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scientific, moral, or theological. The principle of expressing and publishing opinions may seem to fall under a different principle, since it belongs to that part of the conduct of an individual which concerns other people; but, being almost of as much importance as the liberty of thought itself, and resting in great part on the same reasons, is practically inseparable from it. Secondly, the principle requires liberty of tastes and pursuits; of framing the plan of our life to suit our own character; of doing as we like, subject to such consequences as may follow; without impediment from our fellow-creatures,
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punishable by determining what harm the action causes. If a morally unjust action occurs but leaves no indisputable form of harm, there is no justification for the state to act and punish the perpetrators for their actions. The harm principle has an ambiguous definition of what harm specifically is and what justifies a state to intervene.
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The maxims are, first, that the individual is not accountable to society for his actions, in so far as these concern the interests of no person but himself. Advice, instruction, persuasion, and avoidance by other people, if thought necessary by them for their own good, are the only measures by which
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of 1789 as, "Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law." It
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Scholars have also said that the harm principle does not specify on whether the state is justified with intervention tactics. The ambiguity can lead a state to define what counts as a harmful self-regarding action at its own discretion. That freedom might allow for an individual's own liberty and
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Mill also put the harm principle within his list of rights that sprung from liberty. It was found within his list of political rights (political activities that did not involve harm to others) - but also within his non-political liberty rights - his "tastes and pursuits" - activities which did not
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The object of this Essay is to assert one very simple principle, as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties, or the moral coercion of public opinion. That
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Liberty consists in being able to do anything that does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of every man has no bounds other than those that ensure to the other members of society the enjoyment of these same rights. These bounds must be determined only by Law. The Law has the
1882:
In July 2009, the
Columbian Supreme Court of Justice reconfirmed the 1994 ruling of the Constitutional Court by determining that the possession of drugs for personal use 'cannot be the object of any punishments,' when the incident occurred 'in the exercise of his personal and private rights, the
1959:
This is an important principle for the purpose of determining harm that only manifests gradually over time—such that the resulting harm can be anticipated, but does not yet exist at the time that the action causing harm was taken. It also applies to other issues—which range from the right of an
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This, then, is the appropriate region of human liberty. It comprises, first, the inward domain of consciousness; demanding liberty of conscience, in the most comprehensive sense; liberty of thought and felling; absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects; practical or speculative,
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His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others, to do so would be wise, or even right... The only part of the
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Scholars have argued that the harm principle does not provide a narrow scope of which actions count as harmful towards oneself or the population and that it cannot be used to determine whether people can be punished for their actions by the state. A state can determine whether an action is
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rights to be in danger. It would not be plausible for a state to intervene with an action that will negatively affect the population more than an individual. The harm principle scope of usage has been described as too wide to follow directly and to implement possible punishment by a state.
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Criminal laws should be limited in their application to violations of the rights of others through force or fraud, or to deliberate actions that place others involuntarily at significant risk of harm. Therefore, we favor the repeal of all laws creating “crimes” without victims . .
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However, the second maxim also opens the question of broader definitions of harm, up to and including harm to the society. The concept of harm is not limited to harm to another individual but can be harm to individuals plurally, without specific definition of those individuals.
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Harm can also result from a failure to meet an obligation. Morality generates obligations. Duty may be exacted from a person in the same way as a debt, and it is part of the notion of duty that a person may be rightfully compelled to fulfill it.
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conduct of anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is
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for such actions as are prejudicial to the interests of others, the individual is accountable, and may be subjected either to social or to legal punishments, if society is of opinion that the one or the other is requisite for its
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We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . . .
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The belief "that no one should be forcibly prevented from acting in any way he chooses provided his acts are not invasive of the free acts of others" has become one of the basic principles of libertarian politics.
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right to forbid only those actions that are injurious to society. Nothing that is not forbidden by Law may be hindered, and no one may be compelled to do what the Law does not ordain.
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The Harm
Principle is found in Articles 4 and 5 of the first French constitution (and first nationally adopted constitution) from 1789:
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how the Harm
Principle was both 1) not a principle of fundamental justice, and 2) found in all these sources of fundamental justice.
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That the laws ought to be equal, so they must be good and not evidently destructive to the safety and well-being of the people.
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Even if a self-regarding action results in harm to oneself, it is still beyond the sphere of justifiable state coercion.
