27:
1736:
1368:
159:
also displayed this quality to a great degree in their work. Hard-edge can be seen to be associated with one or more school of painting, but is also a generally descriptive term, for these qualities found in any painting. Hard-edge painting can be figurative or nonrepresentational.
223:
in
Belfast. The term came into broader use after Alloway used it to describe contemporary American geometric abstract painting featuring "economy of form," "fullness of color," "neatness of surface," and the nonrelational arrangement of forms on the canvas.
147:
who adopted a knowingly impersonal paint application and delineated areas of color with particular sharpness and clarity. This style was a significant reaction to the more painterly or gestural forms of
1153:
152:, one of the United States’ primary painting movements at the time. The “hard-edge” approach to abstract painting became widespread in the 1960s, though California was its creative center.
853:
239:
was held at the
Pavilion Gallery in Balboa, CA (also known as the Newport Pavilion) with the cooperation of the Ankrum Gallery, Esther Robles Gallery, Felix Landau Gallery,
105:
is painting in which abrupt transitions are found between color areas. Color areas often consist of one unvarying color. The Hard-edge painting style is related to
291:. The exhibit again featured John McLaughlin, Feitelson, Hammersley, and Benjamin, and added Lundeberg as the fifth of the original Hard-edge painters. In 2003,
256:
193:(1925-2012). This group of seven gathered at the Feitelson's home to discuss a group exhibition of this nonfigurative painting style. Curated by Langsner,
272:
1150:
569:
444:
897:
385:
Louis Stern Fine Arts continues to exhibit and represent the estates of Hard-Edge painters, including
Benjamin, Lundeberg, and Feitelson.
1106:
829:
854:"Modernism101.com | Langsner, Jules [Director/essay]: CALIFORNIA HARD-EDGE PAINTING. Balboa, CA: The Pavilion Gallery, 1964"
370:, which showcased the artistic practices that characterized the postwar L.A. art scene. The exhibition highlighted selections from
409:. Aside from Feitelson, Lundeberg, McLaughlin, Hammersley, and Benjamin, other artists associated with Hard-edge painting include:
754:
309:
The Los
Angeles School: Karl Benjamin, Lorser Feitelson, Frederick Hammersley, June Harwood, Helen Lundeberg, and John McLaughlin
1200:
173:
In the late 1950s, Langsner and Peter Selz, then professor at Pomona
College, observed a common link among the recent work of
1404:
1138:
1049:
1024:
1014:
907:
1798:
1607:
996:
198:
1793:
344:
1752:
216:
220:
348:
320:
26:
1424:
1193:
114:
1803:
1397:
165:
509:
1413:
1257:
182:
91:
1478:
155:
Other earlier art movements have also contained the quality of hard-edgedness; for example, the
1665:
1483:
1287:
658:
624:
574:
149:
1690:
1534:
1493:
1371:
1217:
1186:
1162:
1044:(1 ed.). The Feitelson/Lundeberg Art Foundation and Louis Stern Fine Arts. p. 133.
