Happiness economics

1452:(SWB) as an appropriate measure of happiness. Research has demonstrated a wide variety of contributing and resulting factors in the relationship between leisure and happiness. These include psychological mechanisms, and the types and characteristics of leisure activities that result in the greatest levels of subjective happiness. Specifically, leisure may trigger five core psychological mechanisms including detachment-recovery from work, autonomy in leisure, mastery of leisure activities, meaning-making in leisure activities, and social affiliation in leisure (DRAMMA). Leisure activities that are physical, relational, and performed outdoors are correlated with greater feelings of satisfaction with free time. Research across 33 different countries shows that individuals who feel they strengthen social relationships and work on personal development during leisure time are happier than others. Furthermore, shopping, reading books, attending cultural events, getting together with relatives, listening to music and attending sporting events is associated with higher levels of happiness. Spending time on the internet or watching TV is not associated with higher levels of happiness as compared to these other activities. 1540:"The right to participate in the political process, measured by the extent of direct democratic rights across regions, is strongly correlated with subjective well-being (Frey and Stutzer, 2002) ... a potential mechanism that explains this relationship is the perception of procedural fairness and social mobility." Institutions and well-being, democracy and federalism are associated with a happier population. Correspondingly, political engagement and activism have associated health benefits. On the other hand, some non-democratic countries such as China and Saudi Arabia top the Ipsos list of countries where the citizenry is most happy with their government's direction. That suggests that voting preferences may not translate well into overall satisfaction with the government's direction. In any case, both of these factors revealed preference and domain specific satisfaction rather than overall subjective well being. 1479:. This bi-directional effect is stronger in retired individuals than in working individuals. Furthermore, it appears that satisfaction with our leisure at least partially explains the relationship between our engagement in leisure and our SWB. Broadly speaking, researchers classify leisure into active (e.g. volunteering, socializing, sports and fitness) and passive leisure (e.g. watching television and listening to the radio). Among older adults, passive leisure activities and personal leisure activities (e.g. sleeping, eating, and bathing) correlate with higher levels of SWB and feelings of relaxation than active leisure activities. Thus, although significant evidence has demonstrated that active leisure is associated with higher levels of SWB, or happiness, this may not be the case with older populations. 1552:. More robust research has identified that there is a link between economic development and the wellbeing of the population. A <2017 meta-analysis shows that the impact of infrastructure expenditure on economic growth varies considerably. So, one cannot assume an infrastructure project will yield welfare benefits. The paper doesn't investigate or elaborate on any modifiable variables that might predict the value of a project. However, government spending on roads and primary industries is the best value target for transport spending, according to a 2013 meta-analysis. 7%+/−3% per annum discount rates are typically applied as the discount rate on public infrastructure projects in Australia. Smaller real discount rates are used internationally to calculate the social return on investment by governments. 1468:) beyond what QOL is able to measure. There seem to be some differences in leisure preference cross-culturally. Within the Croatian culture, family related leisure activities may enhance SWB across a large spectrum of ages ranging from adolescent to older adults, in both women and men. Active socializing and visiting cultural events are also associated with high levels of SWB across varying age and gender. Italians seem to prefer social conceptions of leisure as opposed to individualistic conceptions. Although different groups of individuals may prefer varying types and amount of leisure activity, this variability is likely due to the differing motivations and goals that an individual intends to fulfill with their leisure time. 1275:

happiness and the maximum amount of income at $ 75,000. Experienced happiness is the happiness received on a daily basis-"the frequency and intensity of experiences of joy, fascination, anxiety, sadness, anger, and affection that make one's life pleasant or unpleasant." The other finding from Kahneman and Deaton is there is no evidence supporting a maximum income to what is called reflective happiness. This data is supported by the use of the Cantrill Ladder, which revealed that there is a direct relationship between income and reflective happiness. This can conclude, to a point, that money does buy happiness.

1644:. North Korea itself came in second, behind #1 China. Canada released the Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW) in 2011 to track changes in wellbeing. The CIW has adopted the following working definition of wellbeing: The presence of the highest possible quality of life in its full breadth of expression focused on but not necessarily exclusive to good living standards, robust health, a sustainable environment, vital communities, an educated populace, balanced time use, high levels of democratic participation, and access to and participation in leisure and culture 53: 1570: 1350:(over-employed) is more detrimental, but some found that working less (under-employed) is more detrimental. Most individuals' levels of subjective well-being returned to "normal" (level previous to time mismatch) within one year. Levels remained lower only when individuals worked more hours than preferred for a period of two years or more, which may indicate that it is more detrimental to be over-employed than under-employed in the long-term. 880: 868: 1532:). The balance of evidence is trending in favour of the hypothesis that living in poor neighbourhoods makes one less happy, and living in rich neighbourhoods actually makes one happier, in the United States. While social status matters, a balance of factors like amenities, safe areas, well maintained housing, turn the tide in favour of the argument that richer neighbours are happier neighbours. 1354:

underemployed. When both partners are underemployed, the life-satisfaction of men is more greatly diminished than women. However, just being in a relationship reduces the impact unemployment has on the subjective well-being of an individual. On a broad scale, high rates of unemployment negatively affect the subjective well-being of the employed.

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limited to happiness." The researchers findings revealed that people living in metropolitan areas where lower levels of happiness are reported are receiving higher real wages, and they suggest in their conclusion that "humans are quite understandably willing to sacrifice both happiness and life satisfaction if the price is right."

