson, R. (November 14, 2012).
142:Their father was involved in the
595:Davenport-Hines & Jones 1988
318:
234:
908:Lewin, Menachem (2010-12-12).
821:. Intellectual Property Office
379:
341:
195:
126:
1:
306:
1056:Regenerated Cellulose Fibres
957:"The beginnings (1912–1920)"
856:Ingham, John N. (May 1983).
815:"Henry Dreyfus: Result List"
720:. CUP Archive. p. 222.
335:
207:factory, Spondon, Derbyshire
7:
1135:Scientists from Basel-Stadt
374:History: Dreyfus Foundation
10:
1156:
1140:University of Basel alumni
1014:(3rd ed.). New York:
683:Carey, Charles W. (2008).
675:
655:Henry Dreyfus: Result List
1053:Woodings, Calvin (2001).
691:. ABC-CLIO. p. 330.
158:with the highest honors.
87:
79:
71:
55:
37:
28:
21:
16:Swiss chemist (1882–1944)
993:"The Homestead, Spondon"
748:. Taylor & Francis.
311:
1059:. Woodhead Publishing.
223:The plant was built at
941:. Pennsylvania Press.
712:Coleman, D.C. (1975).
247:
208:
1016:John Wiley & Sons
352:William D. Rubinstein
242:
229:Alfred David McAlpine
203:
115:. He and his brother
979:Celanese Corporation
961:Celanese Corporation
356:Hilary L. Rubinstein
253:Celanese Corporation
156:University of Basel
123:, an acetate yarn.
534:, p. 213-214.
248:
209:
1066:978-1-85573-459-3
1039:978-0-674-04518-7
921:978-0-8247-2565-5
875:978-0-313-21362-5
781:on 7 October 2015
755:978-0-203-98818-3
727:978-0-521-20535-1
698:978-1-85109-998-6
227:, Derbyshire, by
167:cellulose acetate
144:chemical industry
95:
94:
1147:
1105:
1076:
1074:
1073:
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1047:
1046:
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1006:
1004:
1003:
988:
986:
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952:
931:
929:
928:
904:
902:
901:
885:
883:
882:
863:
852:
850:
849:
840:. Archived from
829:
827:
826:
810:
789:
787:
786:
777:. Archived from
765:
763:
762:
738:
736:
734:
708:
706:
705:
670:
664:
658:
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388:
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377:
371:
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354:Michael Jolles,
345:
329:
322:
244:British Celanese
205:British Celanese
66:
64:
59:30 December 1944
33:
19:
18:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1094:10.2307/3950332
1088:(21): 389–403.
1071:
1069:
1067:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1001:
999:
983:
981:
965:
963:
949:
926:
924:
922:
899:
897:
895:Derby Telegraph
880:
878:
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569:
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526:
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468:
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456:
448:
444:
436:
425:
417:
410:
402:
391:
384:
380:
372:
361:
346:
342:
338:
333:
332:
323:
319:
314:
309:
276:carbon monoxide
237:
198:
129:
117:Camille Dreyfus
62:
60:
51:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:Swiss chemists
1127:
1122:
1107:
1106:
1077:
1065:
1050:
1038:
1026:(2009-06-30).
1020:
1007:
997:Spondon Online
989:
971:
953:
947:
932:
920:
905:
886:
874:
853:
830:
811:
790:
766:
754:
739:
726:
709:
697:
685:"Institutions"
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:
669:, p. 330.
659:
647:
635:
633:, p. 158.
623:
621:, p. 774.
611:
599:
587:
585:, p. 746.
575:
573:, p. 187.
563:
561:, p. 222.
548:
546:, p. 220.
536:
524:
522:, p. 212.
512:
510:, p. 211.
500:
481:
479:, p. 157.
466:
464:, p. 304.
454:
452:, p. 389.
442:
423:
408:
406:, p. 258.
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378:
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331:
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316:
315:
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308:
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236:
233:
197:
194:
128:
125:
119:also invented
111:of the modern
93:
92:
89:
88:Known for
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
75:Swiss, British
73:
69:
68:
67:(aged 62)
57:
53:
52:
43:
41:7 January 1882
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1152:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:Wilkins, Mira
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
998:
994:
990:
980:
976:
972:
962:
958:
954:
950:
948:0-8122-8207-8
944:
940:
939:
933:
923:
917:
913:
912:
906:
896:
892:
887:
877:
871:
867:
862:
861:
854:
844:on 2013-07-04
843:
839:
835:
831:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:(in German).
