1225:
518:, a 401(k) managed accounts provider and investment advisor. Markowitz's more recent work included designing the backbone software analytics for the GuidedChoice investment solution and heading the GuidedChoice Investment Committee. He was actively involved in designing the next step in the retirement process: assisting retirees with wealth distribution through GuidedSpending.
384:. In 1954, he received a PhD in economics from the University of Chicago with a thesis on the portfolio theory. The topic was so novel that, while Markowitz was defending his dissertation, Milton Friedman argued his contribution was not economics. During 1955–1956 Markowitz spent a year at the Cowles Foundation, which had moved to
423:). Sparse matrix methods are now widely used to solve very large systems of simultaneous equations whose coefficients are mostly zero. SIMSCRIPT has been widely used to program computer simulations of manufacturing, transportation, and computer systems as well as war games. SIMSCRIPT (I) included the
486:
Markowitz divided his time between teaching (he was an adjunct professor at the Rady School of
Management at the University of California at San Diego, UCSD); video casting lectures; and consulting (out of his Harry Markowitz Company offices). He served on the Advisory Board of SkyView Investment
466:
he created a hedge fund that represents one of the first known attempts at computerized arbitrage trading. He took over as chief executive in 1970. After a successful run as a private hedge fund, AMC was sold to Stuart & Co. in 1971. A year later, Markowitz left the company.
511:, a Dallas, Texas-based wealth management and investment advisory firm. Markowitz advised and served on the board of ProbabilityManagement.org, a 501(c)(3) non-profit that aims "to reshape the communication and calculation of uncertainty."
3307:
1776:
310:
in
Liberal Arts, Markowitz decided to continue his studies at the University of Chicago, choosing to specialize in economics. There he had the opportunity to study under important economists, including
220:
2706:
1769:
3302:
1019:
549:
is the set of all portfolios that will give the highest expected return for each given level of risk. These concepts of efficiency were essential to the development of the
432:
412:
1762:
1785:
338:
as the topic for his dissertation. Jacob
Marschak, who was the thesis advisor, encouraged him to pursue the topic, noting that it had also been a favorite interest of
1090:
I told Ana
Marjanski, who headed the SIMSCRIPT III project, that SIMSCRIPT already has entities, attributes plus sets. She explained that the clients want object ...
451:, the first simulation programming language, at RAND and after it was released to the public domain, CACI was founded to provide support and training for SIMSCRIPT.
392:. He published the critical line algorithm in a 1956 paper and used this time at the foundation to write a book on portfolio allocation which was published in 1959.
3044:
3312:
3124:
2699:
1274:
1013:
3004:
3262:
2988:
298:
family, the son of Morris and
Mildred Markowitz. During high school, Markowitz developed an interest in physics and philosophy, in particular the ideas of
1414:
1363:
3072:
2457:
545:
for a given return expectation (alternately, no additional expected return can be gained without increasing the risk of the portfolio). The
Markowitz
2692:
3317:
3076:
2881:
3172:
1330:
3282:
2403:
2384:
2369:
2350:
515:
1294:
488:
342:, the founder of the Cowles Commission. While researching the then current understanding of stock prices, which at the time consisted in the
1322:
487:
Advisors, a traditional and alternative investment advisory firm. Markowitz also served on the
Investment Committee of LWI Financial Inc. ("
3322:
508:
350:, Markowitz realized that the theory lacks an analysis of the impact of risk. This insight led to the development of his seminal theory of
3277:
328:
2582:
1789:
419:) for his contributions in the theory of three fields: portfolio theory; sparse matrix methods; and simulation language programming (
396:
252:
1407:
3297:
2450:
1288:
408:
1323:
Markowitz’s Mean-Variance
Portfolio Selection with Regime Switching: From Discrete-time Models to Their Continuous-time Limits
787:
3272:
3242:
2557:
1306:
1000:
992:
797:
711:
695:
687:
646:
1138:
3292:
3267:
3252:
263:
127:
447:
was founded by Herb Karr and Harry
Markowitz on July 17, 1962, as California Analysis Center, Inc. They helped develop
1400:
1083:
568:. In the same line, Markowitz was part of the Editorial Board of AESTIMATIO, the IEB International Journal of Finance.
3247:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2443:
1236:
1169:
962:
877:
1240:
1230:
503:; on the Advisory Board of Mark T. Hebner's Irvine, California and internet based wealth management and taxes firm,
3287:
1311:
1023:
3257:
1754:
721:
Markowitz, H.M. and E. van Dijk (March–April 2003). "Single-Period Mean-Variance
Analysis in a Changing World".
