Haya people - Knowledge

620: 568: 876: 496:) under the order of the king. Oral accounts describe how the initial training period lasted 10 days and included moral instruction on what was required of boys regarding their duties to the kingdom and their sub-county. After this initial period, boys were sent to the king's royal court for further training that included sports, games, dancing, and singing, all of which were competitive and consisted of each sub-county competing against the other. The best group remained at the court for additional training while the others were sent away for moral and physical training until called upon. Other schooling under 329:, are said to have brought with them new breeds of cattle as well as varieties of banana. It remains unclear as to why these peoples moved into the region but evidence indicates severe ecological change that facilitated the movement of people with specialized cattle herding practices for adapting to environmental stress. One of the main strategies for adapting to environmental stress included using cattle manure to maintain soil fertility for banana groves, a practice the Haya continue to this day but at a reduced level due to a decline in cattle holding that began after the 1014: 196: 678:, was to continue mapping the region's lakes and rivers initiated by Speke and Grant. During his travels through the Kingdom of Ihangiro, Stanley's party engaged in a small skirmish with King Ntare II over their passage through his territory. Stanley's party, setting up camp on Bumbire Island, negotiated with King Ntare II and secured passage north through to Karagwe on their way to Buganda. Overall, European interests in Haya kingdoms during this period were of marginal interest compared to Karagwe and Buganda. 428:) had absolute rule over their territory and assigned duties to specific clans. For example, in Kiziba Kingdom it is said the Batunda were royal bodyguards, the Bashonde royal brewers, and the Baihuzi royal cooks. Other duties assigned to clans were providing wives for the king, crushing rebellions, producing iron, and tending the royal cattle. These assigned duties sought to maintain structure in the kingdom. The administrative system of each kingdom was organized hierarchically with the king ( 547:

factions among the royal clan and the court often delayed the installment of a new king, including the king's family as siblings schemed as well as fought one another over the vacant throne. Two of the most sacred objects to successfully secure the throne were the royal drums of the kingdom, closely protected by the clan given charge over them, and the jawbone of the deceased king which required special burial, accompanied by rituals, on his royal burial estate (

55: 612:) purportedly displaced the traditional Haya barter system, becoming a form of currency as well as an object used in rituals. Compared to Buhaya kingdoms, Karagwe Kingdom had stronger links to Arab trade networks, with notable trade depots in Kafuro and Kitengure. The presence of Arab traders at Kafuo was, however, short-lived after locals murdered Ahmed bin Ibrahim for his alleged meddling in internal power dynamics following the death of 30: 1184: 1217:, musical performances – singing, dancing, and playing of musical instruments – are integral parts of everyday life. As is the case in many African societies, among the Haya musical performances are inseparable from the daily events and the social, political and cultural life of the community. Traditionally, events such as marriage, funerals, worship, installation, praise, and exaltation of kings ( 745:(good) in his speeches. Langheld's method to keep Haya kings under German control was, in his own words, to "play one off against the other." His successor, Lieutenant Carl Herrmann, was no different regarding the use of diplomatic manipulation to keep Haya kingdoms under German control. Along with the arrival of Herrmann was Lieutenant Franz Richter − the Haya referred to Richter as a 659:) typically required foreigners, going so far as to refer to Speke and Grant as his guests. Speke's journal talks kindly of King Rumanyka's hospitality. Speke left Karagwe for Buganda in January 1862 while Grant, forced to remain due to a swollen foot, did not depart until April. The next European to visit the region was Welsh journalist 819:

1400 °C. During a 1976 experimental smelt, the preheating hypothesis was confirmed. This hypothesis was challenged by David Killick and defended by Schmidt and archaeologist Donald Avery in response to Killick's critique. Schmidt's preheating hypothesis was also tested and again supported by S. Terry Childs in 1996.

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samples in the region document the loss of forested habitats and the expansion of grasslands beginning around the 2nd millennium BC and continuing up to the 11th century AD. It is argued that part of the advancement of grasslands in Kagera Region was due to iron smelting as it required the production

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government abolished all forms of traditional kingship and chieftainship in the country. Kings with the necessary qualifications were offered jobs by the new government. Five Haya kings took up the offer while the others remained honorary kings and continued to perform their traditional religious and

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During the late 18th century, Kyamtwara Kingdom broke up due to revolts. Results of this breakup led to the founding of the kingdoms of Kihanja, Bukara, Lesser Kyamtwara and Bugabo. The outcome of this breakup divided leadership of the four new kingdoms between the Bahinda and the Bankango clans. The

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indicates some clans founded Haya kingdoms beginning around the 16th century, such as the Bankango clan of Kyamtwara Kingdom and the Bakama clan of Kiziba Kingdom. The third Haya kingdom during this period was Ihangiro to the south of Kyamtwara. Oral accounts state that the Bahinda royal clan entered

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rains from 1998 to 2000, followed by a severe drought, destroyed much of the crop. Rather than roast and brew coffee for drinking, the Haya sun-dry the beans and chew on them. Coffee beans are often provide for guests visiting the homestead and, traditionally, they are left as offerings to ancestors

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trade networks. It is unclear when the first Arabs arrived in Buhaya but records indicate the first Arab to visit Buganda was Ahmed bin Ibrahim in 1841, who later visited Karagwe Kingdom and built a residence at Kafuro a few miles east from the kingdom's capital, Bweranyange. By and large, the Arabs

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The death of a king brought about a mourning period that required everyone in the kingdom to cease all labor until a new king was installed. Anyone caught breaking this temporary ordinance would be punished. The installment of a new king was not always a smooth transition. Oral histories recount how

