296:
588:-irregular verbs", which are Middle Korean verb stems that end in before a consonant-initial suffix and in before a vowel-initial one, are regularly realized as even before a vowel. However, unlike verb stems that always ended in even in Middle Korean, the formerly
393:. Among the communities where Hamgyŏng remains widely spoken, the Chinese diaspora dialect is more conservative than the modern North Korean dialect, as the latter has been under extensive pressure from the state-enforced
1270:'cannot') intervenes between the main verb and the auxiliary, unlike in other Koreanic varieties (except Yukjin, also spoken in Hamgyŏng) where the particle either precedes the main verb or follows the auxiliary.
361:
in the
Russian Far East. The descendants of these immigrants to Manchuria continue to speak, read, and write varieties of Korean while living in China, where they enjoy regional autonomy. In the 1930s,
1188:
of differing formality and deference to the addressee, which are marked by sentence-final verb-ending suffixes, as in other Korean dialects. Some of the more distinctive Hamgyŏng verb enders include
439:—homophonous in the toneless standard Korean dialect of Seoul—may mean both "pear" and "belly" in Hamgyŏng as well, so long as the word exists in isolation. But when attached to the
389:
The most conservative forms of Hamgyŏng dialect are currently found in
Central Asian communities, because the Korean language's lack of vitality there has put an end to natural
283:, preservation of pre-Middle Korean intervocalic consonants, distinctive verbal suffixes, and an unusual syntactic rule in which negative particles intervene between the
386:, but their language is under severe pressure from local languages and Standard Seoul Korean and has been expected to go extinct within the early 21st century.
345:
The dialect is now spoken outside of Korea, in both China and
Central Asia. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in response to poor harvests and the
342:, while within South Hamgyŏng's administrative jurisdiction, speak a dialect which is usually not classified as Hamgyŏng because it lacks a pitch accent.
483:
tones. The Middle Korean high and rising tones have become the Hamgyŏng high pitch, and the Middle Korean low tone has become the Hamgyŏng low pitch.
663:. Many instances of /o/ in Standard Korean, especially in grammatical constructions, are /u~ɯ/ in Hamgyŏng. For instance, the Seoul conjunction
367:
2083:
1969:
2238:
2051:
2015:
1903:
1880:
479:
with high pitch on the first syllable. Unlike
Gyeongsang pitches, Hamgyŏng pitches are regular reflexes of fifteenth-century
2197:
382:. There are small Korean communities scattered throughout central Asia maintaining forms of Korean known collectively as
2233:
2218:
549:, which have disappeared in most modern dialects, but not in Gyeongsang and other southern provinces. Evidence from
1871:
Brown, Lucien; Yeon, Jaehoon (2015), "Varieties of contemporary Korean", in Brown, Lucien; Yeon, Jaehoon (eds.),
809:, CjV sequences have merged into umlauted monophthongs which have now become diphthongized again: compare Seoul
394:
174:
2223:
2076:
495:
276:
592:-irregular verbs cause reinforcement of the following consonant. This is again identical to the reflexes of
334:
which is significantly more conservative than the mainstream Hamgyŏng dialect. The far southern counties of
534:
like the majority of Korean dialects, but unlike Seoul Korean, which has palatalized only the latter pair.