2495:
830:
2933:
2715:
248:
215:
1151:
856:
3180:
2893:
1278:
232:
3052:
1423:
1214:
792:. World Scientific-Nobel Laureate Series: Vol. 1. Hackensack, New Jersey: World Scientific. p. 716.
550:
404:
155:
895:
373:
143:
2491:
2255:
1327:
1252:
1183:
565:
538:
496:
283:
259:
123:
380:
for the identification of the optimal mean-variance portfolios, relying on what was later named the
331:, which was in Chicago at the time. He completed his A.M. in Economics from the university in 1950.
2476:
1629:
1485:
966:
751:
2617:
2319:
546:
424:
381:
267:
199:
195:
3204:
3084:
2949:
2526:
1102:
927:
580:
307:
83:
2534:
1210:
Markowitz: Videos of Interviews by M. Hebner and W. Wellington and Presentations by Markowitz
835:
522:
303:
79:
67:
3032:
3237:
3232:
2753:
2239:
2056:
1692:
1611:
1442:
377:
8:
3036:
3012:
2267:
1639:
1601:
1301:
702:
Markowitz, H.M. (October 1, 1979). Belzer, Jack; Holzman, Albert G.; Kent, Allen (eds.).
504:
500:
351:
111:
3028:
1224:
3208:
3168:
3120:
2972:
2183:
1865:
1538:
944:
825:
774:
738:
633:
597:
444:
357:
347:
2323:
3188:
3156:
3000:
2925:
2877:
2805:
2801:
2602:
2571:
2546:
2540:
2517:
2511:
2482:
2295:
2291:
2263:
2251:
2016:
1976:
1968:
1869:
1743:
1654:
1619:
1376:
1079:
1060:
The Wrong Answer Faster: The Inside Story of Making the Machine that Trades Trillions
996:
988:
793:
742:
707:
691:
683:
637:
316:
181:
139:
48:
778:
3136:
3132:
3092:
2968:
2853:
2781:
2757:
2415:
2377:
2354:
2339:
2195:
2088:
2068:
1916:
1908:
1845:
1591:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1452:
1372:
1339:
1264:
1256:
936:
803:
766:
730:
658:
625:
589:
561:
492:
463:
427:
method, which was also developed by Markowitz. He was elected to the 2002 class of
365:
275:
135:
1952:
666:
610:
247:(August 24, 1927 – June 22, 2023) was an American economist who received the 1989
3160:
3144:
3104:
3096:
2889:
2797:
2765:
2745:
2737:
2411:
2179:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2120:
2080:
2060:
2000:
1920:
1888:
1857:
1784:
1738:
1682:
1581:
1475:
1384:
1356:
1334:
1073:
980:
675:
475:
455:
407:. In the preceding year, he received the John von Neumann Theory Prize from the
385:
312:
167:
2684:
1215:
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 1990
3196:
3112:
3060:
2941:
2777:
2729:
2423:
2392:
2362:
2331:
2211:
2143:
2139:
2108:
2076:
2044:
1992:
1944:
1928:
1817:
1733:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1624:
1548:
1528:
1457:
1283:
1152:"Harry Markowitz, Nobel-Winning Pioneer of Modern Portfolio Theory, Dies at 95"
1044:
William G. Shepherd Jr. (September 1988). "Market Value - PCs on Wall Street".
857:"Harry Markowitz, Nobel-Winning Pioneer of Modern Portfolio Theory, Dies at 95"
647:"The Elimination Form of the Inverse and Its Application to Linear Programming"
459:
400:
369:
324:
320:
185:
171:
131:
1392:
1267:
and elsewhere on simulation software development (including computer language
491:"), a San Jose, California-based investment advisor; on the advisory panel of
3226:
3148:
3020:
2901:
2845:
2837:
2813:
2789:
2596:
2565:
2435:
2279:
2275:
2247:
2235:
2219:
2203:
2191:
2171:
2116:
2092:
2052:
2012:
1960:
1853:
1837:
1825:
1809:
1805:
1718:
1713:
1634:
1596:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1505:
1480:
1260:
343:
339:
295:
3308:
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
770:
734:
2992:
2909:
2869:
2829:
2821:
2407:
2396:
2373:
2358:
2311:
2227:
2040:
2024:
1984:
1896:
1723:
1662:
1644:
1586:
1556:
1533:
1510:
1437:
1315:
335:
302:, an interest he continued to follow during his undergraduate years at the
1219:
221:
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
2502:
2467:
2303:
2287:
2215:
2100:
2032:
1936:
1900:
1728:
1687:
1561:
1520:
1447:
662:
389:
279:
1255:, University of Minnesota – Markowitz discusses his development of
2980:
2917:
2773:
2388:
2343:
1833:
1467:
1124:
948:
601:
299:
228:
1342:
from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
1209:
1170:"Editorial Board of AESTIMATIO - IEB Instituto de Estudios Bursátiles"
1268:
471:
448:
420:
205:
940:
593:
3064:
1139:"Harry Markowitz's Modern Portfolio Theory: The Efficient Frontier"
629:
454:
In 1968, Markowitz joined Arbitrage Management company founded by
327:. While still a student, he was invited to become a member of the
880:, The Nobel Prizes 1990, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, , Stockholm, 1991
416:
1291:
Rady School of Management, University of California at San Diego
706:. Vol. 13. New York and Basel: Marcel Dekker. p. 516.
