29:
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45:
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515:. Within five years period (1998-2002) once fertile wetlands rapidly deteriorated. We could reasonably presume that transformation of Hamoun into arid country, like their surrounding areas, was mainly caused by irrigated agriculture expansion since the 1970s (represent as bright red patches on satellite images, mainly wheat and barley), coupled with one of the worst droughts ever witnessed in Central Asia in 1999-2001 period.
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and their wildlife. Specific culture formed around the Hamoun with a way of life suited to the desert wetlands. They fashioned long reed boats to navigate the shallow waters and erected squat, red clay houses to withstand the heat of the desert. Their livelihood was based almost entirely on hunting,
389:
When droughts occur in
Afghanistan, or the water in watersheds that support Lake Hāmūn is drawn down by other natural or human-induced reasons, the result is a dry lake bed in Iran. In addition, when the lake is dry, seasonal winds blow fine sands off the exposed lake bed. The sand is swirled into
501:
imagery show how dramatic decrease in precipitation resulted in decrease of snow-covered area in the
Helmand Basin, from 41,000 km in 1998 to 26,000 km in 2000. By 2001, Iran and Afghanistan were experienced for the third consecutive year an extreme drought that was so severe that the
476:
for over 4,000 years without destroying the wetlands, but then population rapidly increased and new water management technologies were brought to the region. Soon irrigation schemes began to snake their way throughout the basin. Farther west, revolving Afghan governments constructed large dams
385:
flows into the lake on the
Afghanistan side of the border. In 1976, when rivers in Afghanistan were flowing regularly, the amount of water in the lake was relatively high. Between 1999 and 2001, however, the lake all but dried up and disappeared, as can be seen in the 2001 satellite image.
508:'s population, swelled by refugees from war-torn Afghanistan, has been severely affected by water shortages. Irrigation channels have run dry and agriculture has come to a standstill, which has resulted in the abandonment of many villages as people migrate in search of water.
528:
Winds that were once cooled by the waters of the wetlands now drifting dust, sand, and salt from the dried lakebeds onto the surrounding villages, and these sand drifts have submerged nearly 100 villages beneath dunes in a landscape reminiscent of the
540:
Local bird population disappeared and migratory birds no longer stop for lack of refuge, and wildlife that could not sustain themselves in the desert or make the long journey to another oasis died. The rest of the
1680:
537:
herds have been decimated, and thriving fishery with an annual catch of around 12,000 tons has been wiped out. Many who had lived around the Hamoun for generations either moved away or lost everything.
317:. Water flows in a circular fashion through a string of lakes starting with Hāmūn-e Puzak in the northeast, sweeping into Hāmūn-e Sabari and finally overflows into Hāmūn-e Helmand in the southwest.
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279:(entirely in Iran), as well to the shallow lakes Hāmūn-e Sabari and Hāmūn-e Puzak, which extend into the territory of present-day Afghanistan with the latter almost entirely inside Afghanistan.
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huge dunes that may cover a hundred or more fishing villages along the former lakeshore. Wildlife around the lake is negatively impacted and fisheries are brought to a halt. Changes in
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mountains in
Afghanistan. In modern times, and prior to the existence of the dams for agricultural irrigation, spring floods would bring into existence much larger lakes.
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801:
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is a generic term which refers to shallow lakes (or lagoons), usually seasonal, that occur in the deserts of southeast Iran and adjacent areas of
Afghanistan and
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and droughts, which may cause entire lagoons to dry up. This occurred several times in the 20th century when only the uppermost of the lakes remained flooded.
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339:. Its flat-topped peak rises up 609 meters above sea level with a diameter of 2–2.5 km (1.2–1.6 mi), being the only remaining natural uplift in the
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525:. The wildlife, the towns, the fisheries, and the agriculture that once surrounded the Hamoun have all fallen away, giving rise to a wasteland.
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862:"Chapter 9 - Iranian perspectives on the Caspian Sea and Central Asia: #The issue of Lake Hamun and the Hirmand River"
44:
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thicket fringing on the edges of the upper lakes. The area was thriving with wildlife animals and migratory birds.
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438:(“Gate of Slaves”) are near the Hāmūn Lake. Shahr-i-Sokhta is located about 35km southwest of Dahan-e Gholaman.
412:
Time series of LANDSAT photographs showing water level in Lake Hāmūn, eastern Iran / southwestern
Afghanistan.
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1997:
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28:
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and substantial rains in the region hope to effect a return of much of the water in Lake Hamoun by 2003.