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Even on the individual level, there is discussion on how much effect external forces can have on happiness. Less than 3% of an individual's level of happiness comes from external sources such as employment, education level, marital status, and socioeconomic status. To go along with this, four of the

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Poverty alleviation are associated with happier populations. According to the latest systematic review of the economic literature on life satisfaction: Volatile or high inflation is bad for a population's well-being, particularly those with a right-wing political orientation. That suggests the impact

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and involvement with the activity. Leisure activities, such as meeting with friends, participating in sports, and going on vacation trips, positively correlate with life satisfaction. It may also be true that going on a vacation makes our lives seem better, but does not necessarily make us happier in

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Employment status effects are not confined to the individual. Being unemployed can have detrimental effects on a spouse's subjective well-being, compared to being employed or not working (and not looking for work). Partner life satisfaction is inversely related to the number of hours their partner is

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Historically, economists have said that well-being is a simple function of income. However, it has been found that once wealth reaches a subsistence level, its effectiveness as a generator of well-being is greatly diminished. Happiness economists hope to change the way governments view well-being and

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suggested that democracy and federalism bring well-being to individuals. It concluded that the more direct political participation possibilities available to citizens raises their subjective well-being. Two reasons were given for this finding. First, a more active role for citizens enables better

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Becoming self-employed can increase subjective well-being, given the right conditions. Those who leave work to become self-employed report greater life satisfaction than those who work for others or become self-employed after unemployment; this effect increases over time. Those who are self-employed

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An alternative perspective focuses on the role of the welfare state as an institution that improves quality of life not only by increasing the extent to which basic human needs are met, but also by promoting greater control of one's life by limiting the degree to which individuals find themselves at

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While the mainstream happiness economics has focused on identifying the determinants of happiness, an alternative approach in the discipline examines instead what are the economic consequences of happiness. Happiness may act as a determinant of economic outcomes: it increases productivity, predicts

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Generally, the well-being of those who are employed is higher than those who are unemployed. Employment itself may not increase subjective well-being, but facilitates activities that do (such as supporting a family, philanthropy, and education). While work does increase well-being through providing

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claimed that social security payments do not seem to add to happiness. This may be due to the fact that non-self-earned income (e.g., from a lottery) does not add to happiness in general either. Happiness may be the mind's reward for a useful action. However, Johan Norberg of CIS, a free enterprise

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of people's responses to happiness surveys. Objective measures such as lifespan, income, and education are often used as well as or instead of subjectively reported happiness, though this assumes that they generally produce happiness, which while plausible may not necessarily be the case. The terms

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average. This would not be the case if the happiness of both groups would be normally distributed with the same variance, but that is usually not the case, based on their results. For some not-implausible log-normal assumptions on the scale, typical results can be reversed to the opposite results.

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but does not necessarily contribute to decreases in aggregate well-being or subjective well-being at the population level. In fact, income inequality enhances global well-being. There is some debate over whether living in poor neighbours make one happier. And, living among rich neighbours can dull

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They also show that the "reporting function" seems to be different for different groups and even for the same individual at different times. For example, when a person becomes disabled, they soon start to lower their threshold for a given answer (e.g., "pretty happy"). That is, they give a higher

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With such strong internal forces on happiness, it is hard to have an effect on a person's happiness externally. This in turn lends itself back to the idea that establishing a happiness metric is only for political gain and has little other use. To support this even further it is believed that a

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Some have suggested that establishing happiness as a metric is only meant to serve political goals. Recently there has been concern that happiness research could be used to advance authoritarian aims. As a result, some participants at a happiness conference in Rome have suggested that happiness

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is an attempt to show the average self-reported happiness in different nations. This is an example of a recent trend to use direct measures of happiness, such as surveys asking people how happy they are, as an alternative to traditional measures of policy success such as GDP or GNP. Some studies

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What has the most influence over happiness are internal factors such as genetics, personality traits, and internal locus of control. It is theorized that 50% of the variation in happiness levels is from genetic sources and is known as the genetic set point. The genetic set point is assumed to be

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Scholars at the University of Virginia, University of British Columbia and Harvard University released a study in 2011 after examining numerous academic papers in response to an apparent contradiction: "When asked to take stock of their lives, people with more money report being a good deal more

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Given its very nature, reported happiness is subjective. It is difficult to compare one person's happiness with another's. It can be especially difficult to compare happiness across cultures. However, many happiness economists believe they have solved this comparison problem. Cross-sections of

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According to Bond and Lang (2018), the results are skewed due to the fact that the respondents have to "round" their true happiness to the scale of, e.g., 3 or 7 alternatives (e.g., very happy, pretty happy, not too happy). This "rounding error" may cause a less happy group seem happier, in the

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When personal preference and the amount of time spent working do not align, both men and women experience a decrease in subjective well-being. The negative effect of working more or working less than preferred has been found across multiple studies, most finding that working more than preferred

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is to make the Thai people not only richer but happier as well. Much like GDP results, Thailand releases monthly GNH data. The Thai GNH index is based on a 1–10 scale with 10 being the happiest. As of 13 May 2007, the Thai GNH measured 5.1 points. The index uses poll data from the population

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In their "Unhappy Cities" paper, Edward Glaeser, Joshua Gottlieb and Oren Ziv examined the self-reported subjective well-being of people living in American metropolitan areas, particularly in relation to the notion that "individuals make trade-offs among competing objectives, including but not

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found that higher earners generally reported better life satisfaction, but people's day-to-day emotional well-being only rose with earnings until a threshold annual household pre-tax income of $ 75,000. This particular study by Kahneman and Deaton showed the relationship between experienced

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The effects of retirement on subjective well-being vary depending on personal and cultural factors. Subjective well-being can remain stable for those who retire from work voluntarily, but declines for those who are involuntarily retired. In countries with an average social norm to work, the

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in 1972 as an alternative to GDP. Several countries have already developed or are in the process of developing such an index. Bhutan's index has led that country to limit the amount of deforestation it will allow and to require that all tourists to its nation must spend US$ 200.

