1479:
2903:
194:
1149:. This is a mechanism that illustrates whether the subjects are the same for multiple verbs within a sentence. The marker "-k" states that the subject-references are identical, and the marker "-m" is used when the first and second subjects are different for two verbs. The following sentences are examples of each, with the markers bolded for illustrative purposes:
905:
Morphologically, Hualapai-Havasupai is classified by WALS as weakly suffixing. There are different affixes for nouns, verbs, and particles in
Hualapai-Havasupai, and there exist suffixes that can change nouns to verbs and vice versa. The affixes that exist—apart from word roots—are generally short in
863:
Short vowels may sometimes be reduced to or dropped completely when they occur in an unstressed syllable, primarily in a word-initial context. In addition to this chart, there are four attested diphthongs that are common for this language: /aʊ/ as in 'cow', /aɪ/ as in 'lie', /eɪ/ as in 'they', and
701:
The phonemic difference between /β/ and /v/ is widely discussed in the literature. Watahomigie et al. poses that the use of /β/ is attributed to older generations of
Hualapai dialect speakers, and Edwin Kozlowski notes that in the Hualapai dialect, is weakened to in weak-stressed syllables. Thus,
1367:
Havasupai and
Hualapai have developed separate orthographies in order to distinguish the two tribes socially and culturally. Hualapai's orthography was developed in the 1970s partly as an effort to preserve the language for pedagogical and historical purposes. Both of the orthographies are adapted
896:
At word boundaries, syllabification breaks up consonant clusters to CVC or CV structure as much as is possible. CCC and CCCC clusters occur, but they are always broken up by a syllable boundary (that is, C-CC/CC-C or CC-CC). Syllable-initial CC clusters are either composed of (1) /θ/, /s/, or /h/,
1042:
occurs in the language. This is notable with verbs of belonging, such as with the noun "nyigwáy(ya)," meaning "shirt." To say "to be wearing a shirt" the noun form "nyigwáy" is incorporated into the verb, appearing with a prefix for person, and suffixes for reflexiveness and auxiliaries. The noun
992:
Particles exist as interjections, adverbs, possessive pronouns, and articles. There are relatively few particles that exist in the language. They can be marked through prefixes for subordination and intensity in the same way as nouns and through the suffix /-é/, which indicates adverbial place.
297:
For illustrative purposes, the following chart is the consonant inventory of the
Hualapai dialect of the language, which varies slightly from the Havasupai dialect. Because the two dialects have different orthographies, IPA symbols are used here. For more information about how these sounds are
272:
The modern
Hualapai and Havasupai have separate sociopolitical identities, but a consensus among linguists is that the differences in speech among them lie only at the dialect level, rather than constituting separate languages, and the differences between the two dialects have been reported as
884:
can only have weak stress. Primary stresses occur at regularly timed intervals in an utterance. Secondary stresses occur according to an alternating-stress system, which most commonly dictates that two secondary stresses follow a primary stressed (phonetically long) vowel.
697:
feature in many stops and affricates in
Hualapai-Havasupai. Often, consonant sounds are realized in different ways in different phonetic environments. For example, if a glottal stop occurs at the beginning of a word, it may sometimes be replaced by a vowel such as /a/.
934:
plural, and multiple plural. There are six types of aspect, and any verb can have as many as three and as few as zero aspect markers. The six types are distributive-iterative, continued, interrupted, perfective, imperfective, and habitual.
2223:"Tim: Tñuda Hobaja". Hinton, Leanne et al., prepared by the Havasupai Bilingual Education Program (authors credited as "Viya Tñudv Leanne Hinton-j, Rena Crook-m, Edith Putesoy-m hmug-g yoovjgwi. Clark Jack-j"). Supai, Arizona 1978–1984.
876:, which governs many parts of the phonological structure of the language, including where long vowels occur, what kind of consonant clusters can occur and where, and how syllable boundaries are divided. There are three types of
893:
The most common syllable structures that occur in
Havasupai-Hualapai are CV, CVC, and VC; however, consonant clusters of two or three consonants can and do occur initially, medially, and finally.