804:
730:
683:
604:
371:
352:
292:
106:
1813:
1650:
1600:
1524:
1390:
1237:
1227:
619:
459:
424:
359:
186:
118:
76:
1757:
1700:
8:
1808:
1559:
1438:
1317:
1277:
688:
524:
260:
1725:
1710:
779:
514:
312:
758:
299:
The same year, NOHO MODERN showed the works of June
Harwood in an exhibition entitled
235:
In 1964, a second major hard-edge exhibition curated by Jules
Langsner, simply titled
1695:
1670:
1297:
1134:
1045:
1020:
903:
663:
559:
402:
398:
131:
539:
1772:
1655:
1468:
629:
394:
212:
174:
71:
31:
1128:
1720:
1705:
1675:
1660:
1640:
1593:
1554:
1453:
1292:
1168:
1157:
678:
634:
614:
584:
579:
504:
479:
474:
439:
252:
178:
86:
327:, which included the original "four abstract classicists" along with midcentury
1715:
1574:
1564:
1519:
534:
499:
469:
449:
136:
873:
1787:
1685:
1680:
1549:
1488:
1353:
1307:
1065:
997:"A Walk through "Pacific Standard Time: Crosscurrents," Opening This Weekend"
947:
755:"SBMA: exhibitions > current > Colorscope: Abstract Painting 1960-1979"
703:
564:
529:
406:
240:
190:
66:
923:
1767:
1747:
1735:
1645:
1635:
1498:
1473:
1433:
1232:
1209:
1097:
673:
653:
609:
594:
589:
554:
519:
489:
454:
429:
419:
268:
264:
156:
81:
393:
This style of hard-edge geometric abstraction recalls the earlier work of
351:, Oakland, CA; the Mildred Kemper Lane Art Museum, St. Louis, MO; and the
1630:
1503:
1448:
1302:
1267:
1247:
693:
668:
599:
549:
544:
484:
464:
316:
304:
288:
247:. Along with Feitselon, Lundeberg, McLaughlin, Hammersley, and Benjamin,
244:
129:
The term “Hard-edge painting” was coined in 1959 by writer, curator, and
197:
opened at the San
Francisco Museum of Art in 1959, then traveled to the
1544:
1463:
1458:
1443:
698:
144:
140:
1173:
201:
in
Exposition Park. Helen Lundeberg was not included in the exhibit.
708:
639:
414:
1115:
325:
Birth of the Cool: California Art, Design, and
Culture at Midcentury
297:
Lorser Feitelson and the invention of Hard-edge painting, 1945–1965.
1529:
1348:
1322:
1312:
1242:
1103:
Lorser Feitelson and the Invention of Hard-Edge Painting, 1945–1965
899:
Lorser Feitelson and the Invention of Hard Edge Painting, 1945-1965
434:
295:
presented a retrospective exhibition for Lorser Feitelson entitled
1343:
902:. Louis Stern Fine Arts and the Feitelson Arts Foundation. 2003.
494:
103:
Hard-edge painting (also referred to as Hard Edge or Hard-edged)
1616:
1569:
1338:
1262:
1178:
328:
110:
1382:
332:
830:"The Fullness of Color: 1960s Painting Opens on December 18"
336:
227:
1585:
1165:- Art Movement and Style Overview on Art Story Foundation
924:"June Harwood - Hard-Edge Painting Revisited:1959-1969"
368:
Crosscurrents in L.A. Painting and Sculpture, 1950-1970
163:
780:"Finding Aid for the Jules Langsner papers, 1941-1967"
301:
June Harwood: Hard-edge painting Revisited, 1959–1969.
1094:
June Harwood: Hard-Edge Painting Revisited, 1959–1969
311:, an exhibition held at the Ben Maltz Gallery of the
219:
in London, where Alloway was assistant director, and
971:
358:In 2011, the style was featured prominently at the
1785:
143:, to describe the work of several painters from
1601:
1398:
1194:
388:
1019:. Louis Stern Fine Arts. 2007. p. 19.
307:solidified the place of these 6 artists in
1608:
1594:
1405:
1391:
1201:
1187:
1016:Dance the Line: Paintings by Karl Benjamin
25:
1121:Sunshine & Noir: Art in LA 1960–1997
1039:
1786:
802:
124:
1589:
1386:
1182:
1133:Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2022.
1042:Helen Lundeberg: Poetry Space Silence
834:The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation
805:"Karl Benjamin's Colorful Resurgence"
994:
972:"OCMA / Orange County Museum of Art"
13:
1112:Four Abstract Classicists Plus One
976:OCMA / Orange County Museum of Art
285:Four Abstract Classicists Plus One
211:by British art critic and curator
14:
1825:
1144:
1123:. Louisiana Museum of Modern Art.
1066:"Contact - Louis Stern Fine Arts"
1734:
1367:
1366:
1208:
803:Finkel, Jori (October 7, 2007).
728:
319:in 2004-2005. In 2007-2008, the
199:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
1412:
1058:
1033:
1007:
995:Hood, Amy (30 September 2011).