720:
428:
1248:
1020:
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
982:
Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments
677:
Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments
433:
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
413:
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
87:
903:
704:"SIMSCRIPT", Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology
334:
Markowitz chose to apply mathematics to the analysis of the
752:"Market Efficiency: A Theoretical Distinction and So What?"
542:
271:
1202:
91:
1284:
Guide to the Harry M. Markowitz Papers 1963, 1965, 1967
1043:
372:. With Dantzig's help, Markowitz continued to research
1184:"AESTIMATIO, the IEB International Journal of Finance"
925:
Markowitz, H.M. (March 1952). "Portfolio Selection".
578:
Markowitz, H.M. (March 1952). "Portfolio Selection".
266:(UCSD). He is best known for his pioneering work in
3303:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1237:
Nobel Prize Lecture: Foundations of Portfolio Theory
963:
Nobel Prize Lecture: Foundations of Portfolio Theory
507:; and as an advisor to the Investment Committee of
354:allocation under uncertainty, published in 1952 by
1071:
2714:
1364:Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
3224:
558:The Theory and Practice of Investment Management
514:Markowitz was co-founder and Chief Architect of
1422:
1328:Problems with the Markowitz mean-variance model
978:
972:
924:
918:
872:
870:
785:
749:
701:
673:
644:
608:
577:
3313:Presidents of the American Finance Association
2465:
364:In 1952, Harry Markowitz went to work for the
2700:
2451:
1770:
1408:
521:Markowitz died from pneumonia and sepsis, in
1790:Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
867:
258:Markowitz was a professor of finance at the
3263:University of California, San Diego faculty
987:(reprinted by Yale University Press, 1970,
955:
682:(reprinted by Yale University Press, 1970,
329:Cowles Commission for Research in Economics
2707:
2693:
2458:
2444:
1777:
1763:
1415:
1401:
1223:
1103:"Harry Markowitz: An Appreciation Part II"
750:Markowitz, H.M. (September–October 2005).
286:on probable investment portfolio returns.
1295:1st Global Engages Dr. Harry M. Markowitz
470:Years later, he was involved with CACI's
397:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
253:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
571:
399:in 1990 while a professor of finance at
3318:Deaths from sepsis in the United States
1150:Jr, Robert D. Hershey (June 25, 2023).
896:"Curriculum Vitae (Harry M. Markowitz)"
855:Jr, Robert D. Hershey (June 25, 2023).
3225:
556:Markowitz also co-edited the textbook
525:, on June 22, 2023, at the age of 95.
409:Operations Research Society of America
3283:John von Neumann Theory Prize winners
2688:
2439:
1758:
1396:
1307:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1271:), modeling, and operations research.
1249:Oral history interview with Markowitz
1037:
890:
888:
886:
3323:Deaths from pneumonia in California
376:techniques, further developing the
264:University of California, San Diego
128:University of California, San Diego
13:
3278:Fellows of the Econometric Society
1149:
985:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
854:
680:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
499:based investment management firm,
14:
3334:
1289:Adjunct Professor of Finance, bio
1194:
1078:. World Scientific. p. 152.
995:; 2nd ed. Basil Blackwell, 1991,
883:
690:; 2nd ed. Basil Blackwell, 1991,
1312:Library of Economics and Liberty
618:The Journal of Political Economy
270:, studying the effects of asset
1866:Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
1176:
1162:
1143:
1131:
1117:
1095:
1065:
789:Harry Markowitz: Selected Works
1275:History of Finance, interviews
1052:
1006:
848:
831:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
645:Markowitz, H.M. (April 1957).
609:Markowitz, H.M. (April 1952).
443:The company that would become
294:Harry Markowitz was born to a
16:American economist (1927–2023)
1:
3298:American financial economists
2716:John von Neumann Theory Prize
1062:. John Wiley & Sons, 2012
841:
541:cannot lower the portfolio's
535:Markowitz-efficient portfolio
249:John von Neumann Theory Prize
216:John von Neumann Theory Prize
3273:University of Chicago alumni
3243:Nobel laureates in Economics
1279:American Finance Association
481:
289:
7:
1424:Chicago school of economics
1072:Harry M. Markowitz (2009).
