498:", whom he married around 1168, and with her he had six children: Thorfinn, David, Jon, Gunnhild, Herborga and Langlif. Hvarflod's father is presumed to have been Máel Coluim mac Aedh (possibly an heir of the Moray/ Loairn dynasty's rights), so that her sons, and it may be that she was the mother of Thorfinn alone of Harald's sons, would carry on the old rival claims to the Scots throne. It appears that King William demanded that Harald repudiate Hvarflod as a condition of peace between them. Of the surviving Haraldssons, David and Jon were joint Earls of Orkney on their father's death, while Heinrek (
1282:
33:
361:, were granted lands in Ross and Cromarty, and they are unlikely to have been unique in this award. When King William fell ill in 1195, this may have been the catalyst for the final conflict with Harald, which lasted from 1197 until 1201. As part of this struggle, William granted lands in Caithness to Harald the Young, grandson of Rognvald Kali, in 1197. Harald the Young was killed by Harald Maddadsson the following year.
376:, to fight against Harald. Rognvald had possibly spuriously claims to Harald's lands, because people remembered that Harald's mother was younger daughter of earl Haakon Paulsson, whereas the elder daughter had married the king of Isle of Man (although Ragnald's father Godfrey of Man had been that lady's stepson and not her own son). Harald, however, retook Caithness at this time. In this campaign, dated to 1201, the
459:. In the Battle of Florvåg on 3 April 1194, the experience of the Norwegian veterans proved to be decisive. King Sverre won and both Sigurd Magnusson and Hallkjell Jonsson fell with most of their men. King Sverre appears to have believed that Harald Maddadson was involved in the affair. After the Battle of Florvåg, King Sverre punished Harald by seizing
536:
should settle the matter. All concerned set off to Norway, but a ship carrying Earl Jon, his supporters, and his kin, was lost at sea on the return voyage. As a result, the line of Norse Earls came to a temporary end and from 1231 until 1236 Orkney was without an Earl. In 1236 the
Earldom was granted
466:
In 1202 Pope
Innocent, persuaded that Harald was not personally responsible for the abuse of Bishop John, wrote to Bishop Bjarni to order him to ensure that Harald's man Lumberd, who was blamed for the deeds, was suitably punished. With this, the story of Harald's turbulent life reaches its close. He
188:
reports the official tale, that Paul had abdicated, and the rumour that he was killed on the orders of Harald's mother. Earl Paul had not been well loved by his female kin. His mother and her sister, Frakkok, had previously tried to murder him with a poisoned shirt which instead caused the death of
417:
King
William, using the treatment of Bishop John as a cause for war with Harald, brought a large army north in 1201–1202. The army, it is said, was so large that Harald capitulated without a fight and agreed to give a quarter of the revenues of Caithness to William. During this time, Earl
418:
Harald's son
Thorfinn was captured by the Scots. Whether in revenge for the treatment of Bishop John, or to cow Harald, or because Thorfinn may have had some claim to the throne through his mother (the lady of Moray), he was blinded and castrated, dying soon later in prison.
337:
in 1179 may have been related to Harald's activities. Two years later the rebellion of
Domnall, son of Máel Coluim mac Uilleim, broke out in Ross and Moray, and it is presumed that Earl Harald played a part in this. The rebellion was not finally suppressed until 1187.
393:
The creation of John's see of
Caithness in 1189–1190 was undoubtedly intended to extend Scots authority in the region. The new bishopric was not uncontroversial and John soon came into conflict with Harald Maddadson and the Bishop of Orkney,
266:, was a political struggle which ended with Erlend's murder in 1154. Rognvald too was killed, in 1158. Svein Asleifsson was again heavily involved in this dynastic conflict. In 1153 King David died, to be succeeded by his young grandson,
209:
The main threat to Harald
Maddadsson and Rognvald Kali came from Erlend Haraldsson, especially from Erlend's supporter Frakkok. The old conspirator, however, was soon disposed of, burned to death in her hall near
222:
as the killer, and says that he came to
Caithness from the south, from Atholl, with Rognvald's blessing and Matad's help. This Svein Asleifsson had also been the man in whose custody Earl Paul had disappeared.