349:, many Koreans, including Hamgyŏng speakers, emigrated from the northern parts of the peninsula to eastern
346:
834:
820:
802:
788:
767:
758:
745:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
608:
604:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
546:
542:
538:
404:'s attempt at a Russian–Korean dictionary, was based largely on the Hamgyŏng dialect; the author lived in
1600:
428:
do not have tone in isolation, but only in the presence of a particle or copula. For instance, the word
2243:
2228:
2191:
2180:
2069:
1222:
300:
550:
806:
1916:
323:
188:
1185:
689:
280:
600:
307:
249:
8:
2111:
1958:
1453:
371:
261:
2129:
1230:
846:
417:
62:
2042:
Yeon, Jaehoon (2012), "Korean dialects: a general survey", in
Tranter, Nicolas (ed.),
1937:
114:
2047:
2030:
2011:
1899:
1876:
983:
737:
639:. The end result is expected to be a much-reduced six-vowel inventory. The merger of
659:
in North Korean dialects since the mid-twentieth century, also shared by the modern
315:
311:
237:
233:
2144:
2134:
1892:
1241:
1237:
1226:
2061:
1944:[Kinship Terms and Geographical Differentiation in the Hamgyong Dialect],
2159:
2116:
2095:
2092:
1898:, Korean Art, Folklore, Language, and Thought, vol. 6, South Korea: UNESCO,
1234:
1141:
929:
876:
713:
660:
390:
354:
257:
253:
229:
216:
67:
54:
295:
2164:
2154:
420:
but unlike other Korean dialects, the Hamgyŏng dialect has a distinct high-low
366:
had the entire Korean population of the
Russian Far East, some 250,000 people,
358:
331:
284:
2212:
2149:
1199:, a casual suffix which elicits confirmation or agreement; the formal suffix
1110:
1041:
656:
480:
425:
272:
2034:
1890:
Hub, Woong; Kim, Chin-u; Yi, Sang-ok; Lee, Ki-moon; Kim, Jin-p'yong (1983),
424:
system used to distinguish what would otherwise be homophones. Pitch-accent
1986:
484:
440:
421:
339:
335:
268:
1037:
774:
749:
741:
405:
327:
245:
35:
1938:"Hamgyeong-do bang'eon-ui chinjok myeongching-gwa geu jiri-jeok bunhwa"
599:
The Hamgyŏng dialect traditionally had ten vowels, corresponding to the
45:
1912:
379:
375:
330:, on Korea's border with China and Russia, is classified as a separate
569:
in voiced environments. Again like
Gyeongsang, Hamgyŏng often retains
179:
164:
161:
158:
155:
2185:
1917:"Education and Diasporic Language: The Case of Koreans in Kazakhstan"
1255:. The informal-level suffixes are identical to Standard Korean ones.
850:
612:
383:
350:
319:
241:
107:
95:
554:
488:
306:
The Hamgyŏng dialect is the Korean variety spoken in northeastern
1993:[The northeastern dialects and Korean language studies],
1068:
1564:
363:
131:
322:. However, not all of Hamgyŏng speaks the dialect. The Korean
2103:
147:
1734:
1722:
299:
Distribution of the Hamgyŏng dialect within the traditional
1710:
252:. Since the nineteenth century, it has also been spoken by
1652:
1650:
1490:
in the
Northeast dialect, as opposed to the standard -습니다
1258:
Highly unusually, the Hamgyŏng negative particle (such as
193:
1835:
1823:
1758:
1746:
1698:
1647:
773:
In native vocabulary, Middle Korean CjV sequences have
400:
The first dictionary of Korean in a
European language,
310:, now further divided as the North Korean provinces of
1662:
849:
varieties, case markers are attached to nouns to show
1813:
1811:
1809:
736:, respectively, when followed by a sequence of a non-
603:
of very conservative Seoul Korean speakers. However,
1674:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1216:
1205:
1194:
1174:
1163:
1151:
1132:
1120:
1101:
1090:
1077:
1062:
1051:
1028:
1017:
1005:
993:
974:
963:
951:
939:
920:
909:
897:
886:
829:
815:
797:
783:
680:
669:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
474:
461:
448:
434:
2091:
1782:
1985:
1936:
1891:
1806:
1794:
1770:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
623:, as in Seoul, and there is an ongoing merger of
2210:
631:, now almost complete, and increasingly also of
466:with a high pitch on the second syllable, while
1622:
267:Characteristic features of Hamgyŏng include a
2077:
1486:). Another example would be the use of (슴)음둥
1221:, both of which may be used—depending on the
1603:, the standard system for Korean linguistics
1481:
1471:
1461:
1456:. For example, "father", in standard Korean
1245:
1211:
1200:
1189:
1169:
1158:
1146:
1127:
1115:
1096:
1085:
1072:
1057:
1046:
1023:
1012:
1000:
988:
969:
958:
946:
934:
915:
904:
892:
881:
824:
810:
792:
778:
762:
753:
675:
664:
443:
429:
220:
153:
137:
1889:
1692:
770:"id." Umlaut is also common in Gyeongsang.
290:
2084:
2070:
553:suggests that these consonants arose from
2005:
1970:National Institute of the Korean Language
1870:
1841:
1829:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1656:
596:-irregularity in the Gyeongsang dialect.