1486:, correlates with personal growth and a sense of happiness. Additionally, more irregular (e.g. seasonal) sports activities, such as skiing, are also correlated with high SWB. Furthermore, the relationship between pleasure and skiing is thought to be caused in part by a sense of 1561:

one's future income and affects labour market performance. There is a growing number of studies justifying the so-called "happy-productive worker" thesis. The positive and causal impact of happiness on an individual's productivity has been established in experimental studies.

1246:(GNP), have been used as a measure of successful policy. There is a significant association between GDP and happiness, with citizens in wealthier nations being happier than those in poorer nations. In 2002, researchers argued that this relationship extends only to an average 962:

and related concepts, as well as quality of life. Happiness findings have been described as a challenge to the theory and practice of economics. Nevertheless, furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified Index to measure it, has been adopted explicitly in the

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The Voxeu analysis of the economic determinants of happiness found that life satisfaction explains the largest share of an existing government's vote share, followed by economic growth, which itself explains six times as much as employment and twice as much as inflation.

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well-being of men increases after retirement, and the well-being of retired women is at the same level as women who are homemakers or work outside the home. In countries with a strong social norm to work, retirement negatively impacts the well-being of men and women.

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Glaeser, Gottlieb and Ziv suggest in their conclusion that the happiness trade-offs that individuals seem willing to make aligns with the tendency of parents to report less happiness, as they sacrifice their personal well-being for the "price" of having children.

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income, income level is not as indicative of subjective well-being as other benefits related to employment. Feelings of autonomy and mastery, found in higher levels in the employed than unemployed, are stronger predictors of subjective well-being than wealth.

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monitoring of professional politicians by citizens, which leads to greater satisfaction with government output. Second, the ability for citizens to get involved in and have control over the political process, independently increases well-being.

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Australia, China, France and the United Kingdom are also coming up with indexes to measure national happiness. The UK began to measure national wellbeing in 2012. North Korea also announced an international Happiness Index in 2011 through

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and have employees of their own report higher life-satisfaction than those who are self-employed without employees, and women who are self-employed without employees report a higher life satisfaction than men in the same condition.

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the long term. Research regarding vacationing or taking a holiday trip is mixed. Although the reported effects are mostly small, some evidence points to higher levels of SWB, or happiness, after taking a holiday.

1337:, who has presented a series of papers in peer-reviewed scholarly journals demonstrating that a more generous welfare state contributes to higher levels of life satisfaction, and does so to rich and poor alike. 4614: 955:, as well as physical health. It typically treats subjective happiness-related measures, as well as more objective quality of life indices, rather than wealth, income or profit, as something to be maximized. 1278:

Other factors have been suggested as making people happier than money. A short term course of psychological therapy is 32 times more cost effective at increasing happiness than simply increasing income.

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Research has shown that culture influences how we measure happiness and leisure. While SWB is a commonly used measure of happiness in North America and Europe, this may not be the case internationally.

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was the first person who organized large surveys in order to explicitly measure welfare derived from income. He did this with the Income Evaluation Question (IEQ). This approach is called the

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satisfied. But when asked how happy they are at the moment, people with more money are barely different than those with less." The study included the following eight general recommendations:

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Some scientists claim that happiness can be measured both subjectively and objectively by observing the joy center of the brain lit up with advanced imaging, although this raises

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Kelley, Jonathan; Evans, M.D.R. (1 February 2017). "Societal Inequality and individual subjective well-being: Results from 68 societies and over 200,000 individuals, 1981–2008".

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surveying various satisfaction factors such as security, public utilities, good governance, trade, social justice, allocation of resources, education and community problems.

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In rich societies, where a rise in income doesn't equate to an increase in levels of subjective well-being, personal relationships are the determining factors of happiness.

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Liang, J.; Yamashita, T.; Brown, J. S. (2013). "Leisure satisfaction and quality of life in China, Japan, and South Korea: A comparative study using AsiaBarometer 2006".

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economy think tank, presents a hypothesis that as people who think that they themselves control their lives are happier, paternalist institutions may decrease happiness.

2857:"What is the relationship between long working hours, over-employment, under-employment and the subjective well-being of workers? Longitudinal evidence from the UK" 3794: 1482:

Both regular and irregular involvement in sports leisure can result in heightened SWB. Serious, or systematic involvement in certain leisure activities, such as

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Lee, H.; Shin, S.; Bunds, K. S.; Kim, M.; Cho, K. M. (2014). "Rediscovering the positive psychology of sport participation: Happiness in a ski resort context".

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Brajša-Žganec, A.; Merkaš, M.; Šverko, I. (2011). "Quality of life and leisure activities: How do leisure activities contribute to subjective well-being?".

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country aggregate level of SWB can account for more variance in government vote share than standard macroeconomic variables, such as income and employment.

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Hagler, M.; Hamby, S.; Grych, J.; Banyard, V. (2016). "Working for well-being: Uncovering the protective benefits of work through mixed methods analysis".

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Alvarez-Diaz, A.; Gonzalez, L.; Radcliff, B. (2010). "The Politics of Happiness: On the Political Determinants of Quality of Life in the American States".

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In the 1970s, women typically reported higher subjective well-being than did men. By 2009, declines in reported female happiness had eroded a gender gap.

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stable over time, fixed, and immune to influence or control. This goes along with findings that well-being surveys have a naturally positive baseline.