230:
contains the usual killings and burnings of the time, including the death of an Earl
Valthjof who is otherwise unknown. In 1150 or 1151, Harald visited Norway with Earl Rognvald, and probably met with King
17:
286:
From the death of
Rognvald, Harald Maddadsson pursued a policy of supporting the enemies of the kings of Scotland, first Malcolm IV, who died young in 1165, then Malcolm's brother
226:
In Harald's early years, when power was exercised jointly with Rognvald on his behalf by councillors chosen by King David, Orkney enjoyed relative stability, although the
521:
reported that "The punishments by Alexander for the burning of the bishop, by mutilation and death, confiscation and outlawry from the land, are still in fresh memory".
259:
and captured him. Harald was freed in return for a ransom in gold and by giving his oath to Eystein. Eystein then went on to raid the coasts of Scotland and England.
278:. As a result, by 1158 Harald Maddadsson was undisputed Earl of Orkney, with neither the King of Scots nor the King of Norway in any position to contest his power.
532:, who had demanded that Jon should share the Earldom with him, as had been done before. Jon's supporters and Snaekoll's fought a war until it was agreed that King
451:
as well as the brother-in-law of King Magnus V. King Sverre and his force confronted the Øyskjeggs in the spring of 1194, when the two fleets met at Florvåg on
390:
reports that Harald tormented Bishop John in this way because he believed that John was an informant set on making trouble between Harald and King William.
395:
262:
Possibly as a result of Eystein's activities, King David granted half of Caithness to Harald's cousin, Erlend Haraldsson. The result, as recounted in the
255:, eldest brother of Ingi, undertook a raiding expedition from Norway against the Earldom of Orkney. During this operation he encountered Harald near
1101:
804:, pp. 85–88, 144, 150–151 & 212. McDonald concludes that Ragnald was "a dominant figure in the West in later twelfth century."
201:
on Paul's death. However, Matad and Margaret, with King David backing them, imposed the infant Harald Maddadson as joint ruler with Rognvald.
137:
and Margaret is believed to have taken place not long before 1134, shortly following David's suppression of a major revolt involving Mormaer
502:) ruled Ross. Nothing more is known of Heinrek and Earl David Haraldsson died of sickness in 1214, leaving Jon to rule alone until 1231.
197:
faction in the Earldom. It is said that Frakkok and her supporters had originally intended to advance the claims of Harald Haakon's son
334:
341:
The defeat of Domnall's rebellion led to more conflict between Earl Harald and King William. After 1187, it appears that Scots and
117:
In the early twelfth century, the Earldom of Orkney, although weakened since the time of Earl Thorfinn, remained in control of
447:
and pretender to the throne of King Sverre. Olaf was joined by Hallkjell Jonsson, who had been a son-in law of Norwegian earl
1067:
880:
1192:
1094:
165:
was appointed to rule Moray, and it has been proposed that Matad, whose power lay in the Scottish kingdom's heartland of
106:
1222:
1049:
1028:
1010:
996:
982:
968:
384:. Bishop John went to meet Harald, apparently to greet him, but the Earl had him seized, tortured and mutilated. The
545:. Although ruled by Angus, Strathearn and Sinclair lords thereafter, Orkney remained part of the kingdom of Norway.
1335:
1330:
1087:
973:
Grant, Alexander, "The Province of Ross and the Kingdom of Alba" in E.J. Cowan and R. Andrew McDonald (eds.)
373:
303:
290:. Of these enemies, those who were active in the north and west, where Harald's power was significant, were
146:
1204:
742:
505:
In 1222 Earl Jon was implicated, indirectly, in the burning of Bishop Adam of Caithness in his hall at
903:, pp. 101–102 identifies Hvarflod as daughter of Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair however; MacDonald,
1325:
1310:
510:
1240:
1158:
1152:
330:(who possibly were a branch of the ancient Loairn dynasty of Moray and claimants of its rights).
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150:
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267:
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died of natural causes in 1206 after a long and eventful reign of 65 years, aged about 72.
252:
68:
1198:
8:
907:, p. 99, from whom the date is taken, makes Hvarflod the daughter of Máel Coluim MacHeth.