248:, all of which were originally united as
2024:
1987:"Dongbuk bang'eon-gwa gugeo-gukmun-hak"
1452:Specific vocabulary differences include
1412:
1328:
401:
294:
2211:
2006:Lee, Iksop; Ramsey, S. Robert (2000),
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
2065:
2041:
2025:Putsillo, Mikhail Pavlovich (1874),
1983:
1964:[The northeastern dialect],
1956:
1934:
1853:
1817:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1680:
1668:
1641:
537:Middle Korean had voiced fricatives
1911:
1582:
1547:sŏnsaengnimŭrŭsŏ tŭwadŭrigessŭmdung
13:
1873:The Handbook of Korean Linguistics
1398:
1297:
14:
2255:
2029:(in Russian), Тип. Гогенфельден,
1551:"As a teacher, I will help you."
1439:'Not even a cart can cross over'
1355:'Not even a cart can cross over'
748:. In some cases, this has become
2044:The Languages of Japan and Korea
688:There is a productive system of
2046:, Routledge, pp. 168–185,
1847:
1536:nanŭn kkoburangguksurŭ mŏgyŏtta
2239:Korean language in North Korea
2027:Опыт русско-корейского словаря
1984:——— (2018),
1957:——— (1998),
1686:
1599:All Korean forms given in the
1114:
584:In the Hamgyŏng dialect, the "
395:North Korean standard language
326:spoken south of a bend of the
221:
154:
138:
16:Dialect of the Korean language
1:
1940:함경도방언의 (咸鏡道方言) 친족명칭과 그 지리적 분화
1610:
1240:alike; and the neutral-level
1210:and the neutral-level suffix
1184:Most analyses identify three
469:
456:
1615:
411:
347:Japanese annexation of Korea
7:
1875:, Wiley, pp. 459–476,
1601:Yale Romanization of Korean
1407:
1393:
1378:
1365:
1323:
1308:
1292:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1217:
1206:
1195:
1175:
1164:
1152:
1133:
1121:
1102:
1091:
1078:
1063:
1052:
1029:
1018:
1006:
994:
975:
964:
952:
940:
921:
910:
898:
887:
830:
816:
798:
784:
681:
670:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
475:
462:
449:
435:
357:) and the southern part of
194:
180:
10:
2260:
1863:
1530:
1447:
840:
244:provinces of northeastern
2173:
2102:
1540:"I ate instant noodles."
1482:
1472:
1462:
1246:
1212:
1201:
1190:
1170:
1159:
1147:
1145:
1128:
1116:
1097:
1086:
1073:
1058:
1047:
1045:
1024:
1013:
1001:
989:
970:
959:
947:
935:
916:
905:
893:
882:
880:
825:
811:
793:
779:
763:
754:
692:in the Hamgyŏng dialect.
676:
665:
494:The Hamgyŏng dialect has
444:
430:
201:
187:
173:
146:
130:
125:
121:
105:
93:
88:
51:
41:
31:
26:
21:
2234:Korean language in China
2219:Languages of North Korea
1988:
1960:
1939:
1575:
823:"classroom" to Hamgyŏng
301:Eight Provinces of Korea
291:History and distribution
1935:Kwak, Chung-gu (1993),
551:internal reconstruction
228:), is a dialect of the
211:, sometimes called the
1404:
1390:
1373:
1362:
1320:
1303:
1289:
1278:
857:Hamgyŏng case markers
807:Sino-Korean vocabulary
416:Like the southeastern
303:
1924:Acta Slavica Iaponica
1842:Lee & Ramsey 2000
1830:Lee & Ramsey 2000
1765:Lee & Ramsey 2000
1753:Lee & Ramsey 2000
1741:Lee & Ramsey 2000
1729:Lee & Ramsey 2000
1717:Lee & Ramsey 2000
1705:Lee & Ramsey 2000
1657:Brown & Yeon 2015
1558:igŏs'ŭn nimŭ chosŏnot
674:"and" is realized as
298:
2224:Dialects by location
1995:Gaesin Eomun Yeon'gu
1743:, p. 350, n. 6.
1731:, pp. 284, 320.
1562:"This is that man's
1348:cart-even cross-INF
655:is a newly emergent
408:while composing it.
