Halley's Comet - Knowledge

1242: 698: 1271: 1640: 1813: 952:: one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less. This contrasts it with long-period comets, whose orbits last for thousands of years. Periodic comets have an average inclination to the ecliptic of only ten degrees, and an orbital period of just 6.5 years, so Halley's orbit is atypical. Most short-period comets (those with orbital periods shorter than 20 years and inclinations of 30 degrees or less) are called Jupiter-family comets. Those resembling Halley, with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees, are called Halley-type comets. As of 2024, 105 Halley-type comets have been observed, compared with 816 identified Jupiter-family comets. 2427: 2174: 9219: 6011: 1033: 2025: 1925: 1911: 1251: 2007: 1939: 47: 830: 1521: 2160: 1262: 11794: 9213: 1209:, for instance, is about 4%, meaning that it reflects only 4% of the sunlight hitting it – about what one would expect for coal. Thus, despite astronomers predicting that Halley would have an albedo of about 0.17 (roughly equivalent to bare soil), Halley's Comet is in fact pitch black. The "dirty ices" on the surface sublime at temperatures between 170 K (−103 °C) in sections of higher albedo to 220 K (−53 °C) at low albedo; 2217: 11844: 11868: 11820: 848: 11856: 11832: 8037: 2511:

numeral indicates which comet past perihelion it was for a given year, while the lower-case letter indicates which comet it was for a given year overall. The perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate, mainly because of uncertainties in the modelling of non-gravitational effects. Perihelion dates of 1531 and earlier are in the

2083:"The people believe that it indicates calamity such as war, fire, pestilence, and a change of dynasty. In some places on certain days the doors were unopened for half a day, no water was carried and many did not even drink water as it was rumoured that pestilential vapour was being poured down upon the earth from the comet." 8045: 6591: 2510:

In the designations, "1P/" refers to Halley's Comet; the first periodic comet discovered. The number represents the year, with negatives representing BC. The letter-number combination indicates which it was of the comets observed for a given segment of the year, divided into 24 equal parts. The Roman

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I came in with Halley's comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: "Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must

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Not long after, a comet, portending (they say) a change in governments, appeared, trailing its long flaming hair through the empty sky: concerning which there was a fine saying of a monk of our monastery called Æthelmær. Crouching in terror at the sight of the gleaming star, "You've come, have you?",

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December 1990, and then the comet brightened from about magnitude 25 to magnitude 19. Comets rarely show outburst activity at distances beyond 5 au from the Sun. Different mechanisms have been proposed for the outburst, ranging from interaction with the solar wind to a collision with an undiscovered

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10 km) from the Sun, Halley displayed an outburst that lasted for several months. The comet released dust with a total mass of about 10 kg, which spread into an elongated cloud roughly 374,000 km (232,000 mi) by 269,000 km (167,000 mi) in size. The outburst likely started in

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One difficulty was accounting for variations in the comet's orbital period, which was over a year longer between 1531 and 1607 than it was between 1607 and 1682. Newton had theorised that such delays were caused by the gravity of other comets, but Halley found that Jupiter and Saturn would cause the

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When Halley's comet made its appearance in 1910, an Oklahoma religious group, known as the Sacred Followers, tried to sacrifice a virgin to ward off catastrophe. (They were stopped by the police.) The Daily Oklahoman newspaper quickly refuted the claim in their September 18 edition in an article on

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Keller, H. U.; Delamere, W. A.; Huebner, W. F.; Reitsema, H. J.; Schmidt, H. U.; Whipple, F. L.; Wilhelm, K.; Curdt, W.; Kramm, R.; Thomas, N.; Arpigny, C.; Barbieri, C.; Bonnet, R. M.; Cazes, S.; Coradini, M.; Cosmovici, C. B.; Hughes, D. W.; Jamar, C.; Malaise, D.; Schmidt, K.; Schmidt, W. K. H.;

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Halley's day side (the side facing the Sun) is far more active than the night side. Spacecraft observations showed that the gases ejected from the nucleus were 80% water vapour, 17% carbon monoxide and 3–4% carbon dioxide, with traces of hydrocarbons although more recent sources give a value of 10%

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densities obtained by this procedure are in reasonable agreement with intuitive expectations of densities near 1 g/cm3, the uncertainties in several parameters and assumptions expand the error bars so far as to make the constraints on the density uniformative ... suggestion that cometary

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The next perihelion of Halley's Comet is predicted for 28 July 2061, when it will be better positioned for observation than during the 1985–1986 apparition, as it will be on the same side of the Sun as Earth. The closest approach to Earth will be one day after perihelion. It is expected to have an

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When the comet was first seen, it appeared in the western sky, its head toward the north and tail towards the south, about horizontal and considerably above the horizon and quite a distance south of the Sun. It could be plainly seen directly after sunset every day, and was visible for a long time,

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A hairy and fiery star having then made its appearance for several days, the mathematicians declared that there would follow grievous pestilence, dearth and some great calamity. Calixtus, to avert the wrath of God, ordered supplications that if evils were impending for the human race He would turn

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and R. Vardanyan, "a star with a curved tail may represent the passage of Halley's Comet in 87 BC." Gurzadyan and Vardanyan argue that "Tigranes could have seen Halley's Comet when it passed closest to the Sun on August 6 in 87 BC" as the comet would have been a "most recordable event";

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was about 7.4 days. Images taken by the various spacecraft, along with observations of the jets and shell, suggested a period of 52 hours. Given the irregular shape of the nucleus, Halley's rotation is likely to be complex. The flyby images revealed an extremely varied topography, with hills,

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calculated in 1985 that Halley's nucleus has been reduced in mass by 80 to 90% over the last 2,000 to 3,000 revolutions, and that it will most likely disappear completely after another 2,300 perihelion passages. More recent work suggests that Halley will evaporate, or split in two, within the next

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Halley's periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century. The three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by Edmond Halley, enabling him to predict it would return. One key breakthrough occurred when Halley talked with Newton about his ideas of the laws of

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found Halley's surface temperature to be in the range 300–400 K (27–127 °C). This suggested that only 10% of Halley's surface was active, and that large portions of it were coated in a layer of dark dust that retained heat. Together, these observations suggested that Halley was in fact

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Halley has probably been in its current orbit for 16,000–200,000 years, although it is not possible to numerically integrate its orbit for more than a few tens of apparitions, and close approaches before 837 AD can only be verified from recorded observations. The non-gravitational effects can be

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by stating he claimed that, when Earth passed through the tail, the gas "would impregnate the atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet". Despite reassurances from scientists that the gas would not inflict harm on Earth, the damage had already been done with members of the public

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in the water released by Halley was initially thought to be similar to that found in Earth's ocean water, suggesting that Halley-type comets may have delivered water to Earth in the distant past. Subsequent observations showed Halley's deuterium ratio to be far higher than that found in Earth's

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from urbanization caused many people to fail in attempts to see the comet. With the help of binoculars, observation from areas outside cities was more successful. Further, the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in March and April 1986, with best

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The 1986 apparition of Halley's Comet was the least favourable on record. In February 1986, the comet and the Earth were on opposite sides of the Sun, creating the worst possible viewing circumstances for Earth observers during the previous 2,000 years. Halley's closest approach was 0.42 au.

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At Yale College in Connecticut, the comet was first reported on 31 August 1835 by astronomers D. Olmstead and E. Loomis. In Canada reports were made from Newfoundland and also Quebec. Reports came in from all over by later 1835, and often reported in newspapers of this time in Canada.

1413:, who wrote that in 66 AD "The signs ... were so evident, and did so plainly foretell their future desolation ... there was a star resembling a sword, which stood over the city, and a comet, that continued a whole year". This portent was in reference to the city of Jerusalem and the 8719: 2046:

data were obtained. Furthermore, the comet made a relatively close approach of 0.15 au, making it a spectacular sight. Indeed, on 19 May, Earth actually passed through the tail of the comet. One of the substances discovered in the tail by spectroscopic analysis was the toxic gas

3812: 1153:. Its mass is roughly 2.2 × 10 kg, with an average density of about 0.55 grams per cubic centimetre (0.32 oz/cu in). The low density indicates that it is made of a large number of small pieces, held together very loosely, forming a structure known as a 955:

The orbits of the Halley-type comets suggest that they were originally long-period comets whose orbits were perturbed by the gravity of the giant planets and directed into the inner Solar System. If Halley was once a long-period comet, it is likely to have originated in the

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At the film's core, though, is a plot twist devised by the filmmakers themselves; it's Mark Twain himself who captains the zeppelin, in a suicidal mission to meet Halley's comet head-on and assure the truth of his famous prediction that his life would end with the comet's

3956: 2519:. The perihelion dates for some of the early apparitions (particularly before 837 AD) are uncertain by a couple of days. While Halley's Comet usually peaks at around 0th magnitude, there are indications that the comet got considerably brighter than that in the past. 803:

that refers to "a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err". Others doubt this idea based on historical considerations about the exact timing of this alleged observation, and suggest it refers to other astronomical phenomena.

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died in the month of May, and his son Michael received the Empire. And in this year there appeared a comet star, and the Norman count Robert fought a battle with Harold, King of the English, and Robert was victorious and became king over the people of the

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Platina's account is not mentioned in official records. In the 18th century, a Frenchman further embellished the story, in anger at the Church, by claiming that the Pope had "excommunicated" the comet, though this story was most likely his own invention.

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Famous astronomers across the world made observations starting August 1835, including Struve at Dorpat observatory, and Sir John Herschel, who made of observations from the Cape of Good Hope. In the United States telescopic observations were made from

513:. The missions also provided data that substantially reformed and reconfigured these ideas; for instance, it is now understood that the surface of Halley is largely composed of dusty, non-volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy. 6751:

Anno 1067. mense Maii mortuus est Constantinus Ducas Imp. et Michael filius eius suscepit Imperium, et apparuit stella cometa, et Comes Normanniae Robertus fecit bellum cum Arnaldo Rege Anglorum, et vicit Robertus, qui et factus est Rex super gentem

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and motion. His work on comets was decidedly incomplete. Although he had suspected that two comets that had appeared in succession in 1680 and 1681 were the same comet before and after passing behind the Sun (he was later found to be correct; see

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all upon the Turks, the enemies of the Christian name. He likewise ordered, to move God by continual entreaty, that notice should be given by the bells to call the faithful at midday to aid by their prayers those engaged in battle with the Turk.

1174:. The dust particles were found to be primarily a mixture of carbon–hydrogen–oxygen–nitrogen (CHON) compounds common in the outer Solar System, and silicates, such as are found in terrestrial rocks. The dust particles ranged in size down to the 2486:

of −0.3, compared with only +2.1 for the 1986 apparition. On 9 September 2060, Halley will pass within 0.98 au (147,000,000 km) of Jupiter, and then on 20 August 2061 will pass within 0.0543 au (8,120,000 km) of Venus.

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and Vitold Vecheslavov performed an analysis of 46 apparitions of Halley's Comet taken from historical records and computer simulations, which showed that its dynamics were chaotic and unpredictable on long timescales. Halley's projected

1341:, which describes a comet that appeared in the east and moved north. The only surviving record of the 164 BC apparition is found on two fragmentary Babylonian tablets, which were rediscovered in August 1984 in the collection of the 1128:

Despite the vast size of its coma, Halley's nucleus is relatively small: barely 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) wide and perhaps 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) thick. Based on a reanalysis of images taken by the

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Brosius, J. W.; Holman, G. D.; Niedner, M. B.; Brandt, J. C.; Slavin, J. A.; Smith, E. J.; Zwick, R. D.; Bame, S. J. (1988). "The cause of two plasma-tail disconnection events in comet P/Halley during the ICE-Halley radial period".

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T. Hromakina, I. Belskaya, Yu. Krugly, V. Rumyantsev, O. Golubov, I. Kyrylenko, O. Ivanova. S. Velichko, I. Izvekova, A. Sergeyev, I. Slyusarev and I. Molotov (March 2021). "Small Solar System objects on highly inclined orbits".

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appropriate delays. In the decades that followed, more refined mathematics would be worked on, notable by Paris Observatory; the work on Halley also provided a boost to Newton and Kepler's rules for celestial motions. (See also

1471:(May) a white sign was seen in the sky, before early twilight, in the north-east , in the Zodiac which is called Aries, to the north from these three stars in it, which are very shining. And it resembled in its shape a broom 1855:

motion. Newton also helped Halley get John Flamsteed's data on the 1682 apparition. By studying data on the 1531, 1607, and 1682 comets, he came to the conclusion these were the same comet, and presented his findings in 1696.