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in Tanzania. Described as a region hit hard by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, Kagera Region has an extensive history of HIV/AIDS research, ranging from statistics on reported cases, how families cope with infected loved ones, gender disparities, and the loss of traditional knowledge due to elders suffering

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Compared to Buhaya kingdoms, Karagwe Kingdom was more powerful. However, internal power struggles following the death of King Rumanyika I in 1881 destabilized the kingdom and, with the 1890s rinderpest epizootic killing upwards of 90% of Karagwe's cattle population, the kingdom went into a decline

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Following the Anglo-German Agreement of 1890, a boundary was drawn between British and German territories along the west side of Lake Victoria. This line placed Buganda under British influence and Buhaya under German influence. In 1902, the southern portion of Buganda known as Missenye was ceded,

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ceremonies conducted by the king each month and overseen by religious specialists. These ceremonies involved feasting, consumption of alcohol, offerings to gods and goddesses, and the use of a deceased king's regalia as ritual catalysts. The new moon ceremonies also required kings to visit sacred

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problems. Prior to modern medicine, Haya health issues were brought to the attention of traditional doctors (often diviners or priests) skilled in medicine and identifying sicknesses. Today, it is not uncommon for a Haya person to seek the services of both a traditional doctor as well as trained

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In the 1970s and 1980s, Schmidt documented a series of experimental smelts to understand social, cultural, and technological processes of past Haya iron making. A challenge at the time was that the Haya had abandoned iron smelting due to the introduction of cheap steel from foreign sources. Haya

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for around 2300–2000 years. This discovery happened when Schmidt was working at the village of Kataruka. Elders at Kataruka informed Schmidt that their ancestors had smelted iron underneath a sacred shrine tree called Kaiija ("the place of the forge"). Curious to verify their own history, elders

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steel making developed in Europe during the 19th century. These experiments led Schmidt to forward his "preheating hypothesis." This hypothesis proposes that preheating was a critical component to Early Iron Age technologies in the region, allowing temperatures inside a furnace to reach 1300 to

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and Bahamba (citizens of Kihanja) under the leadership of King Kahigi II, murdered hundreds of Haya from Bukara Kingdom. The event, referred to as the Ngogo massacre, is said to have occurred after Richter became irritated during a confrontation with a gathering of Bakara along the Ngogo River.

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is translated as "spitting pearls," which refers to the words of wisdom coming from mouths of those prophesying within. Along with military operations, kings were responsible for the fertility and prosperity of their kingdom such as good crops, healthy livestock, good hunting and fishing, and a

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All members of high tribe collectively identify with. Totems are typically an animal, and each clan has proscriptions such as not eating their totem or causing it harm. Haya who continue to practice this tradition believe that anyone who harms or consumes their totem will bring affliction to

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was off and on, lasting roughly three years and establishing social cohesion among different sub-counties. Estimates indicate 50% of the boys taken in were dismissed after the initial training period. Those who excelled were provided specialized training in the courses they did well in.

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Bahinda ruled Kihanja and Bukara while Lesser Kyamtwara and Bugabo were ruled by the Bankango. According to accounts, the Bankango took the opportunity to overthrow the Bahinda who depended on their power. When the German colonial government established their rule in

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in October 1860 and took them across the mainland where they arrived in Karagwe in November 1861. It is said that upon their arrival in Karagwe, King Rumanyika I consulted his spiritual advisers and, after clearing Speke and Grant of any threat, waived the entry fee

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reflected the social hierarchy of the village, with the chief's being the largest followed by religious authorities, clan leaders, sub-clan leaders, and common people. Haya kings often moved throughout their kingdom and lived in a similar structure called a

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way of life, leading to a greater reliance on other crops such as cassava and maize. Another concern cited is the growing youth population in the region and its impact on land inheritance as fathers divide their landholdings to such a degree that

854:) with a common, it is among the few early civilized tribes in Tanzania and east Africa due to the fact that haya adopted western culture and social aspect of westen than other tribes, and are considered as highly educated tribe in Tanzania. 691:

entered the region, whose interests were piqued due to news reports from Speke, Grant, and Stanley's travels. Rather than establish a colonial government, the Germans chose to have a privately sponsored colonialist company, the

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Mwijage, A.; Andersson, J.; de Ridder, N.; Baijukya, F.; Pacini, C.; Giller, K. "Impact of land tenure change on subsistence agriculture: Implication on farm productivity of the farming system in Bukoba district, Tanzania".

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Kyamtwara Kingdom during the 17th century, coopting the Bayango clan and establishing their rule under King Rugomora Mahe. The Bahinda clan, who ruled Karagwe Kingdom to the west, trace their ancestry to the first king of

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at shrines and, in the past, were used to seal blood-pacts by splitting a single bean in half, cutting one's navel, smearing blood onto the half-bean, and placing the bean in the other participant's mouth.

1106:) when they are in season. Traditionally, Haya women were required to harvest these grasshoppers by hand, storing captured grasshoppers in a woven basket, and roast them for men to consume. It was considered 734:, Pasha drew up treaties to submit to Haya kings and recognized chiefs in the region before the arrival of his successor Lieutenant Wilhelm Langheld. Under Langheld's leadership, Haya kingdoms were ruled 257:. This distinction is said to be based on cultural differences, with the Haya economy predominantly oriented toward fishing and other industries on Lake Victoria and the Banyambo predominately engaged in 559:

house. Newly elected kings would undergo the rituals of accession and, upon the completion these rituals, the temporary ordinance prohibiting labor would be lifted, bringing order back to the kingdom.

