287:(1894–1897), the first national newspaper published for and by African American women. Cook shared the CWL's 1894 accomplishments that included raising $ 1,935 towards a permanent league home; hosting a series of public lectures for girls at a local high school and at Howard University; establishing CWL-sponsored classes in German, English literature and hygiene; the establishment of a sewing school and mending bureau with 88 students and ten teachers; the payment of tuition for two nursing students and part salary to hire a kindergartner teacher. CWL member Mary Church Terrell provided subsequent updates from Washington, D.C., league efforts to the newspaper.
33:
431:, which would give citizens the right to vote, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, humiliated women. Anthony said, according to one news account, "he ballot ...is put in the hands of every man outside the State Prison, whether they have sufficient sense to cast their ballots or not, yet the women of the country were compelled to humiliate themselves in pleading for rights that should have been accorded them long ago." Anthony continued and "drew comparisons between many of the ex-slaves and the large number of women of high intellectual rank compelled to acknowledge their political inferiority to these".
347:
362:, president of the Woman's Era Club of Boston, invited all African American women to convene for a three-day conference in Boston to discuss critical issues related to Black women's "moral, mental, physical and financial growth and well-bring" following disparaging remarks about the character of African American women by John Jacks, president of the Missouri Press Association.
239:, was one of the founding association member. Helen Cook was a member for nearly 35 years and held various leadership positions. In 1880, she was the first African-American woman to be elected secretary of the association, a position she held for ten years. African-American men also supported the association.
398:
A year later, African-American women's clubs from across the country gathered in
Washington, D.C., for a convention of the National Federation of Afro-American Woman with Mrs. Booker T. Washington presiding. On July 20, 1896, the second day of the convention, a motion passed for a committee to create
329:
By 1903, the league had a permanent building at 1931 12th Street, Northwest, which offered temporary room, board, and a day nursery. Additionally, with Helen Cook still the elected president, the organization had the largest membership of any
African American women's club in the country, according to
251:
in
Washington, D.C., joined the Board of Trustees in 1872. John F. Cook, Jr., Helen Cook's husband, joined the board in 1885, provided financial assistance, and helped influence Congress for continued funding. Congressional appropriations, though, ended in 1892. The Association maintained a building
510:
Helen Cook died from pneumonia and heart failure on
November 20, 1913, in Washington, D.C., at the family Cook residence (1118 Sixteenth Street, Northwest). One African American newspaper noted that she was "easily the wealthiest colored woman in the District of Columbia. The Cook estate has been
444:
over disparaging "a noble manhood" or
African American men. Cook noted Anthony's "great influence with other women... power to direct their thoughts and endeavors" and suggested Anthony support universal suffrage before negative views about Black men and their suffrage gained greater popularity.
193:
I was born to an inheritance of appreciation and sympathy for the cause of women's rights, my mother before me being so ardent a supporter of its doctrines that I felt myself, in a measure, identified with it. Among my earliest recollections are the Sunday afternoon meetings, held at the home of
337:
League members envisioned a national organization from its inception, according to an 1893 article by founding member Mary Church
Terrell. "The Colored Women's League recently organized in Washington has cordially invited women in all parts of the country to unite with it so that we may have a
294:
was the forerunner to today's
National Parent Teachers Association. In her speech "We Have Been Hindered: How Can We Be Help?", she denounced those who identify negative behavior traits as inherent among African-American instead of looking at the negative traits as a response to the effects of
384:
On the convention's first day, Helen Cook gave an address titled "The Ideal
National Union", calling for unity and outlining the goals and purpose of a national organization supporting Black women. Cook also spoke about a vision for a national organization on the last day of the conference.
389:
presented a resolution to form a national organization. An additional day was added to the convention and held at
Charles St. Church to discuss creating a national organization. The resolution passed, and a committee was formed to work through the details of a national organization.
489:
married in 1864. He became the wealthiest
African American resident in Washington, D.C., with a reported worth of $ 200,000 in 1895. His professional endeavors included an appointment as D.C.'s chief tax collector (1874 to 1884), serving as a trustee of
252:
for people without housing and orphans at Eighth and Euclid Streets, Northwest, with standing committees on Admission and Dismission, Household Management, Education, and Clothing. At the time of her death, Helen Cook was President of the association.
276:, and Evelyn Shaw formed the Colored Women's League in Washington, D.C. The goals of the service-oriented club were to promote unity, social progress, and the best interests of the African-American community. Helen Cook was elected president.
501:
The Cooks had five children, including Elizabeth Appo Cook (1864–1953), John Francis Cook, III (1868–1932), Charles Chaveau Cook (abt 1871–1910), George Frederick Cook (1874–1927), and Ralph Victor Cook (1875–1949).
