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was immediately called into action, accompanied by the
Governor and the Sheriff, along with several other magistrates, taking position on the brow of Smith Hill. The Mob stopped their destruction and focused entirely on the soldiers. Several times the rioters were ordered to disperse. Several small fights between soldiers and rioters broke out when a rioter attempted to grab the musket of a private, starting a small brawl. The Sheriff gave an ultimatum: 5 minutes for the riot to disband or they would shoot, the safety of rioters and onlookers would not be guaranteed. This was met by more cries of "Fire and be Damned." After trying everything short of firing into the crowd, the Sheriff called for the First Light Infantry and the Dragoons to push into the riot to disperse them but this too failed, and the Militia was forced to retreat back down Smith Street. The mob followed and grew more and more violent as the Soldiers moved towards the bridge. Unable to easily move and under immense threat, the Sheriff ordered the 1st Light Infantry to Fire into the crowd. four rioters were killed in the volley, and the rest began to disband as the Militia continued down Canal Street. The Militia gathered at the
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unknown who started throwing stones first, but both sides began to fight until a shot was fired. After the shot the main body of the crowd retreated down the hill but the sailors remained and continued up the lane where another shot was fired, this time hitting one of the men. The gunman was a Black resident defending his home near the top of the lane, who told the 5 men to withdraw, and is quoted as saying "Is this the way for blacks to live, to be obliged to defend themselves from stones?" The sailors refused, one calling out "Fire and be Damned." Several more shots were fired, though it is unclear from the official record who fired them. One of the sailors was mortally wounded and died later that night, while two others were wounded. They retreated back to the bottom of the lane where the crowd had grown into a mob. Incensed, the mob began to tear down the houses along the lane, demolishing 2 houses and breaking the windows and furniture of several others.
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the Snow Town riot, leading citizens and journalists took the problem far more seriously. Most took a similar tact to the coverage of Hard
Scrabble, decrying black residents, especially focusing on those who had shot at the 5 sailors on the first day of the riot. Alongside this was support for the actions of the police and militia for the reestablishment of order. The Day after the riots ended the City government held a meeting at on the steps of the town house, addressing the violence that had occurred and the state's response and appointed a Special Committee to write a report on the riots. After the Snow Town riot, written opinion approved of suppressing rioters to maintain order, and Providence voters approved a charter for a city government containing strong police powers.
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alongside the First Light
Infantry at 6pm. 4 of the 7 prisoners were let go due to lack of evidence, and the others had trials scheduled but were discharged as matter of right. Despite all 7 no longer being held, a small mob of between 30 and 50 gathered at the town jail to demand their immediate release. Upon learning that the prisoners had been released the majority of the crowd dispersed, some going to Snow Town to continue the last night's violence, though in the official report there is no note of what happened there. The Militia was dismissed at 12am that night.
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determined that "nothing short of firing would produce any other effect than increased irritation and ferocity of the mob." The
Soldiers retreated, and again the Governor and Sheriff demanded the rioters to disperse to no avail. Several soldiers reported minor injuries. 6 more homes along Olney Lane were destroyed. Around 1am the mob moved on to Snow Town where another 2 homes were destroyed and several others vandalized. Around 3 or 4 in the morning they disbanded.
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Hardscrabble may have stood around the corner of Smith Street and North Main street, though other theories have been suggested. In 2006, a memorial plaque was installed in a grass-covered traffic island at the corner of North Main and Canal
Streets near the State House. This plaque has since been moved to Francis Street south of Gaspee Street as of 2024.
364:. Of the at least 40 rioters present only 8 were identified charged for the crime: Oliver Cummins, Joseph Butler Jr., Nathaniel G. Metcalf, Amos Chaffee, John Sherman, Gilbert Humes, Arthur Farrier, James Gibbs, Ezra Hubbard, and William Taylor. Sherman and Taylor were not apprehended, not having been found by the Sheriff. Council for the Defense was
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The riot started the night of
September 21, when a group of five white sailors went looking for trouble around Olney's Lane. A crowd had begun to form after an apparent brawl between several other white sailors and Black residents. Led by the five white sailors the crowd advanced up the street. It is
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Snow Town was located on Smith Hill where the State
Capital and the Providence Train Station sit today. Several buildings that belonged to the neighborhood still stood during the Capital's construction, though all have since been torn down. A memorial for the Snow Town riot is located nearby at the
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The exact location of the Hard
Scrabble and Snow Town neighborhoods within northwestern Providence has been a matter of some dispute, which complicated efforts to memorialize Hard Scrabble. Partly this is due to the neighborhoods being poorly recorded in state records. From the records of the riot,
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The Hard
Scrabble Riot had engendered little media sympathy for its victims. The outcome of the trial and the broadsides published about the event depicted the event as at worst a necessary evil, and at best a righteous act. Beyond the trial little attention was paid to the riot. But by the time of
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Again the
Militia was put on alert at 6pm. Around 8:30pm the Sheriff reported that a mob had gathered around Smith's Bridge (probably the modern intersection between Smith and Canal Streets). The Violence started soon after, apparently so loud that it could be heard by most of the city. The militia
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There were several reports that an attempt to break the 7 people arrested the previous night out of jail would occur. In response the sheriff requested further support from the Rhode Island Militia and was granted it. Members of the Dragoons, Artillery, Cadets, and Volunteers were all put on alert