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Prior to the establishment of Haya kingdoms, land tenure was controlled by corporate groups such as the clan. Religion played a prominent role in pre-dynastic social structure as well and included

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nutrients from the soil and the landscapes physical makeup, notably along the coast of Lake Victoria, which provides only patches of fertile soil. To overcome these challenges, the Haya practice

261:. Other sources on the origin of the term Haya cite oral accounts that state it derives from a goddess named Muhaya, whose father was King Ruhinda Mushure. This second version is not as popular. 223:, on the western side of Lake Victoria. With over one million people, it is estimated the Haya make up approximately 4% of the population of Tanzania. Historically, the Haya have had a complex 1043:

includes beans with either beef or fish, and it is seen as a fulfilling meal compared to only consuming crops like maize and cassava. Other varieties of banana include those for making beer (

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Baijukya, F.P.; de Ridder, N.; Masuki, K.F.; Giller, K.E. (2005). "Dynamics of banana-based farming systems in Bukoba district, Tanzania: Changes in land use, cropping and cattle keeping".

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familiar with iron smelting practices were later tasked with recreating an iron furnace. This included gathering and preparing necessary materials such as iron ore, charcoal, clay to make

1055:) as well as non-cooking types considered to be sweet. Beyond food and nutrition, banana use among the Haya includes their ritual use as offerings to ancestors as well as a ritual called 1229:), healing practices such as cleansing and chasing away evil spirits, and all occasions calling for celebration produced performances. In 1952 world-renowned ethnomusicologist, 3167:"High initial HIV/AIDS-related mortality and its predictors among patients on antiretroviral therapy in the Kagera Region of Tanzania: A five-year retrospective cohort study" 492:). This program required all boys between the ages of 10 and 12 to report to the king's capital for schooling and training. Selection was carried out by the village headman ( 838:

grass reduced the need for charcoal. Furthermore, its use allows for a larger carbon contact surface with iron ore inside a furnace, creating a better smelting environment.

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is defined by wooden poles for structural support and include sections for men and women, corralling animals, and shrines honoring ancestors. It is said the size of the

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centers throughout their kingdom with offerings to ancient Bacwezi gods and goddesses believed to be capable of bringing prosperity, fertility, famine, and disease.

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farming, is central to Haya economic life. They are credited with the independent development of carbon steel dating to 2000 years ago using pre-heating techniques.

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Richter, who had a heavy hand in Haya affairs through military force and intimidation, has also been implicated in the massacre of 200 people in 1907 during the

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Important decisions made by kings such as going to war or conducting a raid on a neighboring kingdom are said to have been made inside a divining house called a

1033:) is the most important when it comes to Haya foodways. Kagera Region is said to produce nearly half of Tanzania's banana production with the cooking banana ( 2546:

Schmidt, Peter; Childs, S. Terry (1985). "Innovation and industry during the Early Iron Age in East Africa: The KM2 and KM3 sites of northwest Tanzania".

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Through the Dark Continent; Or, The Sources of the Nile: Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean

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Schmidt, Peter (2019). "Science in Africa: A history of ingenuity and invention in African iron technology". In Worger, W; Ambler, C; Achebe, N (eds.).

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The Haya referred to Langheld as "Bwana Mzuri" (Mr. Good) not because he was considered a good person but rather due to his overuse of the Swahili word

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plots are too small to produce enough bananas to feed new families, leading more Haya to orient their efforts to developing communal grasslands (

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They needed an ethnographer:" That is why they missed it!" Exploring the value of bananas among the Haya people of Bukoba, northwestern Tanzania

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Schmidt, Peter (2017). "Contests between heritage and history in Tanganyika/Tanzania: Insights arising from community-based heritage research".

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Ndomondo, Mathayo (2012). "A woman can sing and dance but cannot dance with high leaps: musical performance of the Haya of Bukoba, Tanzania".

528:. Inside this structure, the king, along with his most trusted advisers, would base their decisions on what the diviner(s) foretold. The term 3116:"Ethnomedicine of the Kagera Region, north western Tanzania. Part 3: Plants used in traditional medicine in Kikuku village, Muleba District" 298:

in Buhaya. Iron tools may have helped expand agricultural production in the region which included a combination of cereal crop cultivation (

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includes the performance of rituals as well as the consumption of alcohol during and after its completion. The spatial arrangement of each

810:, and grasses. Haya participating in these experiments were able to create a furnace and produce iron of similar quality as those found at 4519: 3216:

Lwihula, G; Kahlgren, L; Killewo, J; Sandstrom, A (1993). "AIDS epidemic in Kagera Region, Tanzania—The experiences of local people".

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Curtis, Kenneth (1992). "Cooperation and Cooptation: The Struggle for Market Control in the Bukoba District of Colonial Tanganyika".

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asked Schmidt to conduct an excavation underneath the sacred shrine tree. Results of this excavation led to the discovery of an iron

1114:. Today, this taboo is not followed and Haya men and women consume them. Along with the Haya, other cultural groups in southwestern 313:

Between 800 and 1500 AD, Bahaya lifeways were greatly influenced by other Bantu peoples moving in from an area further north in the

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in Bukoba which at the time was a swamp of uninhabited lower-lands along the shore of Lake Victoria. In addition to establishing a

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values that viewed the vernacular design as backwards, including its symbolic components that reflect traditional Haya religion.