914:
Verbs are marked for person (first, second, and third) through the prefixes /a-/, /ma-/, and /ø-/, respectively. Many other affixes attach to the verb to reveal information like tense,
280:, and sometimes they are grouped together for means of linguistic classification (see Ethnologue). Regarding the relationship of Havasupai and Hualapai to Yavapai, Warren Gazzam, a
264:
classifies the
Havasupai dialect as endangered and the Hualapai dialect as vulnerable. There are efforts at preserving both dialects through bilingual education programs.
1518:
As of 2004, "a
Wycliffe Bible Translators project ... under way to translate the Old and the New Testaments into the Havasupai language" was progressing slowly.
705:
Long and short vowels are contrastive in the language. The following is a minimal pair illustrating of the phonemic contrast of
Havasupai-Hualapai vowel length:
1090:
Similar processes occur with kinship terms and verbs of belonging such as with the following noun "bi:", which means "female's brother's child/nephew/niece":
922:, number, adverbial qualities, and conjunctivity. The verb suffixes /-wi/ and /-yu/ are divisive for verbs and are weak-stressed by-forms of /wí/, meaning
281:
256:, a language spoken in northern Baja California. There are two main dialects of this language: the Havasupai dialect is spoken in the bottom of the
2193:
2162:
2698:
260:, while the Hualapai dialect is spoken along the southern rim. As of 2010, there were approximately 1500 speakers of Havasupai-Hualapai.
2248:
626:
2944:
2929:
2170:
Watahomigie, Lucille J.; Bender, Jorigine; Powskey, Malinda; Steele, Josie; Watahomigie, Philbert, Sr.; Yamamoto, Akira Y. (2003).
1137:
This can be considered a more iconic form of noun incorporation, as the noun doesn't also occur outside the incorporate verb form.
2939:
2220:"Baahj muhm hatm hwag gyu". Hinton, Leanne et al., prepared by the Havasupai Bilingual Education Program. Supai, Arizona 1978.
2044:
284:
speaker, reported that "they (Hualapais) speak the same language as we do, some words or accents are a little different".
663:
652:
216:
2691:
2009:
1776:
1027:
1856:
198:
The Hualapai and Havasupai reservations are circled on this map in purple, where most speakers of the language live.
2907:
461:
2715:
840:
835:
807:
802:
569:
206:
978:
Case: /-t͡ʃ/ nominative, /-ø/ accusative, /-k/ allative-adessive, /-l/ illative-inessive, /-m/ ablative-abessive
2146:
2798:
245:
83:
2783:
2684:
2241:
1508:
spoken by 100% of its tribal members. Also as of 2005, Havasupai remained the first language of residents of
1824:
1487:
821:
816:
589:
575:
2884:
2816:
1039:
1007:
975:
Definiteness: /-a/ the (a certain), /-i/ the (this other), /-u/ the (that other), /-o/, the former (that)
774:
769:
606:
2373:
2357:
852:
847:
670:
582:
454:
438:
2281:
1501:
562:
2620:
2559:
2234:
788:
783:
694:
690:
482:
447:
2137:
Watahomigie, Lucille J.; Bender, Jorigine; Watahomigie, Philbert, Sr.; Yamamoto, Akira Y. (2001).
2737:
2579:
1882:
468:
2214:"Gwe gnaavja". Havasu Baaja / Havasupai Tribe, Bilingual Education Program. Supai, Arizona 1985.
2368:
2363:
2174:. ELPR Publications. Vol. A2-041. Kyoto: Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Project.
2141:. ELPR Publications. Vol. A2-003. Kyoto: Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Project.
2765:
2573:
2476:
2346:
2341:
2306:
2217:"Havsuw gwaawj tñudg siitja". Havasupai Bilingual Education Program. Supai, Arizona 1970s(?).