511:
considered to be worth not less than a quarter of a million dollars...Mrs. Cook was greatly interested in Negro organizations and charity work and was a woman of kindly heart and broad sympathies." Cook was buried at
306:
held at Atlanta University. The purpose of the conference series (1896–1914) was to identify difficulties the African American community faced and suggest solutions. Others invited to submit papers included
1250:
Progress of a race, or, The remarkable advancement of the Afro-American Negro from the bondage of slavery, ignorance, and poverty to the freedom of citizenship, intelligence, affluence, honor and trust
1212:
Progress of a race, or, The remarkable advancement of the Afro-American Negro from the bondage of slavery, ignorance, and poverty to the freedom of citizenship, intelligence, affluence, honor and trust
776:
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477:. John Cook attended as a member of the organization. At the meeting, after debate, it was decided women could become associate members, and Helen Cook became an associate member.
366:
825:"Image 5 of Thirty-seventh annual report of the National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children, for the year ending January, 1900 ..."
224:
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teachers and maintained seven free kindergartens and several day nurseries. The league also established sewing schools, night schools and penny-saving banks.
428:
377:, corresponding secretary, and Miss. Eliza Gardner, chaplain. Elected convention officers included Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, president; Helen A. Cook and
768:
186:. Because of William Appo's music career, the family lived in various cities, such as Baltimore and Philadelphia before settling permanently in New York.
959:
799:"Twenty-fourth annual report of the National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children, for the year ending January 1, 1887 ..."
1010:
Report of the Proceedings of the Second Annual Convention of the National Congress of Mothers, Held in the City of Washington, D.C., May 2nd-7th, 1898
665:
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984:
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198:, on Arch street, in Philadelphia... on one of those occasions...I heard that eloquent advocate of human freedom, the English abolitionist,
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423:(NWSA) on a proposition to amend the United States Constitution and grant women's suffrage. Women's rights activist and NWSA president
319:. Helen Cook's paper outlined the accomplishments of the CWL, including the enrollment of more than 100 children in its kindergartens.
1311:
554:
434:
Days later, Helen Cook responded "with pained surprise" to Susan B. Anthony's congressional testimony through a letter published in
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1531:
290:
In May 1898, Helen Cook spoke at the Second Annual Convention of the National Congress of Mothers, held in Washington, D.C. The
189:
As a teenager, Helen Cook attended meetings about women's rights with her mother. She self-identified with the women's cause:
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1105:
400:
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also appeared at the Congress of Mothers Conference and, on May 6, presented a paper titled "The History of the Negro Home".
291:
159:
303:
1233:"For Charity's Sake: Benevolent Women of the Nation's Capital Work for Sweet Charity's Sake - The Election of Officers".
420:
399:
a union between the National Federation of Afro-American Women and the Colored Women's League. The new organization, the
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182:
Helen Cook was born to William Appo, a prominent musician, and Elizabeth Brady Appo, who owned a millinery business in
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461:. The Niagara Movement (1905–1910) was an African American civil rights organization founded a year earlier by
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July 29–31, 1895. Officers of the Convention were responsible for making conference arrangements and included
802:
1144:(Third Conference for the Study of the Negro Problems ed.). Atlanta University: Atlanta University Press.
199:
162:(NACW), an organization still active in the 21st century. Cook supported voting rights and was a member of the
1720:
231:
to provide "suitable home, board, clothing, and instructions, and to bring them under Christian influences".
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454:
166:, which opposed racial segregation and African American disenfranchisement. In 1898, Cook publicly rebuked
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32:
370:
359:
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outlining Cook's history engaged with women's rights. Cook appealed to Anthony to promote the cause of
378:
744:
First annual report of the National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children
427:
spoke at the hearing of "ignoramuses who held the elective franchise". Anthony suggested the proposed
269:
280:
155:
1023:
Farland, Maria (2006). "W. E. B. DuBois, Anthropometric Science, and the Limits of Racial Uplift".
151:
386:
331:
244:
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and other Cook family members. The law firm Carlisle, Luckett & Howe handled Cook's estate.
711:
626:
The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: An Awful Hush, 1895 to 1906
466:
228:
960:"EWWRP : Women's Advocacy Collection : The Woman's Era, Volume 1 : Club News 0"
847:
624:
218:
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8:
1374:"COLORED WOMEN IN CONFERENCE; National Association for Their Betterment Formed in Boston"
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494:(1874-1908), and partnering with his brother, George F. T. Cook, and former congressman
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At nearly seventy years old, Helen Cook and her husband, John F. Cook, Jr., traveled to
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History of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, inc.: a legacy of service
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Later in 1898, W.E.B. DuBois invited Helen Cook to submit a paper for the third annual
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949:. Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre; Ridley, Florida R. (Florida Ruffin); Baldwin, Maria.