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principle is, that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the
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entity to discharge broadly polluting waste on private property, to broad questions of licensing, and to the right of
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The Harm
Principle is found in article 5 of the first English-language constitution from 1647:
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society can justifiably express its dislike or disapprobation of his conduct. Secondly, that
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In the same essay, Mill further explains the principle as a function of two maxims:
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can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his
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did not concern women, slaves, foreigners and minors, as they were not citizens.
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The second of these maxims has become known as the social authority principle.
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The Harm
Principle is also found in recent US case law - in the case of the
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The harm principle was first fully articulated by the
English philosopher
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One might rightly argue that the "pursuit of
Happiness" mentioned in the
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2330:"John Stuart Mill on the liberty of the mentally ill: a historical note"
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even though they should think our conduct foolish, perverse, or wrong.
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2070:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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340:
2431:
Stewart, Hamish (2009-08-23). "The Limits of the Harm
Principle".
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includes a version of the harm principle as part of its official
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293:
227:
2406:
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1762:, presented to the Army Council, E. 412, 21. October 28, 1647:
357:
2585:
Mill's Moral and
Political Philosophy: 3.6 The Harm Principle
1987:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1849:
was one of the "tastes and pursuits" that Mill had in mind:
1707:
1921:" (which he assimilated to minors) and minors while the
1772:
Declaration of Human and Civic Rights of 26 August 1789
2591:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018.
1862:, from the Supreme Court of California, in May, 2002:
1802:
of action of any of their number, is self-protection.
1832:
involve politics and did not involve harm to others:
1870:
and the existence of a criminal agency as its cause.
1924:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1723:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
986:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
2535:
2311:"Harm and Offence in Mill's Conception of Liberty"
3991:
2308:
1933:
2611:
1985:The examples and perspective in this section
1679:
1011:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
981:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
3750:For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto
2269:
2267:
1714:articulated the principle in the 1859 essay
1874:The Harm Principle even found its way into
2618:
2604:
2304:
2302:
2003:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1686:
1672:
2504:
2494:
2264:
2086:Learn how and when to remove this message
2019:Learn how and when to remove this message
1016:International Federation of Liberal Youth
3022:Free association (Marxism and anarchism)
2530:
2476:
2195:
2193:
1839:so long as what we do does not harm them
2581:"Mill's Moral and Political Philosophy"
2430:
2327:
2299:
2031:
1891:in R v Malmo-Levine, the Supreme Court
996:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
3992:
2409:. Libertarian National Committee. 2016
2239:
2599:
2479:"Reformulating Mill's Harm Principle"
2472:
2470:
2374:
2190:
3920:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
2538:The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law
2426:
2424:
2273:
2035:
1971:
1787:(1806–1873) in the first chapter of
3925:Libertarianism in the United States
2589:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2243:The Encyclopaedia of Libertarianism
2205:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1847:1776 US Declaration of Independence
1036:Liberal South East European Network
13:
2625:
2467:
1967:
1706:should be limited only to prevent
14:
4026:
3653:Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism
2561:
2421:
1026:Liberal Network for Latin America
459:(contributions to liberal theory)
3964:
2309:Menezes Oliveira, Jorge (2012).
2153:Do no significant harm principle
2040:
1976:
1804:That the only purpose for which
1653:
1641:
40:
3147:Natural rights and legal rights
2725:Consequentialist libertarianism
2524:
1908:
1812:, is to prevent harm to others.
3915:Libertarianism in South Africa
3830:Center for Libertarian Studies
2399:
2378:The Social Authority of Reason
2368:
2334:American Journal of Psychiatry
2321:
2233:
2219:
1878:, in 1994, and again in 2009:
1793:(1859), where he argued that:
1733:Notes on the State of Virginia
400:Separation of church and state
1:
2977:Decriminalization of sex work
2755:Bleeding-heart libertarianism
2745:Natural-rights libertarianism
2328:Monahan, J. (December 1977).
2246:. Thousand Oaks, California:
2184:
1738:
3865:Freeman on the land movement
3760:Law, Legislation and Liberty
3132:Libertarianism (metaphysics)
3037:Free-market environmentalism
2477:Saunders, Ben (2016-08-30).
2240:Hamowy, Ronald, ed. (2008).
2115:
1883:accused did not harm others.
