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910:
887:
992:. Heme iron is usually found in red meat, whereas non-heme iron is found in plant based sources. Heme iron is the most easily absorbed form of iron. In those with hemochromatosis undergoing phlebotomy for treatment; restriction of dietary iron is not required. However, those who do restrict dietary iron usually require less blood needing to be phlebotomized (about 0.5–1.5 liters of blood less per year). Vitamin C and iron supplementation should be avoided as vitamin C accelerates intestinal absorption of iron and mobilization of body iron stores. Raw seafood should be avoided because of increased risk of infections from iron loving pathogens such as
969:
and transferrin saturation are within the normal range, maintenance phlebotomies may be needed in some (depending upon the rate of reabsorption of iron), scheduled at varying frequencies to keep iron stores within normal range. A phlebotomy session typically draws between 450 and 500 mL of blood. Routine phlebotomy may reverse liver fibrosis and alleviate some symptoms of hemochromatosis, but chronic arthritis is usually not responsive to treatment. In those with hemochromatosis; the blood drawn during phlebotomy is safe to be
59:
1133:, significant changes are thought to have occurred in both the environment and diet. Some communities of foragers migrated north, leading to changes in lifestyle and environment, with a decrease in temperatures and a change in the landscape which the foragers then needed to adapt to. As people began to develop and advance their tools, they learned new ways of producing food, and
289:-related hereditary hemochromatosis). Currently, hemochromatosis (without further specification) is mostly defined as iron overload with a hereditary or primary cause, or originating from a metabolic disorder. However, the term is currently also used more broadly to refer to any form of iron overload, thus requiring specification of the cause, for example,
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is the mainstay of treatment in iron overload, consisting of regularly scheduled blood draws to remove red blood cells (and iron) from the body. Upon initial diagnosis of iron overload, the phlebotomies may be performed weekly or twice weekly, until iron levels are normalized. Once the serum ferritin
928:
gene testing, elevated iron status for no other obvious reason, and family history of liver disease, additional evaluation of liver iron concentration is indicated. In this case, diagnosis of hemochromatosis is based on biochemical analysis and histologic examination of a liver biopsy. Assessment of
1162:
Studies and surveys conducted to determine the frequencies of hemochromatosis help explain how the mutation migrated around the globe. In theory, the disease initially evolved from travelers migrating from the north. Surveys show a particular distribution pattern with large clusters and frequencies
1071:
In general, provided there has been no liver damage, patients should expect a normal life expectancy if adequately treated by venesection. If the serum ferritin is greater than 1,000 μg/L at diagnosis there is a risk of liver damage and cirrhosis which may eventually shorten their life. The
824:
females, normal range of serum ferritin is between 12 and 300 ng/mL (670 pmol/L) . In premenopausal females, normal range of serum ferritin is between 12 and 150 or 200 ng/mL (330 or 440 pmol/L). In those with hemochromatosis, the serum ferritin level correlates with the degree of iron
1149:
in the body. Iron deficiency will lead to a drop in the core temperature. In the chilly and damp environments of
Northern Europe, supplementary iron from food was necessary to keep temperatures regulated, however, without sufficient iron intake the human body would have started to store iron at
779:
lead to a loss or decrease in hepcidin production, which subsequently leads to the loss of the inhibitory signal regulating iron absorption and mobilization and thus leads to iron overload. In very rare instances, mutations in ferroportin result in ferroportin resistance to hepcidin's negative
331:
Hereditary hemochromatosis is characterized by an accelerated rate of intestinal iron absorption and progressive iron deposition in various tissues. This typically begins to be expressed in the third to fifth decades of life, but may occur in children. The most common presentation is hepatic
434:
The overwhelming majority depend on mutations of the HFE gene discovered in 1996, but since then others have been discovered and sometimes are grouped together as "non-classical hereditary hemochromatosis", "non-HFE related hereditary hemochromatosis", or "non-HFE hemochromatosis".
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gene has two main mutations, causing amino acid substitutions C282Y and H63D, which were the main cause of hereditary hemochromatosis. The next year the CDC and the
National Human Genome Research Institute sponsored an examination of hemochromatosis following the discovery of the
3015:
Groborz O, Poláková L, Kolouchová K, Švec P, Loukotová L, Miriyala VM, Francová P, Kučka J, Krijt J, Páral P, Báječný M, Heizer T, Pohl R, Dunlop D, Czernek J, Šefc L, Beneš J, Štěpánek P, Hobza P, Hrubý M (2020). "Chelating
Polymers for Hereditary Hemochromatosis Treatment".
1087:
The risk of death and liver fibrosis are elevated in males with HFE type hemochromatosis but not in females; this is thought to be due to a protective effect of menstruation and pregnancy seen in females as well as possible hormone-related differences in iron absorption.
1109:, communities of people lived in an environment that was fairly sunny, warm and had the dry climates of the Middle East. Most humans who lived at that time were foragers and their diets consisted largely of wild plants, fish, and game. Archaeologists studying
1137:. These changes would have led to serious stress on the body and a decrease in the consumption of iron-rich foods. This transition is a key factor in the mutation of genes, especially those that regulated dietary iron absorption. Iron, which makes up 70% of
315:
production) are responsible for most cases of hereditary hemochromatosis; 95% of cases of hereditary hemochromatosis involve a mutation of this HFE gene. Non-HFE hereditary hemochromatosis involves mutations in genes coding for the iron regulatory proteins
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transporter. In response to elevated plasma iron levels, hepcidin inhibits the ferroportin transporter leading to decreased iron mobilization from stores and decreased intestinal iron absorption, thus functioning as a negative iron regulatory protein.
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HHC is most common in certain
European populations (such as those of Irish or Scandinavian descent) and occurs in 0.6% of some unspecified population. Men have a 24-fold increased rate of iron-overload disease compared with women.
795:
3067:
Allen KJ, Gurrin LC, Constantine CC, Osborne NJ, Delatycki MB, Nicoll AJ, McLaren CE, Bahlo M, Nisselle AE, Vulpe CD, Anderson GJ, Southey MC, Giles GG, English DR, Hopper JL, Olynyk JK, Powell LW, Gertig DM (17 January 2008).