175:Revised Romanization
2008:The Korean Language
1966:Sae Gugeo Saenghwal
1959:"Dongbuk bang'eon"
1894:The Korean Language
1719:, pp. 320–324.
1671:, pp. 179–180.
1494:, or the use of -으
1454:kinship terminology
858:
752:; compare Hamgyŏng
498:both Middle Korean
372:Soviet Central Asia
287:and the main verb.
271:closely aligned to
262:former Soviet Union
856:
744:or glide, such as
418:Gyeongsang dialect
304:
2206:
2205:
2053:978-0-415-46287-7
2017:978-0-7914-4831-1
1905:978-0-89209-019-8
1882:978-1-118-35491-9
1683:, pp. 23–24.
1573:
1572:
1523:Example sentences
1445:
1444:
1182:
1181:
738:coronal consonant
397:since the 1960s.
368:forcibly deported
308:Hamgyŏng Province
250:Hamgyŏng Province
209:Northeast Dialect
205:
204:
189:McCune–Reischauer
2251:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2038:
2021:
2002:
1992:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1953:
1943:
1931:
1921:
1908:
1897:
1886:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1604:
1597:
1543:선생님으르서 드와드리겠음둥.
1528:
1527:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1436:cross-INF go-DEC
1414:
1400:
1341:swulki-to nem-e
1330:
1299:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1004:
1003:
997:
992:
991:
978:
973:
972:
967:
962:
961:
955:
950:
949:
943:
938:
937:
924:
919:
918:
913:
908:
907:
901:
896:
895:
890:
885:
884:
859:
855:
836:
833:
828:
827:
822:
819:
814:
813:
804:
801:
796:
795:
790:
787:
782:
781:
777:: Middle Korean
769:
766:
765:
761:"meat" to Seoul
760:
757:
756:
747:
740:and a front and
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
684:
679:
678:
673:
668:
667:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
610:
606:
581:in these words.
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
548:
544:
540:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
478:
472:
471:
465:
459:
458:
452:
447:
446:
438:
433:
432:
275:tone, extensive
232:used in most of
226:hamgyŏng pang'ŏn
224:
223:
213:Hamgyong Dialect
197:
183:
181:Dongbuk bang'eon
168:
167:
141:
140:
117:
98:
76:Northeast Korean
57:
27:Hamgyŏng Dialect
22:Northeast Korean
19:
18:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2244:Tonal languages
2229:Korean dialects
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2169:
2117:Gangwon dialect
2098:
2096:Korean language
2093:Dialects of the
2090:
2060:
2054:
2018:
1990:
1974:
1972:
1962:
1941:
1919:
1906:
1883:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:, pp. 325.
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1693:Hub et al. 1983
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1583:
1578:
1532:나는 꼬부랑국수르 먹였다.
1525:
1514:instead of 을/를
1506:instead of -으로
1450:
1441:
1416:
1402:
1388:
1371:
1357:
1332:
1318:
1301:
1287:
865:After consonant
843:
775:monophthongized
661:Pyongan dialect
473:is realized as
467:
460:is realized as
454:
414:
391:language change
374:, particularly
355:Northeast China
293:
258:Northeast China
256:communities in
254:Korean diaspora
230:Korean language
195:Tongbuk pang'ŏn
169:
142:
113:
94:
84:
58:
55:Language family
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2039:
2022:
2016:
2010:, SUNY Press,
2003:
1981:
1954:
1932:
1909:
1904:
1887:
1881:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1846:
1844:, p. 332.
1834:
1832:, p. 331.
1822:
1805:
1793:
1791:, p. 172.
1781:
1769:
1757:
1755:, p. 320.
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1707:, p. 315.
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1659:, p. 465.
1646:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1554:이것은 이 님으 조선옷.
1521:
1498:instead of -의
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1403:
1389:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1319:
1302:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1180:
1179:
1156:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1083:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1010:
998:
986:
980:
979:
956:
944:
932:
926:
925:
902:
879:
873:
872:
871:Seoul cognate
869:
866:
863:
842:
839:
835:/køsil~kwesil/
791:> Hamgyŏng
413:
410:
359:Primorsky Krai
332:Yukjin dialect
316:South Hamgyŏng
312:North Hamgyŏng
292:
289:
277:palatalization
238:South Hamgyŏng
203:
202:
199:
198:
191:
185:
184:
177:
171:
170:
152:
150:
144:
143:
136:
134:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
111:
103:
102:
99:
91:
90:
89:Language codes
86:
85:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
61:
59:
52:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2256:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2198:United States
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1997:(in Korean),
1996:
1991:
1982:
1971:
1968:(in Korean),
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1948:(in Korean),
1947:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1856:, p. 210
1855:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1820:, p. 15.