1727:finds earlier expression in
7:
3910:Libertarian science fiction
2720:Conservative libertarianism
2433:Criminal Law and Philosophy
2128:
2066:the claims made and adding
1999:, discuss the issue on the
1934:Broader definitions of harm
10:
4031:
3945:Sovereign citizen movement
3770:Anarchy, State, and Utopia
1702:holds that the actions of
16:Moral philosophy principle
3978:Outline of libertarianism
3971:Libertarianism portal
3958:
3792:
3721:
3635:
3574:
3509:
3368:
3272:
3265:
2899:
2778:
2735:Libertarian transhumanism
2685:
2678:
2635:
2445:10.1007/s11572-009-9082-9
2375:Rossi, Philip J. (2012).
1876:the drug laws of Columbia
1623:Sexually liberal feminism
1530:Bias in American academia
1001:European Democratic Party
457:List of liberal theorists
3890:Libertarian conservatism
3257:Workers' self-management
3157:Non-aggression principle
2750:Neo-classical liberalism
2715:Christian libertarianism
2174:Non-aggression principle
2149:- "first, to do no harm"
282:Labor theory of property
3905:Libertarian Republicans
3167:Participatory economics
3012:Expropriative anarchism
2544:Oxford University Press
2346:10.1176/ajp.134.12.1428
2169:Negative utilitarianism
1755:, and modern case law.
991:Arab Liberal Federation
181:Consent of the governed
3845:Conscientious objector
3740:The Market for Liberty
3172:Propaganda of the deed
3122:Individual reclamation
3117:Individualist feminism
3077:Freedom of information
3057:Freedom of association
3017:Federalism (anarchist)
2688:Libertarian capitalism
2113:
1950:
1885:
1872:
1868:injury, loss, or harm,
1856:
1843:
1829:
1781:
1768:
1710:to other individuals.
1006:European Liberal Youth
976:Africa Liberal Network
201:Economic globalization
3900:Libertarian socialism
3895:Libertarian Democrats
3825:Austro-libertarianism
3678:Intellectual property
3242:Voluntary association
3067:Freedom of conscience
2922:Anti-authoritarianism
2917:Age of consent reform
2840:libertarian communism
2781:Libertarian socialism
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1940:
1880:
1864:
1851:
1834:
1795:
1776:
1764:
1648:Liberalism portal
1520:Anti-authoritarianism
1021:Liberal International
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3950:Technolibertarianism
3935:Public choice theory
3885:Green libertarianism
3840:Classical liberalism
3835:Civil libertarianism
3668:Foreign intervention
3152:Night-watchman state
2695:Right-libertarianism
2643:Age of Enlightenment
2381:. Albany, New York:
2315:University of Oxford
2159:Law of equal liberty
2140:Classical liberalism
2100:US Libertarian Party
2032:US Libertarian Party
1997:improve this section
452:Age of Enlightenment
405:Separation of powers
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3855:Cultural liberalism
3698:Political alliances
3187:Reproductive rights
3162:Non-interventionism
3102:Homestead principle
3082:Freedom of religion
3072:Freedom of contract
3052:Freedom of assembly
2987:Drug liberalization
2882:Libertarian Marxism
2788:Left-libertarianism
2760:Paleolibertarianism
2542:. London, England:
2496:10.1093/mind/fzv171
2313:. Oxford, England:
2283:. Oxford, England:
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1660:Politics portal
363:Civil and political
336:Popular sovereignty
196:Economic liberalism
4010:1859 introductions
4005:Ethical principles
3658:Capital punishment
3648:Affirmative action
3197:Right to sexuality
3177:Property is theft!
3092:Freedom of thought
2705:Anarcho-capitalism
2489:(500): 1005–1032.
2051:possibly contains
331:Permissive society
311:Limited government
3987:
3986:
3875:Geolibertarianism
3850:Constitutionalism
3805:Anti-collectivism
3703:Political parties
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3222:Spontaneous order
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2962:Counter-economics
2957:Cognitive liberty
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2574:Legal Theory Blog
2340:(12): 1428–1429.