1175:
made their way along the coastline of Europe in search of trade, riches, and land. Genetic studies suggest that the extremely high frequency patterns in some
European countries are the result of migrations of Vikings and later
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testing is a low-cost, readily available, and minimally invasive method for assessing body iron stores. However ferritin levels may be elevated due to a variety of other causes including obesity, infection, inflammation (as an
2923:
Polomoscanik SC, Cannon CP, Neenan TX, Holmes-Farley SR, Mandeville WH, Dhal PK (2005). "Hydroxamic Acid-Containing
Hydrogels for Nonabsorbed Iron Chelation Therapy: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation".
268:
Hemochromatosis leading to secondary diabetes (through iron deposition in the insulin secreting beta cells of the pancreas), when combined with a bronzing or darkening of the skin, is sometimes known as "bronze diabetes".
306:
Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder with estimated prevalence in the population of 1 in 200 among patients with
European ancestry, with lower incidence in other ethnic groups. Mutations of the
780:
regulatory effects, and continued intestinal iron absorption and mobilization despite inhibitory signaling from hepcidin. Approximately 95% of cases of hereditary hemochromatosis are due to mutations in the HFE gene.
3577:
3562:
3500:
Burke W, Thomson E, Khoury MJ, McDonnell SM, Press N, Adams PC, Barton JC, Beutler E, Brittenham G (1998-07-08). "Hereditary
Hemochromatosis: Gene Discovery and Its Implications for Population-Based Screening".
1192:(a French internist) was one of the first to describe many of the symptoms of a diabetic patient with cirrhosis of the liver and bronzed skin color. The term hemochromatosis was first used by German pathologist
1014:
binds with iron in the bloodstream and enhances its elimination in urine and faeces. Typical treatment for chronic iron overload requires subcutaneous injection over a period of 8–12 hours daily. Two newer
916:
iron staining, highlighting the hemosiderin pigment as blue. This finding indicates mesenchymal iron overload (within
Kupffer cells and/or portal macrophages) rather than parenchymal iron overload (within
3457:
Feder J, Gnirke A, Thomas W, Tsuchihashi Z, Ruddy D, Basava A, Dormishian F, Domingo R, Ellis M (August 1996). "A novel MHC class I–like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis".
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usually precede ferritin elevations in hemochromatosis. Transferrin saturation of greater than 45% combined with an elevated ferritin level is highly sensitive in diagnosing HFE hemochromatosis.
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3714:
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940:(MRI) is used as a noninvasive method to estimate iron deposition levels in the liver and heart, which may aid in determining a response to treatment or prognosis.
219:(insufficiency of the sex hormone producing glands) which leads to low sex drive and/or loss of fertility in men and loss of fertility and menstrual cycle in women.
2967:
Qian J, Sullivan BP, Peterson SJ, Berkland C (2017). "Nonabsorbable Iron
Binding Polymers Prevent Dietary Iron Absorption for the Treatment of Iron Overload".
1063:, the approach has virtually no side effects in sub-chronic studies. Interestingly, the simultaneous chelation of Fe and Fe increases the treatment efficacy.
3707:
2106:
1204:
Although it was known most of the 20th century that most cases of hemochromatosis were inherited, they were incorrectly assumed to depend on a single gene.
146:). Iron deposition most commonly occurs in the liver, pancreas, skin, heart, and joints. People with iron overload classically present with the triad of
735:
Normally, hepcidin acts to reduce iron levels in the body by inhibiting intestinal iron absorption and inhibiting iron mobilization from stores in the
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of this disorder if left untreated, and recognizing that treatment is relatively simple, early diagnosis before symptoms or signs appear is important.
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1080:. Other risk factors for liver damage in hemochromatosis include alcohol use, diabetes, liver iron levels greater than 2,000 μmol/gram and increased
398:
Hemosiderosis is arbitrarily differentiated from hemochromatosis by the reversible nature of the iron accumulation in the reticuloendothelial system.
1207:
In 1935 J.H. Sheldon, a British physician, described the link to iron metabolism for the first time as well as demonstrating its hereditary nature.
3700:
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is used to indicate the pathological effect of iron accumulation in any given organ, which mainly occurs in the form of the iron-storage complex
3795:
1121:, grasses and other foods rich in iron. Over many generations, the human body became well-adapted to a high level of iron content in the diet.
253:, elbow, hip, knee and ankle joints. Risk factors for the development of arthritis in those with hemochromatosis include elevated iron levels (
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Some disorders do not normally cause hemochromatosis on their own, but may do so in the presence of other predisposing factors. These include
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783:
The resulting iron overload causes iron to deposit in various sites throughout the body, especially the liver and joints, which coupled with
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is the removal of small sample in order to be studied and can determine the cause of inflammation or cirrhosis. In someone with negative
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Diet and the environment are thought to have had large influence on the mutation of genes related to iron overload. Starting during the
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389:
Hemosiderosis is hemochromatosis caused by excessive blood transfusions, that is, hemosiderosis is a form of secondary hemochromatosis.
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gene analysis are evident in ~80% of patients with hemochromatosis; a negative report for HFE gene does not rule out hemochromatosis.
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422:
origin have a particularly high incidence, with about 10% being carriers of the principal genetic variant, the C282Y mutation on the
874:
gene mutations in addition to iron overload confirms the clinical diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis. The alleles evaluated by
241:, from iron deposition in joints leading to joint pains. The most commonly affected joints are those of the hands, particularly the
2145:
2517:"Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases"
3270:"Clinical Penetrance of HFE Hereditary Hemochromatosis, Serum Ferritin Levels, and Screening Implications: Can We Iron This Out?"
1310:
Hider RC, Kong X (2013). "Iron: Effect of Overload and Deficiency". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.).
1700:
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Mendes AI, Ferro A, Martins R, Picanço I, Gomes S, Cerqueira R, Correia M, Nunes AR, Esteves J, Fleming R, Faustino P (2008).
2021:
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Hemosiderosis is hemosiderin deposition within cells, while hemochromatosis is hemosiderin within cells and interstitium.
1970:
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overload. Ferritin levels are usually monitored serially in those with hemochromatosis to assess response to treatment.
1481:
Lu JP (1994). "Selective iron deposition in pancreatic islet B cells of transfusional iron-overloaded autopsy cases".