1409:'s reference to "a star which arises once in seventy years and misleads the sailors" refers to Halley's Comet, he can only have witnessed the 66 AD appearance. Another possible report comes from Jewish historian 2041:

The 1910 approach, which came into naked-eye view around 10 April and came to perihelion on 20 April, was notable for several reasons: it was the first approach of which photographs exist, and the first for which

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Passed within 10 degrees of the north celestial pole, more northerly than at any time during the past 2000 years. This is the last appearance of the comet for which eastern records are better than Western ones.

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starting from accurate observations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries could not produce accurate results further back than 837 owing to a close approach to Earth in that year. It was necessary to use

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The first visual observation of the comet on its 1986 return was by an amateur astronomer, Stephen James O'Meara, on 24 January 1985. O'Meara used a home-built 610-millimetre (24 in) telescope on top of

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of this dirty ice releases dust particles, which travel with the gas away from the nucleus. Gas molecules in the coma absorb solar light and then re-radiate it at different wavelengths, a phenomenon known as

918:, with much of it lying south of the ecliptic. This is usually represented as 162°, to account for Halley's retrograde orbit. That retrograde orbit grants Halley one of the highest velocities relative to the 741:). Halley thus concluded that all three comets were, in fact, the same object returning about every 76 years, a period that has since been found to vary between 72 and 80 years. After a rough estimate of the 987:, whose orbit takes it from just outside that of Uranus to twice the distance of Pluto. It may be a member of a new population of small Solar System bodies that serves as the source of Halley-type comets. 1831:

described the comet's visit in 1531, with the former even including graphics in his publication. Through his observations, Apianus was able to prove that a comet's tail always points away from the Sun.

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Neuhäuser, D.L.; Neuhäuser, R.; Mugrauer, M.; Harrak, A.; Chapman, J. (August 2021). "Orbit determination just from historical observations? Test case: The comet of AD 760 is identified as 1P/Halley".

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at Paranal, Chile, when Halley's magnitude was 28.2. The telescopes observed Halley, at the faintest and farthest any comet had ever been imaged, in order to verify a method for finding very faint

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The time to Halley's return in 1910 would be only 74.42 years, one of the shortest known periods of its return, which is calculated to be as long as 79 years owing to the effects of the planets.

1197:'s "dirty snowball" hypothesis for comet construction; Whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the Sun as they approach the inner Solar System, causing ices on their surfaces to 1989:. Arago recorded polarimetric observations of Halley, and suggested that the tail might be sunlight reflecting off a sparsely distributed material; he had earlier made similar observations of 1664:

was inspired to turn his conquests toward Europe by the westward-seeming trajectory of the 1222 apparition. In Korea, the comet was reportedly visible during the daylight on 9 September 1222.

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of May, on Tuesday after Little Easter, than whose light the brilliance or light of The Moon was not greater; and it was visible to all in this manner till the end of four nights afterwards."

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he said. "You've come, you source of tears to many mothers. It is long since I saw you; but as I see you now you are much more terrible, for I see you brandishing the downfall of my country."

9083: 4904: 3720:: "Whether Josephus means that this star was different from that comet which lasted a whole year, I cannot certainly determine. His words most favor their being different one from another." 3300:, who said its head was "as large as the eye of an ox", with a tail "fan-shaped like that of a peacock". Arabs said the tail resembled a Turkish scimitar. Turkish forces attacked Belgrade. 1785:

and depicted in great detail by Śrīvara, a Sanskrit poet and biographer to the Sultans of Kashmir. He read the apparition as a cometary portent of doom foreshadowing the imminent fall of

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The apparition of 87 BC was recorded in Babylonian tablets which state that the comet was seen "day beyond day" for a month. This appearance may be recalled in the representation of

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Halley will come to perihelion on 27 March 2134. Then on 7 May 2134, Halley will pass within 0.092 au (13,800,000 km) of Earth. Its apparent magnitude is expected to be −2.0.

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crucial; as Halley approaches the Sun, it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface, which knock it very slightly off its orbital path. These orbital changes cause delays in its

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On 9 December 2023, Halley's Comet reached the farthest and slowest point in its orbit from the Sun when it was travelling at 0.91 km/s (2,000 mph) with respect to the Sun.

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19.6 comet. The first to observe Halley's Comet with the naked eye during its 1986 apparition were Stephen Edberg (then serving as the coordinator for amateur observations at the

729:, used Newton's new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on cometary orbits. Having compiled a list of 24 comet observations, he calculated that the 7786: 5721:

Woods, Thomas N.; Feldman, Paul D.; Dymond, Kenneth F.; Sahnow, David J. (1986). "Rocket ultraviolet spectroscopy of comet Halley and abundance of carbon monoxide and carbon".

11723: 10915: 1757: 1698:, it is much more accurate than other contemporary descriptions, and was not equaled in painting until the 19th century. Olson's identification of Halley's Comet in Giotto's 780:. The confirmation of the comet's return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the Sun. It was also one of the earliest successful tests of 8096:; Grinin, Vladimir P.; Zvereva, A. M.; Petrov, Peter P.; Sheikhet, A. I. (1986). "A model for the coma of Comet Halley, based on the Astron ultraviolet spectrophotometry". 11745: 10873: 7622:

From Drury Lane to Mecca. Being an Account of the Strange Life and Adventures of Hedley Churchward (also Known as Mahmoud Mobarek Churchward), an English Convert to Islam

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Several accounts of the 1835 apparition were made by observers who survived until the 1910 return, where increased interest in the comet led to their being interviewed.

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what he has observed of the Comett of 1682 particularly in the month of September, for I am more and more confirmed that we have seen that Comett now three times, since

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Altwegg, K.; Balsiger, H.; Geiss, J.; Goldstein, R.; Ip, W.-H.; Meier, A. (1993). "The ion population between 1300 km and 230000 km in the coma of comet P/Halley".

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and Halley. ICE flew through the tail of Halley's Comet, coming within about 40.2 million km (25.0 million mi) of the nucleus on 28 March 1986.

3839: 2418:, who was 84. He had already seen it in 1910 when he was 8. He became one of the few people in human history to have seen Halley's Comet on two different cycles. 7665: 1503:

observed this appearance and devoted himself to prayer and penance, fearing that "by this token a change in the realm and the death of a prince are made known".

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mentions that a "comet-star" appeared in the sky in the year 1067 (the chronicle is erroneous, as the event occurred in 1066, and by Robert he means William).

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the comet would sustain from the gravitational attraction of the planets, he predicted its return for 1758. While he had personally observed the comet around

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having caused a delay of 618 days. This effect was computed before its return (with a one-month error to 13 April) by a team of three French mathematicians,

2146:, which surpassed Halley in brilliance and was visible in broad daylight for a short period, approximately four months before Halley made its appearance. 1883:

lens telescope with an aperture of 340 millimetres (13.3 in) to sketch Halley's comet in 1835. The same apparition was sketched by German astronomer

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wrote that the comet left "great trails of fumes behind", and that it remained visible from September 1301 until January 1302. It was seen by the artist

11681: 11018: 7460: 6714: 675:. Many were still unconvinced that comets orbited the Sun, and assumed instead that they must follow straight paths through the Solar System. In 1687, 7433: 5610:

Reitsema, H. J.; Delamere, W. A.; Huebner, W. F.; Keller, H. U.; Schmidt, H. U.; Schmidt, W. K. H.; Whipple, F. L.; Wilhelm, K. (1986). "ESA SP-250".

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as "A comet of the kind called Xiphias, because their tails appear to represent the blade of a sword" that supposedly heralded the destruction of the

8436: 8267: 4723: 1072:, often referred to as a "dirty snowball". Like all comets, as Halley nears the Sun, its volatile compounds (those with low boiling points, such as 8476: 5664: 4943: 4702: 3776: 9360: 914:; it orbits the Sun in the opposite direction to the planets, or, clockwise from above the Sun's north pole. The orbit is inclined by 18° to the 7927: 7383:"From François Arago to small bodies exploration: Polarimetry as a tool to reveal properties of thin dust clouds in the Solar system and beyond" 3729:

There are doubts about the latter date. It is generally accepted that the comet was visible from about mid September until about early November.

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have been observed and recorded by astronomers around the world since at least 240 BC, but it was not until 1705 that the English astronomer

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cycle, completed in 1305. Giotto's depiction includes details of the coma, a sweeping tail, and the central condensation. According to the

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understood that these appearances were re-appearances of the same comet. As a result of this discovery, the comet is named after Halley.

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In 837 AD, Halley's Comet may have passed as close as 0.03 astronomical units (2.8 million miles; 4.5 million kilometres) from

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Kapoor, R.C. (10 July 2017). "Records of sighting of Halley's Comet in the 1531 apparition and an eclipse in Guru Nanak's references".

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The 1986 apparition gave scientists the opportunity to study the comet closely, and several probes were launched to do so. The Soviet

1649:(circa 1305) by Giotto, who purportedly modelled the star of Bethlehem on Halley, which had been sighted 4 years before that painting. 7959: 2503:

Halley's calculations enabled the comet's earlier appearances to be found in the historical record. The following table sets out the

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Cook, David (15 April 2008). "Apocalyptic Incidents during the Mongol Invasions". In Brandes, Wolfram; Schmieder, Felicitas (eds.).

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The 1301 apparition was visually spectacular, and may be the first that resulted in convincing portraits of a particular comet. The

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The first certain appearance of Halley's Comet in the historical record is a description from 240 BC, in the Chinese chronicle

11701: 6669:, edited and translated by Mynors, R. A. B.; Thomson, R. M.; and Winterbottom, M.; 2 vols., Oxford Medieval Texts (1998–99), p. 121 2135: 8067: 9292: 4345: 1985:

Halley's Comet 1835 apparition was observed with a Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm (9.6 in) aperture by the astronomer

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the solar light. Both processes are responsible for making the coma visible. As a fraction of the gas molecules in the coma are

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March 1986. The dark colouration of the nucleus can be observed, as well as the jets of dust and gas erupting from its surface.

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of a second comet that had appeared in 1682 were nearly the same as those of two comets that had appeared in 1531 (observed by

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Prialnik, Dina; Bar-Nun, Akiva (1992). "Crystallization of amorphous ice as the cause of Comet P/Halley's outburst at 14 AU".

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is estimated to be about 10 million years. The dynamics of its orbit can be approximately described by a two-dimensional

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of 70.56 km/s (157,800 mph). Because its orbit comes close to Earth's in two places, Halley is associated with two

7719: 7020:; inter alia, realia: "An Apparition of Halley's Comet in Kashmir observed by Śrīvara in AD 1456" in Steiner, Roland (ed.); 1499:

across the sky. It was recorded by astronomers in China, Japan, Germany, the Byzantine Empire, and the Middle East; Emperor

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Ting Chen and Lingfeng Lü (2022). "Astronomical or political: Interpretation of comets in times of crisis in Qing China".

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opportunities occurring when the comet could be sighted close to the horizon at dawn and dusk, if not obscured by clouds.

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They go on to describe the comet's tail as being more broad and not as long as the comet of 1843 they had also witnessed.

1121:, which may extend more than 100 million kilometres into space. Changes in the flow of the solar wind can cause 11338: 10848: 10484: 6817: 4282: 233: 2459:, which raised the temperature of the nucleus enough for some of the more volatile compounds on its surface to sublime. 784:, and a clear demonstration of its explanatory power. The comet was first named in Halley's honour by French astronomer 11908: 6163: 5678:

Sagdeev, Roald Z.; Elyasberg, Pavel E.; Moroz, Vasily I. (1988). "Is the nucleus of Comet Halley a low density body?".

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Closest-ever approach to the Earth (5 million km). Tail stretched halfway across the sky. Appeared as bright as Venus.

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Described by Japanese astronomers as being "as large as the half Moon... Its colour was white but its rays were red"

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religious group, attempted to sacrifice a virgin to ward off the impending disaster, but were stopped by the police.

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who tracked it from August through October. It passed within 0.16 au of Earth. According to the Roman historian

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Halley's prediction of the comet's return proved to be correct, although it was not seen until 25 December 1758, by

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formation. These observations supported a number of longstanding hypotheses about comet construction, particularly

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During its 1986 visit to the inner Solar System, Halley's Comet became the first comet to be observed in detail by

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Barker, Peter (2008). "Stoic alternatives to Aristotelian cosmology : Pena, Rothmann and Brahe, Summary".

6906: 1968:. The new observations helped confirm early appearances of this comet including its 1456 and 1378 apparitions. 1333: 1283: 1198: 1093: 906:, or farthest distance from the Sun, is 35 au (5.2 billion km), roughly the orbital distance of 134: 7591: 5872:

Weaver, Harold A.; et al. (1997). "The Activity and Size of the Nucleus of Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1)".