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to a modern design vary and include the issue of space as land was further divided up among the family, Tanzania policies under

3065:"Ethnomedicine of the Kagera Region, north western Tanzania. Part 2: The medicinal plants used in Katoro Ward, Bukoba District" 1234: 2370: 1893: 1824: 1581:

Stewart, Kearsley (1993). "Iron Age ceramic studies in Great Lakes eastern Africa: A critical and historiographical review".

567: 387:, the kingdom of Mishenye, north of Kiziba Kingdom, was added, making the total number of Haya kingdoms seven. In 1963, the 1010:. Forested areas are used as well and include harvesting wood for building materials and charcoal to cook food. 4478: 4514: 3434: 383:

in the 1890s, there were six Haya kingdoms: Kiziba, Ihangiro, Kihanja, Bukara, Lesser Kyamtwara, and Bugabo. After the

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Schmidt, Peter (2014). "Hardcore ethnography: Interrogating the intersection of disease, human rights, and heritage".

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Killick, David (1996). "On claims for "advanced" ironworking technology in precolonial Africa". In Schmidt, P. (ed.).

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Githinji, Valerie (2011). "Food and nutrition insecurity, HIV/AIDS, and gendered vulnerability in Buhaya, Tanzania".

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Green Place, A Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the 15th Century

2231: 2800:"Rapid mass propagation and diffusion of new banana varieties among small-scale farmers in north western Tanzania" 2681:

Carlson, Robert (1990). "Banana beer, reciprocity, and ancestor propitiation among the Haya of Bukoba, Tanzania".

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Robertshaw, Peter; Taylor, David (2000). "Climate Change and the Rise of Political Complexity in Western Uganda".

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The African Epic Controversy: Historical, Philosophical and Aesthetic Perspectives on Epic Poetry and Performance

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groups) dating from the 5th century BC to the 6th century AD. Around 200 BC is when the first strong evidence of

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Shimwela, M; Blackburn, J; Jones, J; Nkuba, J; Narouei-Khandan, H; Ploetz, R; Beed, F; van Bruggen, A (2017).

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Schmidt, Peter; Avery, Donald (1983). "More Evidence for an Advanced Prehistoric Iron Technology in Africa".

1797:"Cattle herds and banana gardens: The historical geography of the western Great Lakes region, ca AD 800–1500" 1035: 2188:

Schmidt, Peter (1996). "Rhythmed time and its archaeological implications". In Pwiti, G.; Soper, R. (eds.).

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sites in the region, such as KM2 and KM3. Iron smelting documented during these experiments were similar to

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In 1978, the ancestral region to which the Haya belong was subject to an attempted annexation by the former

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Constancy and Chance:The Living Processes and Skills in Vernacular Architecture of Kagera Region – Tanzania

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Kristo au Wamara? Historia ya Dayosisi ya Kaskazini Magharibi ya Kanisa la Kiinjili la Kilutheri Tanzania

863:) dedicated to his ancestors. These family shrines are regularly provided offerings such as banana beer ( 775:; they also adopted the European style of formal education earlier when compared to other nearby tribes. 2626:

Childs, S. Terry (1996). "Technological history and culture in western Tanzania". In Schmidt, P. (ed.).

1894:"Differentiation of subsistence farming patterns among the Haya banana growers in northwestern Tanzania" 1130:

The Haya have a rich array of traditional medicines for treating sickness and disease. Research on Haya

928:). Today, most Haya live in square houses with a corrugated iron sheet roof. Reasons for the shift from 604:. Goods brought in for exchange included copper coils, cloth, salt, trade beads, Chinese porcelain, and 4483: 647: 3457: 2751:

Connectedness in Evolution: The Discourse of Modernity on the Ecosophy of the Haya People in Tanzania

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Schmidt, Peter; Avery, Donald (1978). "Complex Iron Smelting and Prehistoric Culture in Tanzania".

1151: 601: 2936:"Local and regional spread of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) in space and time in Kagera, Tanzania" 2513:

Schmidt, Peter (2019). "Listening and Waiting, Excavating Later". In Schmidt, P; Kehoe, A (eds.).

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the region became famous for yielding the first African Roman Catholic Cardinal the late Cardinal

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and priestesses) capable of communicating with or channeling ancient Bacwezi gods and goddesses.

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Northwest Tanzania Under German and British Rule: Colonial Policy and Tribal Politics, 1888–1939

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themselves as well as their family. Moreover, each male head of the household manages a shrine (

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The early history of Kitare in Western Uganda: Process models of religious and political change

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Schmidt, Peter (1997). "Archaeological Views on a History of Landscape Change in East Africa".

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becoming its own separate kingdom under German rule. The Germans referred to Kagera Region as

1206: 1202: 796: 3014:"The ethnomedicine of the Haya people of Bugabo ward, Kagera Region, north western Tanzania" 1678:

Shoenbrun, David (1993). "We are what we eat: Ancient agriculture between the Great Lakes".

1213:, as is the case in other areas where Buhaya culture is predominant in the Kagera Region in 508:

Young women are said to have been called to the king's court as well under a program called

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Weiss, Brad (1993). "'Buying her grave': Money, Movement and aids in north-west Tanzania".

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productive economy. Some of the most important rituals to ensure these conditions were the

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Linguistic evidence indicates the Haya settled in the Kagera Region during the time of the

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McMaster, D.N. (1960). "Change of regional balance in the Bukoba District of Tanganyika".

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from the virus passing away before they can transmit their wisdom to the next generation.