646:
392:
381:
314:
880:: primary, secondary, and weak. All vowels can have any of these three types of stress, but
2724:
2707:
2567:
2520:
877:
399:
8:
2609:
919:
556:
540:
533:
526:
510:
427:
346:
2778:
2392:
2811:
2596:
2548:
2534:
2489:
2288:
2187:
2156:
2125:
2117:
2088:
2080:
1960:
1496:
915:
881:
406:
326:
309:
930:
These occur on all verbs. The three numbers that can be marked in verbs are singular,
183:
176:
169:
2934:
2821:
2527:
2511:
2482:
2445:
2424:
2322:
2315:
2274:
2265:
2175:
2142:
2129:
2092:
2040:
2015:
2005:
1964:
1832:
1767:
1011:
331:
244:
peoples of northwestern Arizona. Havasupai–Hualapai belongs to the Pai branch of the
212:
2879:
2836:
2831:
2806:
2747:
2634:
2603:
2497:
2455:
2414:
2351:
2333:
2109:
2072:
2032:
1972:
1952:
1527:
1146:
519:
341:
321:
277:
249:
49:
1938:. Vol. 10: Southwest. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 4–12.
1929:. Vol. 17: Languages. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 1–16.
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1587:
2826:
2732:
2471:
2450:
2398:
2383:
2295:
2257:
1988:
969:
Number: /-t͡ʃ/ paucal plural, /-uv/ multiple plural, no affix for singular number
375:
336:
253:
75:
53:
2788:
2667:
2645:
2628:
2541:
2429:
1771:
1678:
1509:
614:
422:
125:
1560:
2923:
2852:
2773:
2755:
2651:
2640:
2419:
2208:
2019:
1910:
1836:
1763:
1505:
1015:
948:
751:
489:
475:
2179:
2614:
1922:
1515:
The Lord's Prayer, John 3:16, and hymns were printed in Havasupai in 1934.
1491:
1478:
1369:
944:
496:
257:
132:
2036:
152:
763:
746:
193:
2676:
2121:
2084:
1934:
Kendall, Martha B. (1983). "Yuman languages". In Ortiz, Alfonso (ed.).
1915:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
1565:
829:
756:
2031:. Janua Linguarum, Series Practica. Vol. 57. The Hauge: Mouton.
1671:
873:
796:
241:
162:
145:
2136:
1699:
1266:
Note that in the following sentence, both subject markers are used:
2113:
2076:
1956:
1762:
951:, as can be seen by the lists of noun suffixes and prefixes below:
237:
224:
2226:
236:(Havasupai–Walapai) is the Native American language spoken by the
1804:
1145:
Havasupai-Hualapai, like other Yuman languages, is known for its
1043:
form obligatorily also occurs before its incorporated verb form:
220:
37:
1857:"Indigenous Voices of the Colorado Plateau – Havasupai Overview"
897:
followed by any consonant or (2) any consonant followed by /w/.
267:
931:
906:
phonemic length, restricted to C, CV, VC, or V in composition.
298:
depicted in writing, see the Orthography section of this page.
261:
2169:
2000:
Miyaoka, Osahito; Sakiyama, Osamu; Krauss, Michael E. (2007).
1030:
case marking system, as mentioned in the morphology section.
1943:
Kozlowski, Edwin (1976). "Remarks on Havasupai phonology".
1486:
This dialect is spoken by approximately 639 people on the
223:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1640:
721:
706:
1652:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1734:
1732:
1604:
1999:
1810:
1781:. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
1705:
1628:
2100:
Redden, James E. (1966b). "Walapai II: Morphology".
302:
Consonant sounds in the Havasupai–Hualapai language
1825:"Within the Grand Canyon, the Lure of Havasu Falls"
1785:
1729:
1616:
702:the underlying form /v-ul/ "to ride" surfaces as .
2063:Redden, James E. (1966a). "Walapai I: Phonology".
1744:
66:Hualapai: about 1,000, all ages (2015 census)
1717:
1588:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
2921:
1925:(1996). "Introduction". In Goddard, Ives (ed.).
1977:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
1975:(1996). "Bibliography of the Yuman languages".
958:Subordinate: /-ɲi/ 'subordinate to, related to'
2692:
2242:
2102:International Journal of American Linguistics
2065:International Journal of American Linguistics
1945:International Journal of American Linguistics
268:Regional variation and mutual intelligibility
2192:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2161:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1262:"Rhiannon took off the dress and washed it.
