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506:, in 1995. In August of that year, Attorney General Janet Reno reviewed Chung's allegations to decide whether to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate O'Leary. Reno determined there was "no evidence" of wrongdoing by O'Leary and no basis for a further investigation. Some observers, including a lawyer for the Government Accountability Project, saw some fault in O'Leary's conduct but also saw racism and sexism in the way she was treated.
33:
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518:, O'Leary once again served as president of O'Leary & Associates, her consulting firm. She also sat on the board of the environmental engineering firm ICF Kaiser International. In 2000 she became president and chief operating officer of an investment banking firm, Blaylock & Partners. She left that firm in 2002.
570:
had bequeathed the collection to Fisk with restrictions on its sale. O'Leary intended to use the proceeds of the sale to fund a new academic building, endow professorships, and rebuild the school's endowment, which had been drawn down several times before her arrival. The
Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation
558:
By 2011 Fisk's enrollment numbers improved, but the school was still operating with a loss in six of the previous nine years. These ongoing financial problems caused the
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to place Fisk on probation in 2010 over concerns for
425:
confirmed O'Leary by unanimous consent the next day. O'Leary became the first woman and first
African American to serve as Secretary of Energy. She was also the first Secretary of Energy to have worked for an energy company. At the time she led the Department of Energy, it had an annual budget of $
441:
O'Leary challenged the way the department had traditionally been run, particularly its focus on developing and testing nuclear weapons. During her tenure, the size of the
Department of Energy was reduced by a third. It was also a target for Republicans who wanted it eliminated. While reducing the
472:
in the United States. Her efforts resulted in
Clinton signing a test ban on nuclear testing, a ban that other nations joined. Early in her tenure as secretary, O'Leary met with whistle-blowers who said they faced harassment for raising legitimate health and safety issues within the Department of
615:
O'Leary has served as a director for
Alchemix Corp. and CAMAC International Corporation. She also served on the board of directors for nonprofit organizations such as the Nashville Alliance for Public Education, the Nashville Business Community for the Arts, and the
361:
O'Leary worked as a prosecutor in New Jersey on organized crime cases, later becoming an assistant attorney general for the state. In 1969, after obtaining a divorce, O'Leary moved to
Washington, D.C., where she joined the consulting/accounting firm
312:. During her tenure, she declassified documents detailing how the United States had conducted secret testing on the effects of radiation on unsuspecting American citizens. She also received criticism for her excessive spending while in office.
488:
audit of travel criticized her for traveling too frequently and spending excessively on accommodations. She apologized to
Congressional committees in 1996 for spending that exceeded limits on the funds appropriated to the agency for travel.
324:. Her parents, Russel E. Reid and Hazel Reid, were both physicians. They divorced when she was 18 months old. Her father and stepmother, a teacher named Mattie Pullman Reid, raised Hazel and her older sister Edna Reid, primarily in the
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6, 2005. Before O'Leary's tenure, the university had tried unsuccessfully to increase its enrollment and experienced financial problems. In 2008 Fisk had an enrollment of 770 students and 264 faculty and staff members.
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called the project "unacceptable." O'Leary claimed the allocation was made without her direct knowledge and defended the research as an attempt to study the efficacy of the department's messaging. A
445:
In this position, O'Leary won praise for declassifying old
Department of Energy documents, including Cold War-era records that showed the U.S. government had used American citizens as guinea pigs in
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297:. O'Leary's tenure at Fisk came amid financial difficulty for the school, during which time she increased enrollment and contentiously used the school's art collection to raise funds.
2012:
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O'Leary repeatedly faced criticism during her tenure. The department allocated $ 43,500 to a
Washington firm to identify unfriendly media outlets. White House Press Secretary
461:
million settlement payment to the families of victims of past radiation experiments. Other declassified documents included facts about plutonium the United States had left in
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O'Leary has been married three times. Her first marriage to Carl G. Rollins, Jr., ended in divorce. The couple had a son, also named Carl. O'Leary was briefly married to
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Amidst the public battle over attempts to sell the Alfred Stieglitz Collection, O'Leary quietly arranged to sell two other works of art, including a work by
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size of the department overall, O'Leary shifted resources toward efficient and renewable energy sources, a priority of the Clinton administration.