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on 9 February, closest to Earth (63 million km) on 10 April. Nucleus photographed by the European space probe

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few tens of thousands of years, or will be ejected from the Solar System within a few hundred thousand years.

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Revised extracts from "A Comet Called Halley" by Ian Ridpath, published by Cambridge University Press in 1985

7412:

Revised extracts from "A Comet Called Halley" by Ian Ridpath, published by Cambridge University Press in 1985

4667:

David W. Hughes, P. H. Fowler, B. Lovell, D. Lynden-Bell (September 1987). "The History of Halley's Comet ".

4436:

Revised extracts from "A Comet Called Halley" by Ian Ridpath, published by Cambridge University Press in 1985

1762: 1016: 795:

astronomers already had recognised Halley's Comet as periodic. This theory notes a passage in the Babylonian

6706: 6445:

The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, 451 AD: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun, and the Transformation of Gaul

6100:; Vardanyan, Ruben (4 August 2004). "Halley's Comet of 87 BC on the coins of Armenian king Tigranes?". 1812: 1201:(change directly from a solid to a gas), and jets of volatile material to burst outward, creating the coma. 11676: 11560: 10967: 10813: 9996: 9786: 9776: 5660: 2967:

First known Japanese records of the comet. Attempts have been made to connect an ancient Maya depiction of

1386:

in that year. Halley's appearance in 12 BC, only a few years distant from the conventionally assigned

911: 8323: 8271: 3334:, who noted that its tail always pointed away from the Sun. This sighting was included in Halley's table. 1851:" at Ang 1110, and it is believed by some Sikh scholars to be a reference to Halley's appearance in 1531. 11903: 10823: 9367: 9277: 8608: 8466:"Why we include a preview of Halley's next apparition after our current comet show, Comets and Discovery" 6380: 4070: 3996: 2173: 2143: 11888: 8465: 8368:; Smette, A. (June 1991). "Post-perihelion observations of P/Halley. III - an outburst at R = 14.3 AU". 3688: 2133:

Twain died on 21 April 1910, the day following the comet's subsequent perihelion. The 1985 fantasy film

1951:

An interview in 1910, of someone who was a teenager at the time of the 1835 apparition had this to say:

490: 11928: 11913: 11810: 11686: 11550: 10993: 10853: 10515: 10489: 10449: 10444: 10290: 10134: 10099: 10089: 9398: 9265: 9255: 9250: 3768: 3739: 3698: 2095:. However, his explanation of its scientific predictability did not meet with favour in the Holy City. 1595: 1414: 1387: 9212: 9102: 8891:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

2403:

mission carrying the ASTRO-1 platform to study the comet, but the mission was cancelled following the

11664: 11659: 11654: 11158: 11103: 10479: 10001: 9911: 9806: 9287: 8689: 7934: 7506: 2388: 2247: 1313:'s mention of Halley's Comet in 760 AD, with an illustration that includes the relative positions of 1020: 785: 9218: 7211: 6328: 5810: 4988: 4195:

nuclei tend to by very fluffy, ... should not yet be adopted as a paradigm of cometary physics.

1792:

After witnessing a bright light in the sky which most historians have identified as Halley's Comet,

1639: 1555:

as a star. Surviving accounts from the period describe it as appearing to be four times the size of

11923: 11918: 11420: 10607: 10595: 10434: 9991: 9891: 9866: 9761: 9736: 9604: 9449: 2399:

exploded in flight, killing all seven astronauts onboard. Scheduled for March 1986, STS-61-E was a

1884: 1736: 1684: 1383: 742: 245: 4893:

Figure 4. The minimum and maximum intervals are 74.42 years (1835-1910) and 79.25 years (451-530).

4796: 1880: 1552: 11622: 11193: 10239: 10144: 10026: 9936: 9921: 9846: 9746: 9617: 9534: 9377: 9240: 9235: 6970: 3579: 2873: 2121: 1924: 1910: 1215: 1085: 1065: 961: 494: 425: 381: 305: 263: 173: 163: 119: 104: 9043: 7985: 5039:

Morbidelli, Alessandro (2005). "Origin and dynamical evolution of comets and their reservoirs".

4863: 2426: 1402:, and there are also records of other comets that appeared closer to the date of Jesus's birth. 11691: 11649: 11587: 11276: 11173: 11168: 10988: 10890: 10863: 10439: 10109: 10031: 9821: 9067: 9014: 7698: 7515: 2467: 1817: 1250: 973: 753: 8984: 8886: 8854: 8833: 8747: 8569: 6505: 5969: 5257: 4030: 964:

from the Sun. Conversely the Jupiter-family comets are generally believed to originate in the

870:

Halley's orbital period has varied between 74 and 80 years since 240 BC. Its orbit around the

11933: 11617: 11582: 11311: 11253: 11203: 11183: 11063: 10541: 10419: 10296: 10214: 10149: 9951: 9906: 9721: 9553: 9514: 9444: 9419: 8768: 7314:

Smith, J. A. (1986). "Halley's Comet: Canadian Observations and Reactions 1835–36 and 1910".

6736: 5654: 4937: 4875:

Yeomans, Donald Keith; Rahe, Jürgen; Freitag, Ruth S. (1986). "The History of Comet Halley".

4851: 4696: 4592:

Yeomans, Donald Keith; Rahe, Jürgen; Freitag, Ruth S. (1986). "The History of Comet Halley".

4473: 3624:

Next return with perihelion on 28 July 2061 and Earth approach one day later on 29 July 2061

3227: 2296: 2280:

probe began returning images of Halley on 4 March 1986, captured the first-ever image of its

1703: 1645: 1618: 1581: 1572: 1544: 1399: 1314: 1110: 808: 221: 8963: 8791: 8408: 8381: 8339: 8174: 6506:"New information on Comet Halley as depicted by Giotto di Bondone and other Western artists" 6123: 5850: 5575: 5470: 5306: 5276: 5227: 5141: 4251: 2507:

for every apparition of Halley's Comet from 240 BC, the earliest documented sighting.

663:, was that they were disturbances in Earth's atmosphere. This idea was disproven in 1577 by 11543: 11385: 11326: 11296: 11118: 11108: 11023: 10910: 10778: 10139: 9876: 9666: 9260: 9143: 8620: 8581: 8547: 8404: 8377: 8335: 8130: 8107: 7883: 7563: 7323: 7289: 7257: 7131: 7000: 6876: 6782: 6554: 6517: 6424: 6119: 6071: 6026: 5936: 5881: 5846: 5776: 5730: 5687: 5642: 5571: 5493: 5466: 5374: 5333: 5302: 5272: 5223: 5183: 5119: 5083: 4970: 4884: 4834: 4732: 4676: 4601: 4387: 4220: 4177: 4082: 4038: 2463: 2353: 1876: 1748: 1577: 1536: 1092:, or atmosphere, at distances up to 230,000 kilometres (140,000 mi) from the nucleus. 1060:

missions gave planetary scientists their first view of Halley's surface and structure. The

968:, a flat disc of icy debris between 30 au (Neptune's orbit) and 50 au from the Sun (in the 886:). The perihelion, the point in the comet's orbit when it is nearest the Sun, is 0.59 883: 879: 777: 145: 7759: 7590: 1117:, a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun, pulls the coma's ions out into a long 8: 11872: 11762: 11516: 11506: 11501: 11462: 11442: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11353: 11321: 11243: 11233: 11213: 11198: 11188: 11178: 11133: 11088: 11033: 11008: 10998: 10818: 10808: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10728: 10712: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10369: 9926: 9691: 9548: 9524: 9519: 9499: 9454: 9324: 8361: 7022:

Highland Philology: Results of a Text-Related Kashmir Panel at the 31st DOT, Marburg 2010

6964: 6773: 6619:. Translated by Cabaniss, Allen. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 1961. p. 113. 5767:; Sagan, Carl (1987). "Infrared emission by organic grains in the coma of comet Halley". 3772: 3583: 2323: 2300: 2289: 1872: 1828: 1708: 1406: 1361:

for ancient Armenians it could have heralded the New Era of the brilliant King of Kings.

1122: 1050: 1037: 773: 691: 284: 184: 9831: 8859:. The Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies. University of Texas Press. 8624: 8585: 8551: 8134: 8111: 7887: 7567: 7327: 7293: 7261: 7135: 7004: 6786: 6586:(Earth approach occurs when deldot flips from negative to positive @ 837-Apr-10 12:13). 6558: 6521: 6428: 6075: 6030: 5940: 5885: 5858: 5780: 5734: 5691: 5646: 5497: 5378: 5337: 5187: 5145: 5087: 4974: 4888: 4838: 4736: 4680: 4666: 4605: 4391: 4224: 4181: 4086: 4042: 11860: 11848: 11533: 11467: 11457: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11348: 11306: 11281: 11223: 11143: 11123: 11038: 11028: 10962: 10947: 10254: 10154: 9896: 9529: 9504: 9494: 9484: 9464: 9424: 9036: 8539: 8365: 8093: 8071: 7465: 7147: 7087: 6798: 6794: 6544: 6397: 6135: 6109: 6042: 5905: 5792: 5746: 5703: 5509: 5293:

Chirikov, R. V.; Vecheslavov, V. V. (August 1989). "Chaotic dynamics of Comet Halley".

5101: 5040: 4915: 4756: 4748: 4544: 4071:"The nucleus of comet Halley: Surface structure, mean density, gas and dust production" 2516: 2483: 2263: 2052: 2031: 1752: 1744: 1732: 1540: 1349: 1218:

materials, and thus more closely resembled a "snowy dirtball" than a "dirty snowball".

459: 403: 11639: 11073: 8347: 6740: 6302: 5630: 5505: 5196: 5171: 4431: 4353: 3883:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive @ 2061-Jul-28 17:20 UT). 1891:

of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet's orbit.

11757: 11555: 11378: 11373: 11228: 11113: 10905: 10895: 10868: 10843: 10677: 10531: 10174: 10159: 9576: 9479: 9474: 9429: 9227: 9047: 9020: 8992: 8969: 8948: 8916: 8894: 8868: 8839: 8818: 8797: 8776: 8753: 8632: 8431: 8412: 8211: 8154: 7616: 7151: 7060: 6855: 6746: 6620: 6479: 6449: 6389: 6139: 6131: 5897: 5764: 5587: 5541: 5105: 4859: 4760: 4232: 4189: 4136: 4124: 4094: 4046: 2299:, made the closest pass of the comet's nucleus. There also were two Japanese probes, 2088: 2068: 1982: 1840: 1680: 1626: 1564: 1432: 1424: 1395: 1371: 1008: 1004: 923: 910:. Unlike the overwhelming majority of objects in the Solar System, Halley's orbit is 887: 781: 749:

in September 1682, Halley died in 1742 before he could observe its predicted return.

110: 96: 9791: 8749:

Comet Madness. How the 1910 Return of Halley's Comet (Almost) Destroyed Civilization

7826: 6679: 6640: 6510:

In ESA, Proceedings of the 20th ESLAB Symposium on the Exploration of Halley's Comet

6046: 5909: 5612:

In ESA, Proceedings of the 20th ESLAB Symposium on the Exploration of Halley's Comet

5403: 4822: 3650:

Subsequent return with perihelion on 27 March 2134 and Earth approach on 7 May 2134

1986: 1938: 11824: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11696: 11570: 11565: 11447: 11238: 11138: 11078: 11058: 11048: 11013: 10983: 10510: 9646: 9571: 9459: 9340: 9308: 9304: 9078: 8860: 8812: 8628: 8535: 8445: 8343: 8146: 8138: 7700:

Mark Twain, a biography: the personal and literary life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens

7597: 7571: 7139: 7052: 6847: 6790: 6562: 6298: 6127: 6079: 6062: 6060:

Walker, C. B. F. (18 April 1985). "Archaeoastronomy: Halley's comet in Babylonia".

6034: 5944: 5889: 5854: 5796: 5784: 5750: 5738: 5707: 5695: 5579: 5533: 5501: 5439: 5382: 5341: 5191: 5167: 5091: 4925: 4740: 4684: 4536: 4405: 4228: 4208: 4185: 4168: 4163: 4090: 3442: 3297: 3161:, with the remark that such "hairy stars" appeared rarely, "and then as a portent" 2452: 2448: 2349: 1688: 1672: 1668: 1508: 1443: 1310: 1290: 1141:

of 11 kilometres (6.8 mi). Its shape has been variously compared to that of a

972:). Another point of origin for the Halley-type comets was proposed in 2008, when a 895: 730: 588: 554: 524: 373: 89: 6742:

Rerum in Regno Neapolitano Gestarum Breve Chronicon ab Anno Sal. 860 vsque ad 1102

5893: 5583: 4929: 3742:

in the 17th century, this is the time when the comet was visible to the naked eye.

