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534:– who took "altered" approaches to bebop. Although these musicians did not work exclusively or specifically within hard bop, their association with hard bop saxophone players put them within the genre's broader circle. West Coast Jazz's diminishing influence during the late 1950s accelerated hard bop's rise to prominence, while the transition to 33-RPM records facilitated the shifts toward longer solos that were typical of hard bop albums. During a fifteen-year stretch from 1952 to 1967, Blue Note Records recruited musicians and promoted hard bop described by Yanow as "classy."
289:' playing as one of the best examples of the style. Jazz critic Scott Yanow distinguished hard bop from the broader world of bop by saying that "empos could be just as blazing but the melodies were generally simpler, the musicians (particularly the saxophonists and pianists) tended to be familiar with (and open to the influence of) rhythm & blues and the bass players (rather than always being stuck in the role of a metronome) were beginning to gain a little more freedom and solo space."
779:
551:; and Art Blakey. Described by Al Campbell as "one of the greatest hard bop jam sessions ever recorded" and "filled with infectious passion and camaraderie," it was the only studio session ever recorded including all three saxophonists. It cemented "Coltrane's ability to navigate complex chord changes over a fast tempo" and is associated with Griffin's reputation as "the world's fastest saxophonist." In 1956, The Jazz Messengers recorded an album titled
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269:, which is commonly associated with hard bop. According to Mark C. Gridley, soul jazz more specifically refers to music with "an earthy, bluesy melodic concept and...repetitive, dance-like rhythms. Some listeners make no distinction between 'soul-jazz' and 'funky hard bop,' and many musicians don't consider 'soul-jazz' to be continuous with 'hard bop.'" The term "
833:. The revival was a "resurgence" by the 1990s, and by the 1990s, hard bop's revival had become so prominent that Yanow referred to it as "the foundation of modern acoustic jazz."Joe Henderson, for instance, was described by Yanow as a "national celebrity and a constant poll winner" in jazz circles after signing for
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Rosenthal observed that "he years 1955 to 1965 represent the last period in which jazz effortlessly attracted the hippiest young black musicians, the most musically advanced, those with the most solid technical skills and the strongest sense of themselves, not only as entertainers but as artists." In
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David Ake notes that by the mid-1950s, "the bop world clearly was not the 'closed' circle it had been in its earliest days." This coincided with a competitive spirit among bop musicians to play with "virtuousity and complexity," along with what Ake calls "jazz masculinity." The broadening influence
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was described by
Richard Havers as "Coltrane's Hard-Bop Masterpiece," although an edit made to one of the album's records caused controversy following disapproval from sound engineer Rudy Van Gelder. In the early to mid-1960s, prior to his death, Coltrane experimented in free jazz but again drew
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that everybody knows. There's no rehearsal, there's no thought given to the audience. Both Horace and Art knew that the only way to get the jazz audience back and make it bigger than ever was to really make music that was memorable and planned, where you consider the audience and keep everything
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the same text he laments hard bop's "many detractors and few articulate defenders," describing some of the comments made by its critics as "derogatory cliches." Alternatively, Yanow suggests a slightly longer period, from 1955 to 1968, during which hard bop was "the most dominant jazz style."
809:
Davis led other jazz musicians toward the fusion genre, particularly other trumpet players. For example, Donald Byrd's shift toward commercial fusion and smooth jazz recordings of the early 1970s, while celebrated within some circles, was considered a "betrayal" by fans of hard bop. His album
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scene take shape.... This music, and not cool jazz, was what chronologically separated bebop and hard bop in ghettos. Young jazz musicians, of course, enjoyed and listened to these R & B sounds which, among other things, began the amalgam of blues and gospel that would later be dubbed
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suggested that cool jazz and hard bop simply reflected their respective geographic environments: the relaxed cool jazz style reflected a more relaxed lifestyle in
California, while driving bop typified the New York scene. Some writers, such as
806:, which had limited appeal outside jazz circles, bringing "division and controversy into the jazz community," Davis and other former hard boppers left the genre, only for the new fusion genre to itself shrink within the next decade.
304:, Maurice Gerow, and David Megill explain, "the hard bop school...saw the new instrumentation and compositional devices used by cool musicians as gimmicks rather than valid developments of the jazz tradition." However,
313:, suggest that the style was an attempt to recapture jazz as a form of African American expression. Whether or not this was the intent, many musicians quickly adopted the style, regardless of race.