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the mercy of impersonal market forces that are indifferent to the fate of individuals. This is the argument suggested by the U.S. political scientist

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Carol Graham, 2010. "The Challenges of Incorporating Empowerment into the HDI: Some Lessons from Happiness Economics and Quality of Life Research,"

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Happiness is typically measured using subjective measures – e.g. self-reported surveys – and/or objective measures. One concern has always been the

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Dunn, Elizabeth W.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Wilson, Timothy D. (2011). "If money doesn't make you happy, then you probably aren't spending it right".

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Stam, K.; Sieben, I.; Verbakel, E.; de Graaf, P. M. (2016). "Employment status and subjective well-being: the role of the social norm to work".

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although the original goal was to increase the happiness of the people. Classical and neoclassical economics are stages in the development of

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Klar, Malte; Kasser, Tim (14 April 2018). "Some Benefits of Being an Activist: Measuring Activism and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being".

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across nations and time (in addition to objective measures like lifespan, wealth, security etc.) marks the beginning of happiness economics.

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Newman, D. B.; Tay, L.; Diener, E. (2014). "Leisure and subjective well-being: A model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors".

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The subject may be categorized in various ways, depending on specificity, intersection, and cross-classification. For example, within the

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The field has grown substantially since the late 20th century, for example by the development of methods, surveys and indices to measure

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and are characterized by mathematical modeling. Happiness economics represents a radical break with this tradition. The measurement of

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Denny, Katherine G.; Steiner, Hans (March 2009). "External and Internal Factors Influencing Happiness in Elite Collegiate Athletes".

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are substantially associated with life satisfaction, openness to experience is not associated. Having high levels of internal

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Heller, D; Watson, D; Ilies, R (2004). "The role of person versus situation in life satisfaction: a critical examination".

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Zelenski, John M.; Murphy, Steven A.; Jenkins, David A. (1 December 2008). "The Happy-Productive Worker Thesis Revisited".

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Kim, J.; Heo, J.; Lee, I. H.; Kim, J. (2015). "Predicting personal growth and happiness by using serious leisure model".

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Historically, economists thought economic growth was unrelated to population level well-being, a phenomenon labelled the

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Meer, P (2014). "Gender, Unemployment and Subjective Well-Being: Why Being Unemployed Is Worse for Men than for Women".

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Schmiedeberg, C.; Schröder, J. (2016). "Leisure activities and life satisfaction: An analysis with German panel data".

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Heo, J.; Lee, Y.; Kim, B.; Chun, S. (2012). "Contribution of relaxation on the subjective well-being of older adults".

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Happiness, well-being, or satisfaction with life, was seen as unmeasurable in classical and neo-classical economics.

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Kim, M.; Do, Y. K. (2013). "Effect of husbands' employment status on their wives' subjective well-being in Korea".

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the happiness that comes from wealth. This is purported to work by way of an upward or downward comparison effect (

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Rather than buying products that provide the "best deal," make purchases based on what will facilitate well-being.

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Wang, M.; Wong, M. S. (2014). "Happiness and leisure across countries: Evidence from international survey data".

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Individualistic societies have happier populations. Institutes of economic freedom are associated with increases

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large data samples across nations and time demonstrate consistent patterns in the determinants of happiness.

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Van Praag, Bernard (1 March 1971). "The welfare function of income in Belgium: An empirical investigation".

2072:"The Relationship Between Happiness, Health, and Socio-economic Factors: Results Based on Swedish Microdata" 503: 6624: 6609: 6599: 6127: 6100: 5240: 3819: 1905: 1590:(IDB), published in November 2008 a major study on happiness economics in Latin America and the Caribbean. 1582: 1574: 4977:

CEP Discussion Papers, CEPDP1343. Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, London, UK.

4628: 4546: 1577:. Blue through red represent most to least happy respectively; grey areas have no reliable data available. 6554: 6535: 6112: 5957: 5923: 5908: 5887: 5882: 3562:

Kuykendall, L.; Tay, L.; Ng, V. (2015). "Leisure engagement and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis".

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of disruptions to economic security are in part mediated or modified by beliefs about economic security.

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Clark, Andrew; Fleche, Sarah; Layard, Richard; Powdthavee, Nattavudh; Ward, George (12 December 2016).

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Radcliff, Benjamin; Pacek, Alexander (2008). "Assessing the Welfare State: the Politics of Happiness".

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There is a significant correlation between feeling in control of one's own life and happiness levels.

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Spend small amounts of money on many small, temporary pleasures rather than less often on larger ones.

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Mingo, I.; Montecolle, S. (2014). "Subjective and objective aspects of free time: The Italian case".

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between religious diversity and happiness, possibly by facilitating more bonding (and less bridging)

1229:, for example about whether this can be treated as more reliable than reported subjective happiness. 256: 5372: 4862: 4690: 3873: 3175:"Subjective Well-Being among the Self-Employed in Europe: Macroeconomy, Gender and Immigrant Status" 2124: 6559: 6505: 6248: 6203: 6042: 5913: 5790: 5272: 4758:

Pursuit of happiness: Discovering the pathway to fulfillment, well-being, and enduring personal joy

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is a vector of known variables, which include socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.

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There are also several examples of measures that include self-reported happiness as one variable.

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Seek out the opinions of other people who have prior experience of a product before purchasing it.

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Seligman, Martin E. P.; Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (2000). "Positive psychology: An introduction".

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research should not be used as a matter of public policy but rather used to inform individuals.