555:). The former king's regalia and ritual paraphernalia would be amassed and curated in his 8: 4488: 815: 757: 670: 388: 314: 2170:

Community-Based Heritage in Africa: Unveiling Local Research and Development Initiatives

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documents the use of dozens of plant species for treating a range of health issues from

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Agea, J., Biryomumaisho, D.,Buyinza, M., and Nabanoga, G. (2008). Commercialization of

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The Karagwe Kingdom: A History of the Abanyambo of North Western Tanzania, c. 1400–1915

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Poetry and AIDS in Tanzania: Changing Metaphors and Metonymies in Haya Oral Traditions

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Productive soils for raising crops have been a challenge for the Haya due to rainfall

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are built from the top down and are circular in shape with a conical peak. The word

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in 1885, put the Germans in competition with the British presence in Eastern Africa.

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Gallez, A.; Runyoro, G. T.; Mbehoma, C. B.; Van Den Houwe, I.; Swennen, R. (2004).

2690: 2555: 2465: 2316: 1979: 1949: 1908: 1857: 1808: 1687: 1644: 1590: 1539: 1485: 1371: 1361: 899:, translated as someone who is wealthy, powerful, and respected. Construction of a 826:

of charcoal on a large scale. By 1500 AD, Haya iron smelters introduced the use of

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Future decisions for non-royal positions were guided by a training program called

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These delegations were divided between two categories of authority: the princes (

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has greatly impacted banana production among the Haya. Moreover, the spread of

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Peter R. Schmidt discovered evidence through a combination of archaeology and

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Ford, J; Hall, R. de Z. (1946). "The History of Karagwe (Bukoba District)".

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from which it was never able to fully recover. It was around this time the

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Sacred Trees, Bitter Harvests: Globalizing Coffee in Northwestern Tanzania

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Avery, Donald; Schmidt, Peter (1996). "Preheating: Practice or illusion".

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for fisher-people) was originally used to differentiate the Haya from the

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Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

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O'Neill, Peter; Muhly, Jr., Frank; Wescott, Don; Schmidt, Peter (1988).

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Religion and Resistance: East African Kingdoms in the Precolonial Period

1602: 867:), unripe bananas, and dried coffee beans to appease ancestral spirits. 4470: 4129: 3843: 3488: 3272: 2702: 2559: 1812: 1594: 1551: 1160: 1080: 966:) surrounding the homestead, tended to all year round as bananas are a 724:. Pasha, with a contingent of around 40 soldiers, established a German 721: 513: 350: 2952: 2935: 2882: 2826: 1991: 1699: 1656: 1490: 1473: 1233:, recorded songs of the Haya people. These songs are preserved by the 1068: 846:

Traditionally, the Haya are a patrilineal society structured around a

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believed to assist in a child's growth. Raised alongside bananas are

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African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music

3264: 2694: 1039:) making up the majority of the banana yield. The popular food dish 500:

included the art and science of war, history, and culture. Overall,

29: 4438: 2874: 2530: 2500:

Iron Technology in East Africa: Symbolism, Science, and Archaeology

1983: 1912: 1744:

Historical Archaeology: A Structural Approach in an African Culture

1214: 1007: 811: 651: 534: 516:

accounts, was largely to appease the sexual appetites of the king.

279: 220: 60: 642:

during their 1860–1861 expedition in search for the source of the

3729: 2913:

Regional Report, 2002/2003: National Sample Census of Agriculture

2797: 2585:. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. pp. 247–266. 1135: 1102: 995: 979: 879:

Mushonge Museum on the Kamachumu Plateau, Kagera Region, Tanzania

778: 489: 461: 401: 326: 303: 129: 88: 3000:

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition, and Development

2773:. Stockholm, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. 4450: 3215: 3012:

Moshi, M; Otieno, D; Donald, F; Mbabazi, P; Weishei, A (2009).

1198: 1164: 1115: 1100:). Communal grasslands include harvesting edible grasshoppers ( 1076: 1060: 1048: 959: 934: 807: 750: 717: 605: 363: 354: 228: 2207:. Translated by Kamanzi, G. Kashozi, Tanganyika: Rumuli Press. 4493: 2974: 2600:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. pp. 267–276. 2517:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. pp. 177–201. 2192:. Harare, Zimbabwe: University of Zimbabwe. pp. 655–662. 1939: 1170:

Historically, Kagera Region had the first documented case of

1147: 1107: 999: 975: 855: 580: 307: 283: 2933: 847: 643: 224: 2423:"Culture heritage and tradition Kagera – Bukoba- Tanzania" 3062: 3011: 2643:

Traditional Moral Formation among the Bahaya of Tanzania

2357:

Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (1999-10-27).

2012:. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison. 412:

eventually led to the toppling of his government by the

2863:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

2100:

Kiziba, the Cultural Heritage of an old African Kingdom

456:) of royal descent and the king's non-royal followers ( 2665:. Stuttgart, Germany: Verlag van Strecker und Schröde. 2628:

The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production

2598:

The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production

2583:

The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production

2220:"Ahmed bin Ibrahim – the first Arab to reach Buganda" 1225:) and heroic recitations or self-praise recitations ( 3296:

Journal of Research in Peace, Gender and Development

3063:

Moshi, M; Otieno, D; Mbabazi, P; Weishei, A (2010).