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328:. Hazel attended school in a segregated school system in Newport News for eight years. She and her sister were then sent to live with an aunt in
1603:
500:, a Democratic political donor, claimed that O'Leary had met with Chinese oil officials after he gave $ 25,000 to O'Leary's favorite charity,
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2004:
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reported it in 2016. O'Leary defended the decision to sell the artwork, saying it was done out of necessity amid financial difficulties.
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to share the collection. At the time the deal was finalized, O'Leary said the arrangement was essential to keeping the university open.
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opposed any sale of the artwork out of state. Ultimately, after seven years of legal battles, the school was able to reach a deal with
1973:
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Under O'Leary's leadership, Fisk went to court in December 2005 seeking a ruling that it could sell a portion of the university's
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of the Community Services Administration, and administrator of the Economic Regulatory Administration at the newly created
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In 2012 O'Leary announced that she would retire at the end of the calendar year. Her retirement was effective January
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371:
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285:, O'Leary was the first woman and first African American to hold that post. She also served as the 14th president of
278:
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304:. O'Leary worked as a prosecutor in New Jersey and then in a private consulting/accounting firm before joining the
282:
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Left to right: Secretary of Energy Hazel R. O'Leary, John S. Foster, President Bill Clinton, and Mrs. John Foster
824:
2520:
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1514:"The Attorney General's Decision: The O'Leary Case; Reno Backs Former Energy Secretary's Denials of Wrongdoing"
481:
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394:
257:
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308:. O'Leary returned to the private sector and rejoined the government as secretary of energy under President
2941:
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277:(born May 17, 1937) is an American lawyer, politician and university administrator who served as the 7th
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2412:
1109:
535:
515:
290:
1401:"Energy Dept. Travel Examined; GAO Audit Cites Lax Accounting for O'Leary Trips to India, S. Africa"
1054:"PN76-12 - Nomination of Hazel Rollins O'Leary for Department of Energy, 103rd Congress (1993-1994)"
473:
Energy. She announced a "zero tolerance" policy, prohibiting retaliation against whistle-blowers at
389:, where she served as vice president and general counsel. After Jack died of cancer, Hazel moved to
2348:
1595:
1539:
637:
617:
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1084:"Here are the qualifications of all 13 people who served as Secretary of Energy before Rick Perry"
590:. Fisk's board of trustees approved the sale in 2010 although it was not publicly disclosed until
3264:
469:
300:
O'Leary received her bachelor's degree from Fisk before earning her Bachelor of Laws degree from
2340:
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in 1959. She then married Carl Rollins and had a son before returning to school and earning her
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24, 1980, and remained married until his death from cancer in 1987. Her son is an attorney.
385:
In 1981 O'Leary and her husband established the consulting firm O'Leary & Associates in
3340:
3280:
3200:
3144:
2245:
1341:"Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Volume 30 Issue 3 (Monday, January 24, 1994)"
1141:"THE TRANSITION; Clinton's Cabinet Choices Put Him at Center, Balancing Competing Factions"
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363:
8:
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1909:
621:
587:
567:
474:
1792:"Financially challenged Fisk will turn to fundraising, students to raise $ 8.4M by July"
526:
On July 13, 2004, O'Leary was selected and began work as president of her undergraduate
496:
20, 1997, explaining she did not wish to stay in the job more than four years. In 1997,
3184:
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332:, and attend Arts High School, an integrated school. She earned a bachelor's degree at
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554:
O'Leary speaks on September 24, 2013, at the Minorities in Energy Initiative Launch.
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the university's finances and prospects. The probation ended in December 2013.