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2146:Primum non nocere
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2053:original research
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1696:
1695:
1535:Bias in the media
1051:Regional variants
368:Natural and legal
4022:
4015:John Stuart Mill
3980:
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3967:
3940:Small government
3785:
3775:
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3755:
3745:
3735:
3683:Internal debates
3270:
3269:
2997:Economic freedom
2972:Decentralization
2967:Crypto-anarchism
2942:Artistic freedom
2912:Academic freedom
2791:
2783:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2682:
2630:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2557:
2541:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2287:. pp. 21–22
2271:
2262:
2261:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:inline citations
2044:
2043:
2036:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2004:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1860:People v Alvarez
1827:
1825:John Stuart Mill
1785:John Stuart Mill
1749:R v Malmo-Levine
1729:Thomas Jefferson
1712:John Stuart Mill
1688:
1681:
1674:
1658:
1657:
1646:
1645:
1564:Economic freedom
1557:Radical centrism
395:Secular humanism
321:Natural monopoly
272:Internationalism
89:Internationalist
44:
21:
20:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3976:
3965:
3963:
3954:
3788:
3783:
3773:
3763:
3753:
3743:
3733:
3717:
3708:Theories of law
3631:
3566:
3505:
3364:
3261:
3202:Self-governance
3182:Refusal of work
2947:Civil liberties
2927:Anti-capitalism
2891:
2877:Guild socialism
2835:insurrectionary
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2765:Propertarianism
2692:
2691:
2686:
2674:
2653:Aristotelianism
2631:
2626:
2624:
2579:
2564:
2554:
2527:
2522:
2475:
2468:
2429:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2407:"2016 Platform"
2405:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2373:
2369:
2326:
2322:
2307:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2250:. p. xxi.
2238:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2207:. 17 April 2008
2199:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2131:
2118:
2092:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2057:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:Modern examples
1936:
1911:
1893:did not explain
1828:
1823:
1741:
1692:
1652:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1309:North Macedonia
1053:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1031:Liberal parties
969:
961:
960:
751:
743:
742:
473:
463:
462:
447:
437:
436:
432:State of nature
420:Social services
410:Social contract
373:To own property
176:
168:
167:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3985:
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3981:
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3959:
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3897:
3892:
3887:
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3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3820:Anti-socialism
3817:
3812:
3810:Anti-communism
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3780:Free to Choose
3776:
3766:
3756:
3746:
3736:
3730:Atlas Shrugged
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
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3690:
3685:
3680:
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3633:
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3624:
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3614:
3609:
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3513:
3511:
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3448:
3443:
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3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Tax resistance
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Social ecology
3214:
3209:
3207:Self-ownership
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:Free migration
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3002:Egalitarianism
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Class struggle
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Antimilitarism
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
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2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
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2794:
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2773:
2772:
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2762:
2757:
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2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2628:Libertarianism
2623:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2577:
2563:
2562:External links
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:978-0199878574
2552:
2532:Feinberg, Joel
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2466:
2420:
2398:
2392:978-0791483367
2391:
2385:. p. 60.
2367:
2320:
2298:
2263:
2257:978-1412965804
2256:
2232:
2218:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Libertarianism
2161:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2117:
2114:
2104:party platform
2094:
2093:
2076:September 2023
2048:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
1991:of the subject
1989:worldwide view
1984:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1935:
1932:
1910:
1907:
1889:their decision
1821:
1740:
1737:
1700:harm principle
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:Utilitarianism
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1601:Libertarianism
1598:
1596:Land value tax
1593:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Egalitarianism
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1525:Anti-communism
1522:
1516:
1514:Related topics
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1468:Arizona School
1460:
1459:
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1453:
1448:
1443:
1436:United Kingdom
1433:
1428:
1423:
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1408:
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695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
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630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
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590:
585:
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575:
570:
565:
563:Wollstonecraft
560:
555:
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530:
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429:
428:
427:
422:
415:Social justice
412:
407:
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382:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
355:
354:
353:
348:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
316:Market economy
313:
308:
307:
306:
301:
291:
284:
279:
277:Invisible hand
274:
269:
267:Harm principle
264:
263:
262:
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69:
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59:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4027:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
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3598:
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3525:
3523:
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3518:
3515:
3514:
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3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
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3432:
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3427:
3424:
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3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
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3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Individualism
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Direct action
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
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2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:philosophical
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:individualist
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2408:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2317:. p. 13.
2316:
2312:
2305:
2303:
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3815:Anti-fascism
3800:Abolitionism
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3758:
3748:
3738:
3728:
3713:War on Drugs
3612:Korwin-Mikke
3532:de La Boétie
3436:Korwin-Mikke
3266:Philosophers
3192:Right to die
3097:Gift economy
2937:Anti-statism
2803:collectivist
2770:Voluntaryism
2588:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2537:
2525:Bibliography
2486:
2482:
2439:(1): 17–35.