538:
319:
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by local farmers. Jon was accused of looking on or of fomenting the discontent. King
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blood, and a descendant of Scots kings, he was a significant figure in northern
1270:
1111:
989:
Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266.
475:
Harald's first wife was named Affrica, a Gaelic name shared with a daughter of
456:
158:
126:
95:, and played a prominent part in Scottish politics of the twelfth century. The
64:
37:
1072:
884:
251:
After Harald returned to Orkney and Rognvald departed on his expedition, King
1304:
1003:
The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100–c. 1336.
529:
448:
431:
398:. The conflict, presented as a dispute over the collection of monies for the
386:
342:
129:. Thus the succession of the earldom was of great interest to the Scots king
1016:
977:
Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 2000; reprinted John Donald, Edinburgh, 2005.
862:
369:
358:
315:
528:
in Caithness. He was contested by Snaekoll Gunnisson, a great-grandson of
1140:
380:
tells that Harald came to the stronghold of Bishop John of Caithness, at
1079:
411:
354:
122:
1062:
40:, an iconic image of Scandinavian Scotland in Harald Maddadsson's time
381:
211:
169:, may also have been granted authority in the new lands north of the
118:
32:
180:
took control of the Earldom of Orkney, on the disappearance of Earl
153:, and the subsequent extension of royal power into the provinces of
101:
names him one of the three most powerful Earls of Orkney along with
460:
426:
346:
323:
311:
291:
92:
84:
513:
undertook harsh reprisals for the killing, to the satisfaction of
452:
506:
236:
414:(or Ross) to prevent John from interfering with the collection.
963:, tr. Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Penguin, London, 1978.
525:
422:
399:
295:
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170:
166:
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Harald Maddadson also faced troubles with the Norwegian king.
154:
88:
435:), led by Harald's brother-in-law Olaf, fought on behalf of
270:. King Eystein too died in a war with his brothers Ingi and
576:
574:
235:. During this visit Rognvald made his decision to go on
571:
333:
An expedition to Ross by King William and his brother
1044:. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992.
824:
822:
298:
and Hebrides (who married earl Harold's first cousin
281:
1293:
Dates are approximate. Joint earldoms were frequent.
732:, "The Saga of the Sons of Harald", cc. 28–32.
246:
961:
Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney
1073:The Documentation Project/Dokumentasjonsprosjektet
819:
18:Haraldr Maddaðarson, Earl of Orkney and Caithness
1302:
483:names as Heinrek, Haakon, Helena and Margaret.
410:, who wrote to Bishop Bjarni and the Bishop of
443:. Sigurd Magnusson was the son of former King
1095:
1038:Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway
463:, which was never returned in his lifetime.
691:, "The Saga of the Sons of Harald", c. 20;
479:. They had four children together whom the
349:, as had previously happened in Moray. The
1102:
1088:
975:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era.
274:which left Ingi the sole surviving son of
176:Harald Maddadsson was born shortly before
149:, the illegitimate son of David's brother
1109:
800:, c.110. For more on Rognvald, McDonald,
368:states that King William called upon the
357:as Moray or Murray, which later produced
345:nobles were being planted in Ross and in
71:from 1139 until 1206. He was the son of
31:
490:says, was Hvarflod (erroneously called
27:Earl of Orkney and Mormaer of Caithness
14:
1303:
524:Jon Haraldsson was killed in 1231, at
1083:
767:Grant, pp. 106–107; MacDonald,
1021:David I: The King Who Made Scotland.
780:Grant, pp. 106–107; McDonald,
560:Harald was probably a descendant of
486:The second wife of Earl Harald, the
991:Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 2003.
24:
1280:
541:, to Magnus, son of Gille Brigte,
494:in some literature), daughter of "
470:
282:Earl Harald and the kings' enemies
79:, and Margaret, daughter of Earl
25:
1347:
1213:"the Jerusalem-farer" (1098–1103)
1056:
302:of the Isle of Man), the sons of
247:Earls Rognvald, Harald and Erlend
239:, as recounted at length in the
1149:Erlend Torf-Einarsson (910-954)
1146:Arnkel Torf-Einarsson (910–954)
1063:Orkneyjar – Viking Orkney
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923:
910:
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193:. Rognvald represented the pro-
745:, see Duncan, pp. 74–75.