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2005:"Remembering O'Leary and her legacy at Fisk University Nashville PRIDE, Inc"
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542:. She was officially installed as the university's 14th president on October
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1822:"Fisk, Florida A&M Get Clean Bills of Health from Accreditation Group"
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382:. At the Department of Energy, Hazel met her third husband, Jack O'Leary.
2949:
2772:
1862:
1277:"O'Leary's Revamped Policy Stresses Efficiency, Renewable Energy Sources"
2528:
2310:
2300:
2105:
1231:
977:"The Transition; Clinton Chooses 2 and Delpores Idea of Cabinet Quotas"
457:(ACHRE) to prevent such abuses of power. O'Leary also announced a $ 4.6
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393:. From 1989 to 1993 she worked as an executive vice president of the
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32:
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1294:
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924:"Energy Secretary Candidate Has Experience as Regulator, Executive"
580:
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184:
1485:"Hazel O'Leary - Collection Finding Aid · Clinton Digital Library"
2406:
2370:
1905:"College Argues For the Right To Sell Art Gifts To Raise Capital"
1896:
951:"The New Powers That Be: The Clinton Challenge" Vol. 23, Issue 8"
694:
2109:
1007:
1358:
1618:
1540:"AllPolitics - Reno Focuses On The President - Sep. 29, 1997"
1174:"Black Clout in the Clinton Administration" Vol. 48, Issue 7"
3381:
African-American members of the Cabinet of the United States
1844:"Hazel O'Leary to Retire From Presidency of Fisk University"
628:, and The Andrew Young Center of International Development.
1836:
1682:"Fisk University at 150: A look back at the past 50 years"
1648:
1251:"Hazel O'Leary's Legacy: Ruffled Feathers, A Good Record"
16:
American government official and university administrator
1949:"Fisk University leaders justify 2010 sale of paintings"
1874:"The Root: Can Selling O'Keefe's Art Save A University?"
2233:
1207:"New Energy Chief Has Seen 2 Sides of Regulatory Fence"
370:, O'Leary was appointed assistant administrator of the
3023:
Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy
1748:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
770:
768:
766:
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762:
760:
758:
756:
677:
List of African-American United States Cabinet members
2805:
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
1431:"GAO Report Blasts O'Leary On Sloppy Travel Records"
492:
O'Leary resigned from her position effective January
405:
In a press conference on December 21, 1992, held in
3087:
took office in 1993, raised to cabinet-rank in 1996
3004:
Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency
1974:"O'Leary to continue helping Fisk after retirement"
1815:
1813:
863:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
753:
417:. Clinton officially made the nomination on January
2979:Administrator of the Small Business Administration
1712:"Historically Black College Struggles Financially"
1656:"Hazel O'Leary, 14th President of Fisk University"
3431:Women members of the Cabinet of the United States
3129:
1705:
1703:
1452:
1450:
1367:"Energy Secretary Used Fund to Monitor Reporters"
747:Encyclopedia of African American History Volume 4
455:Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments
3332:
2034:"Report: Fisk University selects next president"
1810:
1077:
1075:
833:
807:
3386:20th-century African-American women politicians
2824:Director of the Office of Management and Budget
829:. Johnson Publishing Company. pp. 98, 100.
413:announced his intention to nominate O'Leary as
1700:
1447:
749:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 11.
3115:
2356:
2219:
1308:"Power Is Underpriced, Energy Secretary Says"
1072:
1564:
1562:
1560:
777:"Ex-Official Now Looks To Church For Solace"
682:List of female United States Cabinet members
521:
430:billion and approximately 18,000 employees.
58:January 22, 1993 – January 20, 1997
1460:Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics
917:
915:
839:
774:
449:, as had long been rumored. Clinton issued
315:
3122:
3108:
2665:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
2363:
2349:
2226:
2212:
1110:"Women @ Energy – Secretary Hazel O'Leary"
822:
775:Henneberger, Melinda (November 24, 1997).
571:opposed the sale, and later the Tennessee
31:
2942:Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
1789:
1658:. fisk.edu. July 13, 2004. Archived from
1557:
1463:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 349–350.