6383: 6228: 6088: 6031: 5987: 5950: 5702: 5642: 5617: 5587: 5560: 5367: 5267: 5175: 5110: 5022: 4904:; Sheldon, K; Schkade, D (2005). "Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change". 4857: 4840:; Schwarz, N; Stone, A (2006). "Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion". 4685: 3868: 2190: 1865: 1815: 1674: 1243: 964: 698: 543: 281: 221: 178: 125: 4196:"Infrastructure and economic growth from a meta-analysis approach: do all roads lead to Rome?" 4172: 4149: 3086: 1471:

Research suggests that specific leisure interventions enhance feelings of SWB. This is both a

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Kroesen, M.; Handy, S. (2014). "The influence of holiday-taking on affect and contentment".

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of about $ 15,000. In the 2000s, several studies have obtained the opposite result, so this

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Dobes, Leo; Argyrous, George; Leung, Joanne (2016). "Appendix 4: Social discount rates".

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answer than they would have given at the same happiness state before becoming disabled.

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that too many consumer and lifestyle choices can produce anxiety and unhappiness due to

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Donate money to others, including charities, rather than spending it solely on oneself.

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Adjust one's mindset to "pay now, consume later," instead of "consume now, pay later."

6594: 6413: 6388: 6298: 6178: 6066: 5869: 5805: 5770: 5760: 5632: 5443: 5410: 5402: 5179: 5164: 5145: 5122: 5106: 5096: 5074: 5049: 5026: 4960: 4901: 4875: 4788: 4738: 4515: 4412: 4377: 4339: 4327: 4296: 4255: 4123: 4039: 3990: 3986: 3886: 3726: 3691: 3656: 3621: 3579: 3548: 3510: 3475: 3437: 3362: 3316: 3315:(466). Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich: 918–938. 3198: 3029: 2922: 2914: 2880: 2838: 2800: 2721: 2684: 2593: 2539: 2469: 2461: 2385: 2367: 2313: 2267: 2247: 2226: 1930: 1925: 1890: 1876: 1850: 1840: 1800: 1694: 1686: 1632: 1549: 1524: 1500: 1487: 1461: 1334: 1251: 1219: 1215: 986: 944: 728: 703: 613: 493: 450: 386: 351: 341: 173: 135: 91: 6338: 5335: 4887: 4800: 4707: 4084: 3898: 3397: 3159: 3120: 3071: 2071: 947:

and related concepts – typically tying economics more closely than usual with other

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Don't spend money on "extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance."

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Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-Being

4833: 4829: 4653: 4553: 4450: 3780: 3753: 3613: 3354: 2959: 2617: 2111: 1830: 1698: 1663: 1602: 1457: 1267: 1037: 948: 932: 872: 783: 748: 713: 648: 573: 558: 445: 420: 415: 391: 163: 158: 5093:

Bonheur et économie. Le capitalisme est-il soluble dans la recherche du bonheur?

4734: 2503:. Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center and the Carnegie-Knight Initiative 1242:

Typically national financial measures, such as gross domestic product (GDP) and

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Gilbert, D.; Abdullah, J. (2004). "Holidaytaking and the Sense of Well-Being".

3229: 2639: 2535: 2050: 1935: 1465: 1427: 1325: 1208: 803: 788: 753: 738: 718: 688: 508: 425: 115: 111: 6223: 4917: 4784: 4615:"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive – The National Archives" 4323: 4173:"Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox" 3718: 3683: 3648: 3540: 3502: 3467: 3429: 3389: 3190: 3151: 3102: 3021: 2830: 2750: 2713: 2676: 2497:"If money doesn't make you happy, then you probably aren't spending it rightf" 2447: 1475:, in that leisure satisfaction causally affects SWB, and SWB causally affects 538: 6588: 6453: 6443: 6418: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6328: 6318: 6288: 6278: 6183: 6083: 6056: 5820: 5435: 5348: 5159: 4519: 4416: 4381: 4331: 4288: 4212:

Melo, Patricia C.; Graham, Daniel J.; Brage-Ardao, Ruben (1 September 2013).

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Piekałkiewicz, Marcin (29 June 2017). "Why do economists study happiness?".

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Okulicz-Kozaryn, Adam (2011). "Does Religious Diversity Make Us Unhappy?".

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how to most effectively govern and allocate resources given this paradox.

6458: 6448: 6238: 6117: 6061: 5538: 5381: 773: 763: 553: 188: 5327: 5220: 4131: 3044: 2856: 1631:

also instituted an index. The stated promise of the new Prime Minister

931:

is the theoretical, qualitative and quantitative study of happiness and

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Lykken, D; Tellegen, A (1996). "Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon".

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Radcliff, Benjamin (2001). "Politics, Markets, and Life Satisfaction".

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Oswald, Andrew J.; Proto, Eugenio; Sgroi, Daniel (26 September 2015).

3917:

Bennett, Daniel L.; Nikolaev, Boris; Aidt, Toke S. (1 December 2016).

3172: 2456: 2348:"High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being" 2053:, 2006. "Happiness and Public Policy: A Challenge to the Profession," 6218: 6148: 5507: 4655:

2012 CIW composite index reveals Canadian wellbeing is on the decline

4075: 3575: 3173:

Johansson Seva, I.; Vinberg, S.; Nordenmark, M.; Strandh, M. (2016).

1910: 1900: 1725:

Even when happiness can be affected by external sources, it has high

1483: 1439: 959: 533: 464: 44: 2114:, Human Development Reports Research Paper, 2010/13, United Nations. 5997: 5251:

Di Tella, Rafael; MacCulloch, Robert J.; Oswald, Andrew J. (2003).

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MacKerron, George (2012). "Happiness Economics from 35,000 Feet".