1237:. A sample of one of these songs include the use of 336: 3113: 2535:. Watertown, MA: Documentary Educational Resources. 2259:. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. 2257:

What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile

713:(inter-lake area) and included Rwanda and Burundi. 227:-based political system. Agriculture, particularly 2753:. Pretoria, SA: African Institute of South Africa. 1472:Whiteley, Peter; Xue, Ming; Wheeler, Ward (2018). 1471: 1446:. Bukoba, TZ: Northwestern Publishers. p. 30. 1087:(BXW) into the region around 2006 is changing the 1067:for the Haya until market influences coupled with 579:By the mid-19th century the Haya were linked into 562: 373: 3164: 2615:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 267–288. 790:that the Haya had been smelting iron ore to make 703: 681: 663:in 1874. Stanley's expedition, subsidized by the 4506: 1847: 2767:Rural Organization in Bukoba District, Tanzania 2630:. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. 2359:"Haya,an ethnic group of northwestern Tanzania" 2309:Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage 2122:. Dar es Salaam, TZ: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. 575:shells being used as currency by an Arab trader 1766:. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale. 1317:, Former State House Secretary and Academician 1193:Traditional Haya dance, filmed by Evan Poncian 834:grass). As a fast-growing renewable resource, 779:Archaeological discoveries and iron technology 3456: 3442: 2545: 2076:. Nairobi, KY: East African Publishing House. 2038:. Nairobi, KY: East African Publishing House. 432:) at the top followed by the chief minister ( 408:, whose invasion of the Kagera region in the 2595: 2502:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 2455: 2346:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1521: 321:, whose descendants founded the kingdoms of 264: 3165:Mageda, K; Leyna, G.H; Mmbaga, E.J (2012). 2394:"UGANDA: Profile of Yoweri Kaguta Museveni" 2356: 1321: 998:and grass cutting for various uses such as 945: 608:shells. The introduction of cowrie shells ( 3449: 3435: 2998:(nsenene grasshoppers) in central Uganda. 2978:Journal of African Studies and Development 2722: 1794: 1776: 920:gradually shifted to a mud walled design ( 471: 244: 28: 3404: 3192: 3182: 3141: 3131: 3120:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3114:Moshi, M; Otieno, D; Weisheit, A (2012). 3090: 3080: 3069:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3039: 3029: 3018:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2951: 2825: 2815: 2640: 1677: 1489: 1375: 1365: 716:In November 1890, the Germans arrived in 3347: 3293: 2763: 2284: 2202: 2117: 1969: 1456: 1441: 1182: 1012: 874: 618: 566: 194: 3312: 2748: 2680: 2610: 2580: 2512: 2497: 2306: 2269: 2187: 2167: 2146:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2074:Political Development in Rural Tanzania 2067: 2065: 2007: 1942:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 1741: 1737: 1634: 1580: 1347: 958:framed around three types of land: the 883:The traditional Haya house is called a 4507: 2860: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2625: 2398:IRIN Africa humanitarian news analysis 2341: 2302: 2300: 2250: 2248: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2141: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2003: 2001: 1965: 1963: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1235:International Library of African Music 1125: 395: 3430: 3250: 2895: 2660: 2526: 2524: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2254: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2071: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1843: 1841: 1790: 1788: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1197:In the area covering the present day 1159:medical specialists working at local 682:European colonialism in Buhaya 646:. Their expedition, sponsored by the 460:). During British colonial rule, the 3397:South East Academic Libraries System 2217: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1412: 541: 47:Regions with significant populations 3390: 2731: 2709: 2669: 2649: 2297: 2245: 2176: 2150: 2080: 2042: 2016: 1998: 1960: 1933: 1750: 1714: 634:to pass through Kagera Region were 294:settlements were established along 13: 2764:Rald, Jorgen; Rald, Karen (1975). 2521: 2476: 2444: 2126: 2106: 1876: 1838: 1785: 1770: 1617: 1506: 974:) for supplementary foods such as 596:were most interested in acquiring 14: 4531: 4520:Indigenous peoples of East Africa 2645:. Nairobi, KY: CEUA Publications. 1801:The African Archaeological Review 1583:The African Archaeological Review 1409: 519: 345:beliefs guided by practitioners ( 337:Kingdoms (16th to 18th centuries) 282:and were part of the iron-making 1746:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 1079:and other types of agricultural 419: 310:, and the gradual use of beans. 