796:
791:
780:
776:
772:
767:
757:
751:
747:
746:
740:
729:
723:
719:
715:
710:
700:
694:
690:
686:
681:
680:
668:
663:
656:
651:
644:
639:
632:
631:Woodings 2001
627:
620:
615:
608:
603:
597:, p. 74.
596:
591:
584:
579:
572:
567:
560:
555:
553:
545:
540:
533:
528:
521:
516:
509:
504:
497:
492:
490:
488:
486:
478:
477:Woodings 2001
473:
471:
463:
458:
451:
450:Yoshioka 1966
446:
439:
434:
432:
430:
428:
420:
419:Dinsmoor 2000
415:
413:
405:
400:
398:
396:
394:
387:
382:
375:
370:
368:
366:
364:
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
327:
321:
317:
304:
300:
298:
293:
288:
286:
282:
277:
273:
270:Because both
268:
266:
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256:
254:
245:
241:
232:
230:
226:
221:
218:
214:
206:
202:
193:
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178:
176:
175:aircraft dope
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
135:family, from
134:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
102:Henry Dreyfus
99:
98:Henri Dreyfus
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
36:
32:
27:
23:Henri Dreyfus
20:
1085:
1082:Science News
1081:
1070:. Retrieved
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1028:
1011:
1000:. Retrieved
996:
982:. Retrieved
964:. Retrieved
937:
925:. Retrieved
910:
898:. Retrieved
894:
879:. Retrieved
859:
846:. Retrieved
842:the original
823:. Retrieved
818:
798:
794:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
759:. Retrieved
744:
733:23 September
731:. Retrieved
717:
702:. Retrieved
688:
662:
650:
638:
626:
614:
602:
590:
583:Wilkins 2009
578:
566:
559:Coleman 1975
544:Coleman 1975
539:
532:Coleman 1975
527:
520:Coleman 1975
515:
508:Coleman 1975
503:
496:Johnson 2012
457:
445:
381:
343:
325:
324:In 1944 the
320:
301:
297:World War II
289:
283:needed (200
269:
261:
257:
249:
235:Later career
222:
210:
179:
160:
141:
130:
113:weaving loom
101:
97:
96:
1125:1944 deaths
1120:1882 births
607:Wagner 1978
571:Jaeger 1990
462:Ingham 1983
404:Morris 1989
213:World War I
196:World War I
163:indigo dyes
127:Early years
72:Nationality
49:Switzerland
1114:Categories
1072:2013-09-23
1045:2013-09-23
1002:2013-09-22
984:2013-09-22
966:2013-09-22
927:2013-09-23
900:2013-09-22
881:2013-09-23
848:2013-09-22
825:2013-09-23
785:2013-09-22
761:2013-09-23
704:2013-09-22
667:Carey 2008
619:Lewin 2010
307:References
292:Courtaulds
265:Courtaulds
80:Occupation
63:1944-12-31
834:"History"
819:Space Net
336:Citations
281:pressures
279:the high
217:cellulose
190:Zeppelins
171:celluloid
154:from the
807:40695172
272:methanol
148:Sorbonne
121:Celanese
109:inventor
91:Celanese
1102:3950332
676:Sources
225:Spondon
211:During
83:Chemist
61: (
1100:
1063:
1036:
945:
918:
872:
805:
752:
724:
695:
133:Jewish
1098:JSTOR
803:JSTOR
801:(3).
326:Times
312:Notes
186:Pathé
182:Basel
137:Basel
106:Swiss
45:Basel
1061:ISBN
1034:ISBN
943:ISBN
916:ISBN
870:ISBN
750:ISBN
735:2013
722:ISBN
693:ISBN
274:and
100:(or
56:Died
38:Born
1090:doi
866:304
285:atm
152:PhD
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1086:89
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817:.
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884:.
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737:.
707:.
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645:.
609:.
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440:.
421:.
376:.
65:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