819:
551:capital asset pricing model
528:
405:City University of New York
156:Chicago School of Economics
10:
3339:
3293:Jewish American economists
3268:Jewish American scientists
3253:Economists from California
1858:Friedrich August von Hayek
1302:"Harry Markowitz (1927– )"
1015:Fellows: Alphabetical List
961:Harry M. Markowitz –
876:Harry M. Markowitz –
759:Financial Analysts Journal
723:Financial Analysts Journal
144:University of Pennsylvania
2961:
2722:
2612:
2581:
2556:
2525:
2510:
2490:
2475:
2256:Christopher A. Pissarides
2130:
1879:
1796:
1701:
1653:
1610:
1547:
1519:
1466:
1430:
1381:
1361:
1353:
1348:
1253:Charles Babbage Institute
566:Yale School of Management
497:Newport Beach, California
260:Rady School of Management
238:
227:
211:
191:
177:
161:
149:
124:Rady School of Management
117:
107:
102:
98:
75:
56:
30:
23:
3248:American Nobel laureates
1158:– via NYTimes.com.
1125:"Probability Management"
979:Markowitz, H.M. (1959).
786:Markowitz, H.M. (2009).
674:Markowitz, H.M. (1959).
3288:RAND Corporation people
1333:April 25, 2012, at the
771:10.2469/faj.v61.n5.2752
735:10.2469/faj.v59.n2.2512
611:"The Utility of Wealth"
438:
425:Buddy memory allocation
388:, at the invitation of
378:critical line algorithm
268:modern portfolio theory
233:IDEAS / RePEc
196:Modern portfolio theory
121:Harry Markowitz Company
3258:Baruch College faculty
3205:Christos Papadimitriou
3045:Arthur F. Veinott, Jr.
2950:R. Tyrrell Rockafellar
2618:Nobel Prize recipients
2558:Physiology or Medicine
1263:, and his work at the
928:The Journal of Finance
669:on September 24, 2017.
581:The Journal of Finance
306:. After receiving his
3125:Jean Bernard Lasserre
1977:James M. Buchanan Jr.
1239:, December 7, 1990 (
836:Risk management tools
572:Selected publications
523:San Diego, California
304:University of Chicago
203:Sparse matrix methods
80:University of Chicago
68:San Diego, California
2240:Oliver E. Williamson
1870:Tjalling C. Koopmans
1724:Julian Lincoln Simon
1702:Business and finance
1693:Frank H. Easterbrook
1612:Public choice school
1549:New social economics
1521:New economic history
1443:Henry Calvert Simons
965:, December 7, 1990 (
806:on February 23, 2011
663:10.1287/mnsc.3.3.255
3037:Alexander Schrijver
3013:J. Michael Harrison
2268:Christopher A. Sims
2196:Thomas C. Schelling
2168:Robert F. Engle III
2069:Robert E. Lucas Jr.
1917:Theodore W. Schultz
1640:William A. Niskanen
1233:, December 10, 1990
1048:. pp. 150–157.
505:Index Fund Advisors
501:Research Affiliates
245:Harry Max Markowitz
112:Financial economics
35:Harry Max Markowitz
3209:Mihalis Yannakakis
3169:Dimitris Bertsimas
2989:Donald L. Iglehart
2973:Manfred W. Padberg
2535:Jerome I. Friedman
2184:Edward C. Prescott
2172:Clive W.J. Granger
2148:Joseph E. Stiglitz
2121:Daniel L. McFadden
2009:Harry M. Markowitz
1539:Robert M. Townsend
1370:Served alongside:
1222:on Nobelprize.org
1220:Harry M. Markowitz
1156:The New York Times
1058:Goodkin, Michael.