269: 53: 3384: 3341: 3327:10.1179/2159032X14Z.00000000033 3306: 3287: 3244: 3209: 3158: 3107: 3056: 3005: 2988: 2968: 2927: 2904: 2889: 2854: 2834: 2791: 2780:from the original on 2019-11-17 2757: 2634: 2619: 2604: 2589: 2574: 2539: 2506: 2415: 2404:from the original on 2011-10-24 2386: 2350: 2335: 2278: 2263: 2234:from the original on 2020-10-30 2211: 2196: 1922:from the original on 2020-10-20 1827:from the original on 2021-11-06 1671: 1398:from the original on 2021-10-21 1308: 1271: 1244: 938:aimed a rural development, and 694:Society for German Colonization 623:James A. Grant on his way from 563:Arab trade and European contact 374:Kingdoms (19th century to 1963) 2840:Kamanzi, Adalbertus. (2012). " 2613:A Companion to African History 2344:A Modern History of Tanganyika 2190:Aspects of African Archaeology 1680:The Journal of African History 1574: 1465: 1450: 1435: 1384: 1341: 1249: 924:) and then a mudbrick design ( 704:German colonialism (1890–1919) 385:Anglo-German agreement of 1890 16:Bantu ethnic group of Tanzania 1: 2723:Lwamayanga, Cyriacus (2008). 2548:African Archaeological Review 2321:10.1080/20518196.2017.1308300 1544:10.1126/science.201.4361.1085 1334: 551:) within his royal compound ( 512:. This program, according to 2924:United Republic of Tanzania. 2804:African Crop Science Journal 2749:Kamanzi, Adalbertus (2014). 2458:Journal of Field Archaeology 2287:Tanganyika Notes and Records 2205:Amakuru G'Abakama ba Kiziba 2118:Mulokozi, Mugyabuso (2002). 1781:. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. 1431:. Mwanza, TZ: Lake Printers. 1122:for food as well as income. 234: 7: 3417: 3171:AIDS Research and Treatment 1221:), celebratory war dances ( 990:; and communal grasslands ( 870: 696:. This society, founded by 286:culture (ancestral to many 10: 4536: 2515:Archaeologies of Listening 2470:10.1179/009346983791504228 2270:Stanley, Henry M. (1978). 2172:. New York, NY: Routledge. 1954:10.1016/j.agee.2004.08.010 1850:Journal of African History 1795:Schoenbrun, David (1993). 1777:Schoenbrun, David (1998). 1637:Journal of African History 1442:Mutembei, Richard (1993). 1429:History of Bukoba District 1152:gastrointestinal disorders 1063:shrubs, a once prosperous 841: 802:to the 1st millennium BC. 648:Royal Geographical Society 479: 389:newly independent Tanzania 331:1890s rinderpest epizootic 4515:Ethnic groups in Tanzania 4469: 4437: 4384: 4356: 4323: 4295: 4277: 4249: 4206: 4168: 4120: 4077: 4049: 4016: 3973: 3935: 3877: 3829: 3781: 3753: 3700: 3662: 3629: 3601: 3573: 3530: 3507: 3464: 3458:Ethnic groups in Tanzania 3230:10.1080/09540129308258617 1862:10.1017/S0021853799007653 1692:10.1017/S0021853700032989 1649:10.1017/S002185379700697X 1474:"Revising the Bantu tree" 1392:"PeopleGroups.org - Haya" 895:comes from the Haya term 265:Haya history and kingdoms 182: 171: 160: 149: 144: 99: 94: 83: 78: 71: 66: 51: 46: 41: 36: 27: 2900:. Portsmouth: Heinemann. 2817:10.4314/acsj.v12i1.27657 2641:Rwelamira, J.B. (2003). 1901:African Study Monographs 1457:Mutembei, Aldin (2001). 1348:Malipua, Mrisho (2014). 1322:Entertainers and artists 946:Agriculture and foodways 763:With the arrival of the 448:), and village headmen ( 440:), council of advisers ( 2661:Rehse, Hermann (1910). 2498:Schmidt, Peter (1997). 2274:. Toronto: J.B. Magurn. 2255:Speke, John H. (1864). 2203:Lwamgira, F.X. (1949). 2168:Schmidt, Peter (2017). 2034:Katoke, Israel (1975). 2008:Tantala, Renee (1989). 1892:Maruo, Satoshi (2002). 1742:Schmidt, Peter (1978). 1178: 1085:Banana Xanthomonas Wilt 1075:The shortage of cattle 930:vernacular architecture 472: 470:replaced the Haya term 317:region. These northern 245: 199:Kagera Region, Tanzania 3362:10.21504/amj.v9i2.1802 3133:10.1186/1746-4269-8-14 3082:10.1186/1746-4269-6-19 3031:10.1186/1746-4269-5-24 2910:Kagera Region (2007). 2663:Kiziba: Land und Luete 2142:Austen, Ralph (1968). 1367:10.21825/af.v27i2.4882 1194: 1022: 880: 627: 576: 215:ethnic group based in 200: 2342:Iliffe, John (1979). 2098:Ishumi, Abel (1980). 2072:Hyden, Goran (1969). 1762:Berger, Iris (1981). 1288:Bishorp Josiah Kibila 1192: 1016: 970:plant; family plots ( 878: 720:under the command of 622: 570: 198: 95:Related ethnic groups 3315:Heritage and Society 2896:Weiss, Brad (2003). 1330:, Tanzanian musician 661:Henry Morton Stanley 89:Islam, Haya religion 3184:10.1155/2012/843598 2218:Gray, J.M. (1947). 1972:Geographical Review 1536:1978Sci...201.1085S 1530:(4361): 1085–1089. 1427:Cory, Hans (1958). 1126:Health and medicine 816:open hearth furnace 758:Maji Maji Rebellion 571:1845 print showing 410:Uganda-Tanzania War 396:Uganda-Tanzania War 392:ceremonial duties. 315:African Great Lakes 255:Banyambo of Karagwe 24: 4484:Chinese Tanzanians 2918:2020-10-24 at the 2847:2019-11-17 at the 2560:10.1007/BF01117455 1813:10.1007/BF01118142 1595:10.1007/BF01118141 1266:Innocent Bashungwa 1195: 1023: 1021:, Bukoba, Tanzania 881: 711:Zwischenseengebiet 628: 577: 444:), county chiefs ( 201: 22: 4502: 4501: 4489:Indian Tanzanians 3391:Kaijage, Komile. 2996:Ruspolia nitidula 2953:10.1111/ppa.12637 2372:978-0-465-00071-5 1491:10.1111/cla.12353 1283:Cardinal Lugambwa 1278:Sir George Kahama 1190: 1110:for women to eat 542:Death and renewal 473:omukuru we kibuga 434:omukuru we kibuga 193: 192: 140: 139: 4527: 4479:White Tanzanians 3451: 3444: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3196: 3186: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3145: 3135: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3084: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3033: 3009: 3003: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2955: 2946:(6): 1003–1014. 