3535:

Photographed for the first time. Earth passed through the comet's tail on 20 May.

3231:. Chinese astronomers compared its brilliance to that of the first-magnitude star 2343: 2328:, in December 1985, a group of Soviet scientists developed a model of the comet's 2109:. One that reached major newspapers claimed that the Sacred Followers, a supposed 2099: 2006: 11797: 11767: 11363: 11248: 11003: 9941: 9931: 9600: 9439: 9270: 9182: 9136: 7791: 7620: 7407: 6566: 6473: 6247: 6233: 5537: 5067: 4774: 3717: 3365: 3158: 3124: 3123:

Seen for over two months in China. Recorded in England and depicted on the later

2512: 2372: 2329: 2239: 2231: 2024: 1899: 1654: 1548: 1525: 1500: 1158: 1089: 1077: 769: 738: 478: 366: 10104: 8650: 2537: 1438:

The 684 AD apparition was reported in Chinese records as the "broom star".

1382:, a comet appeared suspended over Rome for several days portending the death of 1205:

showed that this model was broadly correct, though with modifications. Halley's

1032: 11612: 11538: 11528: 11415: 11083: 11068: 10937: 10631: 10474: 10359: 10339: 10317: 10269: 10259: 10224: 10179: 9886: 9751: 9661: 9581: 8882: 8007: 7848: 7818: 7189: 7143: 6614: 6375: 6097: 6007: 5346: 5321: 5253: 3925: 2705: 2444: 2380: 2243: 1824: 1728: 1496: 1428: 1357: 1342: 1081: 999: 969: 734: 702: 643:, so its contemporary pronunciation is uncertain, but the version rhyming with 502: 493:

model, which correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of

156: 73: 8450: 8142: 7744:

A Magnificent Old Conflagration: Comet Halley in Washington D.C. and Elsewhere

7575: 6851: 5387: 5362: 4286: 4123:

Keller, Horst Uwe; Britt, Daniel; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Thomas, Nicolas (2005).

4029:

Lamy, Philippe L.; Toth, Imre; Fernández, Yanga R.; Weaver, Harold A. (2004).

11882: 11634: 11577: 11496: 11358: 11291: 10927: 10900: 10885: 10723: 10494: 10454: 10409: 10344: 10323: 10219: 10124: 9766: 9469: 9314: 9202: 9177: 8609:"Halley's comet: Tendencies in its orbital evolution and its ancient history" 8501: 7852: 7064: 6469: 6393: 6156: 5443: 4278: 4128: 3489: 3485: 3399: 2710: 2456: 2360: 2312: 2281: 2043: 1990: 1695: 1692: 1138: 1061: 931: 927: 829: 722: 710: 474: 463: 69: 8150: 7037:(Pankhurst, Richard; Oxford University Press, Addis Ababa, 1967, pp. 36–38). 6159: 5214:

Olsson-Steel, Duncan I. (1987). "The dynamical lifetime of comet P/Halley".

1804:(tr. City of Light) and made it his capital for the remainder of his reign. 1474:

And the sign itself remained for fifteen nights, until dawn of the feast of

709:

Yeare 1531, he will not deny it you, though I know he will me." —Excerpt of

11836: 11484: 11043: 10773: 10637: 10613: 10561: 10546: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10404: 10334: 10169: 10129: 10114: 10094: 10084: 10016: 10006: 9861: 9851: 9781: 9731: 9726: 9716: 9038:

Comets: A Chronological History of Observation, Science, Myth, and Folklore

8944: 8416: 7694: 7637: 7017: 6415:

Ravené, Gustave (1897). "The Appearance of Halley's Comet in AD 141".

5924: 4959:"The interaction of the solar wind with Comet Halley – Upwind and downwind" 4744: 4688: 4540: 4315: 3693: 3569:

Astronomers are now able to observe the comet at every point in its orbit.

2774: 2470:. Astronomers are now able to observe the comet at any point in its orbit. 2072: 2057: 1965: 1801: 1661: 1520: 1453: 1394:

and astronomers to suggest that it might explain the biblical story of the

1194: 1098: 1056: 714: 676: 486: 440: 295: 11592: 11208: 8938: 8835:

François Arago: A 19th Century French Humanist and Pioneer in Astrophysics

5901: 5072:"From Kuiper Belt Object to Cometary Nucleus: The Missing Ultrared Matter" 5010: 2504: 2087:

The 1910 visitation is also recorded as being the travelling companion of

694:), he was initially unable to completely reconcile comets into his model. 439:, appearing every 72–80 years. It last appeared in the inner parts of the 11644: 11523: 11368: 11331: 11098: 10571: 10566: 10551: 10354: 10312: 10302: 10284: 10279: 10249: 10244: 10204: 10199: 10184: 10079: 10056: 10046: 10041: 10021: 9971: 9961: 9871: 9841: 9811: 9771: 9756: 9641: 9299: 8908: 8646: 8604: 7905: 7403: 7056: 6846:. Millennium-Studien / Millennium Studies. De Gruyter. pp. 293–312. 6324: 6273: 5045: 4427: 3331: 2319: 1457: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1154: 965: 807:

Researchers in 1981 attempting to calculate the past orbits of Halley by

792: 664: 656: 582: 510: 8712:"Horizons Batch for 1P/Halley (90000030) on 2209-Feb-03 and 2209-Apr-10" 7091: 6802: 6768: 6401: 6227: 6201: 6114: 5513: 4378:

Brady, Joseph L. (1982). "Halley's Comet AD 1986 to 2647 BC".

2159: 1887:. Observations of streams of vapour prompted Bessel to propose that the 1747:

ordered special prayers be said for the city's protection. In 1470, the

1304: 1261: 1019:

for highly eccentric orbits. Based on records from the 1910 apparition,

800: 11735: 11597: 11395: 11301: 11218: 11153: 10942: 10536: 10429: 10399: 10379: 10349: 10074: 10051: 9981: 9976: 9826: 9816: 9796: 9711: 9706: 9696: 9681: 9656: 9489: 9372: 9245: 9197: 9187: 8934: 8930: 7243: 7241: 5484:

Biermann, Ludwig F.; Lüst, Rhea (October 1958). "The Tails of Comets".

4721:

Hughes, David W.; et al. (1987). "The History of Halley's Comet".

3676:

Best-fit for February 2209 perihelion passage and April Earth approach

2251: 2117: 1844: 1793: 1740: 1611: 1391: 1356:

king who is depicted on coins with a crown that features, according to

1157:. Ground-based observations of coma brightness suggested that Halley's 1118: 1114: 1106: 1102: 992: 957: 746: 482: 470: 8027:(Horizons shows the nucleus @ APmag +20.5; the coma up to APmag +14.3) 7480: 5629:

Mendis, D. A. (1986). Battrick, B.; Rolfe, E. J.; Reinhard, R. (ed.).

4548: 4524: 1427:

of Earth. The 451 AD apparition was said to herald the defeat of

756:, a German farmer and amateur astronomer. It did not pass through its 11627: 11607: 11602: 11511: 11489: 11472: 11343: 11316: 11286: 11163: 11148: 11128: 11093: 11053: 10858: 10833: 10828: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10768: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10718: 10707: 10682: 10329: 10307: 10234: 10229: 10209: 10194: 10189: 10164: 10119: 9986: 9881: 9741: 9671: 9509: 6875:

Choi, Go-Eun; Lee, Ki-Won; Mihn, Byeong-Hee; Ahn, Young Sook (2017).

6083: 6038: 5948: 5788: 5742: 5699: 4752: 2259: 1888: 1475: 1179: 978: 891: 857: 706: 660: 432: 278: 274: 270: 7238: 7122:

Broughton, P. (1985). "The First Predicted Return of Comet Halley".

46: 10625: 10619: 10556: 10036: 9956: 9946: 9801: 9701: 9676: 9382: 9319: 9192: 9121: 8864: 6549: 6443: 5096: 5071: 4920: 2700: 2443:. The most likely explanation is a combination of two effects, the 2440: 2415: 2368: 2364: 2307: 2216: 2110: 2061: 2048: 2013: 1797: 1495:, by far its closest approach. Its tail may have stretched 60 1410: 1183: 935: 915: 903: 853: 668: 659:, the philosophical consensus on the nature of comets, promoted by 655:

Halley was the first comet to be recognised as periodic. Until the

333: 8248: 5922: 4669:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A

2120:

was born on 30 November 1835, exactly two weeks after the comet's

9651: 7461:"Yerkes Observatory Finds Cyanogen in Spectrum of Halley's Comet" 4492: 3232: 2222:

Daily motion across sky during the 1986 passage of Halley's Comet

2076: 1782: 1600: 1353: 1294: 1171: 1167: 1150: 875: 761: 686: 506: 343: 9019:. United States: NASA History Program Office. pp. 149–150. 8856:

Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars

7874:

Broughton, R. Peter (1979). "The visibility of Halley's comet".

7787:"One of the best animated films in recent years, a splendid job" 7604:. Shanghai: Far Eastern Geographical Establishment. p. 207. 7024:, Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis, 4, Halle 2012: 33–48 6534: 5320:

Lages, José; Shepelyansky, Dima L.; Shevchenko, Ivan I. (2018).

4648: 4560: 4558: 4386:. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California: 209. 2242:

and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 5.1 m

443:

in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061. Officially designated

10713:

C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)

8714:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). 7596: 6303:"Astronomy in Israel: From Og's Circle to the Wise Observatory" 3951:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). 3593: 3589: 3222: 2869: 2724: 2591: 2562: 2408: 2285: 2277: 2106: 2091:, the first known English Muslim to make the Haj pilgrimage to 1676: 1420:

The 141 AD apparition was recorded in Chinese chronicles.

1322: 1300: 1210: 1206: 1187:

oceans, making such comets unlikely sources for Earth's water.

1146: 1142: 835:

The orbital path of Halley, against the orbits of the planets (

796: 765: 473:, providing the first observational data on the structure of a 392: 8125:

Murdin, Paul (2000). "International Cometary Explorer (ICE)".

6844:

Endzeiten: Eschatologie in den monotheistischen Weltreligionen

6351:"Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, Book VI, section 288" 1599:

recorded the comet as "A star appeared on the seventh of the

1423:

The 374 AD and 607 approaches each came within 0.09

1281:

1. Report of Halley's Comet by Chinese astronomers in 240 BC (

9159: 7747:. Department of the Navy, U.S. Naval Observatory. p. 20. 7163: 7161: 6941:, ed. Ludovico Antonio Muratori (Milan, 1730) v. 16 col. 770. 5609: 5560: 5456: 4624: 4612: 4570: 4555: 4504: 3807:(Aphelion occurs when rdot flips from positive to negative). 2968: 2680: 2649: 2620: 2092: 1897:

Illustrations of prior comet appearances in the January 1910

1559:, and shining with a light equal to a quarter of that of the 1556: 1492: 1073: 948: 922:

of any object in the Solar System. The 1910 passage was at a

919: 907: 899: 861: 847: 757: 597: 498: 436: 428: 207: 8092: 8012:"Telescope Builders See Halley's Comet From Vermont Hilltop" 4825:(1982). "La comète de Halley et Mira Ceti dans le Talmud?". 2238:

The approach of the comet was first detected by astronomers

1820:, noting that a comet's tail always points away from the sun 1614:

may have recorded the 1066 apparition in their petroglyphs.

1531:

In 1066, the comet was seen in England and thought to be an

1125:, in which the tail completely breaks off from the nucleus. 976:

with a retrograde orbit similar to Halley's was discovered,

856:

originating from Halley's Comet streaking the sky below the

10729:

C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)

8542:(1996). "Catalogue of Cometary Orbits 1996. 11th edition". 8192: 7933:. Australian Astronomical Association. 2004. Archived from 7639:

chromolithographie publicitaire au Bon Marché (titre forgé)

7226: 6478:. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–82. 5837:

Mendis, D. Asoka (1988). "A Postencounter view of comets".