988:
964:
940:
345:Addison Gallery of American Art
283:In 2000, Tobey C. Moss curated
1129:Marion Nicoll: Life & Work
952:Otis College of Art and Design
916:
890:
866:
846:
822:
796:
772:
747:
722:
237:California Hard-Edge Painting,
217:Institute of Contemporary Arts
177:(1898–1978), Feitelson's wife
1:
1101:Louis Stern Fine Arts (2003)
715:
378:(1958) and Helen Lundeberg’s
353:Jack S. Blanton Museum of Art
249:California Hard-Edge Painting
229:California Hard-Edge Painting
1151:Guggenheim collection online
757:. 2010-04-19. Archived from
349:Oakland Museum of California
7:
1126:Mastin, Catharine. (2022).
646:
343:traveled nationwide to the
321:Orange County Museum of Art
10:
1832:
1615:
1169:British artist Robyn Denny
1086:
1070:www.louissternfinearts.com
389:Selected Hard-Edge Artists
374:including Karl Benjamin’s
243:, and Heritage Gallery of
115:Post-painterly Abstraction
1743:
1732:
1623:
1512:
1420:
1362:
1331:
1276:
1216:
1040:Muchnic, Suzanne (2014).
278:
205:Four Abstract Classicists
195:Four Abstract Classicists
166:Four Abstract Classicists
59:
51:
43:
24:
362:’s initial iteration of
215:when it traveled to the
1799:Artists from California
1119:Nittve, et al. (1998).
1110:Moss, Tobey C. (2000).
948:"Past Exhibitions 2004"
1794:American art movements
1666:Gerhard von Graevenitz
1288:Abstract expressionism
1114:exhibition catalogue,
1105:exhibition catalogue,
1096:exhibition catalogue,
1003:. J. Paul Getty Trust.
659:Abstract expressionism
510:GĂĽnther C. Kirchberger
150:Abstract expressionism
1691:Arnold Alfred Schmidt
1535:Geometric abstraction
1174:Louis Stern Fine Arts
684:Geometric abstraction
372:Louis Stern Fine Arts
364:Pacific Standard Time
293:Louis Stern Fine Arts
107:Geometric abstraction
1651:Richard Anuszkiewicz
1228:Abstract photography
731:"Hard edge painting"
620:Charmion von Wiegand
425:Richard Anuszkiewicz
209:West Coast Hard-edge
187:Frederick Hammersley
119:Color Field painting
77:Frederick Hammersley
38:1952, 40 x 70 inches
16:Movement in painting
1560:Monochrome painting
1318:Organic abstraction
1092:NOHO MODERN (2003)
689:Lyrical abstraction
525:George L. K. Morris
347:, Andover, MA; the
125:History of the term
21:
1763:Hard-edge painting
1726:Jean-Pierre Yvaral
1711:Gregorio Vardanega
1540:Hard-edge painting
1253:Hard-edge painting
1163:Hard-edge Painting
1156:2012-09-10 at the
928:www.nohomodern.com
515:Alexander Liberman
313:Otis Art Institute
287:at her gallery in
221:Queen's University
20:Hard-edge painting
19:
1781:
1780:
1758:François Morellet
1701:JesĂşs Rafael Soto
1696:Francisco Sobrino
1671:Edwin Mieczkowski
1583:
1582:
1380:
1379:
1298:All-over painting
1139:978-1-4871-0301-9
1051:978-0-9837871-3-6
1026:978-0-9749421-7-9
664:Abstract Imagists
560:Deborah Remington
403:Theo van Doesburg
399:Wassily Kandinsky
341:Birth of the Cool
189:(1919–2009), and
132:Los Angeles Times
100:
99:
1821:
1804:Contemporary art
1773:Optical illusion
1738:
1656:Carlos Cruz-Diez
1610:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1469:Kazimir Malevich
1407:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1370:
1369:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1011:
1005:
1004:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
944:
938:
937:
935:
934:
920:
914:
913:
894:
888:
887:
885:
884:
878:Lorser Feitelson
870:
864:
863:
861:
860:
850:
844:
843:
841:
840:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:
776:
770:
769:
767:
766:
751:
745:
744:
742:
741:
726:
630:Sanford Wurmfeld
395:Kasimir Malevich
213:Lawrence Alloway