1819:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1803:, p. 14.
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1779:, p. 22.
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1455:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:interrogative
1228:
1224:
1219:
1208:
1197:
1187:
1186:speech levels
1177:
1166:
1157:
1154:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1054:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1011:
1008:
999:
996:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
966:
957:
954:
945:
942:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
912:
903:
900:
889:
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
860:
854:
852:
848:
838:
832:
818:
808:
800:
786:
776:
771:
751:
743:
739:
715:
691:
686:
683:
672:
662:
658:
657:areal feature
614:
613:diphthongized
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
582:
556:
552:
535:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
481:Middle Korean
477:
464:
451:
442:
437:
427:
426:minimal pairs
423:
419:
409:
407:
403:
402:Putsillo 1874
398:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
302:
297:
288:
286:
282:
279:, widespread
278:
274:
273:Middle Korean
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
218:
214:
210:
200:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
166:
163:
160:
157:
151:
149:
145:
135:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
109:
104:
100:
97:
92:
87:
77:
74:
73:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
60:
56:
50:
47:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2139:
2043:
2026:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1973:, retrieved
1965:
1949:
1946:Jindan Hakbo
1945:
1927:
1923:
1893:
1872:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1695:, p. 60
1688:
1676:
1664:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1451:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1410:
1396:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1295:
1284:
1257:
1183:
1082:for animates
984:Instrumental
845:As with all
844:
772:
759:/køki~kwɛki/
687:
598:
593:
589:
585:
583:
536:
493:
485:Vowel length
441:topic marker
422:pitch accent
415:
399:
388:
344:
305:
269:pitch accent
266:
225:
212:
208:
206:
106:
75:
2112:Chungcheong
1989:동북방언과 국어국문학
1913:Kim, German
1488:(sŭm)ŭmdung
1466:), becomes
1242:propositive
1227:declarative
868:After vowel
750:lexicalized
742:close vowel
496:palatalized
406:Vladivostok
328:Tumen River
246:North Korea
219::
126:Korean name
36:North Korea
2213:Categories
2130:Gyeongsang
1975:August 11,
1952:: 203–239.
1930:: 103–123.
1611:References
1510:, or -으/르
1432:cart-even
1429:nem-e ka-o
1235:imperative
1223:intonation
1142:Comitative
1069:inanimates
930:Accusative
877:Nominative
601:ten vowels
380:Kazakhstan
376:Uzbekistan
132:Chosŏn'gŭl
2186:Koryo-mar
2160:P'yŏng'an
2121:Yeongdong
1854:Kwak 1993
1818:Kwak 2018
1801:Kwak 2018
1789:Yeon 2012
1777:Kwak 2018
1681:Kwak 2018
1669:Yeon 2012
1642:Kwak 1998
1616:Citations
1565:Chosŏn-ot
1425:suley-to
1369:cart-even
1285:cart-even
1282:swulki-to
1218:-(s)ummey
851:noun case
611:have now
412:Phonology
384:Koryo-mar
351:Manchuria
320:Ryanggang
285:auxiliary
242:Ryanggang
108:Glottolog
96:ISO 639-3
2192:Zainichi
2188:(Russia)
2174:Diaspora
2145:Hwanghae
2140:Hamgyŏng
2135:Gyeonggi
2124:Yeongseo
2035:78070951
1915:(2007),
1516:eul/reul
1492:seumnida
1366:suley-to
1207:-(s)wuta
1111:Genitive
1042:locative
847:Koreanic
821:/kjosil/
555:lenition
489:phonemic
260:and the
115:hamg1238
72:Northern
63:Koreanic
46:Hamgyŏng
2194:(Japan)
2001:: 5–42.