548:"Historical Records of Conventions of 1895–96 of the Colored Women of America"
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following Anthony's speech at a U.S. Congress House Committee on Judiciary hearing.
170:, president of the National Woman's Suffrage Association, and requested she support
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60:
769:"Merriweather Home for Children/Elizabeth Keckly, African American Heritage Trail"
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in the firm Cook, Cook and White, which manufactured bricks from 1904 to 1906.
365:
The Colored Women's League and twenty-four other clubs nationally attended the
265:
1466:
Defining the struggle: national organizing for racial justice, 1880–1915
1305:"Historical Records of Conventions of 1895-96 of the Colored Women of America"
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Defining the struggle: national organizing for racial justice, 1880–1915
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Historical Records of Conventions of 1895-96 of the Colored Women of America]
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1435:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: A pioneer in the black women's club movement"
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of First Congregational Church (Atlanta, Georgia), journalist and attorney
261:
225:
National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children
219:
National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children
1248:
Kletzing, H. F; Crogman, W. H (1987). "Club Movement Among Negro Women".
1210:
Kletzing, H. F; Crogman, W. H (1987). "Club Movement Among Negro Women".
1036:
393:
1686:, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C.
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1533:
Defining the Struggle: National Organizing for Racial Justice, 1880-1915
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341:
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Over time, the Colored Women's League established a training center for
210:, in January 1869 and organized by the Universal Franchise Association.
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Gender, Race, and Politics in the Midwest: Black Club Women in Illinois
1188:
1499:
African American Civil Rights: Early Activism and the Niagara Movement
798:
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Cook wrote the first "Washington Letter" about the activities of the
158:, which consolidated with another organization in 1896 to become the
1180:
381:, vice-presidents; Eliza Carter and Mrs. Hannah Smith, secretaries.
1167:
Lerner, Gerda (1974). "Early Community work of Black Club Women".
877:. G.K. Hall ; Prentice Hall International. pp. 218–223.
687:"Mrs. E.A. Appo. Plain and Fashionable Milliner and Dress Maker".
146:(July 21, 1837 – November 20, 1913) was a wealthy, prominent
206:
As an adult, Cook attended the first suffrage convention held in
1689:
1141:
Some Efforts of American Negroes for Their Own Social Betterment
150:
community activist in Washington, D.C., and a leader in the
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George Henry White: an even chance in the race of life
906:
Smith, Jessie Carney (1992). "Josephine Beall Bruce".
394:
Second National Conference of Colored Women of America
1012:. Philadelphia, PA: Geo. F. Lasher. 1899. p. 50.
373:, president; Mrs. Hannah Smith, recording secretary,
367:
First National Conference of Colored Women of America
342:
First National Conference of Colored Women of America
1075:"The bulletin of Atlanta University - On the Campus"
1252:. Atlanta, GA: J.L. Nichols & Co. p. 207.
1214:. Atlanta, GA: J.L. Nichols & Co. p. 207.
907:
703:
664:. Philadelphia, PA. February 16, 1898. p. 3.
457:to attend the August 1906 national meeting of the
1568:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 377.
985:"EWWRP: Women's Advocacy Collection: Women's Era"
1702:
1606:(v2 ed.). Gale Research. pp. 137–138.
1600:Smith, Jessie Carney (1996). "Helen Appo Cook".
1399:Smith, Jessie Carney (1996). "Helen Appo Cook".
1107:W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868-1919: Biography of a Race
315:, and Miss Minnie L. Perry, board member of the
235:, seamstress and confidant to former first lady
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1209:
875:Out of the depths, or, The triumph of the cross
419:on Judiciary heard from representatives of the
410:
1654:. Johnson Publishing Company Inc. p. 230.
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761:
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1468:. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–201.
1368:
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947:The woman's era, vol.1, no.1 (March 24, 1894)
583:. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–201.
1690:National Association of Colored Women's Club
1603:Notable Black American women book II book II
1595:
1593:
1402:Notable Black American women book II book II
1405:(v2 ed.). Gale Research. p. 139.
758:
702:Smith, Jessie Carney (1996). "Helen Cook".
1695:Genealogy of the Cook Family of Washington
1363:
914:(v1 ed.). Gale Research Inc. p.
746:. McGill & Witherow. 1864. p. 6.
213:
154:. Cook was a founder and president of the
31:
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989:womenwriters.digitalscholarship.emory.edu
964:womenwriters.digitalscholarship.emory.edu
629:. Rutgers University Press. p. 204.
255:
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1536:. Oxford University Press. p. 200.
1342:. Indiana University Press. p. 18.
1237:. Washington, D.C.: 10 January 31, 1903.
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1110:. Henry Holt and Company. p. 219.