861:The New York Times
826:List of economists
651:Management Science
547:Efficient Frontier
445:CACI International
395:Markowitz won the
382:Markowitz frontier
358:Journal of Finance
348:John Burr Williams
200:Efficient frontier
3220:
3219:
3213:
3201:
3193:
3189:Alexander Shapiro
3185:
3177:
3165:
3157:Dimitri Bertsekas
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3089:
3085:Gérard Cornuéjols
3081:
3069:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:Arkadi Nemirovski
2997:
2985:
2977:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2926:Peter C. Fishburn
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2886:
2878:Richard E. Barlow
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2806:Richard J. Duffin
2802:William W. Cooper
2794:
2786:
2770:
2762:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2682:
2681:
2603:William F. Sharpe
2583:Economic Sciences
2572:E. Donnall Thomas
2547:Richard E. Taylor
2541:Henry Way Kendall
2518:Mikhail Gorbachev
2483:Elias James Corey
2433:
2432:
2332:Richard H. Thaler
2296:Robert J. Shiller
2292:Lars Peter Hansen
2264:Thomas J. Sargent
2252:Dale T. Mortensen
2144:A. Michael Spence
2140:George A. Akerlof
2109:Robert A. Mundell
2077:James A. Mirrlees
2045:Douglass C. North
2017:William F. Sharpe
1969:Franco Modigliani
1945:George J. Stigler
1929:Lawrence R. Klein
1818:Paul A. Samuelson
1752:
1751:
1744:Lars Peter Hansen
1655:Law and economics
1620:James M. Buchanan
1391:
1390:
1382:Succeeded by
1377:William F. Sharpe
1001:978-1-55786-108-5
993:978-0-300-01372-6
906:on August 3, 2020
799:978-981-283-364-8
713:978-0-8247-2263-0
696:978-1-55786-108-5
688:978-0-300-01372-6
317:Tjalling Koopmans
242:
241:
182:Tjalling Koopmans
140:Cowles Commission
49:Chicago, Illinois
3330:
3211:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3137:Ruth J. Williams
3133:Martin I. Reiman
3127:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3093:George Nemhauser
3087:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3029:Martin Grötschel
3023:
3015:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2975:
2969:Ellis L. Johnson
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2854:Herbert A. Simon
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2792:
2784:
2782:Albert W. Tucker
2768:
2760:
2758:Carlton E. Lemke
2748:
2740:
2732:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2620:
2566:Joseph E. Murray
2460:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2418:
2416:Philip H. Dybvig
2399:
2380:
2378:Robert B. Wilson
2365:
2355:Abhijit Banerjee
2346:
2340:William Nordhaus
2334:
2326:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2282:
2280:Lloyd S. Shapley
2270:
2258:
2248:Peter A. Diamond
2242:
2230:
2222:
2220:Roger B. Myerson
2206:
2204:Edmund S. Phelps
2198:
2192:Robert J. Aumann
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2123:
2117:James J. Heckman
2111:
2103:
2095:
2093:Myron S. Scholes
2089:Robert C. Merton
2083:
2071:
2063:
2057:John F. Nash Jr.
2053:John C. Harsanyi
2047:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2013:Merton H. Miller
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1921:Sir Arthur Lewis
1911:
1909:Herbert A. Simon
1903:
1891:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1846:Wassily Leontief
1840:
1838:Kenneth J. Arrow
1828:
1820:
1812:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1630:Randall Holcombe
1592:Sudhir Venkatesh
1501:Allan H. Meltzer
1496:Harry G. Johnson
1491:Phillip D. Cagan
1453:Theodore Schultz
1417:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1373:Merton H. Miller
1354:Preceded by
1346:
1345:
1319:
1314:(2nd ed.).
1265:RAND Corporation
1257:portfolio theory
1227:
1206:
1205:
1203:Official website
1188:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1022:, archived from
1010:
1004:
986:
976:
970:
959:
953:
952:
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
902:. Archived from
892:
881:
874:
865:
864:
852:
815:
813:
811:
802:. Archived from
782:
756:
746:
717:
681:
670:
665:. Archived from
641:
615:
605:
562:Frank J. Fabozzi
493:Robert D. Arnott
366:RAND Corporation
136:RAND Corporation
63:
44:
42:
21:
20:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3161:John Tsitsiklis
3145:Donald Goldfarb
3105:Michel Balinski
3097:Laurence Wolsey
3005:Michael J. Todd
2957:
2890:Alan J. Hoffman
2862:Harry Markowitz
2798:Abraham Charnes
2766:David Blackwell
2746:Felix Pollaczek