1601:

sociologist Ruut Veenhoven, combines self-reported happiness with

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Brandts, Jordi; Riedl, Arno; van Winden, Frans (September 2005).

1957:"Making personal happiness and wellbeing a goal of public policy" 1659: 1651: 1647: 1443: 5105: 1620: 1448:

Much of the research regarding happiness and leisure relies on

867: 5200:

Clark, Andrew E.; Frijters, Paul; Shields, Michael A. (2008).

4989: 2633: 2405:"Money does not make you happy 'but therapy does' - Telegraph" 1047:

Micro-econometric happiness equations have the standard form:

4828: 5476: 5460:"A Non-Technical Introduction to the Economics of Happiness" 3087:"Life satisfaction and self-employment: a matching approach" 2734: 1113:{\displaystyle W_{it}=\alpha +\beta {x_{it}}+\epsilon _{it}} 4008:

Firebaugh, Glenn; Schroeder, Matthew B. (1 November 2009).

3843: 2560:

Glaeser, Edward L.; Gottlieb, Joshua D.; Ziv, Oren (2016).

1306:

about the day-to-day consequences of a purchase beforehand.

1044:

are often used to encompass these more objective measures.

3274:

Layard, R (2007). "Setting happiness as a national goal".

2768: 2333:

A Non-Technical Introduction to the Economics of Happiness

4900: 4508:"A New Measure of Well-Being From a Happy Little Kingdom" 4248:

Social cost-benefit analysis in Australia and New Zealand

3526: 3136:"How Satisfied are the Self-Employed? A Life Domain View" 1586:

suggest that happiness can be measured effectively. The

5250: 3858: 3846:"Origins of happiness: Evidence and policy implications" 1556:

Alternative approach: economic consequences of happiness

2816: 1203:

Macro-econometric happiness has been gauged by some as

5115:

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4939:

Diener, E; Diener, C (1996). "Most People are Happy".

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The Economics of Happiness: Building Genuine Wealth