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553:. University of Chicago Library. 1902.
116: 1864; died 1910)
91:women's club leader, community activist
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1650:Major, Gerri; Saunders, Doris (1976).
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1736:Burials at Columbian Harmony Cemetery
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706:Notable Black American women: book II
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421:National Woman's Suffrage Association
401:National Association of Colored Women
160:National Association of Colored Women
1756:19th-century African-American people
1741:20th-century African-American people
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542:
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304:Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems
1751:19th-century African-American women
1746:20th-century African-American women
668:from the original on August 6, 2019
448:
338:national organization," she wrote.
247:and James Wormely, an owner of the
13:
1635:"Mrs. Helen A. Cook Passes Away".
1445:from the original on July 20, 2019
1148:from the original on July 20, 2019
1085:from the original on July 21, 2019
805:from the original on July 17, 2019
779:from the original on July 17, 2019
243:paid for life membership in 1866.
227:was incorporated by an act of the
14:
1767:
1731:American women's rights activists
1677:
1317:from the original on May 19, 2016
643:
560:from the original on May 19, 2016
529:
1271:Leslie, LaVonne Jackson (2012).
658:"Women Plead for Equal Suffrage"
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1138:DuBois, W.E.B. (May 25, 1898).
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873:Plummer, Nellie Arnold (1997).
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515:, along with her late husband,
350:Officers of Convention of 1895.
113:
1697:, D.C., by Stanton L. Wormley.
1637:The Freeman (Indianapolis, IN)
1104:Lewis, David Levering (1994).
791:
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1:
1652:Gerri's Major's Black Society
1564:Justesen, Benjamin R (2012).
522:
177:
1726:African-American suffragists
1669:. June 19, 1914. p. 13.
1336:Hendricks, Wanda A. (1998).
1169:The Journal of Negro History
1079:hbcudigitallibrary.auctr.edu
910:Notable Black American women
455:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
411:Admonishing Susan B. Anthony
387:Mrs. Victoria Earle Matthews
292:National Congress of Mothers
7:
676:– via Newspapers.com.
371:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
360:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
10:
1772:
1380:. July 30, 1895. p. 6
852:. Routledge. p. 328.
513:Columbian Harmony Cemetery
415:On February 15, 1898, the
379:Margaret Murray Washington
375:Mrs. Florida Ruffin Ridley
710:. Gale Research. p.
689:New York Colored American
131:
123:
95:
87:
68:
42:
30:
23:
1530:Carle, Susan D. (2015).
1378:timesmachine.nytimes.com
849:Organizing Black America
505:
407:as its first president.
1639:: 1. November 29, 1913.
1464:Carle, Susan D (2015).
1275:. Xlibris. p. 29.
623:Gordon, Ann D. (2013).
579:Carle, Susan D (2015).
332:Fannie Barrier Williams
317:Carrie Steele Orphanage
309:Rev. Henry Hugh Proctor
295:poverty and prejudice.
270:Charlotte Forten Grimké
214:Leadership and activism
1497:Jones, Angela (2011).
846:Mjagkij, Nina (2013).
487:John Francis Cook, Jr.
467:William Monroe Trotter
355:
281:Colored Women's League
272:, Mary Jane Peterson,
256:Colored Women's League
229:United States Congress
204:
156:Colored Women's League
801:Library of Congress.
773:culturaltourismdc.org
481:Marriage and children
473:and African American
349:
260:In 1892, Helen Cook,
245:Dr. Charles B. Purvis
191:
152:women's club movement
1721:American suffragists
1441:. February 3, 2016.
1439:The Bay State Banner
1235:The Colored American
1037:10.1353/aq.2007.0007
313:Lafayette M. Hershaw
1667:The Washington Post
827:Library of Congress
437:The Washington Post
429:Fifteenth Amendment
405:Mary Church Terrell
274:Mary Church Terrell
1684:Cook Family Papers
1025:American Quarterly
496:George Henry White
475:disenfranchisement
471:racial segregation
442:universal suffrage
356:
241:Frederick Douglass
172:universal suffrage
37:Appo Cook in 1898.
16:Community activist
1665:"Legal Notices".
517:John F. Cook, Jr.
492:Howard University
266:Anna Julie Cooper
237:Mary Todd Lincoln
233:Elizabeth Keckley
141:
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72:November 20, 1913
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425:Susan B. Anthony
208:Washington, D.C.
168:Susan B. Anthony
164:Niagara Movement
148:African-American
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102:John F. Cook Jr.
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1705:Categories
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1175:(2): 162.
523:References
485:Helen and
469:to oppose
403:, elected
330:historian
178:Early life
53:1837-07-21
47:Helen Appo
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662:The Times
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358:In 1895,
283:(CWL) in
132:Parent(s)
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