1139:Friedman, Thomas L. (December 27, 1992).
744:
713:
125:July 13, 2004 – January 31, 2013
3426:Women heads of universities and colleges
2175:Order of precedence of the United States
2069:. : HarperCollins e-Books. p. 105.
1946:
1794:. nashvillecitypaper.com. Archived from
1709:
1596:"Former Energy Secretary Under Scrutiny"
1138:
912:
549:
432:
3406:Politicians from Newport News, Virginia
3366:20th-century American women politicians
1902:
1790:Greenberg, Pierce (December 11, 2011).
1749:Tusk Hinton Architects (October 2008).
1576:from the original on September 14, 2017
1205:Feder, Barnaby J. (December 22, 1992).
1107:
1081:
995:from the original on September 15, 2017
795:from the original on September 15, 2017
726:from the original on September 15, 2017
229: 1980; died 1987)
3391:Clinton administration cabinet members
3333:
2646:Secretary of Health and Human Services
2062:
2002:
1872:Brooks, Jennifer (September 2, 2010).
1871:
1820:Stuart, Reginald (December 10, 2013).
1819:
1730:from the original on February 12, 2017
1606:from the original on December 22, 2018
1538:Lacayo, Richard (September 29, 1997).
1537:
1398:
1274:
1248:
1034:from the original on December 19, 2021
1013:
823:L. Haywood, Richette (February 1995).
577:Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
400:
397:, a Minnesota-based public utilities.
3321:# denotes acting or interim president
3103:
2796:
2390:
2344:
2207:
1984:from the original on October 14, 2017
1903:Hassell, Bravetta (August 16, 2006).
1850:from the original on December 8, 2017
1511:
1507:
1505:
1364:
1306:Wald, Matthew L. (January 20, 1997).
1204:
1120:from the original on October 12, 2017
974:
948:
921:
880:
610:
1710:Schelzig, Erik (December 28, 2007).
1456:
1305:
1014:Nelson, Michael (October 23, 2012).
926:. The Journal Record. Archived from
620:, and as a trustee on boards of the
3421:United States secretaries of energy
3416:Rutgers School of Law–Newark alumni
3376:21st-century American women lawyers
3361:20th-century American women lawyers
2235:United States Secretaries of Energy
1428:
1365:Lewis, Neil a (November 10, 1995).
1249:Warren, James (November 24, 1996).
1082:Letzter, Rafi (December 22, 2016).
714:Harringon, Linda M. (May 1, 1994).
281:from 1993 to 1997. A member of the
13:
2056:
1925:from the original on March 2, 2017
1570:"Executive Profile: Hazel O'Leary"
1502:
1399:Thomas, Pierre (January 4, 1996).
953:. Black Enterprise. Archived from
509:
14:
3442:
3356:20th-century American politicians
2797:
2133:United States Secretary of Energy
2099:
1512:Stout, David (December 3, 1997).
1176:. Ebony. May 1993. Archived from
975:Ifill, Gwen (December 22, 1992).
279:United States secretary of energy
46:United States Secretary of Energy
2911:Ambassador to the United Nations
2861:Director of Central Intelligence
2423:
2329:
1947:Tamburin, Adam (July 27, 2016).
1489:clinton.presidentiallibraries.us
1108:Bittner, Drew (March 17, 2016).
949:Scott, Matthew S. (March 1993).
840:Di Vincenzo, Mark (1994-04-04).
631:
486:Government Accountability Office
2026:
2015:from the original on 2017-10-14
2003:Teague, Cass (March 15, 2013).
1996:
1966:
1846:. jbhe.com. February 20, 2012.
1767:from the original on 2017-02-01
1742:
1674:
1588:
1531:
1477:
1457:Ford, Lynne E. (May 12, 2010).
1422:
1392:
1333:
1268:
1166:
1132:
1101:
1046:
922:Stych, Ed (December 22, 1992).