670:
658:
646:
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599:
586:
554:
204:
13:
1:
1137:Hallad Rognvaldsson (893–895)
1005:Tuckwell, West Linton, 1997.
952:
500:Eanric mac Arailt mac Mataidh
112:
63:) (c. 1134 – 1206) was
1205:Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson
564:(died 1034) and perhaps of
7:
626:, cc. 55 & 74–75.
310:, himself held prisoner at
306:, illegitimate son of King
10:
1352:
1155:"Skull-Splitter" (910–963)
754:Grant, p. 106; MacDonald,
455:, an island just north of
326:and dispossessed would-be
147:Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair
1291:
1278:
1261:"the Younger" (1191–1198)
1141:Torf-Einarr Rognvaldarson
1118:
885:The Documentation Project
496:Earl Máel Coluim of Moray
1195:"the Mighty" (1025–1064)
1134:Guthorm Sigurdsson (893)
1125:"the Wise" (9th century)
548:
304:Máel Coluim mac Alasdair
1189:"Wry-mouth" (1014–1026)
1153:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson
562:Máel Coluim mac Cináeda
1285:
1171:"the Stout" (990–1014)
1023:Tempus, Stroud, 2004.
41:
1336:12th-century mormaers
1331:Mormaers of Caithness
1284:
1249:"the Old" (1138–1206)
1241:Rögnvald Kali Kolsson
1159:Arnfinn, Havard, Ljot
1131:"the Mighty" (to 892)
1001:McDonald, R. Andrew,
987:McDonald, R. Andrew,
318:, the descendants of
178:Rognvald Kali Kolsson
35:
1175:Sumarlidi Sigurdsson
1163:Hlodvir Thorfinnsson
1123:Ragnvald Eysteinsson
946:, pp. 109–110.
933:, pp. 116–117.
848:, pp. 101–102.
832:, pp. 107–109.
802:Kingdom of the Isles
784:, pp. 99–100;
708:, pp. 100–101.
566:Donnchad mac Crináin
517:. The writer of the
121:and was dominant in
83:of Orkney. Of mixed
69:Mormaer of Caithness
1193:Thorfinn Sigurdsson
741:Perhaps related to
720:, cc. 92–104.
639:, pp.99–100;
539:Haakon IV of Norway
406:), was appealed to
374:Ragnald Guthredsson
320:William fitz Duncan
163:William fitz Duncan
141:, grandson of king
107:Thorfinn Sigurdsson
53:Haraldr Maddaðarson
1286:
1169:Sigurd Hlodvirsson
1129:Sigurd Eysteinsson
771:, pp. 99–100
743:osteitis deformans
679:, cc. 85–90.
655:, cc. 79–84.
622:, pp.97–99;
609:, pp. 97–98.
596:, pp. 96–97.
477:Fergus of Galloway
445:Magnus V of Norway
396:Bjarni Kolbeinsson
253:Eystein Haraldsson
133:. The marriage of
103:Sigurd Eysteinsson
42:
1298:
1297:
1253:Erlend Haraldsson
1247:Harald Maddadsson
1229:Harald Haakonsson
1223:Magnus Erlendsson
1199:Rögnvald Brusason
1034:Sturluson, Snorri
515:Pope Honorius III
441:Sverre Sigurdsson
408:Pope Innocent III
191:Harald Haakonsson
161:. David's nephew
125:and parts of the
77:Mormaer of Atholl
45:Harald Maddadsson
16:(Redirected from
1343:
1265:David Haraldsson
1259:Harald Eiriksson
1211:Sigurd Magnusson
1187:Einar Sigurdsson
1181:Brusi Sigurdsson
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1042:Lee M. Hollander
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844:, c.112; Oram,
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814:Orkneyinga Saga
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98:Orkneyinga Saga
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694:
690:
685:
678:
673:
666:
661:
654:
649:
642:
638:
632:
625:
621:
615:
608:
602:
595:
589:
582:
577:
575:
567:
563:
557:
553:
546:
544:
540:
535:
531:
530:Rognvald Kali
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Erling Skakke
446:
442:
439:against King
438:
434:
433:
432:Eyjarskeggjar
428:
424:
419:
415:
413:
409:
405:
404:Peter's pence
401:
397:
391:
389:
388:
387:Gesta Annalia
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:Scotto-Norman
339:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
244:
242:
238:
234:
229:
224:
221:
217:
213:
202:
200:
196:
192:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
110:
108:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
1316:1130s births
1246:
1077:
1037:
1020:
1002:
988:
974:
960:
943:
938:
930:
925:
917:
912:
904:
900:
896:
892:
876:
871:
863:Sverris saga
861:
857:
853:
845:
841:
837:
829:
813:
809:
801:
797:
793:
785:
781:
776:
768:
763:
755:
750:
737:
730:Heimskringla
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
700:
692:
689:Heimskringla
688:
684:
676:
672:
664:
660:
652:
648:
640:
636:
631:
623:
619:
614:
606:
601:
593:
588:
580:
556:
523:
518:
511:Alexander II
504:
499:
491:
487:
485:
480:
474:
465:
430:
420:
416:
392:
385:
377:
370:King of Mann
365:
363:
359:Andrew Moray
350:
340:
332:
316:Meic Uilleim
285:
276:Harald Gilli
263:
261:
250:
240:
227:
225:
215:
208:
189:his brother
185:
175:
116:
96:
60:
52:
44:
43:
29:
1321:1206 deaths
1273:(1206–1231)
1267:(1206–1214)
1255:(1151–1154)
1243:(1136–1158)
1237:(1123–1136)
1231:(1123–1130)
1225:(1106–1116)
1219:(1104–1123)
1207:(1064–1098)
1201:(1036–1046)
1183:(1014–1031)
1177:(1014–1016)
942:MacDonald,
929:MacDonald,
916:MacDonald,
881:Letter text
875:MacDonald,
828:MacDonald,
402:(a form of
308:Alexander I
205:Early years
1305:Categories
953:References
879:, p. 109.
860:, c. 112;
492:Gormflaith
412:Rosemarkie
355:anglicised
351:de Moravia
335:Earl David
322:, and the
294:, king of
268:Malcolm IV
123:Sutherland
113:Background
1165:(963–988)
1143:(895–910)
920:, p. 158.
866:, c. 125.
816:, c. 111.
788:, c. 109.
583:, c. 112.
382:Scrabster
212:Helmsdale
195:Norwegian
151:Alexander
119:Caithness
49:Old Norse
695:, c. 91.
667:, c. 85.
643:, c. 78.
461:Shetland
427:Shetland
353:family,
347:Cromarty
324:MacHeths
312:Roxburgh
300:Ragnhild
292:Somerled
93:Scotland
959:Anon.,
944:Outlaws
931:Outlaws
918:Outlaws
905:Outlaws
901:David I
877:Outlaws
846:David I
830:Outlaws
782:Outlaws
769:Outlaws
758:, p. 99
756:Outlaws
706:David I
637:David I
620:David I
607:David I
594:David I
507:Halkirk
288:William
237:crusade
131:David I
1110:Norse
1048:
1040:, tr.
1027:
1009:
995:
981:
967:
704:Oram,
635:Oram,
618:Oram,
605:Oram,
592:Oram,
526:Thurso
423:Orkney
400:papacy
314:, the
296:Argyll
272:Sigurd
257:Thurso
218:names
214:. The
199:Erlend
184:. The
171:Mounth
167:Atholl
145:, and
143:Lulach
89:Gaelic
57:Gaelic
549:Notes
453:Askøy
155:Moray
135:Matad
85:Norse
73:Matad
1161:and
1046:ISBN
1025:ISBN
1007:ISBN
993:ISBN
979:ISBN
965:ISBN
425:and
378:Saga
364:The
241:Saga
228:Saga
159:Ross
157:and
105:and
87:and
67:and
36:The
883:at
537:by
1307::
1036:,
1019:,
821:^
573:^
372:,
243:.
109:.
75:,
59::
55:,
51::
1103:e
1096:t
1089:v
1013:.
887:.
568:.
47:(
20:)
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