175:Lorser Feitelson
72:Lorser Feitelson
32:Lorser Feitelson
29:
22:
18:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1739:
1730:
1721:Victor Vasarely
1706:Julian Stanczak
1676:Andrzej Nowacki
1661:Wojciech Fangor
1641:Getulio Alviani
1619:
1614:
1584:
1579:
1555:Minimalist film
1508:
1454:Ellsworth Kelly
1422:
1416:
1411:
1381:
1376:
1358:
1327:
1293:Action painting
1279:
1272:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1158:Wayback Machine
1147:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1013:
1012:
1008:
993:
989:
980:
978:
970:
969:
965:
956:
954:
946:
945:
941:
932:
930:
922:
921:
917:
910:
896:
895:
891:
882:
880:
872:
871:
867:
858:
856:
852:
851:
847:
838:
836:
828:
827:
823:
813:
811:
801:
797:
788:
786:
778:
777:
773:
764:
762:
753:
752:
748:
739:
737:
727:
723:
718:
713:
679:Formalism (art)
649:
644:
635:Jack Youngerman
615:Victor Vasarely
585:Julian Stanczak
580:Leon Polk Smith
505:Ellsworth Kelly
480:Burhan Dogancay
475:Burgoyne Diller
440:Ilya Bolotowsky
391:
281:
273:Dorothy Waldman
253:Florence Arnold
233:
183:John McLaughlin
179:Helen Lundeberg
171:
127:
96:
92:John McLaughlin
87:Helen Lundeberg
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1829:
1828:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Grazia Varisco
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1575:Postminimalism
1572:
1567:
1565:Neo-minimalism
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1525:Constructivism
1522:
1520:Conceptual Art
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1479:John McCracken
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:Constructivism
1235:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1146:
1145:External links
1143:
1142:
1141:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1057:
1050:
1032:
1025:
1006:
987:
963:
939:
915:
908:
889:
865:
845:
821:
809:New York Times
795:
771:
746:
720:
719:
717:
714:
712:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
650:
648:
645:
643:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
540:Barbro Ă–stlihn
537:
535:Kenneth Noland
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
500:Robert Indiana
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
470:Howard Mehring
467:
462:
457:
452:
450:Nassos Daphnis
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
411:
390:
387:
355:, Austin, TX.
280:
277:
232:
226:
170:
162:
137:Jules Langsner
126:
123:
98:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1827:
1826:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Figure–ground
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Bridget Riley
1684:
1682:
1681:Julio Le Parc
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1550:Minimal music
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Richard Serra
1487:
1485:
1484:Robert Morris
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1354:Expressionism
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:Drip painting
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1002:
998:
991:
977:
973:
967:
953:
949:
943:
929:
925:
919:
911:
909:0-9740092-0-2
905:
901:
900:
893:
879:
875:
874:"Exhibitions"
869:
855:
849:
835:
831:
825:
810:
806:
799:
785:
784:oac.cdlib.org
781:
775:
761:on 2010-04-19
760:
756:
750:
736:
732:
725:
721:
710:
707:
705:
704:Shaped canvas
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
625:Neil Williams
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
575:David Simpson
573:
571:
570:Ludwig Sander
568:
566:
565:Bridget Riley