3916: 3488: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 2273: 5344:is devoted to happiness and may repay exploration. 4594:"Happiness index to gauge Britain's national mood" 4244: 4171:Stevenson, Betsey; Wolfers, Justin (Spring 2008). 4007: 2559: 2240:Frey, Bruno S.; Stutzer, Alois (2 December 2001). 2021:(indicated there as adapted from previous source). 1192: 1172: 1152: 1132: 1112: 5158: 5138:Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology 5135: 4720: 3905: 3517: 2896:"Working Time Mismatch And Subjective Well-Being" 2893: 2521: 2158:"Money vs. Happiness: Nations Rethink Priorities" 6586: 4352: 4170: 4057:Barker, Chris; Martin, Brian (19 October 2011). 3286: 2854: 5063:Bruni, Luigino (2008). Pier Luigi Porta (ed.). 4547:Thailand's Gross Domestic Happiness Index Falls 3766: 3669: 3561: 3415: 3375: 3340: 3218:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 2352:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2286:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1287:Spend money on "experiences" rather than goods. 4675: 3042: 2494: 2345: 1722:leads to higher reported levels of happiness. 5492: 5457: 5417: 5095:L'Harmattan, collection L'esprit économique. 5042:Economics and Happiness: Framing the Analysis 4975:Is happiness a predictor of election results? 4501: 4499: 4464:"Beyond Facts: Understanding Quality of Life" 4274: 3599: 2938: 2697: 1619:(GNH) is a concept introduced by the King of 1365: 904: 4938: 4770: 4056: 3739: 3634: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3211: 1959:. London School of Economics. Archived from 5347: 4818:. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 302–29. 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 3972: 3449: 3447: 3299: 2239: 2069: 967:in 2008, to guide its economic governance. 5499: 5485: 4814:Frederick, S; Loewenstein, George (1999). 4496: 4109: 3595: 3593: 3133: 3084: 2894:Wooden, M.; Warren, D.; Drago, R. 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Archived from 1866:World Happiness Report 1816:OECD Better Life Index 1670:Neoclassical economics 1578: 1396:American psychologist 1244:gross national product 1194: 1174: 1154: 1134: 1114: 965:Constitution of Bhutan 925:economics of happiness 179:Experimental economics 5298:Easterlin, Richard A. 4941:Psychological Science 4678:Psychological Science 3861:American Psychologist 2501:Journalist's Resource 2025:David G. Blanchflower 1846:Subjective well-being 1771:Common Good Economics 1761:Affective forecasting 1572: 1450:subjective well-being 1434:Happiness and leisure 1403:The Paradox of Choice 1195: 1175: 1155: 1135: 1115: 1004:Demographic economics 951:, like sociology and 5825:Social choice theory 5583:Behavioral economics 5566:Complexity economics 5382:10.1257/jel.40.2.402 5340:The entire issue of 4973:Ward, George (2015) 4760:. Harper Paperbacks. 4112:Political Psychology 3309:The Economic Journal 1943:References and notes 1916:Jan-Emmanuel De Neve 1836:Relative deprivation 1806:Humanistic economics 1611:ecological footprint 1544:Economic development 1477:leisure satisfaction 1424:inverse relationship 1420:cross-sectional data 1390:University of Zurich 1227:philosophical issues 1184: 1164: 1144: 1124: 1051: 980:classification codes 406:Social choice theory 6625:Positive psychology 6610:Economic indicators 6600:Economic ideologies 5909:American (National) 5611:Economic statistics 5246:on 29 October 2013. 5221:10.1257/jel.46.1.95 4854:2006Sci...312.1908K 4602:. 15 November 2010. 4423:on 24 November 2004 2411:on 24 November 2009 2358:(38): 16489–16493. 2110:12 May 2013 at the 1872:World Values Survey 1781:Economic inequality 1683:happiness economics 1679:classical economics 1510:Political stability 1414:Religious diversity 1400:argues in his book 1381:Freedom and control 1120:. In this equation 929:happiness economics 873:Business portal 194:Operations research 174:National accounting 5107:Van Praag, Bernard 4816:Hedonic adaptation 4512:The New York Times 3799:poverty-action.org 3330:on 4 January 2006. 3064:10.1111/ecin.12093 2995:10.1111/jomf.12004 2193:on 27 August 2018. 1727:hedonic adaptation 1607:Happy Planet Index 1579: 1462:cultural practices 1408:analysis paralysis 1254:is controversial. 1190: 1170: 1150: 1130: 1110: 204:Industrial complex 199:Middle income trap 18:Hedonic psychology 6620:Welfare economics 6615:Happiness indices 6582: 6581: 6113:New institutional 5185:978-0-69106-998-2 5128:978-0-19-828654-7 5080:978-1-84376-826-5 5055:978-0-19-928628-7 5032:978-0-86571-596-7 4848:(5782): 1908–10. 4756:Myers, D (1993). 2574:(S2): S129–S182. 2268:Easterlin paradox 2253:978-0-691-06998-2 1931:Benjamin Radcliff 1926:Bernard van Praag 1891:Richard Easterlin 1877:Work-life balance 1851:Uneconomic growth 1841:Social inequality 1801:Happiness at work 1695:life satisfaction 1687:welfare economics 1633:Surayud Chulanont 1550:Easterlin paradox 1525:wealth inequality 1501:Economic security 1495:Economic security 1335:Benjamin Radcliff 1258:Individual income 1252:Easterlin paradox 1193:{\displaystyle x} 1173:{\displaystyle t} 1153:{\displaystyle i} 1133:{\displaystyle W} 987:Welfare economics 945:life satisfaction 921: 920: 16:(Redirected from 6632: 5786:Natural resource 5623:Economic history 5549:Mechanism design 5501: 5494: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5464: 5447: 5414: 5385: 5375: 5357: 5339: 5321: 5293: 5275: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5239:. Archived from 5206: 5189: 5169: 5155: 5132: 5084: 5059: 5036: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4865: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4693: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4563: 4557: 4544: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4483: 4477:. Archived from 4468: 4460: 4454: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4419:. Archived from 4400: 4394: 4393: 4359: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4253: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4177: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4148:. Archived from 4142: 4136: 4135: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4087:. Archived from 4078: 4076:10.16997/jdd.120 4054: 4048: 4047: 4037: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3923: 3914: 3903: 3902: 3876: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3824: 3818:. Archived from 3817: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3576:10.1037/a0038508 3559: 3553: 3552: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3451: 3442: 3441: 3413: 3402: 3401: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3323:. Archived from 3306: 3297: 3284: 3283: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3114: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3052:Economic Inquiry 3049: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2948:Labour Economics 2945: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2900: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2814: 2805: 2804: 2794: 2766: 2755: 2754: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2638:. Archived from 2631: 2625: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2591: 2562:"Unhappy Cities" 2557: 2548: 2547: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2459: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2407:. Archived from 2400: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2343: 2337: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2311: 2301: 2292:(19): 11176–83. 2277: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2153: 2128: 2123:Ruut Veenhoven, 2121: 2115: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2076: 2067: 2061: 2055:Economic Journal 2048: 2042: 1992: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1953: 1741:Technical issues 1720:locus of control 1595:Happy Life Years 1519:Economic freedom 1199: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1066: 1065: 913: 906: 899: 885:Money portal 883: 882: 881: 871: 870: 367:Natural resource 159:Economic systems 55: 32: 31: 21: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6575:Business portal 6542: 6541: 6540: 6500: 6264:von Böhm-Bawerk 6152: 6151: 6142: 5914:Ancient thought 5892: 5891: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5627: 5592: 5544:Contract theory 5529:Decision theory 5510: 5505: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5454: 5373:10.1.1.318.8589 5355: 5255: 5243: 5204: 5186: 5152: 5129: 5121:. p. 352. 5081: 5073:. p. 640. 5056: 5048:. p. 384. 5033: 5025:. p. 288. 