2931: 2925: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2858: 2852: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2819: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2746: 2729: 2728: 2720: 2707: 2706: 2678: 2667: 2666: 2658: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2533:The Tree of Iron 2528: 2519: 2518: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2495: 2474: 2473: 2453: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2429:. Archived from 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2390: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2124: 2123: 2115: 2104: 2103: 2095: 2078: 2077: 2069: 2040: 2039: 2031: 2014: 2013: 2005: 1996: 1995: 1967: 1958: 1957: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1898: 1889: 1874: 1873: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1748: 1747: 1739: 1712: 1711: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1632: 1615: 1614: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1519: 1504: 1503: 1493: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1424: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1379: 1369: 1345: 1293:Rwekaza mkandala 1191: 773:Laurean Rugambwa 614:King Rumanyika I 475: 414:Army of Tanzania 248: 142: 141: 59: 57: 56: 37:Total population 32: 25: 21: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4465: 4433: 4380: 4352: 4319: 4291: 4273: 4245: 4202: 4164: 4116: 4073: 4045: 4012: 3969: 3931: 3873: 3825: 3777: 3749: 3696: 3658: 3625: 3597: 3569: 3526: 3503: 3460: 3455: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3389: 3385: 3346: 3342: 3311: 3307: 3292: 3288: 3265:10.2307/1161296 3249: 3245: 3214: 3210: 3163: 3159: 3112: 3108: 3061: 3057: 3010: 3006: 2993: 2989: 2973: 2969: 2940:Plant Pathology 2932: 2928: 2920:Wayback Machine 2909: 2905: 2894: 2890: 2859: 2855: 2849:Wayback Machine 2839: 2835: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2747: 2732: 2721: 2710: 2695:10.2307/3773600 2679: 2670: 2659: 2650: 2639: 2635: 2624: 2620: 2609: 2605: 2594: 2590: 2579: 2575: 2544: 2540: 2529: 2522: 2511: 2507: 2496: 2477: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2434: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2355: 2351: 2340: 2336: 2305: 2298: 2283: 2279: 2268: 2264: 2253: 2246: 2237: 2235: 2216: 2212: 2201: 2197: 2186: 2177: 2166: 2151: 2140: 2127: 2116: 2107: 2096: 2081: 2070: 2043: 2032: 2017: 2006: 1999: 1968: 1961: 1938: 1934: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1896: 1890: 1877: 1846: 1839: 1830: 1828: 1793: 1786: 1775: 1771: 1760: 1751: 1740: 1715: 1676: 1672: 1633: 1618: 1579: 1575: 1520: 1507: 1470: 1466: 1455: 1451: 1440: 1436: 1425: 1410: 1401: 1399: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1377:1854/LU-6841800 1346: 1342: 1337: 1324: 1311: 1274: 1261:Charles Mwijage 1252: 1247: 1183: 1181: 1140:skin conditions 1128: 948: 873: 844: 781: 706: 684: 675:Daily Telegraph 666:New York Herald 565: 544: 522: 482: 422: 398: 376: 339: 276:Bantu expansion 272: 267: 237: 219:, northwestern 54: 52: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4533: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4301: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3835: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3668: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3579: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3406:10962/d1013480 3383: 3340: 3321:(2): 170–188. 3305: 3286: 3243: 3224:(3): 347–357. 3208: 3157: 3106: 3055: 3004: 3002:8(3): 319–332. 2987: 2967: 2926: 2903: 2888: 2875:10.2307/219023 2869:(3): 505–538. 2853: 2833: 2790: 2756: 2730: 2708: 2689:(4): 297–311. 2668: 2648: 2633: 2618: 2603: 2588: 2573: 2538: 2520: 2505: 2475: 2464:(4): 421–434. 2443: 2414: 2400:. 2006-02-15. 2385: 2371: 2349: 2334: 2296: 2277: 2262: 2244: 2224:Uganda Journal 2210: 2195: 2175: 2149: 2125: 2105: 2079: 2041: 2015: 1997: 1984:10.2307/212336 1959: 1948:(4): 395–406. 1932: 1913:10.14989/68219 1907:(4): 147–175. 1875: 1837: 1784: 1769: 1749: 1713: 1670: 1643:(3): 393–421. 1616: 1573: 1505: 1484:(3): 329–348. 1464: 1449: 1434: 1408: 1383: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1303:Rughe Mutahaba 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1256:Anna Tibaijuka 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241:drum rhythms. 1180: 1177: 1127: 1124: 996:animal grazing 984:sweet potatoes 947: 944: 916:(palace). The 872: 869: 843: 840: 788:oral tradition 780: 777: 705: 702: 683: 680: 640:James A. Grant 564: 561: 543: 540: 521: 520:War and ritual 518: 481: 478: 446:bami b'enshozi 436:), ministers ( 421: 418: 397: 394: 375: 372: 347:spirit mediums 338: 335: 323:Bunyoro-Kitara 292:Early Iron Age 271: 268: 266: 263: 236: 233: 191: 190: 184: 180: 179: 173: 169: 168: 162: 158: 157: 151: 147: 146: 138: 137: 97: 96: 92: 91: 81: 80: 76: 75: 69: 68: 64: 63: 49: 48: 44: 43: 39: 38: 34: 33: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4532: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4248: 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