3663:
2738:"Relevance of dietary iron intake and bioavailability in the management of HFE hemochromatosis: A systematic review"
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and thus limiting their uptake and long-term accumulation. Although this method has only a limited efficacy, unlike
2146:"Non-classical hereditary hemochromatosis in Portugal: novel mutations identified in iron metabolism-related genes"
261:
saturation greater than 50%) for an extended period of time, increasing age and concurrent advanced liver fibrosis.
1356:"Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Clinical Implications of Hereditary Hemochromatosis-The Cardiological Point of View"
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Fitzsimons EJ, Cullis JO, Thomas DW, Tsochatzis E, Griffiths WJ, the British Society for Haematology (May 2018).
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Miller MJ (1989-11-01). "Syntheses and therapeutic potential of hydroxamic acid based siderophores and analogs".
17:
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Phlebotomy is associated with improved survival if it is initiated before the onset of cirrhosis or diabetes.
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154:, and bronze skin. However, due to earlier detection nowadays, symptoms are often limited to general chronic
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by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
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Hypothesis". Cluster locations and mapped patterns of this mutation correlate closely to the locations of
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135:
3214:"The evolutionary adaptation of the C282Y mutation to culture and climate during the European Neolithic"
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higher rates than normal. In theory, the pressures caused by migrating north would have selected for a
998:. Alcohol consumption should be avoided due to the risk of compounded liver damage with iron overload.
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646:
246:
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Other definitions distinguishing hemochromatosis or hemosiderosis that are occasionally used include:
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Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz L, Świątczak M, Sikorska K, Starzyński RR, Raczak A, Lipiński P (2021-07-16).
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491:
472:
143:
3300:"Do all hemochromatosis patients have the same origin? A pilot study of mitochondrial DNA and Y-DNA"
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gene, which helped lead to the population screenings and estimates that are still being used today.
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In hereditary hemochromatosis, mutations in the proteins involved in hepcidin production including
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Choudhry VP, Naithani R (2007). "Current status of iron overload and chelation with deferasirox".
2019:
The HealthScout Network > Health Encyclopedia > Diseases and Conditions > Hemochromatosis
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Blood tests are usually the initial test if there is a clinical suspicion of iron overload. Serum
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the hepatic iron index (HII) is considered the "gold standard" for diagnosis of hemochromatosis.
833:
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Bullen JJ (1 August 1991). "Hemochromatosis, Iron, and Septicemia Caused by Vibrio vulnificus".
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1986:
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established c.700 AD to c.1100 AD. The Vikings originally came from Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
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leads to organ damage or joint damage and the pathological findings seen in hemochromatosis.
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395:
Hemosiderosis is iron overload that does not cause tissue damage, while hemochromatosis does.
311:(hemostatic iron regulator) located on chromosome 6 (responsible for iron regulatory protein
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of gene mutations along the western European coastline. This led the development of the "
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are thought to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of hereditary hemochromatosis.
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Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Source for mesenchymal versus parenchymal iron overload
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Koperdanova M, Cullis JO (3 August 2015). "Interpreting raised serum ferritin levels".
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2305:"Screening for hemochromatosis by measuring ferritin levels: a more effective approach"
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Brissot P, Pietrangelo A, Adams PC, de Graaff B, McLaren CE, Loréal O (5 April 2018).
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Excess parenteral (non-ingested) iron supplements, such as what can acutely happen in
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in people with iron overload occurs as a result of selective iron deposition in islet
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Literature review current through: Jun 2016. | This topic last updated: Apr 14, 2015.
1625:"Patient information: Hemochromatosis (hereditary iron overload) (Beyond the Basics)"
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Rosenzweig PH, Volpe SL (March 1999). "Iron, thermoregulation, and metabolic rate".
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1180:, indicating a genetic link between hereditary hemochromatosis and Viking ancestry.
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that are licensed for use in patients receiving regular blood transfusions to treat
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Kowdley KV (November 2004). "Iron, hemochromatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma".
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820:), chronic alcohol intake, liver disease, kidney disease, and cancer. In males and
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The Atlantic: "The Iron in Our Blood That Keeps and Kills Us" by Bradley Wertheim
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Medications are used for those unable to tolerate routine blood draws, there are
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There are several methods available for diagnosing and monitoring iron overload.
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2264:"Hereditary iron overload: Update on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment"
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eMedicine Specialties > Radiology > Gastrointestinal > Hemochromatosis
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Defects in iron metabolism, specifically involving the iron regulatory protein
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in the body, leading to organ damage. The primary mechanism of organ damage is
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3393:"Diagnosis and therapy of genetic haemochromatosis (review and 2017 update)"
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is derived from mass value using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1 for ferritin
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2884:"Role of deferiprone in chelation therapy for transfusional iron overload"
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GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on HFE-Associated Hereditary Hemochromatosis
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1314:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 229–94.
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GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on TFR2-Related Hereditary Hemochromatosis
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3358:"Videos: Hereditary Hemochromatosis | Canadian Hemochromatosis Society"
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410:(acquired during life). People of Northern European descent, including
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Crownover BK, Covey, CJ (Feb 1, 2013). "Hereditary hemochromatosis".
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and they are designed to form stable complexes with Fe and Fe in the
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for hereditary causes of iron overload is indicated. The presence of
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Selective iron deposition (blue) in pancreatic islet beta cells (red)
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1819:"Hereditary Hemochromatosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment"
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has limited utility in detecting liver fibrosis in hemochromatosis.
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was initially used to refer to what is now more specifically called
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GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Juvenile Hereditary Hemochromatosis
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2198:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1048.
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Maddrey, Willis C., Schiff, Eugene R., Sorrell, Michael F. (2007).
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In 1996 Felder and colleagues identified the hemochromatosis gene,
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in 1889 when he described an accumulation of iron in body tissues.
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Hemochromatosis may present with the following clinical syndromes:
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Bacon BR, Adams PC, Kowdley KV, Powell LW, Tavill AS (July 2011).