798:. Yanow also attributes hard bop's temporary decline in the 1970s to "he rise of commercial rock and the consolidation of most of the independent record labels." With rock groups such as
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Hard bop is sometimes referred to as "funky hard bop". The "funky" label refers to the rollicking, rhythmic feeling associated with the style. The descriptor is also used to describe
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Scott Yanow described hard bop in the late 1960s as "running out of gas." Blue Note
Records' sale and decline in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combined with the rapid ascendance of
443:.' And it is in this vigorously creative black pop music, at a time when bebop seemed to have lost both its direction and its audience, that some of hard bop's roots may be found.
569:. Shortly after, in 1958, The Jazz Messengers, with a new line-up including Lee Morgan on trumpet and Benny Golson on saxophone, recorded the quintessential hard bop album
653:. These albums represented a transition toward more experimental jazz, but Davis maintained core ideas of hard bop, such as the "call-and-response theme" found on one of
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171:(or "bop") music. Journalists and record companies began using the term in the mid-1950s to describe a new current within jazz that incorporated influences from
816:(1973), Blue Note's most successful album, neared #1 spot on the R&B charts despite the opposition of jazz purists. However, in 1985, the filmed concert
575:, with the album pioneering in soul jazz. Golson and Morgan formed their own bands and produced further records in the hard bop genre: Golson's Jazztet with
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Although the hard bop style enjoyed its greatest popularity in the 1950s and 1960s, hard bop performers and elements of the music remain present in jazz.
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short. They really liked digging into blues and gospel, things with universal appeal. So they put together what was to be called the Jazz
Messengers.
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Both Art and Horace were very, very aware of what they wanted to do. They wanted to get away from the jazz scene of the early '50s, which was the
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noted a combination of "wider and harsher tones" with "accompanying piano chords became more basic and simplified." He cited saxophonist
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in 1955, becoming prominent in hard bop before moving on to other styles. Other early documents were the two volumes of the Blue Note
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Meanwhile, in the late 1950s to early 1960s John
Coltrane was a prominent saxophonist within the hard bop genre, with albums such as
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641:. Coltrane was a longtime member of Miles Davis' band, which bridged the gap between hard bop and modal jazz with albums such as
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David
Rosenthal sees the development of hard bop as a response to both a decline in bebop and the rise of rhythm and blues:
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Following fusion's decline, younger musicians started a bop revival, the best-known proponent of this being trumpeter
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of hard bop coincided with a generation of jazz pianists who rose to prominence in the late 1950s – among them
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during the early 1950s that "anchored the city's Jazz scene" and attracted hard bop musicians to the city.
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was described as "indebted to hard bop" due to its "fast speeds, angular phrases and driving rhythms."
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at that time. Hard bop first developed in the mid-1950s, and is generally seen as originating with
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Hard Bop - Art Blakey, Art Blakey & the Jazz
Messengers | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
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in 1962. Powell, a bebop pianist, continued to record albums in the early 1960s, while Gordon's
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Moanin' - Art Blakey & the Jazz
Messengers, Art Blakey | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
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This article is about the jazz style. For the album by Art Blakey and The Jazz
Messengers, see
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maintains that Silver and Blakey's efforts were in response to the New York bebop scene:
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were the dominant forms of black
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David Rosenthal considers six albums among the high points of the hard bop era:
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brought together thirty predominantly hard bop musicians including Art Blakey,
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A key recording in the early development of hard bop was Silver's composition "
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that the genre is, to a large degree, the natural creation of a generation of
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as an early center in the rise of bop and hard bop, noting Detroit musicians
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was hesitant to record the song. However, the song became a successful hit.
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A critical album that cemented hard bop's mainstream presence in jazz was
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Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers, 1960. Pictured are Lee Morgan (left),
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A Century of Jazz: A Hundred Years of the Greatest Music Ever Made
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Other musicians who contributed to the hard bop style include
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exemplifying his ability to play within this style. His album
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and the fact Miles Davis lived in the city from 1953 to 1954.
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Stardust - John Coltrane | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
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Miles Davis, who had performed the title track of his album
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684:. Other hard bop musicians went to Europe, such as pianist
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676:; however, he received less recognition after he moved to
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688:(elder brother of Richie Powell) in 1959 and saxophonist
349:, the phrase was originated by music critic and pianist
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Hard bop has been seen by some critics as a response to
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that seemed to suddenly appear in jazz during the era.
1748:"The Young Lions brought bebop and swing roaring back"
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became "one of his most iconic albums" for Blue Note.