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is today, along both sides of Smith Street. Like Hard Scrabble it had a reputation as a den of vice and violence and was seen as a blight on the town with calls for it to be torn down. It and the older neighborhood of Olney's Lane (now modern day Olney Street) were the targets of another series of
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had been superseded by a stricter Rhode Island statute and thus did not apply, and that the destruction of Hard Scrabble had been a just and necessary endeavor. In his closing arguments for the defense of Oliver Cummins, Tillinghast compared the riots to the destruction of Babylon in the Bible. Of
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News of the Previous night's riot spread quickly throughout the city. More attacks on Olney Street were threatened. The Sheriff's office took note of this and stepped in, sending several officers and the Sheriff himself to Olney Street. By 7pm a mob had formed at the base of the street. Multiple
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On October 18, 1824, a brawl started in the neighborhood after a black man refused to get off the sidewalk when approached by some whites. The following evening a mob of white residents attacked the homes and businesses of Black residents while many more looked on. Eyewitness accounts describe
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around 9 or 10 pm requesting support from the Rhode Island Militia. Around 12am 25 members of the First Light Infantry led by Captain Shaw arrived at the lane. This did nothing to stop the rioters who continued to throw stones and weapons at the police and soldiers. The Governor and Sheriff
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times they were ordered to disperse and seven people were arrested. The rioters clashed several times with the constables, reportedly stopping work destroying homes to prevent the sheriff arresting any further rioters. Outnumbered, the sheriff sent a request to governor
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between 40 and 60 people actively tearing apart homes, some armed with axes and clubs. In total approximately 20 buildings were destroyed by the rioters. The Violence lasted from between 7pm and around 2 or 3am when the rioters voted to adjourn.
308:. It was perceived by many white neighbors as a blight the town. Tensions developed between the residents of Hard Scrabble and other residents of Providence. Hard Scrabble was one of several similar neighborhoods in urban centers in the
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After the Hard Scrabble riot, the Snow Town neighborhood began nearby. It was another interracial neighborhood where free blacks and poor whites lived among crime and marginal businesses. Evidence points to its location being where the
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where free blacks gathered to further themselves socially and economically. Other African American communities created in cities with growing job markets in the same time period include the
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Hard Scrabble was a predominantly black neighborhood in northwestern Providence in the early 19th century. Away from the town center, its inexpensive rents attracted working class
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Broadside ridiculing victims of the 1824 Hard Scrabble riot and promising similar treatment to other immigrants settling in the city
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the 8 defendants only Metcalf and Farrier were found guilty, though these verdicts were swiftly overturned.
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riots in September 1831. In total Eight Buildings on Olney's Lane and Nine in Snow Town were destroyed.
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white residents destroyed multiple black homes and businesses in 1824 and 1831, respectively.
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A Dreadful Deceit: The Myth of Race from the Colonial Era to Obama's America
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The Trial took place in September 1824 under the direction of Chief Justice
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This article is about the town in Rhode Island, USA. For other uses, see
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blacks, poor people of all races and marginalized businesses such as
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713:"Memorializing the 1824 hardscrabble race riot takes a long route/"
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Map of Providence in 1823, one year before the Hard Scrabble Riot.
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Bodies Politic: Negotiating Race in the American North, 1730-1830
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History of the Providence Riots, from Sept. 21 to Sept. 24 1831
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Former neighborhood in Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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823:"Providence Newspapers and the Racist Riots of 1824 and 1831"
1851:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
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16:"Snow Town" redirects here. For the town in Australia, see
853:"The Site of Hardscrabble Riot 1824 Historical Marker"
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Racially motivated violence against African Americans
654:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 353ff.
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62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
280:in the nineteenth century. They were the sites of
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677:"Group tries to preserve 2 historic Conn. homes"
785:"Obscure marker recalls shameful 1800s episode"
622:(Report). Providence Committee of Riots. 1831.
573:Hard-Scrabble Calendar: Report of the Trials...
538:Narrating the Slave Trade, Theorizing Community
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436:and remained there on guard until the morning.
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587:– via Rhode Island History Navigator.
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1907:White American riots in the United States
1856:Mass racial violence in the United States
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1902:Riots and civil disorder in Rhode Island
1877:African-American history of Rhode Island
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1887:History of Providence, Rhode Island
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463:Rhode Island Black Heritage Society
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1882:Ethnic enclaves in Rhode Island
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711:Sagrans, Erica (May 31, 2006).
575:(Report). Providence RI. 1824.