1471:
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General screening for hemochromatosis is not recommended, however
664:), which are usually needed either by individuals with hereditary
402:
The causes of hemochromatosis broken down into two subcategories:
4217:
3070:"Iron-overload-related disease in HFE hereditary hemochromatosis"
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1051:. These polymers or particles have a negligible or null systemic
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680:) or by older patients with severe acquired anaemias such as in
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Moretti D, Van Doorn GM, Swinkels DW, Melse-Boonstra A (2013).
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Barton JC (1 December 1998). "Management of Hemochromatosis".
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Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
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Organs most commonly affected by hemochromatosis include the
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1977:
2002, Charles E. Kahn, Jr., MD. Medical College of Wisconsin
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Brandhagen DJ, Fairbanks VF, Batts KP, Thibodeau SN (1999).
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Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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Waalen J, Felitti VJ, Gelbart T, Beutler E (1 April 2008).
2302:
985:
828:
Elevations in serum levels of the iron transporter protein
504:
444:
429:
115:
3211:
1613:
905:
pigment, which is a common normal finding). H&E stain.
2143:
1744:
Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary > hemochromatosis
1577:
Olynyk JK, Ramm GA (8 December 2022). "Hemochromatosis".
406:(hereditary or genetically determined) and less frequent
3212:
Heath KM, Axton JH, McCullough JM, Harris N (May 2016).
1259:
Hsu CC, Senussi NH, Fertrin KY, Kowdley KV (June 2022).
1258:
264:
skin: melanoderma (darkening or 'bronzing' of the skin).
2577:
Kowdley KV, Brown KE, Ahn J, Sundaram V (August 2019).
2576:
2514:
1899:
Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary > hemosideroses
1860:"Update on hereditary hemochromatosis and the HFE gene"
1023:(and, thus, who develop iron overload as a result) are
844:
may be low in hemochromatosis, but can also be normal.
1154:
that promoted greater absorption and storage of iron.
743:. Iron is absorbed from the intestines (mostly in the
114:) is the abnormal and increased accumulation of total
3544:
2626:
2579:"ACG Clinical Guideline: Hereditary Hemochromatosis"
2408:
2406:
1199:
645:
of any cause, including intravascular hemolysis and
4404:
Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
1413:Andrews NC (1999). "Disorders of Iron Metabolism".
3688:GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Aceruloplasminemia
2472:
3425:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2403:
2351:
2219:Pietrangelo A (2005). "Non-HFE Hemochromatosis".
2187:
2044:McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine
1993:Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers
1762:Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers
1730:McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine
122:, as elevated intracellular iron levels increase
4390:
2960:
2916:
2838:
2493:
1968:Notecards on radiology gamuts, diseases, anatomy
414:(Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Cornish, Breton etc.),
3168:
2692:10.7326/0003-4819-129-11_Part_2-199812011-00003
2456:labtestsonline.org TIBC & UIBC, Transferrin
1812:
1810:
1693:
1448:
1446:
1444:
832:saturation as well as increased red blood cell
3796:Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
3297:
3171:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
3010:
3008:
3006:
2565:
1939:Author: Sandor Joffe, MD. Updated: May 8, 2009
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1254:
1252:
624:Most types of hereditary hemochromatosis have
3982:
3708:
1955:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
301:
234:leading to functional failure and cell death.
73:showing iron deposits due to haemosiderosis.
2255:
2212:
2137:
2051:
2005:Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary
1851:
1807:
1452:
1441:
901:deposition (shown next to a hepatocyte with
635:
3003:
2218:
2057:
1816:
1249:
984:The human diet contains iron in two forms:
3989:
3975:
3715:
3701:
3432:Cam Patterson, Marschall S. Runge (2006).
2742:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2720:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2412:
2393:
2391:
2296:
1718:thefreedictionary.com > hemochromatosis
1576:
1517:
57:
3436:. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 567.
3408:
3333:
3315:
3245:
3218:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2899:
2881:
2770:
2753:
2654:
2644:
2594:
2540:
2328:
2279:
2261:
2083:
1875:
1834:
1676:
1389:
1371:
1309:
1286:
1276:
859:Once iron overload has been established,
838:mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
297:Primary hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis
3657:) is being considered for deletion. See
2439:
2437:
2345:
2038:thefreedictionary.com > hemosiderosis
1987:thefreedictionary.com > hemosiderosis
1949:thefreedictionary.com > hemosiderosis
1917:The American Heritage Medical Dictionary
1911:thefreedictionary.com > hemosiderosis
1724:The American Heritage Medical Dictionary
908:
885:
794:
759:in the bone marrow by the transmembrane
430:Non-classical hereditary hemochromatosis
3996:
3723:Metal deficiency and toxicity disorders
3109:
3103:
2461:
2388:
1412:
14:
4391:
2811:
2776:
2677:
856:of those affected should be screened.
3970:
3696:
3386:
3384:
3382:
2434:
1034:
751:or mobilized out of storage in liver
169:
142:to repeated blood transfusions (i.e.
3304:Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology
3298:Symonette CJ, Adams PC (June 2011).
2791:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400080096018
2629:"Pathology of hepatic iron overload"
2583:American Journal of Gastroenterology
1349:
1347:
1157:
747:) and transported across intestinal
4087: (Core six elements)
3077:The New England Journal of Medicine
1194:Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen
1010:agents available for use. The drug
486:(HJV, also known as RGMc and HFE2)
426:gene, and 1% having the condition.
215:hormones: diabetes (see below) and
24:
3379:
3350:
2458:Last reviewed on October 28, 2009.
1919:, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company
1726:, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company
1623:Bruce R Bacon, Stanley L Schrier.
1495:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1994.tb02592.x
1480:
723:
25:
4420:
4399:Inborn errors of metal metabolism
3661:to help reach a consensus. ›
3540:
1344:
1200:Identification of genetic factors
1039:A minimally invasive approach to
3434:Principles of molecular medicine
1360:Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
502:hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (
363:
3493:
3450:
3291:
3262:
3205:
3162:
3138:
3060:
2875:
2832:
2805:
2723:"Hemochromatosis Donor Program"
2714:
2671:
2619:
2449:
2112:
2100:
2031:
2012:
1980:
1961:
1942:
1930:
1904:
1892:
1782:
1749:
1737:
1711:
1701:"Haemochromatosis and diabetes"
1657:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
1579:New England Journal of Medicine
1415:New England Journal of Medicine
1183:
1091:
769:HFE (hemostatic iron regulator)
4075:Biological aspects of fluorine
3397:British Journal of Haematology
2882:Hoffbrand AV (20 March 2003).