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
530:Marion Nicoll
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
410:
408:
407:Piet Mondrian
404:
400:
396:
386:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:Ferus Gallery
238:
230:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
191:Karl Benjamin
188:
185:(1898–1976),
184:
181:(1908–1999),
180:
176:
168:
167:
161:
158:
157:Precisionists
153:
151:
146:
142:
139:, along with
138:
134:
133:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
67:Karl Benjamin
65:
64:
62:
60:Major figures
58:
54:
50:
47:1950s-present
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
1768:M. C. Escher
1762:
1748:Color theory
1646:Edna Andrade
1636:Josef Albers
1539:
1499:Frank Stella
1474:Agnes Martin
1434:Josef Albers
1332:Predecessors
1252:
1233:Concrete art
1210:Abstract art
1127:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1041:
1035:
1015:
1009:
1000:
990:
979:. Retrieved
975:
966:
955:. Retrieved
951:
942:
931:. Retrieved
927:
918:
898:
892:
881:. Retrieved
877:
868:
857:. Retrieved
848:
837:. Retrieved
833:
824:
812:. Retrieved
808:
798:
787:. Retrieved
783:
774:
763:. Retrieved
759:the original
749:
738:. Retrieved
734:
724:
674:Concrete art
654:Abstract art
610:Leo Valledor
605:Robert Swain
595:John Stephan
590:Frank Stella
555:Ad Reinhardt
520:Agnes Martin
490:Peter Halley
455:Ronald Davis
445:Ralph Coburn
430:Mino Argento
420:Josef Albers
392:
384:
379:
375:
367:
363:
360:Getty Museum
357:
340:
324:
308:
300:
296:
284:
282:
269:June Harwood
265:John Coplans
257:John Barbour
248:
236:
234:
228:
208:
207:was renamed
204:
203:
194:
172:
164:
154:
130:
128:
102:
101:
82:June Harwood
44:Years active
35:
1814:Western art
1631:Yaacov Agam
1504:Anne Truitt
1449:Donald Judd
1414:Minimal art
1303:Color Field
1280:abstraction
1268:Suprematism
1248:Fractal art
1220:abstraction
814:January 18,
694:Minimal art
669:Color Field
600:Myron Stout
550:Mavis Pusey
545:Larry Poons
485:John Ferren
465:Robyn Denny
380:Blue Planet
317:Los Angeles
305:Dave Hickey
303:Art critic
289:Los Angeles
245:Los Angeles
135:art critic
1809:Modern art
1788:Categories
1545:Minimalism
1494:Tony Smith
1464:Sol LeWitt
1459:Yves Klein
1444:Dan Flavin
1439:Larry Bell
1258:Minimalism
1218:Geometric
1075:2024-01-18
981:2024-01-18
957:2024-01-18
933:2024-01-18
883:2024-01-18
859:2024-01-18
839:2024-01-19
789:2024-01-18
765:2024-01-18
740:2024-01-18
716:References
699:Modern art
460:Gene Davis
323:exhibited
261:Larry Bell
231:Exhibition
169:Exhibition
145:California
141:Peter Selz
709:Verdadism
640:Larry Zox
415:Herb Aach
366:, titled
251:included
1530:De Stijl
1421:Artists
1372:Category
1349:Futurism
1323:Tachisme
1313:Nuagisme
1278:Lyrical
1243:De Stijl
1154:Archived
647:See also
435:Max Bill
382:(1965).
376:Stage II
52:Location
36:Untitled
1624:Artists
1344:Fauvism
1087:Sources
495:Al Held
1617:Op art
1570:Op art
1339:Cubism
1263:Op art
1137:
1048:
1023:
906:
729:Tate.
405:, and
329:design
279:Legacy
271:, and
117:, and
111:Op Art
1513:Forms
1001:Getty
333:music
1425:list
1135:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1021:ISBN
904:ISBN
816:2024
735:Tate
337:film
335:and
315:in
1790::
1068:.
999:.
974:.
950:.
926:.
876:.
832:.
807:.
782:.
733:.
401:,
397:,
339:.
331:,
275:.
267:,
263:,
259:,
255:,
121:.
113:,
109:,
55:US
34:,
1609:e
1602:t
1595:v
1427:)
1423:(
1406:e
1399:t
1392:v
1202:e
1195:t
1188:v
1131:.
1078:.
1054:.
1029:.
984:.
960:.
936:.
912:.
886:.
862:.
842:.
818:.
792:.
768:.
743:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.