2699:
2685:
2249:
2235:
2207:"A dictionary of the Havasupai language".
2002:The vanishing languages of the Pacific rim
192:
2029:A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism
1942:
1711:
1658:
1315:
1006:Havasupai-Hualapai's basic word order is
2706:
1995:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1909:
1610:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1477:
872:Havasupai-Hualapai's prosodic system is
2099:
2062:
1971:
1933:
1921:
1798:
1738:
1634:
1622:
1251:Rhiannon-SUBJ dress-DEM {3/3.take off}-
217:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2922:
2053:
1987:
1822:
1750:
1646:
1334:
1230:
1121:
1074:
276:The language even bears similarity to
2680:
2230:
2172:A Dictionary of the Hualapai Language
2026:
1993:The Languages of Native North America
1880:
1723:
1575:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1358:"John hit Mary and she (Mary) cried."
1179:
1033:
888:
306:
1500:article, it was considered the only
1473:
1330:
1326:
1310:
1306:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1113:
1109:
1066:
1062:
2256:
2004:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1811:Miyaoka, Sakiyama & Krauss 2007
1140:
972:Demonstrative: /-ɲ/ that, /-v/ this
943:Nouns are marked for number, case,
248:, together with its close relative
68:Over 500 Havasupai, all ages (2007)
13:
2201:
1936:Handbook of North American Indians
1927:Handbook of North American Indians
1777:World Atlas of Language Structures
1545:
1338:
1234:
16:Pai language spoken in Arizona, US
14:
2956:
1117:
1070:
851:
846:
839:
834:
820:
815:
806:
801:
787:
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773:
768:
669:
662:
651:
625:
605:
588:
581:
574:
568:
561:
539:
532:
525:
518:
509:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
453:
446:
437:
405:
398:
391:
380:
2902:
2901:
2056:Walapai Phonology and Morphology
1271:Different subject-reference "-m"
1154:Identical subject-reference "-k"
173: Havasupai‑Walapai‑Yavapai
2945:Indigenous languages of Arizona
1903:
1874:
1849:
1816:
1756:
1285:
1168:
1021:
689:As shown from the chart above,
1664:
1530:, the people generally called
1512:, the tribal government seat.
1362:
1:
1823:Cepeda, Raquel (2015-09-04).
1772:"Havasupai–Hualapai language"
1672:"California Language Archive"
1538:
1133:"Yes, I have a nephew/niece."
1001:
961:Intensive: /vi-/ 'very, just'
900:
292:
246:Yuman–Cochimí language family
1488:Havasupai Indian Reservation
987:
827:
794:
761:
644:
612:
554:
502:
420:
373:
287:
7:
2930:Havasupai–Hualapai language
1521:
10:
2961:
2139:Hualapai Reference Grammar
1917:. Oxford University Press.
1881:Arave, Lynn (2004-04-17).
1083:shirt 3/1-shirt(-REFL)-AUX
1080:nyigwáy '-nyiggwa:y(-v)-wi
981:Appellative: /-é/ vocative
2897:
2872:
2865:
2845:
2797:
2764:
2746:
2723:
2714:
2661:
2588:
2558:
2510:
2464:
2438:
2407:
2382:
2332:
2305:
2264:
2054:Redden, James E. (1965).
1561:Havasupai‑Walapai‑Yavapai
1482:Havasupai language class.
1376:Hualapai alphabet (1979)
1026:Havasupai-Hualapai has a
996:
867:
645:
613:
555:
421:
374:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
313:
308:
203:
191:
160:
156:Havasupai‑Walapai‑Yavapai
143:
138:
122:
107:
72:
60:
44:
33:
26:
21:
1502:Native American language
938:
909:
2940:Yuman–Cochimí languages
2580:Highland Oaxaca Chontal
2027:Wares, Alan C. (1968).
1700:Watahomigie et al. 2001
1571:(subscription required)
1351:John-SUBJ Mary 3/3.hit-
1130:yes 3/1-nephew-REFL-AUX
722:
707:
2211:. Supai, Arizona 1984.