2268:American Journal of Hematology
2196:Schiff's diseases of the liver
2028:Retrieved on December 11, 2009
1901:Retrieved on December 11, 2009
1746:Retrieved on December 11, 2009
1406:
1303:
628:inheritance, while type 4 has
378:. Sometimes, the simpler term
13:
1:
4353:Composition of the human body
3646:
2779:Archives of Internal Medicine
2627:Deugnier Y, Turlin B (2007).
2596:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000315
1243:
1135:farming also slowly developed
1001:
952:
806:
457:: "classical" hemochromatosis
3936:Acrodermatitis enteropathica
3276:. 2008-05-01. Archived from
3124:10.1016/j.gastro.2004.09.019
2981:10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00945
2321:10.1182/blood-2007-07-102673
1836:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.013
1214:gene. Felder found that the
1169:Viking settlements in Europe
1124:
1100:
1066:
947:
790:
660:(either whole blood or just
7:
4363:Mineral (Essential element)
3956:Inborn errors of metabolism
2680:Annals of Internal Medicine
2124:Encyclopædia Britannica.com
2076:10.1136/gut.52.suppl_2.ii23
1427:10.1056/NEJM199912233412607
1373:10.3390/diagnostics11071279
1320:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_8
1226:
1141:composition, is a critical
847:
842:Total iron binding capacity
144:transfusional iron overload
136:hereditary haemochromatosis
10:
4425:
4378:Uranium in the environment
3774:African iron overload/HFE4
2901:10.1182/blood-2002-06-1867
1923:Mosby's Medical Dictionary
1768:Mosby's Medical Dictionary
1041:hereditary hemochromatosis
938:Magnetic resonance imaging
932:
647:ineffective erythropoiesis
494:: juvenile hemochromatosis
475:: juvenile hemochromatosis
302:Hereditary hemochromatosis
291:hereditary hemochromatosis
247:metacarpophalangeal joints
4345:
4233:Acute beryllium poisoning
4208:
4145:
4083:
4002:
3948:
3924:
3904:
3895:
3862:
3837:
3828:
3804:
3737:
3728:
3618:
3548:
3183:10.1080/10408399908500491
3018:Macromolecular Bioscience
2853:10.1007/s12098-007-0134-7
2475:American Family Physician
2221:Seminars in Liver Disease
2165:10.1007/s00277-008-0572-y
1999:Mosby's Dental Dictionary
1457:. McGraw Hill Australia.
1261:"Iron overload disorders"
1061:small-molecular chelators
881:
682:myelodysplastic syndromes
636:Secondary hemochromatosis
272:
130:. Iron overload is often
81:
65:
56:
42:
37:
3659:templates for discussion
2646:10.3748/wjg.v13.i35.4755
2415:"Hemochromatosis Workup"
1078:hepatocellular carcinoma
678:Diamond–Blackfan anaemia
554:Neonatal hemochromatosis
356:. Because of the severe
3883:Occipital horn syndrome
3146:"The Evolution of Diet"
2755:10.3945/ajcn.112.048264
1864:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1113:have found evidence of
1053:biological availability
979:
834:mean corpuscular volume
710:porphyria cutanea tarda
700:(especially related to
670:beta-thalassaemia major
492:Hemochromatosis type 2B
473:Hemochromatosis type 2A
4245:Chlorine gas poisoning
3515:10.1001/jama.280.2.172
3030:10.1002/mabi.202000254
2058:Pietrangelo A (2003).
1817:Pietrangelo A (2010).
1082:aspartate transaminase
1076:increases the risk of
918:
906:
893:of the liver, showing
854:first-degree relatives
800:
777:transferrin receptor 2
649:(hemolysis within the
532:Hemochromatosis type 4
524:transferrin receptor-2
514:Hemochromatosis type 3
455:Hemochromatosis type 1
322:transferrin receptor-2
283:hemochromatosis type 1
4218:Argyria (Silver)
4060:Molybdenum in biology
3118:(5 Suppl 1): S79–86.
2686:(11_Part_2): 932–39.
2633:World J Gastroenterol
2431:Updated: Jan 02, 2016
2233:10.1055/s-2005-923316
1756:thefreedictionary.com
1591:10.1056/NEJMra2119758
1453:John Murtagh (2007).
1233:Human iron metabolism
912:
889:
798:
536:African iron overload
368:In general, the term
257:greater than 1000 or
195:chronic liver disease
4358:Lithium (medication)
4070:Arsenic biochemistry
4030:Manganese in biology
4020:Potassium in biology
4015:Magnesium in biology
3759:Hemochromatosis/HFE1
3089:10.1056/NEJMoa073286
2262:Franchini M (2006).
2153:Annals of Hematology
1669:10.1038/nrdp.2018.16
1017:iron-chelating drugs
702:alcohol use disorder
569:Acaeruloplasminaemia
336:in combination with
4228:Beryllium poisoning
4055:Selenium in biology
3997:Elements in biology
3317:10.1155/2011/463810
3150:National Geographic
2826:10.1021/cr00097a011
2444:Molar concentration
1770:, 8th edition. 2009
1049:polymeric chelators
1045:maintenance therapy
818:acute phase protein
718:portacaval shunting
693:Excess dietary iron
674:sickle cell anaemia
626:autosomal recessive
4322:Thallium poisoning
4025:Calcium in biology
3781:Aceruloplasminemia
3619:External resources
3471:10.1038/ng0896-399
3362:www.toomuchiron.ca
3274:www.hematology.org
3230:10.1002/ajpa.22937
2070:(90002): ii23–30.