1864:Sources
1448:Lexicon
1334:술기도 넘어
1264:'not',
1244:suffix
1079:-(u)key
841:Grammar
714:fronted
487:is not
476:páy-nun
463:pay-nún
324:variety
2165:Yukjin
2155:Jeolla
2050:
2033:
2014:
1902:
1879:
1512:eu/reu
1434:cannot
1397:cross-
1385:cannot
1352:go-DEC
1350:cannot
1315:cannot
1296:cross-
1233:, and
1103:-eykey
1038:Dative
831:koysil
817:kyosil
732:, and
730:/ø~wɛ/
726:/y~wi/
708:, and
690:umlaut
577:, and
565:, and
545:, and
525:c(h)i-
519:k(h)y-
513:k(h)i-
507:t(h)y-
501:t(h)i-
468:belly-
364:Stalin
318:, and
281:umlaut
217:Korean
148:Hancha
68:Korean
42:Region
2181:China
2104:Korea
1920:(PDF)
1576:Notes
1504:eureu
1502:, 으르
1476:) or
1458:abŏji
1422:넘어 가오
1394:nem-e
1293:nem-e
1252:-psey
1238:moods
1225:—for
1196:-cipi
1074:-(으)게
805:. In
789:/hjə/
768:/koki
682:ha-ku
671:ha-ko
615:into
531:c(h)-
522:into
455:pear-
353:(now
340:Kowŏn
336:Kŭmya
234:North
222:함경 방언
139:동북 방언
2150:Jeju
2048:ISBN
2031:OCLC
2012:ISBN
1977:2020
1961:동북방언
1900:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1508:euro
1478:aebi
1468:abai
1418:수레도
1408:ka-o
1345:ka-o
1324:ka-o
1213:음/슴메
1202:우/수다
1176:-koa
1071:and
1067:for
1019:-ulo
995:-ulu
976:-lul
899:-ika
862:Case
803:/he/
712:are
651:and
647:and
643:and
635:and
627:and
621:/wi/
619:and
617:/wɛ/
607:and
510:and
450:-nun
378:and
338:and
240:and
236:and
207:The
1473:아바이
1463:아버지
1427:mos
1413:DEC
1411:go-
1399:INF
1380:mos
1363:수레도
1343:mos
1329:DEC
1327:go-
1310:mos
1298:INF
1279:술기도
1267:mos
1165:-oa
1153:-ka
1134:-uy
1092:-ey
1053:-ey
1030:-lo
1007:-lu
965:-ul
953:-lu
922:-ka
799:hey
785:hye
746:/i/
734:/i/
722:/e/
718:/ɛ/
716:to
710:/ɯ/
706:/o/
702:/u/
698:/ə/
694:/a/
653:/ə/
649:/o/
645:/ɯ/
641:/u/
637:/ə/
633:/o/
629:/ɯ/
625:/u/
609:/y/
605:/ø/
579:/p/
575:/s/
571:/k/
567:/p/
563:/s/
559:/k/
557:of
547:/β/
543:/z/
539:/ɣ/
470:TOP
457:TOP
436:pay
370:to
2215::
1999:43
1950:76
1928:27
1926:,
1922:,
1808:^
1649:^
1624:^
1584:^
1568:.
1518:.
1500:ui
1496:eu
1483:애비
1405:가오
1391:넘어
1338:가오
1321:가오
1290:넘어
1261:ai
1247:ㅂ세
1229:,
1191:지비
1168:,
1122:-u
1098:에게
1095:,
1064:-i
1056:,
1022:,
1014:으로
990:으르
968:,
941:-u
914:,
911:-i
894:이가
891:,
888:-i
853:.
837:.
826:괴실
812:교실
764:고기
755:괴기
728:,
724:,
720:,
704:,
700:,
696:,
685:.
677:하그
666:하고
573:,
561:,
541:,
528:,
516:,
504:,
491:.
453:,
314:,
264:.
2085:e
2078:t
2071:v
2056:.
2037:.
2020:.
1979:.
1885:.
1644:.
1480:(
1470:(
1460:(
1420:못
1375:못
1336:못
1305:못
1171:과
1160:와
1148:가
1129:의
1117:으
1087:에
1059:이
1048:에
1040:-
1025:로
1002:르
971:를
960:을
948:르
936:으
917:가
906:이
883:이
794:헤
780:혀
594:t
590:t
586:t
445:는
431:배
215:(
165:言
162:方
159:北
156:東
101:–
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