5319: 4248:"Comet Borrelly Puzzle: Darkest Object in the Solar System" 4031:"The Sizes, Shapes, Albedos, and Colors of Cometary Nuclei" 3606: 3558: 3515: 3465: 3422: 3379: 3345: 3311: 3277: 3246: 3202: 3172: 3138: 3103: 2267: 1836: 1560: 1532: 1398:. There are other explanations for the phenomenon, such as 1318: 1069: 672: 603: 569: 563: 539: 318: 11831: 8070:. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. 2008. Archived from 7158: 6991:

Botley, Cicely M. (1971). "The Legend of 1P/Halley 1456".

6672: 6616:

Son of Charlemagne: A Contemporary Life of Louis the Pious

5526: 5234: 4033:. In Festou, M.; Keller, H. U.; Weaver, Harold A. (eds.). 2462:

Halley was most recently observed in 2003 by three of the

1512:, which states "A dark and rainy year. A comet appeared." 721:

Ultimately, it was Newton's friend, editor and publisher,

615:. Spellings of Halley's name during his lifetime included 9128: 7553: 6944: 6735: 6584:"Horizons Batch for 1P/Halley (90000015) on 837AD-Apr-10" 5172:"Discovery of the first retrograde transneptunian object" 4803: 4636: 3073: 3043: 3012: 2982: 2948: 2917: 2887: 2849: 2818: 2788: 2754: 2342:, the spacecraft was renamed, and departed the Sun-Earth 2270: 2067:

The comet added to the unrest in China on the eve of the

1175: 1162:

mountains, ridges, depressions, and at least one crater.

871: 647:

seems to be preferred by current bearers of the surname.

533: 9074:

Image of Halley in 1986 by Giotto spacecraft (NASA link)

8668: 7535: 7511:"Ten Notable Apocalypses That (Obviously) Didn't Happen" 7214:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 9 June 2016 6378:(1996). "Halley's Comet and Judaean Revolts Revisited". 5720: 4854:; Yau, Kevin K. C., "Oriental tales of Halley's Comet", 4122: 3949:"Horizons Batch for 1P/Halley (90000030) on 2134-Mar-27" 3881:"Horizons Batch for 1P/Halley (90000030) on 2061-Jul-28" 3805:"Horizons Batch for 1P/Halley (90000030) on 2023-Dec-09" 2434:

On 12 February 1991, at a distance of 14.3 au (2.14

2311:. Unofficially, the numerous probes became known as the 2284:, and made its flyby on 6 March. It was followed by the 7359: 7248:

Todd, William G. (1910). "Saw Halley's Comet in 1835".

7098: 6667:

Gesta regum Anglorum / The history of the English Kings

4028: 3999:(11 January 1994 last obs). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 1816:

Illustration of the 1531 appearance in Petrus Apianus'

1653:

The 1145 apparition may have been recorded by the monk

2407:

disaster and ASTRO-1 would not fly until late 1990 on

11808: 8687:

Dumouchel, Etienne (1836). "Vermischte Nachrichten".

8516: 8038:"First Naked-Eye Sighting of Halley's Comet Reported" 5677: 5363:"The size, mass, mass loss and age of Halley's comet" 3926:"1P/Halley past, present and future orbital elements" 2430:

Halley's Comet observed in 2003 at 28 au from the Sun

2288:

probe, making its flyby on 9 March. On 14 March, the

1580:

may have seen Halley in 989 and 1066, as recorded by

1293:

on a clay tablet between 22 and 28 September 164 BC,

1088:

from the surface. This causes the comet to develop a

671:

measurements to show that comets must lie beyond the

6969:. New York, Printed by the Schilling press. p. 2124:. In his autobiography, published in 1909, he said, 1547:

claimed the throne. The comet is represented on the

600: 566: 536: 9016:

Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration

8769:"The First Anticipated Return: Halley's Comet 1758" 7876:

Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

7614: 7316:

Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

6966:

Comet lore, Halley's comet in history and astronomy

6005: 5434:Brandt, John C. (February 2018). "Halley's Comet". 5292: 5252: 4963:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society

4877:

Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

4858:, vol. 103, no. 1423, pp. 30–32, 27 September 1984 4594:

Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

2743:Described by the Chinese as bluish-white in colour 2515:, while perihelion dates 1607 and after are in the 2371:—had been scheduled to observe Halley's Comet from 1727:In 1456, the year of Halley's next apparition, the 594: 591: 560: 557: 530: 527: 9035: 8570:"On the nongravitational motion of Comet P/Halley" 8317: 8315: 8313: 8311: 7642:, Bibliothèque numérique - Observatoire de Paris, 6096: 5984: 5631:"Exploration of Halley's Comet: Symposium Summary" 4874: 4591: 1781:Halley's apparition of 1456 was also witnessed in 1570:This appearance of the comet is also noted in the 9086:from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive 8437:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8360: 7904:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 1985. Archived from 7377: 7033:The founding of Debre Berhan is described in the 6012:"Records of Halley's Comet on Babylonian tablets" 6001: 5999: 5570:. Vol. 187, no. 1–2. pp. 807–823. 5367:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5146:"List of Jupiter-Family and Halley-Family Comets" 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 4724:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 4318:. European Southern Observatory. 1 September 2003 4156: 4135:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 211–222. 4037:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 223–264. 3840:"Let's Plan For a Rendezvous With Halley's Comet" 3001:Seen in China, at the same time as another comet 2937:Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth. 2838:Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth. 2098:The comet was used in an advertising campaign of 1464:The year one thousand seventy one (AD 759/760). 1364:The apparition of 12 BC was recorded in the 11880: 8893:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 430–433. 8706: 8704: 8563: 8561: 7186:The history of the telescope & the binocular 6633: 6578: 6576: 4529:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 3368:. This sighting was included in Halley's table. 2332:. The comet also was observed from space by the 2012:Halley's Comet in April 1910, photographed from 585:, one of Edmond Halley's biographers, preferred 8810: 8534: 8394: 8308: 6881:The Bulletin of the Korean Astronomical Society 5288: 5286: 4654: 4630: 4618: 4576: 4564: 4510: 4498: 4380:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 2906:Noted in China and Europe, but not spectacular 2387:(HCED). The mission to capture the ultraviolet 1166:for carbon monoxide and also include traces of 791:Some scholars have proposed that first-century 8982: 8254: 7825:. Sky & Telescope Magazine. Archived from 7740: 7666:"Comets Breed Fear, Fascination and Web Sites" 7434:"This Week in Science History: Halley's Comet" 7280:Lynn, W. T. (1909). "Halley's Comet in 1835". 6877:"Daytime Visibility of Halley's Comet in 1222" 6874: 6818:"Comets Breed Fear, Fascination and Web Sites" 6503: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 5996: 5025: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3799: 3797: 3795: 2179:Animation of 1P/Halley orbit - 1986 apparition 2142:Halley's 1910 apparition is distinct from the 1289:2. Observation of Halley's Comet, recorded in 882:of 0.967 (with 0 being a circle and 1 being a 9144: 8701: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8558: 8388: 7121: 6573: 6504:Olson, Roberta J.; Pasachoff, Jay M. (1986). 5923:Michael J. S. Belton; Harvey Butcher (1982). 5209: 5207: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4206: 2051:, which led press to misquote the astronomer 1036:The nucleus of Halley's Comet, imaged by the 8236:. NASA Kennedy Space Center. 5 December 2005 7966:. Associated Press. 1 April 1986. p. 14 6762: 6760: 6475:Cometography: A Catalog of Comets. 1933-1959 5483: 5283: 5213: 4942:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4701:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4522: 4373: 4371: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4166:(1989). "On the density of Halley's comet". 3997:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1P/Halley" 3833: 3831: 2414:In Japan, the comet was observed by Emperor 1715:Halley's 1378 appearance is recorded in the 1299:3. Possible record of Halley's Comet in the 1027: 701:"I must entreat you to procure for me of Mr 27:Short-period comet visible every 75–77 years 8929: 8423: 8324:"Outbursts of comets—the case of 1P/Halley" 7841: 7778: 7232: 7167: 7117: 7115: 7113: 6887:(2). The Korean Astronomical Society: 70–71 6297: 6221: 6219: 6178: 5839:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 5663:) CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list ( 5605: 5603: 5450: 5160: 4950: 4642: 3936: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3862: 3792: 3092:Seen in China, Japan, and (possibly) Korea 682:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica 11894:Astronomical objects known since antiquity 9599: 9151: 9137: 8983:Shayler, David J.; Burgess, Colin (2007). 8592: 8321: 8127:Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics 7811: 7436:. pfizer: ThinkScience Now. Archived from 6441: 6435: 6053: 6006:Stephenson, F. Richard; Yau, Kevin K. C.; 5763: 5622: 5554: 5354: 5204: 5134: 5053: 5038: 4709: 4587: 4585: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3441:Return predicted by Halley. First seen by 2102:, a well-known department store in Paris. 2075:in 1911. As James Hutson, a missionary in 1441:The 760 AD apparition was recorded in the 1193:provided the first evidence in support of 291:15.3 km × 7.21 km × 7.21 km 45: 8775:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 8686: 8680: 8449: 8354: 7873: 7784: 7757: 7501: 7499: 7458: 6899: 6757: 6548: 6462: 6246: 6113: 5925:"Limits on the nucleus of Halley's Comet" 5564:Comet P/Halley's nucleus and its activity 5386: 5345: 5195: 5140: 5095: 5044: 4919: 4368: 4330: 4200: 4125:"In Situ Observations of Cometary Nuclei" 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3923: 3828: 3127:which portrayed the events of that year. 2352:in 1982 in order to intercept the comets 2273:) and Charles Morris on 8 November 1985. 1860: 238:0.075 au (11.2 million km) 10814:C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887) 10789:C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865) 10724:C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat) 8852: 8745: 8674: 8567: 7541: 7490: 7486: 7431: 7396: 7179: 7110: 6448:. Pen & Sword Military. p. 70. 6374: 6225: 6216: 6151: 6149: 5600: 5401: 5148:. University of Central Florida: Physics 4777:. "Astronomy in the Babylonian Talmud". 4127:. In Festou, Michel; Keller, Horst Uwe; 3904: 2425: 2030:A photograph of Halley's Comet taken at 1811: 1638: 1519: 1031: 717:about comet's orbits (28 September 1695) 696: 10824:C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910) 9033: 9012: 8961: 8881: 8831: 8645: 8522: 8494: 8198: 7795:. Fourth Castle Micromedia. p. 108 7718:. Smithsonian Libraries. Archived from 7663: 7505: 7425: 7402: 7365: 6815: 6659: 6641:"The Annals of Ulster AD 431–1201" 6199: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5671: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5240: 5166: 4956: 4582: 4426: 4316:"New Image of Comet Halley in the Cold" 4301: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4068: 4015: 2318:Based on data retrieved by the largest 2165:Halley's Comet as seen on 21 March 1986 1800:from 1434 to 1468, founded the city of 1524:Halley's Comet in 1066 depicted on the 760:until 13 March 1759, the attraction of 650: 14: 11881: 8907: 8429: 8294:"Hirohito up before dawn to see comet" 8124: 8006: 8000: 7847: 7817: 7703:. Harper & Brothers. p. 1511. 7588: 7496: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7077: 7046: 6990: 6704: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6442:Schultheis, Evan Michael (2019). "5". 6414: 6323: 6059: 5871: 5836: 5628: 5433: 5360: 5066: 4809: 4720: 4246:Britt, Robert Roy (29 November 2001). 4211:(1989). "Rotation of Halley's Comet". 4064: 4062: 3972: 2105:The comet was also fertile ground for 1137:spacecraft, Lamy et al. determined an 10764:C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843) 9598: 9132: 9070:(1706 reprint of Halley's 1705 paper) 8789: 8766: 8603: 7693: 7646:from the original on 23 February 2022 7635: 7599:Chinese Life in the Tibetan Foothills 7313: 7104: 6950: 6769:"Giotto's portrait of Halley's Comet" 6766: 6468: 6166:from the original on 23 November 2017 6146: 5990: 4821: 4773: 4459:and in some accents homophonous with 4377: 4343: 4245: 4162: 3837: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3484:First seen at the Observatory of the 1506:In 912 AD, Halley is recorded in the 1486:, fol.136v; Neuhäuser et al. (trans.) 960:, a sphere of cometary bodies around 196:Longitude of ascending node 167:75y 5m 19d (perihelion to perihelion) 9404:List of comets visited by spacecraft 8915:. Berghahn Books. pp. 108–111. 8546:. International Astronomical Union. 8212:"Spartan 203 (Spartan Halley, HCED)" 7960:"Last Chance For Good Comet-Viewing" 7766:. The University of Virginia Library 7279: 7247: 7124:Journal for the History of Astronomy 6841: 5825: 5414: 4277: 4266: 4239: 4101: 2868:Comet appeared before the defeat of 2638:Seen by the Babylonians and Chinese 2385:Halley's Comet Experiment Deployable 1234:Early descriptions of Halley's comet 431:that is consistently visible to the 10849:C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos) 9068:Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets 8913:A Jewish Understanding of the World 8129:. Institute of Physics Publishing. 7785:McCracken, Harry (5 October 1986). 7713: 7556:Journal of the History of Astronomy 7300: 7268: 7182:"History of the Cauchoix objective" 7051:(in French). Tome 61 (2): 265–286. 6962: 6717:from the original on 9 January 2021 6492: 5859:10.1146/annurev.aa.26.090188.000303 4868: 4346:"Comets, awesome celestial objects" 4059: 3924:Kinoshita, Kazuo (3 October 2003). 2807:Seen in China, but not spectacular 2375:. The STS-51-L mission carried the 1706:to name their mission to the comet 819: 727:Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets 685:, in which he outlined his laws of 521:Comet Halley is usually pronounced 24: 8793:Cometography, vol. 1: Ancient-1799 8044:. 12 November 1985. Archived from 7823:"The Great Daylight Comet of 1910" 6795:10.1038/scientificamerican0579-160 6329:"Science: Historic Cometary Tales" 5258:"Chaotic dynamics of comet Halley" 4283:"When will Halley's Comet return?" 4003:from the original on 27 April 2015 3756: 2669:Watched by Chinese for two months 2377:Shuttle-Pointed Tool for Astronomy 2340:International Sun-Earth Explorer 3 2338:(ICE). Originally launched as the 1719:as well as in East Asian sources. 814:ancient Chinese comet observations 126:(last perihelion: 9 February 1986) 25: 11945: 10989:C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz) 10769:C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet) 9061: 8887:"Comets, meteors, and meteorites" 8752:. Prometheus Books. p. 188. 8722:from the original on 30 June 2022 8099:Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal 7664:Johnson, George (28 March 1997). 6816:Johnson, George (28 March 1997). 6705:Brazil, Ben (18 September 2005). 6594:from the original on 30 June 2022 6155: 5635:The Exploration of Halley's Comet 5566:. Exploration of Halley’s Comet. 5506:10.1038/scientificamerican1058-44 5256:; Vecheslavov, Vitold V. (1989). 4152:from the original on 1 July 2024. 3959:from the original on 28 June 2022 2773:Described by the Roman historian 1617:The Italo-Byzantine chronicle of 1388:date of the birth of Jesus Christ 995:passage of four days on average. 894:). This is between the orbits of 816:to constrain their calculations. 458:Halley's periodic returns to the 84:1758 (first predicted perihelion) 11866: 11854: 11842: 11830: 11818: 11793: 11792: 10839:C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany) 9217: 9211: 8639: 8528: 8482:from the original on 16 May 2024 8458: 8286: 8260: 8226: 8204: 8167: 8118: 8086: 8060: 8030: 7978: 7952: 7920: 7894: 7867: 7751: 7734: 7707: 7687: 7657: 7629: 7608: 7582: 7547: 7452: 7371: 7334: 7204: 7180:Abrahams, Peter (15 June 2009). 7173: 7071: 7040: 7027: 7011: 6984: 6956: 6932: 6868: 6680:"The Annals of the Four Masters" 6132:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.45406.x 4474:"New York Times Science Q&A" 3891:from the original on 27 May 2022 3815:from the original on 1 July 2022 3779:from the original on 4 July 2022 3732: 3723: 3433:25 December 1758 – 22 June 1759 3062:Seen briefly in China and Japan 2215: 2172: 2158: 2079:Province at the time, recorded: 2023: 2005: 1937: 1923: 1909: 1683:as a fire-coloured comet in the 1269: 1260: 1249: 1240: 846: 828: 587: 553: 523: 516: 10933:C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli) 10819:C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901) 10809:C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882) 10784:C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861) 10759:C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823) 10754:C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819) 10749:C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811) 10744:C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807) 10739:C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769) 10734:C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760) 10703:C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577) 10698:C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472) 10693:C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402) 10688:C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264) 10683:X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106) 9346:Observational history of comets 8811:Lancaster-Brown, Peter (1985). 8739: 8732:(JPL#73 Soln.date: 2022-Jun-07) 8504:. International Comet Quarterly 7855:. International Comet Quarterly 7432:Nunnally, Brian (16 May 2011). 6835: 6809: 6729: 6698: 6607: 6528: 6408: 6368: 6343: 6317: 6291: 6266: 6240: 6232:. The Clarenden Press. p. 6090: 5962: 5916: 5865: 5803: 5757: 5714: 5520: 5477: 5402:Williams, Matt (12 June 2015). 5395: 5313: 5246: 5112: 5003: 4981: 4898: 4845: 4815: 4789: 4767: 4660: 4516: 4466: 4449: 4420: 4398: 3969:(JPL#73 Soln.date: 2022-Jun-07) 3901:(JPL#73 Soln.date: 2022-Jun-07) 3825:(JPL#73 Soln.date: 2022-Jun-07) 3711: 2335:International Cometary Explorer 2139:was inspired by the quotation. 1563:. Halley came within 0.10 1178:(≈0.001 μm). The ratio of 128:(next perihelion: 28 July 2061) 32:Halley's Comet (disambiguation) 10968:C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George) 10958:C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington) 10365:P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS) 9034:Yeomans, Donald Keith (1991). 8965:Comets and How to Observe Them 8796:. Cambridge University Press. 8502:"Comet names and designations" 7928:"Australian Astronomy: Comets" 6200:Yeomans, Donald Keith (1998). 3526:25 August 1909 – 16 June 1911 2699:May be the comet described in 2498: 1460:), calling it a "white sign": 1334:Records of the Grand Historian 1226: 1214:predominantly composed of non- 51:Halley's Comet on 8 March 1986 13: 1: 10953:C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock) 9435:C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) 8746:Goodrich, Richard J. (2023). 8348:10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00003-X 8179:NASA Solar System Exploration 7988:. European Space Agency. 2006 7853:"The Bright Comet Chronicles" 7459:anonymous (8 February 1910). 7346:NASA Solar System Exploration 7049:Revue d'histoire des sciences 6767:Olson, Roberta J. M. (1979). 6737:Lupus Protospatarius Barensis 5894:10.1126/science.275.5308.1900 5813:. European Space Agency. 2006 5584:10.1007/978-3-642-82971-0_138 5530:Exploration of Halley's Comet 4989:"Chapter 5: Planetary Orbits" 3749: 3225:and included in his painting 2421: 2383:) satellite, also called the 2322:space telescope of the time, 2116:American satirist and writer 1017:restricted three-body problem 447:, it is also commonly called 11899:Comets visited by spacecraft 10994:C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell) 10916:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) 10516:D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9) 10425:57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 9917:57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 9084:Photographs of 1910 approach 8962:Schmude, Richard M. (2010). 8633:10.1016/0146-6364(79)90084-7 8544:Catalogue of Cometary Orbits 6907:"New Names of Minor Planets" 6567:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114278 6256:Science and Christian Belief 6226:Chambers, George F. (1909). 