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In the early 1960s, Joe Henderson formed a band with
1516:"'Blue Train': John Coltrane's Hard-Bop Masterpiece"
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837:in the 1990s, largely due to changes in marketing.
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630:, who would go on to become "a hard bop stylist."
626:(1958), for instance, included on trumpet a young
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585:in 1960, which was given a five-star rating by
1627:"Joe Henderson Biography, Songs, & Albums"
1570:""Kind of Blue" and the Economy of Modal Jazz"
1540:"John Coltrane: A Guide to His Life and Music"
1257:"Richie Powell Biography, Songs, & Albums"
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205:musicians who grew up at a time when bop and
1446:"Lee Morgan Biography, Songs, & Albums"
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635:influences from hard bop in his 1965 album
434:The early fifties saw an extremely dynamic
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987:; Maurice Gerow; David W. Megill (1988) .
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1652:"Dexter Gordon – Master of the Tenor Sax"
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330:Horace Silver Quintet in Amsterdam, 1959
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505:. Among the pianists in the band were
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1152:, New York: Dell, pp. 435–453
1027:Timeline of African American Music
802:capturing hard bop's charisma and
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59:(center), and Art Blakey (right)
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543:(1957), including saxophonists
421:, and they only play blues and
2526:Institutions and organizations
1675:Waring, Charles (2022-04-02).
1650:Waring, Charles (2022-02-27).
1514:Havers, Richard (2021-09-15).
1338:The Black Perspective in Music
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579:on trumpet recorded the album
13:
1:
2223:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
1228:Schaffer, Dean (2010-08-20).
880:
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1332:Rosenthal, David H. (1988).
7:
1724:Jopson, John (2004-01-27),
1102:, London: Hamlyn, pp.
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561:on trumpet and saxophonist
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10:
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1334:"Hard Bop and Its Critics"
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875:List of hard bop musicians
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153:List of hard bop musicians
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1238:. Market Street Media LLC
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1730:(Music), Capitol Records
1727:One Night with Blue Note
1568:Barrett, Samuel (2006).
1168:Macías, Anthony (2010).
819:One Night with Blue Note
680:and began recording for
480:in 1954, would form the
167:that is an extension of
908:All Music Guide to Jazz
657:'s best-known tracks, "
356:New York Herald Tribune
353:, jazz reviewer of the
1146:Collier, James Lincoln
1092:"The Harder They Come"
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27:Subgenre of jazz music
1090:Case, Brian (2006) ,
1023:"History of Hard Bop"
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661:." The earlier album
478:Newport Jazz Festival
450:
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329:
311:James Lincoln Collier
197:contends in his book
2940:Bibliography of jazz
2720:Continental European
796:Young Lions Movement
419:house rhythm section
3181:Straight, No Chaser
2970:Straight-ahead jazz
2427:Winter & Winter
1876:French horn in jazz
1546:. February 24, 2022
1280:Ake, David (1998).
941:Rosenthal, David H.
768:Decline and revival
494:A Night at Birdland
482:Miles Davis Quintet
361:the Jazz Messengers
227:Cannonball Adderley
133:straight-ahead jazz
3125:West African music
2950:British dance band
2740:European free jazz
2713:British dance band
2206:Musicians by genre
1986:Free improvisation
1154:. Cited in Tanner
1150:The Making of Jazz
1066:www.scottyanow.com
990:"Hard Bop — Funky"
985:Tanner, Paul O. W.
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745:Saxophone Colossus
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195:David H. Rosenthal
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3081:New Orleans blues
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2445:Beaches (Toronto)
1856:Swing performance
1752:KNKX Public Radio
1491:"Freddie Hubbard"
1235:Collectors Weekly
761:Brilliant Corners
540:A Blowin' Session
476:at the inaugural
405:scene — you hire
279:triadic harmonies
163:is a subgenre of
158:
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65:Stylistic origins
16:(Redirected from
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3226:Jazz terminology
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2965:Continental jazz
2858:Washington, D.C.