1494:. According to a 2015
1483:
205:This article contains
2058:. Indiana University.
2037:10.1515/9783111659077
1883:"The farthest church"
1490:at the bottom of the
1481:
1240:Rhiannon-ch he'-h tuy
1028:nominative/accusative
1018:, occur as suffixes.
2708:Languages of Arizona
1534:by English-speakers.
1344:John(a)-ch Mary baeq
1086:"I have a shirt on."
1010:. For noun phrases,
926:, and /yú/, meaning
1649:, pp. 577–578.
1377:
882:syllabic consonants
864:/ui/ as in 'buoy'.
740:
303:
1829:The New York Times
1768:Haspelmath, Martin
1484:
1375:
1059:'-nyiggwa:y(-v)-wi
1040:noun incorporation
1034:Noun incorporation
889:Syllabic structure
738:
301:
234:Havasupai–Hualapai
95:Havasupai–Hualapai
22:Havasupai–Hualapai
2917:
2916:
2893:
2892:
2861:
2860:
2846:Language isolates
2674:
2673:
2668:extinct languages
2506:
2505:
2492:
2490:Havasupai dialect
2485:
2374:Southeastern Pomo
2358:Northeastern Pomo
2046:978-3-11-127469-0
1973:Langdon, Margaret
1764:Dryer, Matthew S.
1569:(18th ed., 2015)
1474:Havasupai dialect
1471:
1470:
1355:3.cry-SS-AUX-PAST
949:demonstrativeness
861:
860:
687:
686:
506:
434:
370:
365:
360:
355:
282:Tolkapaya Yavapai
231:
230:
213:rendering support
209:phonetic symbols.
2952:
2905:
2904:
2870:
2869:
2721:
2720:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2488:
2483:Hualapai dialect
2481:
2408:Delta–California
2405:
2404:
2282:New River Shasta
2251:
2244:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2133:
2096:
2059:
2050:
2023:
1996:
1989:Mithun, Marianne
1984:
1968:
1939:
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1308:
1287:
1236:
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1203:
1198:
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1181:
1170:
1147:switch-reference
1141:Switch-reference
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1038:It is said that
855:
850:
843:
838:
824:
819:
810:
805:
791:
786:
777:
772:
741:
737:
734:
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441:
432:
409:
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368:
363:
358:
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304:
300:
196:
186:
180: Havasupai
179:
172:
155:
148:
128:
78:
19:
18:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2889:
2857:
2841:
2793:
2784:Southern Paiute
2760:
2742:
2710:
2705:
2675:
2670:
2657:
2621:Western Jicaque
2584:
2554:
2502:
2460:
2434:
2403:
2378:
2328:
2301:
2260:
2258:Hokan languages
2255:
2204:
2202:Further reading
2185:
2184:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2047:
2012:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1786:
1770:, eds. (2013).
1761:
1757:
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1737:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1637:, pp. 5–7.
1633:
1629:
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1609:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1559:
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1476:
1365:
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1342:
1320:
1297:
1289:
1278:
1264:
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1183:
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1135:
1125:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1078:
1056:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1004:
999:
990:
941:
912:
903:
891:
870:
739:Vowel phonemes
732:
729:
726:
717:
714:
711:
426:
316:
295:
290:
270:
211:Without proper
199:
182:
181:
175:
174:
168:
151:
144:
129:
124:
103:
79:
76:Language family
74:
67:
63:
62:Native speakers
40:, United States
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2867:
2866:Non-Indigenous
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
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2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
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2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2738:Western Apache
2735:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2672:
2671:
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2643:
2638:
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2600:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2560:Tequistlatecan
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2507:
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2254:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:Hinton, Leanne
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2167:
2147:
2134:
2114:10.1086/464892
2108:(2): 141–163.
2097:
2077:10.1086/464875
2060:
2051:
2045:
2024:
2011:978-0199266623
2010:
1997:
1985:
1969:
1957:10.1086/465402
1951:(2): 140–149.
1940:
1931:
1919:
1911:Campbell, Lyle
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1873:
1848:
1815:
1803:
1784:
1755:
1743:
1728:
1716:
1712:Kozlowski 1976
1704:
1677:
1663:
1661:, p. 140.