2060:"Haemochromatosis"
2024:2010-02-09 at the
1973:2010-07-21 at the
1653:"Haemochromatosis"
1035:Chelating polymers
942:Liver elastography
919:
907:
801:
658:blood transfusions
656:Multiple frequent
630:autosomal dominant
548:(SLC11A3/SLC40A1)
251:radiocarpal joints
210:cardiac arrhythmia
170:Signs and symptoms
138:) but may also be
126:formation via the
4386:
4385:
4332:Toxic heavy metal
4317:Selenium toxicity
4302:Mercury poisoning
4270:Fluoride toxicity
4265:Cadmium poisoning
4250:Chromium toxicity
4223:Arsenic poisoning
4065:Iodine in biology
4045:Copper in biology
4040:Cobalt in biology
4010:Sodium in biology
3964:
3963:
3944:
3943:
3891:
3890:
3874:Copper deficiency
3824:
3823:
3642:
3641:
3443:978-1-58829-202-5
3410:10.1111/bjh.15164
2969:ACS Macro Letters
2938:10.1021/bm050036p
2926:Biomacromolecules
2533:10.1002/hep.24330
2366:10.1136/bmj.h3692
2281:10.1002/ajh.20493
2205:978-0-7817-6040-9
2120:"Hemachromatosis"
1790:"Hemochromatosis"
1464:978-0-07-470436-3
1329:978-94-007-7499-5
1278:10.1002/hep4.2012
1158:Viking hypothesis
1043:treatment is the
995:Vibrio vulnificus
897:with significant
622:
621:
588:atransferrinaemia
382:is used instead.
354:hyperpigmentation
152:diabetes mellitus
101:
100:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4416:
4297:Lithium toxicity
4255:Cobalt poisoning
3991:
3984:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3929:
3909:
3902:
3901:
3867:
3854:Wilson's disease
3842:
3835:
3834:
3809:
3786:Atransferrinemia
3742:
3735:
3734:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3388:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3364:. Archived from
3354:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3319:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3112:Gastroenterology
3107:
3101:
3100:
3074:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3012:
3001:
3000:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2841:Indian J Pediatr
2836:
2830:
2829:
2814:Chemical Reviews
2809:
2803:
2802:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2721:NIH blood bank.
2718:
2712:
2711:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2598:
2574:
2563:
2562:
2544:
2512:
2491:
2490:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2413:Andrea Duchini.
2410:
2401:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2150:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2116:
2110:
2109:January 10, 2013
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2055:
2049:
2035:
2029:
2016:
2010:
1984:
1978:
1965:
1959:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1877:10.4065/74.9.917
1855:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1823:Gastroenterology
1814:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1792:. Archived from
1786:
1780:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1574:
1515:
1514:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1455:General Practice
1450:
1439:
1438:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1375:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1280:
1256:
1190:Armand Trousseau
1147:thermoregulation
785:oxidative stress
606:GRACILE syndrome
438:
437:
184:endocrine glands
120:oxidative stress
108:haemochromatosis
92:gastroenterology
61:
47:Haemochromatosis
35:
34:
21:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4409:Iron metabolism
4389:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4368:Oxygen toxicity
4341:
4260:Copper toxicity
4204:
4141:
4079:
4050:Zinc in biology
4035:Iron in biology
3998:
3995:
3965:
3960:
3940:
3925:
3920:
3905:
3887:
3863:
3858:
3849:Copper toxicity
3838:
3820:
3816:Iron deficiency
3805:
3800:
3754:Hemochromatosis
3738:
3724:
3721:
3662:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3614:
3613:
3557:
3543:
3538:
3498:
3494:
3459:Nature Genetics
3455:
3451:
3444:
3430:
3426:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3296:
3292:
3283:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3210:
3206:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3108:
3104:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3024:(12): 2000254.
3013:
3004:
2965:
2961:
2921:
2917:
2880:
2876:
2837:
2833:
2810:
2806:
2775:
2771:
2734:
2730:
2719:
2715:
2676:
2672:
2639:(35): 4755–60.
2624:
2620:
2575:
2566:
2513:
2494:
2471:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2389:
2350:
2346:
2301:
2297:
2260:
2256:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2192:
2188:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2056:
2052:
2036:
2032:
2026:Wayback Machine
2017:
2013:
1985:
1981:
1975:Wayback Machine
1966:
1962:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1856:
1852:
1815:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1754:
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1742:
1738:
1716:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1621:
1614:
1585:(23): 2159–70.
1575:
1518:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1451:
1442:
1421:(26): 1986–95.
1411:
1407:
1352:
1345:
1330:
1308:
1304:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1238:Iron deficiency
1229:
1202:
1186:
1160:
1127:
1103:
1094:
1069:
1037:
1004:
982:
955:
950:
935:
884:
868:genetic testing
850:
809:
793:
726:
724:Pathophysiology
706:steatohepatitis
662:red blood cells
641:Severe chronic
638:
526:(TFR2 or HFE3)
432:
408:secondary cases
366:
338:hypopituitarism
304:
299:
279:hemochromatosis
275:
172:
148:liver cirrhosis
128:Fenton reaction
112:hemochromatosis
106:(also known as
51:Hemochromatosis
33:
28:
23:
22:
18:Hemochromatosis
15:
12:
11:
5:
4422:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4312:Nickel allergy
4309:
4307:Metal toxicity
4304:
4299:
4294:
4292:Lead poisoning
4289:
4288:
4287:
4280:Iron poisoning
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3879:Menkes disease
3876:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3600:
3589:
3574:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:Classification
3542:
3541:External links
3539:
3537:
3536:
3492:
3465:(4): 399–408.
3449:
3442:
3424:
3403:(3): 293–303.
3378:
3349:
3310:(6): 324–326.
3290:
3261:
3204:
3177:(2): 131–148.
3161:
3137:
3102:
3059:
3002:
2959:
2932:(6): 2946–53.
2915:
2874:
2831:
2820:(7): 1563–79.
2804:
2785:(8): 1606–09.
2769:
2728:
2713:
2670:
2618:
2589:(8): 1202–18.
2564:
2492:
2460:
2448:
2433:
2402:
2387:
2344:
2315:(7): 3373–76.
2295:
2254:
2211:
2204:
2186:
2136:
2111:
2099:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2030:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:, 3rd ed. 2007
2002:
1996:
1979:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1941:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1925:, 8th edition.
1920:
1903:
1891:
1850:
1829:(2): 393–408.
1806:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1748:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1710:
1692:
1643:
1612:
1516:
1470:
1463:
1440:
1405:
1343:
1328:
1302:
1271:(8): 1842–54.