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2367:India Navigation
2065:Progressive jazz
1919:Avant-garde jazz
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1072:
1058:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1019:
1013:
1012:
992:
981:
960:
959:
937:
926:
925:
898:
869:
864:
863:
804:avant-garde jazz
749:Let Freedom Ring
695:Our Man in Paris
582:Meet the Jazztet
436:Rhythm and Blues
207:rhythm and blues
203:African-American
183:, especially in
173:rhythm and blues
116:Derivative forms
101:Cultural origins
87:rhythm and blues
49:
37:
36:
32:Hard Bop (album)
21:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3201:Jazz portal
3193:
3186:
3167:The Jazz Singer
3134:
3113:Novelty ragtime
3044:
2924:
2908:
2887:
2867:
2821:
2788:
2679:
2624:
2579:Regional scenes
2574:
2509:
2431:
2357:Groove Merchant
2347:Flying Dutchman
2295:
2257:
2201:
2123:
2055:Orchestral jazz
2035:Mainstream jazz
2023:Afro-Cuban jazz
1905:
1814:Outline of jazz
1802:
1797:
1767:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1681:uDiscover Music
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1656:uDiscover Music
1648:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1566:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1520:uDiscover Music
1512:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1350:10.2307/1215124
1330:
1321:
1298:10.2307/3052674
1278:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1226:
1217:
1166:
1162:
1143:
1139:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1009:
982:
963:
957:
938:
929:
923:
899:
888:
883:
865:
858:
855:
843:
831:Wynton Marsalis
776:
770:
628:Freddie Hubbard
519:
395:Michael Cuscuna
324:
319:
298:West Coast jazz
263:
243:Thelonious Monk
142:
96:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3206:
3205:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3174:Round Midnight
3170:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2904:Latin American
2901:
2895:
2893:
2892:South American
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2833:Baltimore jazz
2829:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2810:Latin American
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2793:North American
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Percussionists
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2085:Spiritual jazz
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1807:General topics
1804:
1803:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1739:
1716:
1692:
1667:
1642:
1615:
1580:(2): 185–200.
1557:
1531:
1506:
1482:
1461:
1434:
1413:
1392:
1371:
1319:
1286:American Music
1272:
1248:
1215:
1160:
1137:
1118:
1112:
1077:
1038:
1014:
1007:
961:
955:
927:
921:
885:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
871:
870:
854:
851:
842:
839:
769:
766:
674:Herbie Hancock
638:A Love Supreme
597:Latin boogaloo
592:The Sidewinder
567:jazz standards
545:Johnny Griffin
524:Tommy Flanagan
518:
515:
499:Clifford Brown
411:Charlie Parker
385:Billy Mitchell
323:
320:
318:
315:
275:plagal cadence
262:
259:
251:Wes Montgomery
219:Charles Mingus
215:Clifford Brown
156:
155:
149:
148:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
119:
117:
113:
112:
102:
98:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
68:
66:
62:
61:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3243:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3130:Western swing
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:New York City
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2777:Flamenco jazz
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:South African
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:Discographies
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Vibraphonists
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2107:Swing revival
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Flamenco jazz
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1901:Women in jazz
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Jazz trombone
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Jazz drumming
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:Improvisation
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1706:
1702:
1701:"Donald Byrd"
1696:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:Popular Music
1571:
1564:
1562:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1127:Manne, Shelly
1122:
1115:
1113:0-681-03179-4
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1008:0-697-03663-4
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
958:
956:0-19-505869-0
952:
948:
947:
942:
936:
934:
932:
924:
922:0-87930-308-5
918:
914:
910:
909:
904:
897:
895:
893:
891:
886:
876:
873:
872:
868:
862:
857:
850:
847:
838:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
820:
815:
814:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
780:
775:
765:
763:
762:
757:
756:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
736:
730:
728:
724:
723:Sonny Rollins
720:
719:Blue Mitchell
716:
715:Lou Donaldson
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
696:
691:
690:Dexter Gordon
687:
683:
679:
678:San Francisco
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:
646:
645:
640:
639:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
615:
614:
608:
606:
605:Wayne Shorter
602:
601:Joe Henderson
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
563:Jackie McLean
560:
556:
555:
550:
549:Paul Chambers
546:
542:
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
514:
512:
508:
507:Richie Powell
504:
500:
496:
495:
491:
487:
486:John Coltrane
483:
479:
475:
474:
468:
466:
462:
458:
451:Horace Silver
449:
444:
442:
437:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
415:J. J. Johnson
412:
408:
404:
398:
396:
392:
390:
389:Blue Bird Inn
386:
382:
381:Kenny Burrell
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Horace Silver
362:
358:
357:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
334:According to
328:
314:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
287:Sonny Rollins
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
261:Musical style
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:John Coltrane
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Horace Silver
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
154:
150:
145:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
118:
114:
111:
107:
106:New York City
103:
99:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
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78:
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70:
69:
67:
63:
58:
57:Wayne Shorter
54:
53:Jymie Merritt
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3192:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3161:(miniseries)
3158:
3150:
3120:Sophisti-pop
2550:
2541:Jazz royalty
2531:Jazz funeral
2327:Contemporary
2218:Chamber jazz
2172:Saxophonists
2142:Clarinetists
2114:Third stream
1951:Chamber jazz
1928:
1851:Scat singing
1756:. Retrieved
1754:. 2022-04-27
1751:
1742:
1732:, retrieved
1726:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:
1645:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:
1577:
1573:
1548:. Retrieved
1543:
1534:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:
1509:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1475:, retrieved
1470:
1464:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1427:, retrieved
1422:
1416:
1406:, retrieved
1401:
1395:
1385:, retrieved
1380:
1374:
1344:(1): 21–29.