1659:Kozlowski 1976
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1613:, p. 127.
1603:
1592:www.unesco.org
1574:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1523:
1520:
1497:New York Times
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
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1459:
1456:
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1412:
1409:
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1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
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1382:
1364:
1361:
1321:
1298:
1290:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1207:
1184:
1173:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1142:
1139:
1127:e'e '-bi:-v-wi
1104:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1023:
1020:
1016:demonstratives
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
989:
986:
985:
984:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
966:Noun suffixes
964:
963:
962:
959:
955:Noun prefixes
940:
937:
911:
908:
902:
899:
890:
887:
869:
866:
859:
858:
856:
844:
832:
826:
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813:
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793:
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361:
356:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
312:
307:
294:
291:
289:
286:
273:"negligible".
269:
266:
229:
228:
215:, you may see
201:
200:
197:
189:
188:
187: Walapai
166:
158:
157:
149:
141:
140:
139:Language codes
136:
135:
130:
126:Writing system
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
114:
109:
105:
104:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
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82:
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73:
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61:
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57:
46:
42:
41:
35:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2957:
2946:
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2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:Indo-European
2871:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2799:Yuman-Cochimí
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
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2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2496:
2491:
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2484:
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2479:
2478:
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2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
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2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Southern Pomo
2367:
2365:
2364:Northern Pomo
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
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2324:
2320:
2318:
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2252:
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2240:
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2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
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2195:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:Goddard, Ives
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1862:
1861:Cline Library
1858:
1852:
1838:
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1826:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
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1673:
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1660:
1655:
1648:
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1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1611:Campbell 1997
1607:
1593:
1589:
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1581:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1533:
1529:
1528:Havasu 'Baaja
1526:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:Supai Village
1507:
1506:United States
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
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1189:
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1148:
1138:
1134:
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1128:
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977:
974:
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968:
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965:
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953:
952:
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946:
936:
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921:
917:
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894:
886:
883:
879:
875:
865:
857:
854:
849:
845:
842:
837:
833:
831:
828:
823:
818:
814:
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809:
804:
800:
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795:
790:
785:
781:
779:
776:
771:
767:
765:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:
736:
724:
709:
703:
699:
696:
692:
683:
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668:
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661:
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631:
628:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
608:
604:
602:
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587:
584:
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571:
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564:
560:
558:
551:
549:
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545:
542:
538:
535:
531:
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521:
517:
515:
512:
508:
503:
498:
494:
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487:
484:
480:
477:
473:
470:
466:
463:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
443:
440:
436:
431:
429:
424:
417:
415:
413:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:
390:
388:
386:
383:
379:
377:
367:
362:
357:
352:
351:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
311:
305:
299:
285:
283:
279:
274:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
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226:
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218:
214:
210:
208:
202:
195:
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185:
178:
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167:
165:
164:
159:
154:
150:
147:
142:
137:
134:
131:
127:
121:
115:
112:
111:
110:
106:
96:
93:
92:
90:
89:
87:
86:
85:
84:Yuman–Cochimí
81:
77:
71:
65:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
25:
20:
2906:
2663:
2650:
2633:
2619:
2602:
2595:
2574:Tequistlatec
2572:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2477:Upland Yuman
2391:
2356:
2347:Eastern Pomo
2342:Central Pomo
2321:
2314:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2171:
2138:
2105:
2101:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2028:
2001:
1992:
1980:
1976:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1914:
1904:Bibliography
1890:. Retrieved
1887:Deseret News
1886:
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1860:
1851:
1840:. Retrieved
1828:
1818:
1806:
1799:Redden 1966b
1775:
1758:
1746:
1739:Redden 1966a
1719:
1707:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1635:Kendall 1983
1630:
1625:, p. 7.