5538:10.1007/978-3-642-82971-0_48 5361:Hughes, D. W. (March 1985). 4957:Russell, C. T. (June 1988). 4797:"Tractate Horioth chapter 3" 4525:"The 'Principia' and Comets" 4233:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90085-7 4190:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90021-3 4095:10.1016/0273-1177(89)90241-X 3476:5 August 1835 – 19 May 1836 2144:Great Daylight Comet of 1910 2136:The Adventures of Mark Twain 1807: 1634: 581:. As to the surname Halley, 7: 10485:226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski 9857:45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková 9837:41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák 9368:Extraterrestrial atmosphere 9042:. Wiley and Sons. pp. 8989:NASA's Scientist-Astronauts 8651:"Returns of Halley's Comet" 8328:Planetary and Space Science 7592:"Eclipses and Comets" 7390:EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 6939:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores 6707:"Chaco Canyon mystery tour" 6381:Catholic Biblical Quarterly 6204:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory 5197:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/L91 5120:"Small Body Database Query" 5013:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4930:10.1051/0004-6361/202039737 4455:That is, with the vowel of 4250:. Space.com. Archived from 3682: 1843:, the founder of the faith 1739:in July of that year. In a 222:Argument of perihelion 114:(aphelion: 9 December 2023) 10: 11950: 10874:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) 10854:C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) 10794:X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet) 10779:C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher) 9399:List of missions to comets 9158: 9112:(periodic comet navigator) 8767:Grier, David Alan (2005). 8397:Astronomy and Astrophysics 8370:Astronomy and Astrophysics 8255:Shayler & Burgess 2007 7408:"Through the comet's tail" 7144:10.1177/002182868501600203 7035:Ethiopian Royal Chronicles 6684:Corpus of Electronic Texts 6645:Corpus of Electronic Texts 6102:Astronomy & Geophysics 5568:Astronomy and Astrophysics 5459:Astronomy and Astrophysics 5347:10.4249/scholarpedia.33238 5295:Astronomy and Astrophysics 5265:Astronomy and Astrophysics 5216:Astronomy and Astrophysics 4075:Advances in Space Research 3838:DNews (3 September 2013). 3789:(epoch 451 is 79.29 years) 3740:invention of the telescope 3699:List of Halley-type comets 3492:at the Cape of Good Hope. 3356:21 September – 26 October 3257:26 September – 11 October 2523: 1849:a long star that has risen 1596:Annals of the Four Masters 1279:Clockwise from upper left: 1221: 941:Halley is classified as a 29: 11909:Meteor shower progenitors 11788: 11262: 11159:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) 11104:C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) 10976: 10804:C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt) 10719:C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702) 10678:C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet) 10670: 10657: 10644:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 10584: 10524: 10503: 10387: 10378: 10268: 10065: 10012:76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura 9967:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 9627: 9616: 9612: 9594: 9562: 9544:(Bernardinelli–Bernstein) 9412: 9391: 9333: 9226: 9209: 9170: 9166: 9101: 9013:Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018). 8773:When Computers Were Human 8690:Astronomische Nachrichten 8432:"Comet Halley's outburst" 8430:Hughes, David W. (1991). 7760:"The Death of Mark Twain" 7576:10.1177/00218286211070275 6852:10.1515/9783110209709.293 6686:. University College Cork 6647:. University College Cork 6202:"Great Comets in History" 5404:"What Is Halley's Comet?" 5176:The Astrophysical Journal 4908:Atronomy and Astrophysics 3689:Halley's Comet in fiction 3390:15 August – 21 September 3228:The Adoration of the Magi 3213:1 September – 31 October 2898:29 August – 23 September 2777:as "a very fearful star" 2580:First confirmed sighting 2505:astronomical designations 2271:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1619:Lupus the Protospatharios 1101:, whereas dust particles 1084:and other ices) begin to 1028:Structure and composition 786:Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille 415: 401: 391: 379: 364: 340: 317: 303: 262: 257: 244: 231: 219: 205: 193: 183: 171: 157:Orbital period (sidereal) 154: 144: 132: 118: 103: 99:4 August 2061 (2474040.5) 95: 88: 80: 67:Prehistoric (observation) 61: 56: 44: 10864:C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland) 10799:C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia) 10774:C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati) 9997:73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 9787:31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 9777:29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 9450:C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard) 8853:Milbrath, Susan (1999). 7986:"Comet Halley Recovered" 7379:Levasseur-Regourd, A. C. 5659:: CS1 maint: location ( 5444:10.1036/1097-8542.305800 5076:The Astronomical Journal 4432:"Saying Hallo to Halley" 4408:. Merriam–Webster Online 3704: 3183:3 September – 8 October 2230:Additionally, increased 1885:Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel 1384:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 737:) and 1607 (observed by 258:Physical characteristics 11339:de Kock–Paraskevopoulos 11194:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) 10395:11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 9687:11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 9535:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) 9378:Small Solar System body 8968:. Springer. p. 3. 8832:Lequeux, James (2015). 8790:Kronk, Gary W. (1999). 8451:10.1093/mnras/251.1.26P 8409:1992A&A...258L...9P 8382:1991A&A...246L..77W 8340:2002P&SS...50..247G 8322:Gronkowski, P. (2002). 8175:"In Depth | ISEE-3/ICE" 8143:10.1888/0333750888/4650 8094:Boyarchuk, Alexander A. 7741:Gail S. Cleere (1985). 7716:"Mark Twain's birthday" 7233:Sagan & Druyan 1985 7168:Sagan & Druyan 1985 6920:(2): 9. 7 February 2022 6665:William of Malmesbury; 6252:"The Star of Bethlehem" 6229:The Story of the Comets 6124:2004A&G....45d...6G 5851:1988ARA&A..26...11M 5576:1987A&A...187..807K 5471:1993A&A...279..260A 5388:10.1093/mnras/213.1.103 5307:1989A&A...221..146C 5277:1989A&A...221..146C 5228:1987A&A...187..909O 4643:Sagan & Druyan 1985 3322:1 August – 8 September 2660:26 August – 20 October 2490: 2476: 2468:trans-Neptunian objects 2395:when the Space Shuttle 2149: 1996: 1900:Popular Science Monthly 1866: 1722: 1567:of Earth at that time. 1515: 382:Synodic rotation period 208:Time of perihelion 90:Orbital characteristics 11174:C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) 11169:C/2013 US10 (Catalina) 11014:C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse) 10911:C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki) 10891:C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) 10490:271P/van Houten–Lemmon 10450:107P/Wilson–Harrington 10445:97P/Metcalf–Brewington 10415:54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 10291:4015 Wilson–Harrington 10135:147P/Kushida–Muramatsu 10100:107P/Wilson–Harrington 10090:97P/Metcalf–Brewington 9902:54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 8814:Halley & His Comet 8270:. NASA. Archived from 7902:"Comet Halley Summary" 7625:. London: Sampson Low. 7589:Hutson, James (1921). 7342:"In Depth | 1P/Halley" 7212:"Comet Halley in 1835" 5170:; et al. (2009). 4852:Stephenson, F. Richard 4745:10.1098/rsta.1987.0091 4689:10.1098/rsta.1987.0091 4541:10.1098/rsnr.1988.0007 4285:. NASA. Archived from 3588:and the Soviet probes 3488:in August. Studied by 2735:27 March – late April 2691:31 January – 10 April 2431: 2131: 2085: 1958: 1821: 1818:Astronomicum Caesareum 1775: 1679:, who represented the 1650: 1632: 1591: 1528: 1489: 1415:First Jewish–Roman War 1400:planetary conjunctions 1045: 974:trans-Neptunian object 934:in early May, and the 890:(88 million 754:Johann Georg Palitzsch 718: 451:, or sometimes simply 11692:Spacewatch–Rabinowitz 11254:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) 11204:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 11184:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) 11149:C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) 11129:C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) 11074:C/2006 A1 (Pojmański) 11064:C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) 11044:C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS) 11009:C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam) 11004:C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) 10999:C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) 10834:C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky) 10480:206P/Barnard–Boattini 10002:74P/Smirnova–Chernykh 9912:56P/Slaughter–Burnham 9807:35P/Herschel–Rigollet 9554:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) 9515:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 9445:C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS) 9420:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) 8568:Sitarski, G. (1988). 7695:Paine, Albert Bigelow 6355:www.perseus.tufts.edu 6305:. Tel-Aviv University 5765:Chyba, Christopher F. 4523:D. W. Hughes (1988). 3445:on 25 December 1758. 3296:Observed in Italy by 2765:early May – mid June 2542:Observation interval 2464:Very Large Telescopes 2429: 2297:European Space Agency 2126: 2081: 1953: 1815: 1789:(AD 1418/1420–1470). 1787:Sultan Zayn al-Abidin 1770: 1735:, culminating in the 1717:Annales Mediolanenses 1704:European Space Agency 1702:is what inspired the 1700:Adoration of the Magi 1660:According to legend, 1646:Adoration of the Magi 1642: 1623: 1586: 1582:William of Malmesbury 1573:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1551:and described in the 1545:William the Conqueror 1523: 1462: 1407:Yehoshua ben Hananiah 1111:ultraviolet radiation 1064:is a conglomerate of 1035: 809:numerical integration 700: 477:and the mechanism of 11672:Skjellerup–Maristany 11209:1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua 11119:C/2009 R1 (McNaught) 11109:C/2007 W1 (Boattini) 11084:C/2006 P1 (McNaught) 11069:C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) 11024:C/1999 F1 (Catalina) 10938:C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek) 10608:26P/Grigg–Skjellerup 10596:21P/Giacobini–Zinner 10435:72P/Denning–Fujikawa 9992:72P/Denning–Fujikawa 9892:52P/Harrington–Abell 9867:47P/Ashbrook–Jackson 9762:26P/Grigg–Skjellerup 9737:21P/Giacobini–Zinner 8296:. Upi. 18 March 1986 8214:. space.skyrocket.de 7057:10.3917/rhs.612.0265 6327:(16 December 1985). 6162:. cometography.com. 5532:. pp. 267–275. 4655:Lancaster-Brown 1985 4631:Lancaster-Brown 1985 4619:Lancaster-Brown 1985 4577:Lancaster-Brown 1985 4565:Lancaster-Brown 1985 4511:Lancaster-Brown 1985 4499:Lancaster-Brown 1985 4069:Rickman, H. (1989). 3023:22 March – 28 April 2959:September – October 2860:10 June – 15 August 2609:Seen by Babylonians 2354:21P/Giacobini-Zinner 2064:"anti-comet pills". 1956:perhaps a month ... 1877:Edward Joshua Cooper 1861:computation of orbit 1847:makes reference to " 1712:, after the artist. 1578:Eilmer of Malmesbury 1537:Harold II of England 1123:disconnection events 1113:, pressure from the 1015:, a solution to the 884:parabolic trajectory 880:orbital eccentricity 860:and to the right of 778:Nicole-Reine Lepaute 651:Computation of orbit 30:For other uses, see 11741:White–Ortiz–Bolelli 11244:C/2021 A1 (Leonard) 11234:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) 11214:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 11199:C/2015 V2 (Johnson) 11189:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) 11179:C/2014 E2 (Jacques) 11164:C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) 11134:C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) 11114:C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN) 11089:C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) 11034:C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) 10928:C/1969 Y1 (Bennett) 10901:C/1963 R1 (Pereyra) 10886:C/1961 R1 (Humason) 10859:C/1948 V1 (Eclipse) 10370:(300163) 2006 VW139 10240:332P/Ikeya–Murakami 10145:156P/Russell–LINEAR 10027:79P/du Toit–Hartley 9937:61P/Shajn–Schaldach 9922:58P/Jackson–Neujmin 9847:43P/Wolf–Harrington 9747:23P/Brorsen–Metcalf 9549:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) 9525:C/2015 V2 (Johnson) 9520:C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE) 9500:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 9470:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) 9455:C/2021 A1 (Leonard) 8817:. Blandford Press. 8625:1979ChA.....3..120C 8586:1988AcA....38..253S 8552:1996cco..book.....M 8540:Williams, Gareth V. 8257:, pp. 431–476. 8201:, pp. 149–150. 8135:2000eaa..bookE4650. 8112:1986PAZh...12..696B 7888:1979JRASC..73...24B 7821:(13 January 2010). 7568:2022JHA....53...13C 7440:on 17 December 2012 7328:1986JRASC..80....1S 7294:1909Obs....32..175L 7262:1910PA.....18..127T 7192:on 17 November 2020 7136:1985JHA....16..123B 7005:1971Obs....91..125B 6953:, pp. 253–255. 6787:1979SciAm.240e.160O 6774:Scientific American 6559:2021Icar..36414278N 6522:1986ESASP.250c.201O 6429:1897Obs....20..203R 6076:1985Natur.314..576W 6031:1985Natur.314..587S 5970:"Voyages to Comets" 5941:1982Natur.298..249B 5886:1997Sci...275.1900W 5880:(5308): 1900–1904. 5781:1987Natur.330..350C 5735:1986Natur.324..436W 5692:1988Natur.331..240S 5647:1986ESASP.250b.441M 5498:1958SciAm.199d..44B 5486:Scientific American 5379:1985MNRAS.213..103H 5338:2018SchpJ..1333238L 5243:, pp. 260–261. 5188:2009ApJ...697L..91G 5142:Fernández, Yanga R. 5088:2002AJ....123.1039J 4975:1988QJRAS..29..157R 4889:1986JRASC..80...62Y 4839:1982LAstr..96..351V 4812:, pp. 108–111. 4737:1987RSPTA.323..349H 4681:1987RSPTA.323..349H 4606:1986JRASC..80...62Y 4392:1982JBAA...92..209B 4356:on 4 September 2011 4225:1989Icar...79..396P 4207:Peale, Stanton J.; 4182:1989Icar...82...36P 4087:1989AdSpR...9c..59R 4043:2004come.book..223L 3850:on 28 November 2022 3773:Minor Planet Center 3084:August – September 2631:9 July – 24 August 2602:October – November 2548:Maximum brightness 2457:amorphous water ice 2071:that would end the 1873:Markree Observatory 1829:Girolamo Fracastoro 1372:Chinese astronomers 1176:limits of detection 725:, who, in his 1705 81:Discovery date 41: 18:Halley's comet 11904:Halley-type comets 11677:Skorichenko–George 11272:Aarseth-Brewington 11224:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 11144:C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) 11124:C/2010 X1 (Elenin) 11094:C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) 11054:C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) 11039:C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) 11029:C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) 10963:C/1989 X1 (Austin) 10948:C/1980 E1 (Bowell) 10829:C/1911 O1 (Brooks) 10532:D/1770 L1 (Lexell) 10440:80P/Peters–Hartley 10155:162P/Siding Spring 10032:80P/Peters–Hartley 9897:53P/Van Biesbroeck 9822:38P/Stephan–Oterma 9530:C/2015 G2 (MASTER) 9505:C/2018 C2 (Lemmon) 9495:P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) 9485:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 9465:C/2020 F5 (MASTER) 9425:C/2023 H2 (Lemmon) 8473:Abrams Planetarium 8074:on 14 January 2013 8016:The New York Times 8010:(20 August 1985). 8008:Browne, Malcolm W. 7829:on 4 February 2012 7758:anonymous (1910). 7714:Metcalf, Miranda. 7670:The New York Times 7617:Churchward, Hedley 7466:The New York Times 6822:The New York Times 6098:Gurzadyan, Vahe G. 5562:Seige, P. (1988). 5254:Chirikov, Boris V. 4501:, pp. 14, 25. 4478:The New York Times 3149:15 April – 6 July 2993:17 May – mid June 2829:4 March – 2 April 2538:Date of perihelion 2517:Gregorian calendar 2484:apparent magnitude 2432: 2295:, launched by the 2053:Camille Flammarion 2032:Yerkes Observatory 1839:scriptures of the 1822: 1758:Lives of the Popes 1753:Bartolomeo Platina 1745:Pope Callixtus III 1733:Kingdom of Hungary 1651: 1541:Battle of Hastings 1535:: later that year 1529: 1350:Tigranes the Great 1139:effective diameter 1046: 1005:dynamical lifetime 938:in late October. 719: 460:inner Solar System 424:is the only known 404:Apparent magnitude 387:2.2 d (52.8 h) (?) 