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1992:
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History of
Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin - Based on Satellite Image Analysis: 1976–2005
335:, rises up as an island in the middle of which used to be Hāmūn Lake and the northeastern edge of
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It used to cover an area of about 4,000 km (1,500 sq mi) with dense reed beds and
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2159:
2019:
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Hamun Lake is sometimes categorized as three sibling shallow lakes, that is, Hamun-e
Helmand,
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1961:
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1956:
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8:
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2165:
1966:
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1350:
124:
945:
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Central
Eurasian water crisis: Caspian, Aral, and Dead Seas: Part III: The Caspian Sea
275:
in nearby mountains in spring. The term Hāmūn Lake (or Lake Hāmūn) equally applies to
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33:
Children playing around the Chah Nimeh reservoirs, to the southeast of the lake, 2018
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1971:
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The Hamun is fed by numerous seasonal water tributaries; the main tributary is the
205:
944:: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Post-Conflict Branch, archived from
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Lake Hāmūn is fed primarily by water catchments on the Afghan side, including the
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899:, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): DEWA/GRID Europe, archived from
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138:
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is named after an
Islamic pilgrimage site on the hill: the tomb and shrine of
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Combination of drought and the massive irrigation proved to be a shock to the
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The area has important archeological remains. The giant prehistoric city of
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In the past five millennia, people have lived around Hamoun Oasis and its
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disaster. Most of the crops have been reduced to dust bowl conditions,
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1941:
1936:
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1584:
List of cities, towns and villages in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
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832:"- Center for Afghanistan Studies - University of Nebraska Omaha"
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2012:
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From Wetland to Wasteland; Destructuion of the Hamoun Oasis
481:) that diverted water from the upper reaches of the river.
148:
74:
750:
549:. The only relatively large bodies of standing water are
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is located in the area. Also the ruins of an ancient
560:
643:
517:The wetlands have been replaced mostly by lifeless
493:results in alternating periods of flooding in the
2719:
85:
860:Kobori, Iwao; Glantz, Michael H., eds. (1998),
764:"Lake Hamun Biosphere Reserve & Life in It"
761:
680:"Lake Hamun Biosphere Reserve & Life in It"
677:
796:
794:
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2788:Landforms of Sistan and Baluchestan province
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485:Devastation by extreme droughts in 1999-2001
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623:"Hamun-e-Saberi & Hamun-e-Helmand"
545:now give off the harsh glare of dried
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930:
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301:It is located in Afghanistan on the
171:Hamun-e-Saberi & Hamun-e-Helmand
16:Lake in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
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2495:International Wetland (Ramsar Site)
868:, United Nations University Press,
221:
209:
13:
1624:
14:
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2497:- All names as inscribed by the
963:
489:Precipitation variability in the
397:In 1975 the Hāmūn, together with
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969:
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354:, the latter extending into the
50:
43:
27:
2499:Department of Environment, Iran
1020:Sistan and Baluchestan Province
824:
553:maintained for drinking water.
247:. In Iran, it is also known as
2783:Landforms of Kandahar Province
762:Editorial Staff (2020-04-01).
755:
736:
678:Editorial Staff (2020-04-01).
671:
615:
1:
852:
502:Hamoun dried out completely.
468:Until the late 20th century,
456:
2778:Landforms of Nimruz Province
2763:Archaeological sites in Iran
2743:Helmand River drainage basin
296:
7:
2793:Landforms of Zabul Province
2773:Landforms of Farah Province
556:
10:
2819:
2798:Biosphere reserves of Iran
2253:National Natural Monuments
914:Weier, John (2002-12-03),
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289:, which originates in the
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630:Sites Information Service
228:, is a seasonal lake and
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137:
123:
84:
69:
38:
26:
21:
1766:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
920:, NASA Earth Observatory
609:
373:region and it is in the
2753:Wetlands of Afghanistan
2728:Endorheic lakes of Asia
2114:Protected Areas of Iran
1952:Three Persian religions
893:Partov, Hassan (1998),
802:"Ramsar sites database"
551:Chāh-Nīmeh IV reservoir
472:waxed and waned in the
375:Lash Wa Juwayn District
356:Lash Wa Juwayn District
245:Afghanistan–Iran border
2570:Chahar Burjak District
768:Destination Iran Tours
684:Destination Iran Tours
413:
331:outcropping, known as
2056:Fire temples in India
1724:Scripture and worship
466:fishing, and farming.