1341:
1337:
1292:(1): 25–44.
1289:
1285:
1275:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1233:
1180:(1): 44–70.
1177:
1173:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1132:
1121:
1099:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
994:
945:
906:
848:
844:
828:
817:
811:
808:
785:
774:Neo-bop jazz
759:
755:Mingus Ah Um
753:
743:
740:Kind of Blue
739:
733:
731:
700:
693:
670:Kenny Dorham
667:
662:
655:Kind of Blue
654:
650:Kind of Blue
648:
642:
636:
631:
623:
617:
611:
609:
590:
580:
570:
559:Bill Hardman
552:
538:
536:
532:Wynton Kelly
520:
511:Carl Perkins
492:
471:
469:
457:The Preacher
454:
433:
429:
400:
393:
377:Barry Harris
367:and drummer
354:
351:John Mehegan
346:
345:LP entitled
333:
306:Shelly Manne
291:
264:
257:and others.
198:
193:
177:gospel music
160:
159:
147:Other topics
138:neo-bop jazz
92:gospel music
3231:Jazz genres
3103:Quiet storm
3066:Contradanza
2848:New Orleans
2843:Kansas City
2646:Jazz mugham
2641:Azerbaijani
2565:Second line
2560:Rare groove
2546:Jazz theory
2536:Jazz poetry
2521:Contrafacts
2505:Saint Lucia
2485:New Orleans
2417:Strata-East
2392:MPS Records
2322:Cobblestone
2243:Smooth jazz
2233:Jazz fusion
2177:Trombonists
2090:Sacred jazz
2075:Smooth jazz
2008:Jazz fusion
1891:Jazz violin
1871:Jazz guitar
1846:Jam session
1819:Jazz (word)
1544:Masterclass
867:Jazz portal
800:The Beatles
727:Sonny Stitt
711:Sonny Clark
707:Tina Brooks
703:Donald Byrd
619:Giant Steps
465:Alfred Lion
336:Nat Hentoff
302:Paul Tanner
283:Leroi Jones
255:Pat Martino
239:Hank Mobley
231:Miles Davis
3215:Categories
3088:Brass band
3076:Jump blues
2920:Ethno jazz
2883:Australian
2863:West Coast
2620:Zimbabwean
2460:Copenhagen
2382:Mainstream
2192:Violinists
2182:Trumpeters
2152:Guitarists
2060:Organ trio
2045:Modal jazz
2018:Latin jazz
1998:Gypsy jazz
1896:Vocal jazz
1881:Jazz piano
1758:2022-04-30
1734:2022-08-02
1710:2022-07-09
1686:2022-04-30
1661:2022-04-30
1636:2022-04-30
1525:2022-04-30
1500:2022-04-30
1477:2022-04-30
1455:2022-04-30
1429:2022-04-30
1408:2022-04-30
1387:2022-04-30
1266:2022-04-30
1242:2010-11-11
1071:2022-04-30
1062:"hardbopz"
1032:2022-04-30
881:References
824:Ron Carter
813:Black Byrd
772:See also:
686:Bud Powell
663:Milestones
644:Milestones
632:Blue Train
613:Blue Train
577:Art Farmer
528:Kenny Drew
517:Mainstream
441:soul music
407:Phil Woods
369:Art Blakey
340:Art Blakey
247:Lee Morgan
223:Art Blakey
3056:Acid jazz
2913:Worldwide
2899:Brazilian
2696:Bulgarian
2658:Indo jazz
2608:Cape jazz
2495:North Sea
2450:Cape Town
2437:Festivals
2412:Riverside
2387:Milestone
2312:Blue Note
2307:Bethlehem
2291:post-1950
2263:Standards
2248:Soul jazz
2197:Vocalists
2157:Organists
2129:Musicians
2119:Trad jazz
2080:Soul jazz
2003:Jazz-funk
1991:Punk jazz
1981:Free funk
1976:Free jazz
1971:Folk jazz
1961:Dixieland
1956:Cool jazz
1946:Cape jazz
1861:Jazz bass
1824:Jazz band
1594:0261-1430
1550:April 30,
1358:0090-7790
1306:0734-4392
1210:140951100
1194:1548-1867
1158:, p. 112.