2436:
2432:
2411:. Retrieved
2401:
2377:
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2337:
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2323:
2291:February 27,
2289:. Retrieved
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2209:. Retrieved
2204:
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2119:
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2097:
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2073:
2050:
2015:
2006:
1986:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1929:
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1912:
1909:Restrictions
1903:
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1618:Pirate Party
1478:Jeffersonian
1386:South Africa
876:Lloyd George
471:Philosophers
378:To bear arms
326:Open society
286:
266:
62:Conservative
18:
3930:Objectivism
3764:(1973–1979)
3693:Objectivism
3688:LGBT rights
3673:Immigration
3575:Politicians
3456:de Molinari
3401:M. Friedman
3396:D. Friedman
3142:Natural law
3032:Free market
3007:Evictionism
2982:Departurism
2887:Syndicalism
2872:Communalism
2860:syndicalist
2813:free-market
2413:25 February
2179:Wiccan Rede
1946:protection.
1704:individuals
1446:Gladstonian
1406:Switzerland
1391:South Korea
1334:Philippines
1294:New Zealand
1289:Netherlands
946:Verhofstadt
941:Balcerowicz
750:Politicians
678:Collingwood
618:Tocqueville
493:Montesquieu
385:Rule of law
186:Due process
3994:Categories
3527:Konkin III
3369:Right-wing
3212:Single tax
3107:Illegalism
3047:Free trade
2907:Abstention
2867:Autonomism
2740:Minarchism
2710:Autarchism
2658:Liberalism
2506:1893/18198
2383:SUNY Press
2280:On Liberty
2185:References
2060:improve it
1919:barbarians
1915:On Liberty
1790:On Liberty
1753:On Liberty
1739:Definition
1717:On Liberty
1574:Empiricism
1545:Democratic
1540:Capitalism
1451:Manchester
1284:Montenegro
1269:Luxembourg
1205:Venizelism
1135:Costa Rica
390:Secularism
223:Federalism
175:Principles
34:Liberalism
3870:Fusionism
3663:Criticism
3607:Jorgensen
3582:Cleveland
3451:von Mises
3406:Goldwater
3335:Kropotkin
3273:Left-wing
3227:Squatting
3027:Free love
2845:mutualism
2808:communist
2798:Anarchism
2730:Fusionism
2663:classical
2648:Anarchism
2569:Baselines
2515:0026-4423
2461:144027938
2453:1871-9791
2354:0002-953X
2116:Criticism
2064:verifying
2001:talk page
1817:sovereign
1731:'s 1785 "
1589:Anarchist
1497:Venezuela
1473:Classical
1441:Cobdenism
1344:Cracovian
1299:Nicaragua
1264:Lithuania
1123:Hong Kong
1078:Australia
916:Roosevelt
886:StĂĄhlberg
881:Venizelos
836:Sarmiento
826:Gladstone
786:Lamartine
756:Jefferson
608:Martineau
558:De Gouges
543:Condorcet
528:Priestley
191:Democracy
163:Third Way
124:Christian
119:Religious
57:Classical
3880:Georgism
3643:Abortion
3587:Coolidge
3486:Rothbard
3471:Paterson
3431:Kinsella
3426:Jillette
3350:Proudhon
3330:Hodgskin
3305:DĂ©jacque
3285:Bookchin
3137:Localism
2900:Concepts
2534:(1984).
2277:(1859).