901:from the original on 2021-12-19
852:from the original on 2020-06-13
603:31, 2013. She was succeeded by
356:
226:
2063:Graham, Lawrence Otis (2014).
968:
942:
738:
566:Collection. Stieglitz's widow
1:
3411:Presidents of Fisk University
3371:21st-century American lawyers
3351:20th-century American lawyers
3132:Presidents of Fisk University
2765:Secretary of Veterans Affairs
1751:"Fisk University Master Plan"
1429:Lee, Gary (January 5, 1996).
1255:tribunedigital-chicagotribune
881:Smith, Jessie Carney (1996).
842:"High Profile: Hazel O'Leary"
745:Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2009).
720:tribunedigital-chicagotribune
687:
395:Northern States Power Company
372:Federal Energy Administration
887:. VNR AG. pp. 506–507.
884:Notable Black American Women
7:
2690:Secretary of Transportation
2391:
2195:as Former US Cabinet Member
2180:as Former US Cabinet Member
2167:as Former US Cabinet Member
670:
468:O'Leary also pushed to end
447:human radiation experiments
10:
3447:
3048:White House Chief of Staff
2421:
650:Deputy Secretary of Energy
536:historically black college
291:historically black college
258:Rutgers University, Newark
3139:
3083:
3046:
3021:
3002:
2977:
2940:
2909:
2884:
2859:
2822:
2803:
2792:
2763:
2744:
2713:
2688:
2663:
2644:
2619:
2582:
2557:
2540:Secretary of the Interior
2538:
2519:
2488:
2459:Secretary of the Treasury
2457:
2432:
2397:
2386:
2327:
2241:
2185:
2172:
2157:
2149:
2139:
2130:
2122:
2117:
1626:"Office of the President"
1020:. CQ Press. p. 666.
659:In 1997 O'Leary joined a
522:Fisk University president
453:12891, which created the
351:
268:
244:
236:
201:
191:
160:
155:
151:
141:
129:
118:
110:
98:
86:
72:
62:
51:
43:
39:
30:
23:
3257:Rutherford Hamlet Adkins
3249:Rutherford Hamlet Adkins
3209:Rutherford Hamlet Adkins
2559:Secretary of Agriculture
2151:U.S. order of precedence
2009:pridepublishinggroup.com
1275:Reuter (April 6, 1993).
618:Arms Control Association
330:Essex County, New Jersey
316:Early life and education
3401:Fisk University faculty
3265:Charles William Johnson
652:. They married on April
409:, then President-elect
320:Hazel Reid was born in
205:Carl Rollins (divorced)
3396:Fisk University alumni
3169:Fayette Avery McKenzie
3153:James Griswold Merrill
2746:Secretary of Education
2038:nashvillecitypaper.com
1824:. diverseeducation.com
1602:. September 29, 1997.
573:State Attorney General
555:
516:Clinton administration
438:
387:Morristown, New Jersey
322:Newport News, Virginia
3193:Stephen Junius Wright
3161:George Augustus Gates
2584:Secretary of Commerce
1980:. February 21, 2012.
1017:The Presidency A to Z
930:on September 29, 2017
663:. She is a member of
553:
436:
407:Little Rock, Arkansas
368:Carter administration
364:Coopers & Lybrand
326:East End neighborhood
306:Carter administration
302:Rutgers School of Law
289:from 2004 to 2013, a
136:Carolynn Reid-Wallace
3281:Carolyn Reid-Wallace
3201:James Raymond Lawson
3145:Erastus Milo Cravath
2886:Trade Representative
2490:Secretary of Defense
540:Nashville, Tennessee
380:Department of Energy
2900:Charlene Barshefsky
2715:Secretary of Energy
1910:The Washington Post
1716:The Washington Post
1688:. February 15, 2016
1411:on October 19, 2012
1405:The Washington Post
716:"No Pie In The Sky"
661:Presbyterian Church
622:World Wildlife Fund
588:Florine Stettheimer
415:Secretary of Energy
401:Secretary of Energy
348:in Newark in 1966.