1135:, p. 113.
788:soul jazz
682:Milestone
503:Max Roach
461:Blue Note
423:standards
294:cool jazz
267:soul jazz
191:playing.
185:saxophone
123:soul jazz
104:1950s in
3221:Hard bop
3061:Afrobeat
2975:Pre-1920
2960:Jazz Age
2876:Oceanian
2826:American
2800:Canadian
2684:European
2675:Japanese
2636:Armenian
2598:Malawian
2593:Ethiopia
2480:Montreux
2475:Montreal
2470:Monterey
2407:Prestige
2377:Landmark
2362:Impulse!
2342:ESP-Disk
2271:Pre-1920
2228:Hard bop
2167:Pianists
2147:Drummers
2137:Bassists
2070:Ska jazz
2013:Jazz rap
1939:Post-bop
1929:Hard bop
1829:Big band
1631:AllMusic
1610:56391910
1450:AllMusic
1261:AllMusic
1148:(1978),
1096:Roy Carr
943:(1992),
903:Ron Wynn
853:See also
624:Stardust
587:AllMusic
554:Hard Bop
403:Birdland
347:Hard Bop
343:Columbia
199:Hard Bop
161:Hard bop
128:post-bop
40:Hard bop
18:Hard-bop
3108:Ragtime
3093:Exotica
3049:Related
2955:Ragtime
2933:History
2838:Chicago
2805:Haitian
2784:Swedish
2772:Spanish
2755:Italian
2708:British
2703:Belgian
2670:Iranian
2586:African
2514:Culture
2490:Newport
2465:Jakarta
2455:Chicago
2352:Freedom
2050:Nu jazz
1934:Neo-bop
1602:3877558
1366:1215124
1314:3052674
1104:106–121
1098:(ed.),
999:112–121
905:(ed.),
659:So What
572:Moanin'
473:Walkin'
373:Detroit
322:Origins
317:History
110:Detroit
2760:Polish
2750:German
2745:French
2730:Danish
2691:Balkan
2653:Indian
2613:Marabi
2570:Venues
2097:Stride
2040:Marabi
2030:M-Base
1911:Genres
1608:
1600:
1592:
1364:
1356:
1312:
1304:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1110:
1005:
953:
919:
841:Legacy
792:fusion
758:, and
735:Ugetsu
725:, and
530:, and
490:albums
277:) and
179:, and
3139:Media
3098:Plugg
3071:Blues
3025:2010s
3020:2000s
3015:1990s
3010:1980s
3005:1970s
3000:1960s
2995:1950s
2990:1940s
2985:1930s
2980:1920s
2945:Blues
2815:Cuban
2735:Dutch
2663:Sitar
2629:Asian
2422:Verve
2286:1940s
2281:1930s
2276:1920s
2253:Swing
2213:Bebop
2102:Swing
1924:Bebop
1606:S2CID
1598:JSTOR
1362:JSTOR
1310:JSTOR
1206:S2CID
1198:JSTOR
1156:et al
1133:et al
1094:, in
913:11–12
835:Verve
484:with
463:head
300:. As
189:piano
181:blues
169:bebop
82:bebop
77:blues
3159:Jazz
3152:Bird
3040:2022
3035:2021
3030:2020
2765:Yass
2500:Pori
2402:Muse
2238:Scat
1839:Jazz
1800:Jazz
1590:ISSN
1552:2022
1354:ISSN
1302:ISSN
1190:ISSN
1108:ISBN
1003:ISBN
995:Jazz
951:ISBN
917:ISBN
790:and
647:and
616:and
603:and
509:and
379:and
296:and
271:soul
187:and
165:jazz
108:and
72:Jazz
55:and
2397:MPS
2372:JMT
2337:ECM
2332:CTI
2317:BYG
1582:doi
1346:doi
1294:doi
1182:doi
413:or
409:or
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