2129:See also
1995:You may
1962:sedition
1822:—
1579:Humanism
1552:Centrism
1502:Zimbabwe
1456:Whiggism
1416:Thailand
1381:Slovenia
1376:Slovakia
1351:Portugal
1324:Paraguay
1247:Liberism
1212:Honduras
1130:Colombia
1103:Bulgaria
896:Rathenau
871:Milyukov
791:Macaulay
761:Kołłątaj
733:Kymlicka
713:Friedman
658:Cassirer
648:Hobhouse
583:Constant
578:Humboldt
538:Beccaria
503:Rousseau
498:Voltaire
341:Property
304:Positive
299:Negative
255:Religion
233:Economic
206:Equality
129:Catholic
99:National
94:Muscular
72:Feminist
67:Cultural
26:a series
24:Part of
3793:Related
3627:Sarwark
3602:Johnson
3562:Thoreau
3552:Stirner
3547:Spooner
3537:McElroy
3501:Stossel
3496:Spencer
3416:Herbert
3391:Emerson
3386:Brennan
3376:Bastiat
3340:Marcuse
3320:Goldman
3310:Fourier
3295:Chomsky
3280:Bakunin
3127:Liberty
2818:agorism
2679:Schools
2668:radical
2636:Origins
2211:10 June
2058:Please
1800:liberty
1492:Uruguay
1431:Ukraine
1421:Tunisia
1366:Senegal
1356:Romania
1304:Nigeria
1279:Moldova
1222:Iceland
1217:Hungary
1195:Germany
1190:Georgia
1180:Finland
1175:Estonia
1165:Ecuador
1160:Denmark
1155:Czechia
1140:Croatia
1093:Bolivia
1088:Belgium
1083:Austria
1073:Armenia
1068:Albania
936:Jenkins
931:Kennedy
921:Pearson
906:Einaudi
891:Gokhale
851:Itagaki
846:Naoroji
841:Mommsen
821:Lincoln
811:Mazzini
796:Kossuth
781:Broglie
776:BolĂvar
771:Artigas
766:Madison
628:Spencer
613:Emerson
603:Bastiat
588:Ricardo
548:Bentham
488:Spinoza
445:History
346:Private
294:Liberty
228:Freedom
148:Secular
136:Islamic
114:Radical
51:Schools
3784:(1980)
3774:(1974)
3754:(1973)
3744:(1970)
3734:(1957)
3636:Issues
3597:Gandhi
3592:Farage
3517:George
3466:Nozick
3360:Tucker
3355:Warren
3345:Ă–calan
3325:Guérin
3315:Godwin
3300:Cleyre
2855:social
2550:
2513:
2459:
2451:
2389:
2362:335904
2360:
2352:
2254:
2155:(DNSH)
2135:Ahimsa
1485:Modern
1426:Turkey
1411:Taiwan
1401:Sweden
1371:Serbia
1361:Russia
1339:Poland
1319:Panama
1314:Norway
1274:Mexico
1259:Latvia
1237:Israel
1200:Greece
1185:France
1150:Cyprus
1108:Canada
1098:Brazil
1058:Europe
956:Macron
901:Madero
866:Deakin
856:Levski
831:Cavour
816:Juárez
806:Cobden
738:Badawi
728:Nozick
708:Berlin
698:Popper
673:Keynes
668:Ortega
633:Arnold
593:Guizot
553:Korais
518:Turgot
478:Milton
358:Rights
351:Public
260:Speech
238:Market
211:Gender
158:Techno
153:Social
141:Jewish
77:Equity
3722:Works
3617:Milei
3557:Szasz
3542:Paine
3510:Other
3491:Simon
3446:Locke
3421:Hoppe
3411:Hayek
3381:Block
3290:Camus
2825:green
2572:, at
2457:S2CID
1948:(LV2)
1806:power
1611:Right
1396:Spain
1254:Japan
1242:Italy
1227:India
1170:Egypt
1118:China
1113:Chile
951:Obama
926:Ohlin
861:Kemal
718:Rawls
693:Hayek
683:ÄŚapek
663:Mises
653:Croce
643:Weber
638:Acton
568:Staël
533:Paine
523:Burke
508:Smith
483:Locke
250:Press
243:Trade
216:Legal
84:Green
3622:Paul
3522:Hess
3481:Read
3476:Rand
3461:Nock
3441:Lane
2548:ISBN
2511:ISSN
2483:Mind
2449:ISSN
2415:2017
2387:ISBN
2358:PMID
2350:ISSN
2293:2008
2252:ISBN
2213:2013
2098:The
1810:will
1708:harm
1698:The
1606:Left
1329:Peru
1232:Iran
1145:Cuba
911:King
801:Deák
703:Aron
623:Mill
598:List
513:Kant
109:Ordo
2501:hdl
2491:doi
2487:125
2441:doi
2342:doi
2338:134
2062:by
1913:In
1887:In
1747:In
723:Sen
573:Say
104:Neo
3996::
2587:.
2583:.
2546:.
2509:.
2499:.
2485:.
2481:.
2469:^
2455:.
2447:.
2435:.
2423:^
2356:.
2348:.
2336:.
2332:.
2301:^
2266:^
2203:.
2192:^
1964:.
1774::
688:Hu
28:on
2790:)
2786:(
2697:)
2693:(
2619:e
2612:t
2605:v
2576:.
2556:.
2517:.
2503::
2493::
2463:.
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2437:4
2417:.
2395:.
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2215:.
2111:.
2089:)
2083:(
2078:)
2074:(
2056:.
2022:)
2016:(
2011:)
2007:(
1993:.
1819:.
1687:e
1680:t
1673:v
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