411:
2768:Ramsar sites in Iran
2738:Lakes of Afghanistan
2051:Fire temples in Iran
1838:Accounts and legends
1433:Sib and Suran County
978:at Wikimedia Commons
381:of Afghanistan. The
305:marshes west of the
1925:History and culture
1771:Udvada Atash Behram
812:on 23 February 2012
449:, was designated a
422:Archeological sites
401:, was designated a
327:A trapezoid-shaped
104: /
2381:Arjan and Parishan
1855:Book of Arda Viraf
1789:Cypress of Kashmar
1351:Qasr-e Qand County
414:
257:Daryāche-ye Sīstān
184:Reference no.
2715:
2714:
2682:Capture of Zaranj
2505:
2504:
2491:Biosphere Reserve
2080:
2079:
1592:
1591:
1536:
1535:
974:Media related to
931:UNEP (May 2006),
751:Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib
499:Landsat satellite
309:desert where the
259:("Lake Sīstān").
214:Daryāche-ye Hāmūn
199:
198:
108:30.833°N 61.667°E
2810:
2758:Wetlands of Iran
2613:Populated places
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2289:Wildlife Refuges
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2100:
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2035:in United States
1776:Adur Burzen-Mihr
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1619:
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1577:Populated places
1305:Nik Shahr County
1269:Mehrestan County
1210:Iranshahr County
1120:Dashtiari County
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878:, archived from
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808:. Archived from
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749:, descendant of
747:Khwaja Ali Mahdi
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658:www.geonames.org
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477:(Arghandab Dam,
445:, together with
436:Dahan-e Gholaman
362:in Afghanistan.
271:as a product of
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2363:Protected Areas
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2248:
2116:
2111:
2081:
2076:
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1976:
1920:
1894:
1865:Story of Sanjan
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1688:Divine entities
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1558:Shahr-e Sukhteh
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1287:Mirjaveh County
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443:Hāmūn-e Helmand
428:Shahr-e Sukhteh
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369:. It is in the
337:Hāmūn-e Helmand
315:dendritic delta
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277:Hāmūn-e Helmand
253:Hāmūn-e Hīrmand
249:Hāmūn-e Helmand
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1814:Khordeh Avesta
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392:water policies
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360:Farah Province
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875:92-808-0925-3
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168:Official name
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2232:Tang-e Sayad
2071:
1875:Frashokereti
1829:Atash Behram
1819:The Revayats
1780:Adur Farnbag
1761:Fire Temples
1751:Yenghe hatam
1746:Ahuna Vairya
1715:Angra Mainyu
1552:
1548:Mount Khajeh
1520:Zehak County
1474:Zabol County
1233:Khash County
1182:Mohammadabad
1174:Hamun County
1156:Fanuj County
1027:Capital city
953:, retrieved
946:the original
933:
922:, retrieved
916:
905:, retrieved
901:the original
895:
884:, retrieved
880:the original
865:
839:. Retrieved
835:
826:
814:. Retrieved
810:the original
806:wetlands.org
805:
782:
771:. Retrieved
767:
757:
743:Mount Khajeh
738:
687:. Retrieved
683:
673:
661:. Retrieved
657:
633:. Retrieved
626:
617:
589:Mount Khajeh
579:Sīstān Basin
527:
510:
504:
488:
474:Sīstān Basin
460:
441:In 1975 the
440:
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333:Mount Khajeh
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248:
237:Sīstān Basin
226:Hamoun Oasis
225:
213:
210:دریاچه هامون
201:
200:
179:23 June 1975
77:, southwest
2296:Amirkalayeh
2030:in Pakistan
1988:Persecution
1947:Khurramites
1660:Persia/Iran
1645:Zarathustra
1640:Ahura Mazda
1369:Rask County
1359:Qasr-e Qand
896:Lake Hamoun
732:Partov 1998
523:reed stands
451:Ramsar site
403:Ramsar site
383:Harut River
367:Harut River
343:flatlands.