1265:Hepatol Commun
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1201:
1198:
1185:
1182:
1159:
1156:
1145:for effective
1139:red blood cell
1126:
1123:
1107:Mesolithic era
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1068:
1065:
1036:
1033:
1003:
1000:
981:
978:
954:
951:
949:
946:
934:
931:
891:Histopathology
883:
880:
849:
846:
822:postmenopausal
808:
805:
792:
789:
725:
722:
721:
720:
708:of any cause,
694:
691:
689:iron poisoning
685:
654:
637:
634:
620:
619:
614:
609:
602:
601:
596:
591:
583:
582:
580:caeruloplasmin
577:
572:
565:
564:
561:
556:
550:
549:
543:
538:
528:
527:
521:
516:
510:
509:
500:
495:
488:
487:
481:
476:
469:
468:
463:
458:
451:
450:
447:
442:
431:
428:
400:
399:
396:
393:
390:
365:
362:
342:cardiomyopathy
303:
300:
298:
295:
274:
271:
266:
265:
262:
235:
220:
213:
202:
171:
168:
99:
98:
85:
79:
78:
63:
62:
54:
53:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4421:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4373:Soil salinity
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4337:Zinc toxicity
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Tin poisoning
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4285:Iron overload
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Halotolerance
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3916:Zinc toxicity
3914:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Hemosiderosis
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:Juvenile/HFE2
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Iron overload
3747:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:Iron overload
3660:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3509:(2): 172–78.
3508:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3368:on 2018-04-11
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3280:on 2018-06-15
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:(1): 86–101.
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3083:(3): 221–30.
3082:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:(4): 350–53.
2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:(8): 759–64.
2846:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2748:(2): 468–79.
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:(1): 328–43.
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2481:(3): 183–90.
2480:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2274:(3): 202–09.
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:(4): 450–60.
2226:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:(3): 229–34.
2158:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1870:(9): 917–21.
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1796:on 2007-03-18
1795:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:(3): 194–99.
1488:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1155:
1153:
1152:gene mutation
1148:
1144:
1143:micronutrient
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:Neolithic era
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:dental plaque
1108:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
996:
991:
990:non-heme iron
987:
977:
974:
972:
967:
963:
959:
945:
943:
939:
930:
927:
923:
917:hepatocytes).
915:
914:Prussian blue
911:
904:
900:
896:
895:Kupffer cells
892:
888:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
863:
857:
855:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
823:
819:
814:
804:
797:
788:
786:
781:
778:
774:
770:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:
690:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:
633:
632:inheritance.
631:
627:
618:
615:
613:
610:
607:
604:
603:
600:
597:
595:
592:
589:
585:
584:
581:
578:
576:
573:
570:
567:
566:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
506:
501:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:
467:
464:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
446:
443:
440:
439:
436:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:primary cases
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
386:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:
371:hemosiderosis
364:Hemosiderosis
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
329:
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
270:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
214:
211:
207:
206:heart failure
203:
201:of the liver.
200:
196:
192:
191:
190:
187:
185:
181:
177:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:Iron overload
97:
93:
89:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
52:
48:
45:
41:
38:Iron overload
36:
30:
27:Human disease
19:
4284:
4147:Deficiencies
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
3926:
3906:
3864:
3839:
3806:
3748:
3739:
3652:
3626:
3602:
3591:
3576:
3561:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3433:
3427:
3400:
3396:
3370:. Retrieved
3366:the original
3361:
3352:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:the original
3273:
3264:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3153:. Retrieved
3149:
3140:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3080:
3076:
3062:
3021:
3017:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2894:(1): 17–24.
2891:
2887:
2877:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2716:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2586:
2582:
2524:
2520:
2478:
2474:
2451:
2424:. Retrieved
2418:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2195:
2189:
2156:
2152:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:
2114:
2102:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2014:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1982:
1963:
1954:
1944:
1932:
1922:
1916:
1906:
1894:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1826:
1822:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:the original
1784:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1751:
1739:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1628:
1582:
1578:
1486:
1482:
1454:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1363:
1359:
1311:
1305:
1268:
1264:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1187:
1184:Modern times
1173:Viking ships
1161:
1128:
1104:
1095:
1092:Epidemiology
1086:
1072:presence of
1070:
1038:
1021:thalassaemia
1012:deferoxamine
1005:
993:
983:
975:
962:bloodletting
956:
936:
925:
922:Liver biopsy
920:
875:
871:
861:
858:
851:
827:
810:
802:
782:
766:
734:
727:
714:hemodialysis
712:, prolonged
623:
503:
484:Haemojuvelin
433:
420:Scandinavian
407:
403:
401:
384:
369:
367:
330:
305:
290:
278:
276:
267:
249:, wrists or
222:metabolism:
217:hypogonadism
188:
173:
164:hepatomegaly
150:, secondary
139:
131:
124:free radical
111:
107:
103:
102:
50:
46:
29:
4238:Berylliosis
3927:deficiency:
3865:deficiency:
3807:deficiency:
3647:‹ The
3628:MedlinePlus
1705:Diabetes UK
1366:(7): 1279.
1029:deferiprone
1025:deferasirox
966:venesection
899:hemosiderin
830:transferrin
773:hemojuvelin
761:ferroportin
757:macrophages
753:hepatocytes
749:enterocytes
737:bone marrow
716:, and post-
651:bone marrow
608:(very rare)
599:transferrin
590:(very rare)
586:Congenital
571:(very rare)
546:ferroportin
508:) or HFE2B
441:Description
376:hemosiderin
326:ferroportin
318:hemojuvelin
259:transferrin
43:Other names
4393:Categories
4185:Molybdenum
3604:DiseasesDB
3372:2018-04-11
3284:2018-04-11
3155:2018-04-11
2521:Hepatology
2426:2016-07-14
2040:, citing:
1989:, citing:
1951:, citing:
1913:, citing:
1800:2012-10-05
1758:, citing:
1720:, citing:
1636:2016-07-14
1483:Pathol Int
1244:References
1002:Medication
958:Phlebotomy
953:Phlebotomy
903:lipofuscin
807:Blood test
563:(unknown)
237:skeletal:
228:beta cells
160:arthralgia
96:hepatology
88:Hematology
75:Iron stain
67:Micrograph
4180:Manganese
4175:Potassium
4129:hosphorus
3523:0098-7484
3326:0835-7900
3238:0002-9483
3191:1040-8398
3054:221827050
3038:1616-5187
2989:2161-1653
2946:1525-7797
2613:198192589
2360:: h3692.