2738:Richard Bellman
2718:
2713:
2683:
2678:
2616:
2608:
2605:(United States)
2599:(United States)
2593:(United States)
2591:Harry Markowitz
2577:
2574:(United States)
2568:(United States)
2552:
2543:(United States)
2537:(United States)
2521:
2506:
2486:
2485:(United States)
2471:
2464:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2412:Douglas Diamond
2402:
2383:
2368:
2349:
2337:
2329:
2324:Bengt Holmström
2317:
2309:
2301:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2245:
2233:
2225:
2209:
2201:
2189:
2180:Finn E. Kydland
2177:
2165:
2160:Vernon L. Smith
2156:Daniel Kahneman
2153:
2137:
2126:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2086:
2081:William Vickrey
2074:
2066:
2061:Reinhard Selten
2050:
2041:Robert W. Fogel
2038:
2030:
2025:Ronald H. Coase
2022:
2006:
2001:Trygve Haavelmo
1998:
1990:
1985:Robert M. Solow
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1914:
1906:
1894:
1889:Milton Friedman
1886:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1843:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1803:
1792:
1783:
1753:
1748:
1739:Campbell Harvey
1709:Harry Markowitz
1697:
1683:Richard Epstein
1649:
1606:
1582:Kevin M. Murphy
1543:
1515:
1476:Milton Friedman
1462:
1426:
1421:
1387:
1385:Ronald H. Coase
1369:
1367:
1359:
1357:Trygve Haavelmo
1335:Wayback Machine
1300:
1261:sparse matrices
1201:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1105:. July 11, 2023
1101:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1026:on May 10, 2019
1012:
1011:
1007:
977:
973:
960:
956:
941:10.2307/2975974
923:
919:
909:
907:
894:
893:
884:
875:
868:
853:
849:
844:
822:
809:
807:
800:
754:
714:
613:
594:10.2307/2975974
574:
539:diversification
531:
484:
476:Object-oriented
458:. Working with
456:Michael Goodkin
441:
386:Yale University
368:, where he met
313:Milton Friedman
292:
284:diversification
219:
204:
202:
198:
184:
170:
168:Milton Friedman
163:
151:
142:
138:
134:
130:
122:
103:Academic career
71:
65:
61:
52:
46:
45:August 24, 1927
40:
38:
37:
36:
26:
25:Harry Markowitz
17:
12:
11:
5:
3336:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3202:
3197:Vijay Vazirani
3194:
3186:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3113:Nimrod Megiddo
3110:
3102:
3090:
3082:
3077:Peter W. Glynn
3073:Søren Asmussen
3070:
3061:Yurii Nesterov
3058:
3050:
3042:
3026:
3018:
3010:
2998:
2986:
2978:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2942:Fred W. Glover
2939:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2887:
2882:Frank Proschan
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2795:
2787:
2778:Harold W. Kuhn
2771:
2763:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2730:George Dantzig
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:(Soviet Union)
2516:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2424:Claudia Goldin
2419:
2400:
2393:Joshua Angrist
2381:
2366:
2363:Michael Kremer
2347:
2335:
2327:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2288:Eugene F. Fama
2283:
2271:
2259:
2243:
2231:
2223:
2216:Eric S. Maskin
2212:Leonid Hurwicz
2207:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2064:
2048:
2036:
2033:Gary S. Becker
2028:
2020:
2004:
1996:
1993:Maurice Allais
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1912:
1904:
1901:James E. Meade
1892:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1841:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:Kenneth French
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Richard Posner
1675:
1673:William Landes
1670:
1668:Aaron Director
1665:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Gordon Tullock
1622:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Douglass North
1525:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1458:George Stigler
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1325:
1320:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1272:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1231:Banquet Speech
1228:
1212:
1207:
1196:
1195:External links
1193:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1161:
1142:
1137:GuidedChoice,
1130:
1116:
1094:
1085:978-9814470216
1084:
1075:Selected Works
1064:
1051:
1036:
1005:
971:
954:
917:
900:hmarkowitz.com
882:
866:
846:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
833:
828:
821:
818:
817:
816:
798:
783:
747:
718:
712:
699:
671:
657:(3): 255–269.
642:
630:10.1086/257177
624:(2): 151–158.