5008: 5003: 5002: 4994: 4988: 4981: 4972: 4968: 4937: 4933: 4899: 4895: 4863:10.1.1.373.2683 4827: 4823: 4812: 4808: 4769: 4765: 4754: 4750: 4719: 4715: 4691:10.1.1.613.4004 4674: 4670: 4661: 4659: 4658:, 16 March 2012 4652: 4651: 4647: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4611: 4607: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4564: 4560: 4554:Wayback Machine 4545: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4504: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4451:Wayback Machine 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4401: 4397: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4308: 4304: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4152:on 16 June 2018 4144: 4143: 4139: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4055: 4051: 4006: 4002: 3971: 3967: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3921: 3915: 3906: 3874:10.1.1.183.6660 3857: 3853: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3825:on 12 June 2018 3822: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3801:. 20 July 2016. 3793: 3792: 3788: 3765: 3761: 3738: 3734: 3703: 3699: 3668: 3664: 3633: 3629: 3598: 3591: 3560: 3556: 3525: 3518: 3487: 3483: 3452: 3445: 3414: 3405: 3374: 3370: 3349:(10): 1063–76. 3339: 3335: 3327: 3304: 3298: 3287: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3210: 3206: 3171: 3167: 3132: 3128: 3083: 3079: 3058:(4): 1485–502. 3047: 3041: 3037: 3006: 3002: 2979: 2975: 2943: 2937: 2930: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2867:(9): 1491–515. 2861:Human Relations 2853: 2846: 2825:(4): 1493–510. 2815: 2808: 2767: 2758: 2733: 2729: 2696: 2692: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2632: 2628: 2618:Wayback Machine 2609: 2605: 2558: 2551: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2493: 2489: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2401: 2397: 2344: 2340: 2330:Andrew Oswald, 2329: 2325: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2238: 2234: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2154: 2131: 2122: 2118: 2112:Wayback Machine 2102: 2098: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2049: 2045: 2032:Reporter Online 2022: 2015:World Economics 2012: 2008:Prepublication 2004:, 2nd Edition. 1993: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1963:on 4 April 2018 1955: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1886: 1881: 1831:Quality of life 1756: 1743: 1707: 1699:survey research 1672: 1603:life expectancy 1567: 1565:Related studies 1558: 1546: 1538: 1521: 1512: 1503: 1497: 1466:social networks 1458:Quality of life 1446: 1436: 1416: 1383: 1368: 1343: 1323: 1321:Social security 1268:Daniel Kahneman 1260: 1240: 1235: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1101: 1097: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1038:quality of life 1021: 973: 949:social sciences 933:quality of life 917: 879: 877: 865: 858: 857: 828: 818: 817: 816: 815: 579:von Böhm-Bawerk 467: 456: 455: 217: 209: 208: 164:Economic growth 154: 146: 145: 87: 85:classifications 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6638: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5978:Disequilibrium 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5791:Organizational 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5602: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5556:Macroeconomics 5553: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5524:Microeconomics 5520: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5453: 5452:External links 5450: 5449: 5448: 5415: 5386: 5349:Frey, Bruno S. 5345: 5294: 5273:10.1.1.11.3175 5248: 5191: 5190: 5184: 5160:Frey, Bruno S. 5156: 5151:978-0871544230 5150: 5133: 5127: 5103: 5101:978-2296069169 5089: 5079: 5060: 5054: 5037: 5031: 5007: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4979: 4966: 4931: 4902:Lyubomirsky, S 4893: 4821: 4806: 4763: 4748: 4729:(4): 574–600. 4713: 4668: 4645: 4620: 4605: 4585: 4558: 4532: 4495: 4484:on 18 May 2013 4455: 4434: 4395: 4374:10.1086/681096 4368:(4): 789–822. 4345: 4302: 4267: 4260: 4237: 4224:(5): 695–706. 4204: 4187: 4163: 4137: 4102: 4091:on 20 May 2014 4049: 4026:10.1086/603534 4000: 3965: 3943: 3904: 3851: 3836: 3804: 3786: 3759: 3732: 3697: 3662: 3627: 3589: 3570:(2): 364–403. 3554: 3516: 3481: 3443: 3403: 3368: 3333: 3285: 3266: 3245: 3204: 3165: 3146:(4): 1409–33. 3126: 3097:(4): 1009–33. 3077: 3035: 3000: 2973: 2928: 2886: 2844: 2806: 2756: 2745:(3): 894–905. 2727: 2690: 2653: 2642:on 29 May 2010 2626: 2624:, Spring 2005. 2603: 2580:10.1086/684044 2549: 2530:(2): 115–125. 2514: 2487: 2442:(4): 509–516. 2422: 2395: 2338: 2323: 2272: 2259: 2252: 2232: 2205: 2203:Anielski, 2008 2196: 2174: 2129: 2116: 2096: 2062: 2051:Richard Layard 2043: 1974: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1936:Ruut Veenhoven 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1906:Richard Layard 1903: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1742: 1739: 1706: 1703: 1671: 1668: 1656:"sumak kawsay" 1566: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1545: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1496: 1493: 1435: 1432: 1428:social capital 1415: 1412: 1398:Barry Schwartz 1382: 1379: 1367: 1364: 1342: 1339: 1326:Ruut Veenhoven 1322: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304:circumspection 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1259: 1256: 1248:GDP per capita 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1209:Sicco Mansholt 1189: 1169: 1149: 1129: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1001: 994: 972: 969: 919: 918: 916: 915: 908: 901: 893: 890: 889: 888: 887: 875: 860: 859: 856: 855: 850: 840: 835: 829: 824: 823: 820: 819: 814: 813: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 470: 469: 468: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 372:Organizational 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 218: 216:By application 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 109: 104: 99: 94: 88: 82: 81: 78: 77: 76: 75: 70: 65: 57: 56: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6637: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6159:de Mandeville 6157: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6101:New classical 6099: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6057:Malthusianism 6055: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6018:Institutional 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5821:Public choice 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:Participation 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5756:Institutional 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708:Expeditionary 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5698:Environmental 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5430:(3): 361–77. 5429: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5397:(4): 705–35. 5396: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5366:(2): 402–35. 5365: 5361: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5266:(4): 809–27. 5265: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5215:(1): 95–144. 5214: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5012: 4993: 4986: 4984: 4976: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4947:(3): 181–85. 4946: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4684:(3): 186–89. 4683: 4679: 4672: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4635:, 27 May 2011 4634: 4630: 4624: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4318:(4): 521–37. 4317: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4283:(3): 361–77. 4282: 4278: 4271: 4263: 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ANU Press. 4250: 4249: 4241: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4197: 4191: 4183: 4182: 4174: 4167: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4118:(5): 755–77. 4117: 4113: 4106: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4020:(3): 805–31. 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3840: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3775:(1): 103–21. 3774: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3678:(3): 575–90. 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643:(1): 147–57. 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3521: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3497:(3): 753–69. 3496: 3492: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 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