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1812:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot
1083:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
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71:"Hard Scrabble and Snow Town"
25:Hardscrabble (disambiguation)
1450:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot
1426:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842
1178:Gloucester County Conspiracy
449:Location and memorialization
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457:A memorial plaque in the
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1362:Cincinnati riots of 1829
388:Rhode Island State House
278:Providence, Rhode Island
1767:Cincinnati riot of 1853
330:Bridgeport, Connecticut
1684:Baltimore riot of 1861
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942:"The Snowtown Project"
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1707:Detroit brothel riots
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1093:Battle of Golden Hill
821:Crouch, John (1999).
540:. BRILL. p. 47.
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272:(Addison Hollow) and
1830:Southern bread riots
1743:Buffalo riot of 1862
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1357:1792 Cincinnati riot
1190:Chesapeake rebellion
1117:Culpeper's Rebellion
755:Smithsonian Magazine
685:. Associated Press.
509:United States portal
348:Trial of the rioters
56:improve this article
1636:Battle of the Spurs
1594:Sacking of Lawrence
1494:Baltimore bank riot
1420:Lombard Street riot
1077:Leisler's Rebellion
725:on October 15, 2012
495:Rhode Island portal
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292:Hard Scrabble
289:
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197:Coordinates:
195:
185:Hard Scrabble
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141:Hard Scrabble
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
26:
19:
1588:Wakarusa War
1454:
1449:
1442:Rhode Island
1414:Buckshot War
1382:Pennsylvania
1266:Bellevue War
1219:
1146:Pennsylvania
1043:
1037:Knowles Riot
1004:Colonial era
992:civil unrest
946:. Retrieved
930:. Retrieved
926:the original
910:
894:. Retrieved
890:the original
885:
860:. Retrieved
857:www.hmdb.org
856:
847:
835:. Retrieved
826:
799:. Retrieved
795:the original
788:
763:. Retrieved
754:
727:. Retrieved
723:the original
716:
691:. Retrieved
682:Boston Globe
680:
670:
650:
628:. Retrieved
581:. Retrieved
537:
531:
471:
467:
443:
430:
427:September 24
421:
418:September 23
407:
404:September 22
398:
395:September 21
384:
359:
342:
334:Sandy Ground
306:prostitution
295:
273:
269:
268:
244:Rhode Island
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1796:(1853–1854)
1709:(1855–1859)
1584:(1854–1861)
1540:(1851–1856)
1462:(1841–1842)
1398:(1799–1800)
1392:(1791–1794)
1334:(1839–1845)
1315:Eggnog riot
1131:(1765–1771)
1079:(1689–1691)
1060:(1786–1787)
1033:(1710–1713)
997:(1607–1865)
434:Court House
362:Thomas Mann
322:Beacon Hill
260:Established
219: /
112:August 2024
1871:Categories
1524:California
948:August 20,
862:August 20,
801:August 20,
523:References
282:race riots
263:circa 1800
254:Providence
207:71°24′40″W
204:41°49′57″N
82:newspapers
1515:1849–1865
1500:Snow Riot
1260:Honey War
1243:1789–1849
1009:1776–1789
896:August 1,
729:August 2,
693:August 2,
381:Snow Town
310:Northeast
284:in which
274:Snow Town
1723:New York
1694:Michigan
1671:Maryland
1549:Illinois
1307:New York
1170:Virginia
1069:New York
908:(2013).
837:June 21,
831:Archived
765:June 28,
759:Archived
687:Archived
630:June 24,
624:Archived
583:June 24,
577:Archived
481:See also
1844:Related
1044:Liberty
932:June 2,
302:saloons
232:Country
96:scholar
1832:(1863)
1826:(1862)
1820:(1859)
1814:(1858)
1808:(1857)
1802:(1855)
1787:Others
1779:(1863)
1750:(1863)
1739:(1857)
1733:(1857)
1662:(1855)
1638:(1859)
1632:(1856)
1626:(1856)
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1608:(1856)
1602:(1856)
1596:(1856)
1590:(1855)
1574:Kansas
1565:(1864)
1559:(1855)
1534:(1850)
1502:(1835)
1496:(1835)
1490:(1833)
1484:(1831)
1470:Others
1433:(1844)
1422:(1842)
1416:(1838)
1410:(1838)
1404:(1834)
1340:(1849)
1323:(1834)
1317:(1826)
1298:(1837)
1287:(1834)
1268:(1840)
1262:(1839)
1230:(1772)
1224:(1772)
1222:affair
1220:Gaspee
1215:(1739)
1209:(1689)
1200:Others
1192:(1730)
1186:(1677)
1180:(1663)
1156:(1742)
1137:(1771)
1125:(1711)
1119:(1677)
1095:(1770)
1054:(1770)
1048:(1768)
1046:affair
1039:(1747)
918:
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544:
318:Boston
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1647:Maine
988:Riots
240:State
103:JSTOR
89:books
1759:Ohio
1349:Ohio
1252:Iowa
990:and
950:2024
934:2014
916:ISBN
898:2010
864:2024
839:2024
803:2024
767:2024
731:2010
695:2010
656:ISBN
632:2024
585:2024
542:ISBN
374:riot
368:and
332:and
298:free
250:City
75:news
328:in
320:’s
316:of
58:by
1873::
884:.
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125:)
119:(
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110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
27:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