606:
573:
570:
530:
527:
483:
480:
460:Paul Samuelson
440:
437:
401:Baruch College
370:George Dantzig
325:Leonard Savage
321:Jacob Marschak
291:
288:
240:
239:
236:
235:
225:
224:
213:
209:
208:
193:
189:
188:
186:Leonard Savage
179:
175:
174:
172:Jacob Marschak
165:
159:
158:
153:
150:School or
147:
146:
132:Baruch College
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
77:
73:
72:
66:
64:(aged 95)
58:
54:
53:
47:
34:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3335:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3173:Jong-Shi Pang
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3149:Jorge Nocedal
3146:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3121:Vašek Chvátal
3119:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3033:László Lovász
3030:
3027:
3022:
3021:Robert Aumann
3019:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2934:Peter Whittle
2932:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2902:Robert Herman
2900:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2846:Samuel Karlin
2844:
2839:
2838:Kenneth Arrow
2836:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2814:Herbert Scarf
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2790:Lloyd Shapley
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2597:Merton Miller
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:Alvin E. Roth
2272:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:Elinor Ostrom
2232:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1961:Richard Stone
1957:
1954:
1953:GĂ©rard Debreu
1949:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:Gunnar Myrdal
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:John R. Hicks
1830:
1827:
1826:Simon Kuznets
1822:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1810:Jan Tinbergen
1807:
1806:Ragnar Frisch
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Merton Miller
1717:
1715:
1714:Myron Scholes
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Anthony Downs
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Steven Levitt
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:Sherwin Rosen
1575:
1573:
1572:Thomas Sowell
1570:
1568:
1567:James Heckman
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:David Laidler
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:Anna Schwartz
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
984:
983:
975:
968:
964:
958:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
921:
905:
901:
897:
891:
889:
887:
879:
878:Autobiography
873:
871:
862:
858:
851:
847:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
805:
801:
795:
791:
790:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
709:
705:
700:
697:
693:
689:
685:
679:
678:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
576:
575:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:is one where
536:
526:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
479:
477:
473:
468:
465:
464:Robert Merton
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
359:
353:
349:
345:
344:present value
341:
340:Alfred Cowles
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
251:and the 1990
250:
246:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
214:
210:
207:
201:
197:
194:
192:Contributions
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
160:
157:
154:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
69:
60:June 22, 2023
59:
55:
50:
33:
29:
22:
19:
3181:Adrian Lewis
2993:Cyrus Derman
2962:2000–present
2910:Lajos Takacs
2894:Philip Wolfe
2870:Richard Karp
2861:
2830:Jack Edmonds
2822:Ralph Gomory
2754:John F. Nash
2648:
2590:
2408:Ben Bernanke
2397:Guido Imbens
2374:Paul Milgrom
2359:Esther Duflo
2312:Angus Deaton
2228:Paul Krugman
2131:2001–present
2008:
1897:Bertil Ohlin
1708:
1663:Ronald Coase
1645:Bryan Caplan
1602:Roland Fryer
1587:John A. List
1557:Jacob Mincer
1534:Robert Fogel
1511:Scott Sumner
1486:Karl Brunner
1438:Frank Knight
1371:
1368:1990
1362:
1316:Liberty Fund
1305:
1297:, 1st Global
1178:
1164:
1155:
1145:
1133:
1119:
1109:September 7,
1107:. Retrieved
1097:
1089:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1046:PC Computing
1045:
1039:
1028:, retrieved
1024:the original
1014:
1008:
981:
974:
957:
935:(1): 77–91.
932:
926:
920:
910:December 12,
908:. Retrieved
904:the original
899:
860:
850:
808:. Retrieved
804:the original
788:
765:(5): 17–30.
762:
758:
729:(2): 30–44.
726:
722:
703:
676:
667:the original
654:
650:
621:
617:
588:(1): 77–91.
585:
579:
557:
555:
534:
532:
520:
516:GuidedChoice
513:
485:
474:addition of
469:
453:
442:
394:
374:optimization
363:
355:
336:stock market
333:
293:
257:
244:
243:
62:(2023-06-22)
18:
3238:2023 deaths
3233:1927 births
3053:Frank Kelly
2503:Octavio Paz
2468:Nobel Prize
2320:Oliver Hart
2304:Jean Tirole
2101:Amartya Sen
1937:James Tobin
1729:Eugene Fama
1688:Robert Bork
1562:Gary Becker
1448:Jacob Viner
489:Loring Ward
390:James Tobin
280:correlation
229:Information
118:Institution
3227:Categories
2981:Ward Whitt
2918:Egon Balas
2774:David Gale
2492:Literature
2389:David Card
2344:Paul Romer
1468:Monetarism
1241:PDF format
1030:October 9,
967:PDF format
842:References
509:1st Global
478:features.
300:David Hume
178:Influences
41:1927-08-24
2723:1975–1999
2477:Chemistry
2470:laureates
1880:1976–2000
1797:1969–1975
1786:Laureates
1340:Biography
1269:SIMSCRIPT
810:March 24,
743:218507861
638:154195524
482:Post-CACI
472:SIMSCRIPT
449:SIMSCRIPT
421:SIMSCRIPT
352:portfolio
346:model of
290:Biography
206:SIMSCRIPT
152:tradition
76:Education
3065:Yinyu Ye
2549:(Canada)
2505:(Mexico)
1431:Founders
1331:Archived
820:See also
779:33674241
529:Research
162:Doctoral
2527:Physics
1788:of the
1349:Awards
1318:. 2008.