145:Afghanistan
111: /
86:Coordinates
79:Afghanistan
2722:Categories
2661:Hamun Lake
2620:Chakhansur
2575:Chakhansur
2472:Siahkeshim
2462:Mianjangal
2431:Kabir Kouh
2392:Dinar Kouh
2347:Sorkhankol
2324:Robat Shur
2243:Lake Urmia
2237:Khar Turan
2187:Kolahghazi
2150:Ghamishloo
1993:in Armenia
1885:Hamistagan
1741:Ashem Vohu
1655:Vohu Manah
1553:Hamun Lake
1510:Nosratabad
976:Lake Hāmūn
955:2007-07-20
924:2010-09-24
907:2010-09-24
886:2010-08-31
853:References
773:2020-07-29
712:Weier 2002
689:2020-07-25
547:salt flats
519:salt flats
491:Hindu Kush
479:Kajaki Dam
470:irrigation
457:Irrigation
432:Achaemenid
291:Hindu Kush
224:), or the
202:Lake Hāmūn
176:Designated
73:southeast
2702:Route 606
2697:Route 522
2692:Route 515
2677:Governors
2644:Landforms
2590:Khash Rod
2562:Districts
2467:Mozaffari
2375:Arasbaran
2318:Miankaleh
2313:Miandasht
2302:Bakhtegan
2227:Tandooreh
2217:Siyahkooh
2155:Ghatroyeh
2128:Bakhtegan
1981:Adherents
1962:Festivals
1942:Mazdakism
1937:Zurvanism
1850:Bundahišn
1665:Faravahar
1313:Nik Shahr
1218:Iranshahr
787:UNEP 2006
599:Drangiana
594:Arachosia
535:livestock
297:Geography
284:perennial
234:endorheic
222:هامون ډنډ
2411:(BR, IW)
2383:(BR, IW)
2335:Shadegan
2320:(BR, IW)
2265:Damavand
2260:Alam-Kuh
2245:(BR, IW)
2160:Golestan
2073:Category
2003:in India
1967:Marriage
1957:Calendar
1880:Xrafstar
1804:Visperad
1799:Vendidad
1295:Mirjaveh
1110:Galmurti
1092:Chabahar
1053:Counties
841:11 April
816:11 April
663:11 April
635:25 April
557:See also
543:wetlands
531:Aral Sea
513:wetlands
463:wetlands
322:tamarisk
313:forms a
273:snowmelt
269:Pakistan
230:wetlands
70:Location
2630:Istoway
2625:Delaram
2580:Delaram
2549:Capital
2493:- IW:
2457:Manesht
2441:Karkheh
2341:Shidvar
2270:Sabalan
2212:Sarigol
2197:Nayband
2025:in Iraq
2020:in Iran
1911:Kashmar
1845:Dēnkard
1824:Ab-Zohr
1700:Yazatas
1670:Avestan
1505:Zahedan
1464:Nukabad
1395:Saravan
1323:Espakeh
1259:Konarak
1034:Zahedan
495:Helmand
417:History
377:of the
239:in the
232:in the
206:Persian
99:61°40′E
96:30°50′N
2803:Sistan
2687:Makaki
2595:Zaranj
2554:Zaranj
2478:Touran
2452:Koulak
2436:Karkas
2426:Jajrud
2370:Alvand
2353:Touran
2329:Selkeh
2308:Hamoon
2280:Taftan
2207:Salouk
2202:Paband
2182:Kiasar
2177:Khojir
2139:Bojagh
2013:Parsis
1972:Burial
1932:Parsis
1899:Cities
1890:Duzakh
1809:Yashts
1736:Gathas
1731:Avesta
1710:Daevas
1705:Ahuras
1568:Taftan
1563:Bazman
1541:Sights
1487:Bonjar
1423:Sarbaz
1418:Pishin
1400:Sirkan
1277:Zaboli
1223:Bazman
1074:Bampur
1057:cities
942:Geneva
872:
628:Ramsar
604:Sistan
506:Sīstān
371:Sistan
341:Sīstān
329:basalt
303:Sīstān
241:Sistan
218:Pashto
2670:Other
2635:Khash
2446:Kavir
2420:Heleh
2415:Haraz
2397:Gando
2172:Khabr
2166:Kavir
2134:Bamou
2044:Lists
2008:Irani
1906:Balkh
1794:Yasna
1528:Zehak
1482:Zabol
1446:Hiduj
1441:Suran
1341:Adimi
1241:Khash
1164:Fanuj
1146:Jaleq
1128:Negur
949:(PDF)
938:(PDF)
610:Notes
434:city
264:Hāmūn
255:, or
139:Basin
2585:Kang
2489:BR:
2480:(BR)
2474:(IW)
2448:(BR)
2422:(IW)
2409:Hara
2405:(BR)
2403:Geno
2399:(IW)
2387:Dena
2377:(BR)
2355:(BR)
2349:(IW)
2343:(IW)
2337:(IW)
2331:(IW)
2304:(IW)
2298:(IW)
2239:(BR)
2168:(BR)
2162:(BR)
2141:(IW)
2130:(IW)
1916:Yazd
1650:Asha
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