2249:260320984
2001:, 2nd ed.
1663:: 18016.
1607:254432917
1382:2075-4418
1188:In 1865,
1125:Neolithic
1119:plantains
1101:Stone Age
1074:cirrhosis
1067:Prognosis
1008:chelating
988:iron and
948:Treatment
866:mutation
791:Diagnosis
698:cirrhosis
668:(such as
643:hemolysis
449:Mutation
380:siderosis
350:arthritis
334:cirrhosis
277:The term
239:arthritis
199:cirrhosis
140:secondary
83:Specialty
69:of liver
4210:Toxicity
4195:Selenium
4155:Chromium
4003:Elements
3649:template
3487:26239768
3419:29663319
3344:21766093
3256:26799452
3199:10198751
3132:15508107
3097:18199861
3046:32954629
2997:35610854
2954:16283713
2910:12637334
2869:19930076
2861:17785900
2764:23803887
2708:53087679
2665:17729397
2605:31335359
2551:21452290
2487:23418762
2420:Medscape
2398:Ferritin
2382:44923011
2374:26239322
2339:18025154
2290:16493621
2241:16315138
2181:23206256
2173:18762941
2129:17 April
2094:12651879
2022:Archived
1971:Archived
1886:10488796
1845:20542038
1687:29620054
1630:UpToDate
1599:36477033
1511:25357672
1435:10607817
1400:34359361
1338:24470094
1297:35699322
1227:See also
1117:, nuts,
1084:levels.
848:Genetics
813:ferritin
755:or from
745:duodenum
730:hepcidin
666:anaemias
358:sequelae
346:diabetes
313:hepcidin
309:HFE gene
255:ferritin
243:knuckles
232:pancreas
224:diabetes
4346:Related
4121:itrogen
4105:ydrogen
3907:excess:
3840:excess:
3740:excess:
3651:below (
3598:D019190
3531:9669792
3479:8696333
3335:3142605
3247:5066702
2799:1872665
2700:9867745
2656:4611197
2559:9311604
2542:3149125
2330:2275006
2085:1867747
1777:. 2005.
1773:Jonas:
1678:7775623
1391:8304945
1288:9315134
1178:Normans
1129:In the
971:donated
933:Imaging
416:English
230:in the
204:heart:
193:liver:
156:malaise
132:primary
4190:Sodium
4170:Iodine
4160:Copper
4085:CHONPS
3830:Copper
3668:Curlie
3654:Curlie
3633:000327
3587:275.03
3529:
3521:
3485:
3477:
3440:
3417:
3342:
3332:
3324:
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2247:
2239:
2202:
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2171:
2092:
2082:
2046:. 2002
1995:, 2007
1884:
1843:
1764:, 2007
1732:. 2002
1685:
1675:
1605:
1597:
1509:
1503:802561
1501:
1461:
1433:
1398:
1388:
1380:
1336:
1326:
1295:
1285:
1165:Viking
1115:tubers
882:Biopsy
676:, and
612:603358
594:209300
575:604290
559:231100
541:604653
519:604250
498:606464
479:602390
461:235200
418:, and
412:Celtic
273:Causes
182:, and
162:, and
134:(i.e.
71:biopsy
4137:ulfur
4113:xygen
4097:arbon
3949:Other
3572:E83.1
3483:S2CID
3073:(PDF)
3050:S2CID
2888:Blood
2865:S2CID
2704:S2CID
2609:S2CID
2555:S2CID
2378:S2CID
2309:Blood
2245:S2CID
2177:S2CID
2149:(PDF)
1603:S2CID
1507:S2CID
1047:with
741:liver
617:BCS1L
352:, or
180:heart
176:liver
4200:Zinc
4165:Iron
3897:Zinc
3769:HFE3
3730:Iron
3609:5581
3593:MeSH
3582:9-CM
3527:PMID
3519:ISSN
3503:JAMA
3475:PMID
3438:ISBN
3415:PMID
3340:PMID
3322:ISSN
3252:PMID
3234:ISSN
3195:PMID
3187:ISSN
3128:PMID
3093:PMID
3042:PMID
3034:ISSN
2993:PMID
2985:ISSN
2950:PMID
2942:ISSN
2906:PMID
2857:PMID
2795:PMID
2760:PMID
2696:PMID
2661:PMID
2601:PMID
2547:PMID
2483:PMID
2370:PMID
2335:PMID
2286:PMID
2237:PMID
2200:ISBN
2169:PMID
2131:2017
2090:PMID
1882:PMID
1841:PMID
1683:PMID
1595:PMID
1499:PMID
1459:ISBN
1431:PMID
1396:PMID
1378:ISSN
1334:PMID
1324:ISBN
1293:PMID
1027:and
986:heme
980:Diet
864:gene
836:and
775:and
739:and
505:HAMP
445:OMIM
324:and
285:(or
197:and
116:iron
3666:at
3578:ICD
3563:ICD
3511:doi
3507:280
3467:doi
3405:doi
3401:181
3330:PMC
3312:doi
3242:PMC
3226:doi
3222:160
3179:doi
3120:doi
3116:127
3085:doi
3081:358
3026:doi
2977:doi
2934:doi
2896:doi
2892:102
2849:doi
2822:doi
2787:doi
2783:151
2750:doi
2688:doi
2684:129
2651:PMC
2641:doi
2591:doi
2587:114
2537:PMC
2529:doi
2362:doi
2358:351
2354:BMJ
2325:PMC
2317:doi
2313:111
2276:doi
2229:doi
2161:doi
2080:PMC
2072:doi
2064:Gut
1872:doi
1831:doi
1827:139
1673:PMC
1665:doi
1587:doi
1583:387
1491:doi
1423:doi
1419:341
1386:PMC
1368:doi
1316:doi
1283:PMC
1273:doi
1221:HFE
1216:HFE
1212:HFE
1057:GIT
964:or
926:HFE
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