949:2975974
602:2975974
431:of the
429:Fellows
417:INFORMS
403:of the
262:at the
164:advisor
126:at the
3212:(2023)
3200:(2022)
3192:(2021)
3184:(2020)
3176:(2019)
3164:(2018)
3152:(2017)
3140:(2016)
3128:(2015)
3116:(2014)
3108:(2013)
3100:(2012)
3088:(2011)
3080:(2010)
3068:(2009)
3056:(2008)
3048:(2007)
3040:(2006)
3024:(2005)
3016:(2004)
3008:(2003)
2996:(2002)
2984:(2001)
2976:(2000)
2953:(1999)
2945:(1998)
2937:(1997)
2929:(1996)
2921:(1995)
2913:(1994)
2905:(1993)
2897:(1992)
2885:(1991)
2873:(1990)
2865:(1989)
2857:(1988)
2849:(1987)
2841:(1986)
2833:(1985)
2825:(1984)
2817:(1983)
2809:(1982)
2793:(1981)
2785:(1980)
2769:(1979)
2761:(1978)
2749:(1977)
2741:(1976)
2733:(1975)
2422:2023:
2338:2018:
2330:2017:
2318:2016:
2310:2015:
2302:2014:
2286:2013:
2274:2012:
2262:2011:
2246:2010:
2234:2009:
2226:2008:
2210:2007:
2202:2006:
2190:2005:
2178:2004:
2166:2003:
2154:2002:
2138:2001:
2115:2000:
2107:1999:
2099:1998:
2087:1997:
2075:1996:
2067:1995:
2051:1994:
2039:1993:
2031:1992:
2023:1991:
2007:1990:
1999:1989:
1991:1988:
1983:1987:
1975:1986:
1967:1985:
1959:1984:
1951:1983:
1943:1982:
1935:1981:
1927:1980:
1915:1979:
1907:1978:
1895:1977:
1887:1976:
1864:1975:
1852:1974:
1844:1973:
1832:1972:
1824:1971:
1816:1970:
1804:1969:
1277:, The
1082:
999:
991:
947:
796:
777:
741:
710:
694:
686:
636:
600:
296:Jewish
276:return
223:(1990)
218:(1989)
212:Awards
70:, U.S.
51:, U.S.
2649:1990
2512:Peace
2466:1990
945:JSTOR
775:S2CID
755:(PDF)
739:S2CID
634:S2CID
614:(PDF)
598:JSTOR
560:with
411:(now
308:Ph.B.
108:Field
2674:1995
2669:1994
2664:1993
2659:1992
2654:1991
2644:1989
2639:1988
2634:1987
2629:1986
2624:1985
2496:1990
2404:2022
2385:2021
2370:2020
2351:2019
1111:2023
1080:ISBN
1032:2019
997:ISBN
989:ISBN
912:2017
812:2009
794:ISBN
708:ISBN
692:ISBN
684:ISBN
543:risk
462:and
439:CACI
356:the
323:and
282:and
272:risk
57:Died
31:Born
1251:,
937:doi
767:doi
731:doi
659:doi
626:doi
590:doi
564:of
495:'s
231:at
92:PhD
84:PhB
3229::
3207:/
3171:/
3159:/
3147:/
3135:/
3123:/
3095:/
3075:/
3063:/
3035:/
3031:/
3003:/
2991:/
2971:/
2892:/
2880:/
2804:/
2800:/
2780:/
2776:/
2756:/
2414:/
2410:/
2406::
2395:/
2391:/
2387::
2376:/
2372::
2361:/
2357:/
2353::
2342:/
2322:/
2294:/
2290:/
2278:/
2266:/
2254:/
2250:/
2238:/
2218:/
2214:/
2194:/
2182:/
2170:/
2158:/
2146:/
2142:/
2119:/
2091:/
2079:/
2059:/
2055:/
2043:/
2015:/
2011:/
1919:/
1899:/
1868:/
1856:/
1836:/
1808:/
1375:,
1310:.
1304:.
1259:,
1154:.
1088:.
1018:,
943:.
931:.
898:.
885:^
869:^
859:.
773:.
763:61
761:.
757:.
737:.
727:59
725:.
653:.
649:.
632:.
622:LX
620:.
616:.
596:.
584:.
553:.
533:A
435:.
415:,
361:.
319:,
315:,
278:,
274:,
255:.
90:,
88:MA
86:,
2708:e
2701:t
2694:v
2498:)
2494:(
2459:e
2452:t
2445:v
1778:e
1771:t
1764:v
1416:e
1409:t
1402:v
1243:)
1186:.
1172:.
1127:.
1113:.
1003:)
969:)
951:.
939::
933:7
914:.
863:.
814:.
781:.
769::
745:.
733::
716:.
698:)
661::
655:3
640:.
628::
604:.
592::
586:7
94:)
82:(
43:)
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.