1623:Goddard 1996
1618:
1606:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1564:
1531:
1517:
1514:
1495:
1492:Grand Canyon
1485:
1370:Latin Script
1366:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1325:
1322:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1224:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1153:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1037:
1025:
1022:Case marking
1005:
991:
945:definiteness
942:
927:
923:
913:
904:
895:
892:
874:stress-timed
871:
862:
704:
700:
688:
296:
275:
271:
258:Grand Canyon
233:
232:
204:
161:
94:
29:Upland Yuman
2766:Uto-Aztecan
2568:Huamelultec
2521:Coahuilteco
2307:Palaihnihan
2071:(1): 1–16.
1751:Redden 1965
1647:Mithun 1999
1363:Orthography
1164:Rhiannon-ch
695:contrastive
647:Approximant
219:instead of
2924:Categories
2725:Athabaskan
2716:Indigenous
2148:0935626077
1983:: 135–159.
1892:2012-12-02
1867:2012-12-02
1842:2018-01-23
1724:Wares 1968
1597:2018-01-23
1566:Ethnologue
1539:References
1348:mi:-k-i-ny
1323:mi:-k-i-ny
1281:John(a)-ch
1199:.take off-
1106:'-bi:-v-wi
1014:, such as
1002:Word order
901:Morphology
691:aspiration
293:Consonants
88:Core Yuman
2812:Havasupai
2666:indicate
2652:Yana/Yahi
2610:Jicaquean
2597:Chimariko
2549:Mamulique
2535:Comecrudo
2289:Okwanuchu
2188:cite book
2157:cite book
2130:144260487
2093:143497172
2020:252684427
1965:144426997
1837:0362-4331
1532:Havasupai
1368:from the
1259:-AUX-PAST
1255:3/3.wash-
1244:dathgwi:l
1209:dathgwi:l
1167:Rhiannon-
988:Particles
557:Fricative
505:aspirated
428:Affricate
288:Phonology
252:and with
242:Havasupai
163:Glottolog
146:ISO 639-3
113:Havasupai
50:Havasupai
45:Ethnicity
27:Havasupai
2935:Hualapai
2908:Category
2822:Maricopa
2817:Hualapai
2528:Cotoname
2446:Maricopa
2425:Kumeyaay
2323:Atsugewi
2316:Achumawi
2275:Konomihu
2180:54432923
1991:(1999).
1913:(1997).
1522:See also
1116:-nephew-
1069:-shirt(-
1012:articles
920:modality
327:Alveolar
310:Bilabial
238:Hualapai
225:Help:IPA
184:wala1270
177:hava1249
170:hava1248
116:Hualapai
108:Dialects
52:, 1,870
2885:Spanish
2880:English
2837:Yavapai
2832:Quechan
2807:Cocopah
2779:Oʼodham
2664:Italics
2635:Salinan
2604:Esselen
2512:Pakawan
2498:Yavapai
2456:Quechan
2415:Cocopah
2393:Cochimí
2352:Kashaya
2266:Shastan
2122:1263689
2085:1263444
1504:in the
1051:nyigwáy
752:Central
423:Plosive
347:Glottal
332:Palatal
278:Yavapai
250:Yavapai
221:Unicode
54:Walapai
38:Arizona
2827:Mojave
2748:Tanoan
2733:Navajo
2472:Paipai
2451:Mojave
2399:Kiliwa
2334:Pomoan
2296:Shasta
2178:
2145:
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2091:
2083:
2043:
2018:
2008:
1963:
1863:. 2005
1835:
1779:Online
1248:-wi-ny
1223:.wash-
1213:-wi-ny
1178:dress-
997:Syntax
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878:stress
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715:person
342:Uvular
322:Dental
317:dental
315:Labio-
262:UNESCO
254:Paipai
56:(2007)
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2789:Yaqui
2646:Washo
2629:Karuk
2589:Other
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1961:S2CID
1329:.cry-
1313:.hit-
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1175:he'-h
1054:shirt
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939:Nouns
910:Verbs
764:Close
747:Front
730:arrow
693:is a
433:plain
376:Nasal
364:plain
354:plain
337:Velar
133:Latin
2853:Zuni
2774:Hopi
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2194:link
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2163:link
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708:pa:ʔ
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369:lab.
359:lab.
240:and
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2465:Pai
2110:doi
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1953:doi
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407:ŋ
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