3233:Robert Lee Satcher
3185:Charles S. Johnson
2919:Madeleine Albright
2621:Secretary of Labor
2448:Madeleine Albright
2442:Warren Christopher
2434:Secretary of State
2118:Political offices
2066:Our kind of people
1371:The New York Times
1312:The New York Times
1211:The New York Times
1145:The New York Times
1060:. January 21, 1993
981:The New York Times
781:The New York Times
644:. In 1977 she met
611:Other affiliations
593:The New York Times
556:
514:After leaving the
482:Michael D. McCurry
439:
421:20, 1993, and the
346:Rutgers Law School
275:Hazel Reid O'Leary
111:14th President of
3328:
3327:
3297:H. James Williams
3225:Walter J. Leonard
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
2968:Martin Neil Baily
2931:Richard Holbrooke
2788:
2787:
2338:
2337:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2186:Succeeded by
2170:
2140:Succeeded by
2076:978-0-06-187081-1
1758:www.nashville.gov
1636:on August 2, 2003
1435:Chicago Sun-Times
626:Morehouse College
605:H. James Williams
272:
271:
81:Charles B. Curtis
3438:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3289:Hazel R. O'Leary
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3133:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3101:
3100:
2794:
2793:
2779:Togo D. West Jr.
2723:Hazel R. O'Leary
2704:Rodney E. Slater
2604:William M. Daley
2521:Attorney General
2504:William J. Perry
2479:Lawrence Summers
2427:
2426:
2388:
2387:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2189:William J. Perry
2181:
2164:
2158:Preceded by
2123:Preceded by
2115:
2114:
2089:
2088:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2040:. Archived from
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1880:. Archived from
1869:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1662:on March 6, 2005
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1632:. Archived from
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1407:. Archived from
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1202:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1088:Business Insider
1079:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1058:www.congress.gov
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
919:
910:
909:
907:
906:
878:
861:
860:
858:
857:
837:
831:
830:
820:
805:
804:
802:
800:
772:
751:
750:
742:
736:
735:
733:
731:
711:
655:
602:
568:Georgia O'Keeffe
564:Alfred Stieglitz
545:
495:
460:
429:
420:
342:Bachelor of Laws
283:Democratic Party
230:
228:
178:
174:
172:
156:Personal details
144:
132:
123:
101:
93:James D. Watkins
89:
56:
35:
21:
20:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3177:Thomas E. Jones
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3098:
3089:
3079:
3042:
3037:Barry McCaffrey
3017:
2998:
2973:
2956:Joseph Stiglitz
2936:
2925:Bill Richardson
2905:
2880:
2855:
2844:Franklin Raines
2818:
2799:
2784:
2759:
2740:
2735:Bill Richardson
2709:
2684:
2659:
2640:
2615:
2578:
2553:
2534:
2515:
2484:
2453:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2393:
2382:
2369:
2339:
2334:
2325:
2237:
2232:
2191:
2179:
2177:
2163:
2145:
2136:
2128:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1978:Arkansas Online
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1945:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1708:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1510:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1304:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1203:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1080:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1028:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
973:
969:
960:
958:
947:
943:
933:
931:
920:
913:
904:
902:
895:
879:
864:
855:
853:
838:
834:
821:
808:
798:
796:
773:
754:
743:
739:
729:
727:
712:
695:
690:
673:
653:
646:John F. O'Leary
634:
613:
600:
543:
532:Fisk University
524:
512:
510:Post-government
493:
470:nuclear testing
458:
451:Executive Order
427:
418:
403:
376:general counsel
359:
354:
334:Fisk University
318:
287:Fisk University
256:
249:Fisk University
232:
224:
220:
217:
211:
206:
192:Political party
179:
176:
170:
168:
167:
166:
142:
130:
124:
119:
113:Fisk University
99:
87:
79:
57:
52:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3217:George W. Gore
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3068:Erskine Bowles
3065:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3012:James Lee Witt
3008:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2869:John M. Deutch
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2673:Henry Cisneros
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2401:
2399:Vice President
2395:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2184:
2171:
2161:Henry Cisneros
2159:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2100:External links
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2075:
2055:
2025:
1995:
1965:
1953:The Tennessean
1936:
1895:
1861:
1835:
1809:
1777:
1741:
1699:
1686:The Tennessean
1673:
1647:
1617:
1587:
1556:
1530:
1518:New York Times
1501:
1476:
1469:
1446:
1421:
1391:
1357:
1332:
1293:
1267:
1230:
1190:
1165:
1131:
1100:
1071:
1045:
1026:
1006:
967:
941:
911:
893:
862:
846:dailypress.com
832:
806:
752:
737:
692:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
679:
672:
669:
633:
630:
612:
609:
523:
520:
511:
508:
475:nuclear plants
402:
399:
358:
355:
353:
350:
317:
314:
270:
269:
266:
265:
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242:
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212:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
164:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:James Williams
145:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
116:
115:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
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59:
49:
48:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3443:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
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3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:Living people
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3313:Kevin D. Rome
3310:
3307:# (2015–2017)
3306:
3305:Frank L. Sims
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3273:John L. Smith
3270:
3267:# (1998–1999)
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:# (1996–1997)
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:# (1976–1977)
3218:
3214:
3211:# (1975–1976)
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3088:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
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3045:
3038:
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3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
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2982:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:Mickey Kantor
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2813:Carol Browner
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:Cabinet-level
2795:
2791:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2754:Richard Riley
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:Federico Peña
2727:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:Federico Peña
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2654:Donna Shalala
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2635:Alexis Herman
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2610:Norman Mineta
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:Mickey Kantor
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2548:Bruce Babbitt
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2510:William Cohen
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:Lloyd Bentsen
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2414:
2411:
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2380:
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2292:
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2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
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2249:
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2240:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2153:(ceremonial)
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:Federico Peña
2135:
2134:
2127:
2126:James Watkins
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2044:on 2017-10-14
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1884:on 2012-01-15
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1866:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1798:on 2017-12-08
1797:
1793:
1786:
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1687:
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1627:
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1610:September 14,
1605:
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1597:
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175:May 17, 1937
143:Succeeded by
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100:Succeeded by
67:Bill Clinton
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2246:Schlesinger
2106:Appearances
1929:October 14,
1854:December 8,
1828:December 8,
1802:December 8,
1692:October 13,
1666:December 8,
1640:October 14,
1600:www.cnn.com
1544:www.cnn.com
1523:February 3,
1494:October 12,
1384:October 12,
1345:www.gpo.gov
1325:October 12,
1286:October 11,
1281:www.joc.com
1260:October 11,
1124:October 12,
1038:October 12,
131:Preceded by
88:Preceded by
3335:Categories
2529:Janet Reno
2286:Richardson
2266:Herrington
2137:1993–1997
2019:2017-10-14
1958:August 23,
1771:2017-12-08
1440:2008-02-03
1415:2008-02-03
1224:2017-10-12
1184:2017-08-29
1114:Energy.gov
961:2017-08-29
934:August 29,
905:2020-11-11
856:2020-06-13
688:References
640:anchorman
528:alma mater
295:alma mater
210:(divorced)
196:Democratic
171:1937-05-17
165:Hazel Reid
77:Bill White
2592:Ron Brown
2567:Mike Espy
2498:Les Aspin
2376:President
2085:877899803
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245:Education
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121:In office
63:President
54:In office
3315:(2017– )
3235:# (1984)
2850:Jack Lew
2321:Granholm
2048:June 25,
2013:Archived
1988:June 25,
1982:Archived
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1630:Fisk.edu
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503:Africare
293:and her
237:Children
185:Virginia
2407:Al Gore
2392:Cabinet
2372:Cabinet
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2276:O'Leary
2271:Watkins
2256:Edwards
1878:NPR.org
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