63:Discovered by 39: 11929:Star of Bethlehem 11914:Near-Earth comets 11806: 11805: 11784: 11783: 11780: 11779: 11776: 11775: 11391:IRAS–Araki–Alcock 11229:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) 11099:C/2007 N3 (Lulin) 10906:C/1964 N1 (Ikeya) 10896:C/1963 A1 (Ikeya) 10869:C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) 10844:C/1931 P1 (Ryves) 10653: 10652: 10580: 10579: 10542:18D/Perrine–Mrkos 10420:55P/Tempel–Tuttle 10297:7968 Elst–Pizarro 10215:273P/Pons–Gambart 10160:168P/Hergenrother 10150:161P/Hartley–IRAS 10110:109P/Swift–Tuttle 9952:64P/Swift–Gehrels 9907:55P/Tempel–Tuttle 9722:18D/Perrine–Mrkos 9590: 9589: 9577:Comets in fiction 9480:C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS) 9475:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) 9430:C/2023 E1 (ATLAS) 9356:Comet discoverers 9127: 9126: 8998:978-0-387-21897-7 8975:978-1-4419-5790-0 8900:978-0-521-05801-8 8874:978-0-292-79793-2 8845:978-3-319-20723-0 8803:978-0-521-58504-0 8613:Chinese Astronomy 8536:Marsden, Brian G. 8274:on 14 August 2011 7964:Ocala Star-Banner 7615:Rosenthal, Eric; 7509:(November 2009). 7250:Popular Astronomy 7107:, pp. 11–25. 6747:The Latin Library 6626:978-0-8156-2031-0 6485:978-0-521-58504-0 6070:(6012): 576–577. 6025:(6012): 587–592. 6010:(18 April 1985). 5935:(5871): 249–251. 5775:(6146): 350–353. 5729:(6096): 436–438. 5686:(6153): 240–242. 5593:978-3-642-82973-4 5547:978-3-642-82973-4 5168:Gladman, Brett J. 4731:(1572): 349–367. 4675:(1572): 349–367. 4657:, pp. 84–85. 4344:Delehanty, Marc. 4254:on 4 January 2014 4209:Lissauer, Jack J. 4164:Peale, Stanton J. 4142:978-0-8165-2450-1 4129:Weaver, Harold A. 4052:978-0-8165-2450-1 3769:"1P/Halley Orbit" 3680: 3679: 3223:Giotto di Bondone 3114:3 April – 7 June 2874:Battle of Chalons 2393:ended in disaster 2129:go out together." 2089:Hedley Churchward 2069:Xinhai Revolution 1983:Paris Observatory 1881:Cauchoix of Paris 1841:Guru Granth Sahib 1737:siege of Belgrade 1681:Star of Bethlehem 1677:Giotto di Bondone 1627:Constantine Ducas 1433:Battle of Chalons 1396:Star of Bethlehem 924:relative velocity 782:Newtonian physics 419: 418: 358:0.2–1.5 g/cm 16:(Redirected from 11941: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11835: 11834: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11814: 11796: 11795: 11754: 11732: 11724:Tago-Sato-Kosaka 11551:McNaught–Russell 11239:C/2020 F8 (SWAN) 11154:C/2012 S1 (ISON) 11139:C/2012 E2 (SWAN) 11079:C/2006 M4 (SWAN) 11059:C/2002 V1 (NEAT) 11049:C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) 11019:C/1998 J1 (SOHO) 10984:C/1990 K1 (Levy) 10943:C/1975 V1 (West) 10924: 10882: 10668: 10667: 10385: 10384: 10140:153P/Ikeya–Zhang 9877:49P/Arend–Rigaux 9667:7P/Pons–Winnecke 9625: 9624: 9614: 9613: 9596: 9595: 9572:Antimatter comet 9460:C/2020 F8 (SWAN) 9341:Naming of comets 9221: 9215: 9168: 9167: 9153: 9146: 9139: 9130: 9129: 9099: 9098: 9057: 9041: 9030: 9009: 9007: 9005: 8985:"Ending of Eras" 8979: 8958: 8926: 8904: 8878: 8849: 8828: 8807: 8786: 8763: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8708: 8699: 8698: 8684: 8678: 8672: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8601: 8590: 8589: 8574:Acta Astronomica 8565: 8556: 8555: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8481: 8470: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8319: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8264: 8258: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8151:2060/19920003890 8122: 8116: 8115: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8034: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7939: 7932: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7908:on 8 August 2008 7898: 7892: 7891: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7678: 7676: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7594: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7523:on 6 August 2017 7519:. 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Archived from 7177: 7171: 7165: 7156: 7155: 7119: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7044: 7038: 7031: 7025: 7015: 7009: 7008: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6963:Emerson, Edwin. 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6911: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6764: 6755: 6754: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6676: 6670: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6611: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6580: 6571: 6570: 6552: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6501: 6490: 6489: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6274:"Horayot 10a:19" 6270: 6264: 6263: 6248:Humphreys, Colin 6244: 6238: 6237: 6223: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6197: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6153: 6144: 6143: 6117: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6084:10.1038/314576b0 6057: 6051: 6050: 6039:10.1038/314587a0 6016: 6003: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5949:10.1038/298249a0 5920: 5914: 5913: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5834: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5789:10.1038/330350a0 5761: 5755: 5754: 5743:10.1038/324436a0 5718: 5712: 5711: 5700:10.1038/331240a0 5675: 5669: 5668: 5658: 5650: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5431: 5412: 5411: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5262: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5222:(1–2): 909–912. 5211: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5144:(28 July 2015). 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5082:(2): 1039–1049. 5068:Jewitt, David C. 5064: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046:astro-ph/0512256 5036: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5011:"Meteor Streams" 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4941: 4933: 4923: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4872: 4866: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4775:Brodetsky, Selig 4771: 4765: 4764: 4718: 4707: 4706: 4700: 4692: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4553: 4552: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4470: 4464: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4352:. Archived from 4341: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4312: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4289:on 6 August 2011 4275: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4120: 4099: 4098: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4026: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3993: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3945: 3934: 3933: 3921: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3877: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3846:. Archived from 3835: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3801: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3765: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3443:Johann Palitzsch 3298:Paolo Toscanelli 3288:27 May – 8 July 3157:Depicted on the 2522: 2521: 2453:phase transition 2449:hydrogen cyanide 2437: 2350:Lagrangian point 2219: 2208: 2206: 2197: 2195: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2162: 2027: 2009: 1941: 1927: 1913: 1766: 1673:Giovanni Villani 1608:Native Americans 1509:Annals of Ulster 1487: 1484:Zuqnin Chronicle 1467:In the month of 1444:Zuqnin Chronicle 1311:Zuqnin Chronicle 1273: 1264: 1253: 1244: 1043: 986: 984: 983: 962:20,000–50,000 au 850: 832: 820:Orbit and origin 731:orbital elements 677:Sir Isaac Newton 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 546: 545: 542: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 491:"dirty snowball" 359: 355: 353: 336: 331: 327: 313: 292: 281: 72:(recognition of 49: 42: 38: 21: 11949: 11948: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11924:Periodic comets 11919:Numbered comets 11879: 11878: 11877: 11867: 11865: 11855: 11853: 11843: 11841: 11829: 11819: 11817: 11809: 11807: 11802: 11772: 11748: 11726: 11264: 11258: 11249:C/2022 E3 (ZTF) 10972: 10918: 10876: 10662: 10660: 10649: 10587: 10576: 10520: 10499: 10374: 10271: 10264: 10067: 10061: 9942:62P/Tsuchinshan 9932:60P/Tsuchinshan 9927:59P/Kearns–Kwee 9692:12P/Pons–Brooks 9629: 9619: 9608: 9601:Lists of comets 9586: 9564: 9558: 9543: 9440:C/2022 E3 (ZTF) 9408: 9387: 9329: 9222: 9216: 9207: 9162: 9157: 9120: 9110: 9103:Numbered comets 9096: 9064: 9054: 9027: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8976: 8955: 8923: 8909:Rayner, John D. 8901: 8883:Needham, Joseph 8875: 8846: 8825: 8804: 8783: 8760: 8742: 8737: 8736: 8725: 8723: 8710: 8709: 8702: 8685: 8681: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8657: 8644: 8640: 8602: 8593: 8566: 8559: 8533: 8529: 8521: 8517: 8507: 8505: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8468: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8428: 8424: 8393: 8389: 8359: 8355: 8320: 8309: 8299: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8277: 8275: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8217: 8215: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8197: 8193: 8183: 8181: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8123: 8119: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8051: 8049: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8020: 8018: 8005: 8001: 7991: 7989: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7940:on 16 June 2005 7937: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7849:Bortle, John E. 7846: 7842: 7832: 7830: 7819:Bortle, John E. 7816: 7812: 7798: 7796: 7792:Cinefantastique 7783: 7779: 7769: 7767: 7756: 7752: 7739: 7735: 7725: 7723: 7722:on 11 June 2010 7712: 7708: 7692: 7688: 7674: 7672: 7662: 7658: 7649: 7647: 7634: 7630: 7613: 7609: 7587: 7583: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7526: 7524: 7504: 7497: 7485: 7481: 7471: 7469: 7457: 7453: 7443: 7441: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7401: 7397: 7385: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7350: 7348: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7312: 7301: 7282:The Observatory 7278: 7269: 7246: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7178: 7174: 7166: 7159: 7120: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7080:Current Science 7076: 7072: 7045: 7041: 7032: 7028: 7016: 7012: 6993:The Observatory 6989: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6961: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6814: 6810: 6765: 6758: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6703: 6699: 6689: 6687: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6597: 6595: 6582: 6581: 6574: 6533: 6529: 6502: 6493: 6486: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6440: 6436: 6417:The Observatory 6413: 6409: 6376:Horowitz, Wayne 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6331:. Time Magazine 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6278:www.sefaria.org 6272: 6271: 6267: 6245: 6241: 6224: 6217: 6207: 6205: 6198: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6154: 6147: 6115:physics/0405073 6095: 6091: 6058: 6054: 6014: 6008:Hunger, Hermann 6004: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5921: 5917: 5870: 5866: 5835: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5811:"Giotto:Halley" 5809: 5808: 5804: 5762: 5758: 5719: 5715: 5676: 5672: 5652: 5651: 5627: 5623: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5525: 5521: 5482: 5478: 5455: 5451: 5438:. McGraw Hill. 5432: 5415: 5400: 5396: 5359: 5355: 5318: 5314: 5291: 5284: 5260: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5212: 5205: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5065: 5054: 5037: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4955: 4951: 4935: 4934: 4903: 4899: 4873: 4869: 4850: 4846: 4823:Veron, Phillipe 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4772: 4768: 4719: 4710: 4694: 4693: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4556: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4376: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4342: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4276: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4244: 4240: 4205: 4201: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4143: 4121: 4102: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4027: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3995: 3994: 3973: 3962: 3960: 3947: 3946: 3937: 3922: 3905: 3894: 3892: 3879: 3878: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3836: 3829: 3818: 3816: 3803: 3802: 3793: 3782: 3780: 3767: 3766: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3718:William Whiston 3716: 3712: 3707: 3685: 3555: 3512: 3462: 3419: 3366:Johannes Kepler 3159:Eadwine Psalter 3125:Bayeux tapestry 2545:Earth approach 2513:Julian calendar 2501: 2493: 2479: 2435: 2424: 2373:low Earth orbit 2347: 2240:David C. Jewitt 2232:light pollution 2227: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2193: 2192: 2185: 1P/Halley 2182: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2152: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2010: 1999: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1869: 1810: 1760: 1725: 1687:section of his 1637: 1549:Bayeux Tapestry 1526:Bayeux Tapestry 1518: 1501:Louis the Pious 1488: 1482: 1390:, has led some 1329: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1308: 1298: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1266: 1265: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1236: 1235: 1229: 1224: 1159:rotation period 1078:carbon monoxide 1041: 1030: 1011:, known as the 981: 980: 977: 868: 867: 866: 865: 864: 851: 842: 841: 840: 833: 822: 770:Alexis Clairaut 739:Johannes Kepler 653: 611:, rhyming with 590: 586: 577:, rhyming with 556: 552: 551:, or sometimes 547:, rhyming with 526: 522: 519: 410: 406: 384: 369: 367:Escape velocity 357: 356: 351: 349: 346: 329: 325: 323: 311: 308: 290: 289: 268: 249: 239: 224: 214: 210: 198: 176: 166: 159: 137: 135:Semi-major axis 127: 125: 113: 68: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11947: 11937: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11889:Halley's Comet 11876: 11875: 11863: 11851: 11839: 11827: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11800: 11789: 11786: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11746:Wilson–Hubbard 11743: 11738: 11733: 11721: 11720: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11668: 11667: 11662: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11631: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11613:311P/PanSTARRS 11610: 11605: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11541: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11520: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11494: 11493: 11492: 11487: 11477: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11268: 11266: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10674: 10672: 10665: 10659:Near-Parabolic 10655: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10605: 10599: 10592: 10590: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10518: 10513: 10507: 10505: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10475:205P/Giacobini 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10391: 10389: 10382: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10360:358P/PANSTARRS 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10340:311P/PanSTARRS 10337: 10332: 10327: 10321: 10318:60558 Echeclus 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10294: 10288: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10260:460P/PanSTARRS 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10225:311P/PanSTARRS 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10180:205P/Giacobini 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10071: 10069: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9887:51P/Harrington 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9792:32P/Comas Solà 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9752:24P/Schaumasse 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9631: 9622: 9610: 9609: 9592: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9584: 9582:Comet vintages 9579: 9574: 9568: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9416: 9414: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9302: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9283:Near-parabolic 9275: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9261:Jupiter-family 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9232: 9230: 9224: 9223: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9174: 9172: 9164: 9163: 9156: 9155: 9148: 9141: 9133: 9125: 9124: 9117: 9114: 9106: 9105: 9094: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9063: 9062:External links 9060: 9059: 9058: 9052: 9031: 9025: 9010: 8997: 8980: 8974: 8959: 8953: 8927: 8921: 8905: 8899: 8879: 8873: 8865:10.7560/752252 8850: 8844: 8829: 8823: 8808: 8802: 8787: 8781: 8764: 8758: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8700: 8679: 8677:, p. 684. 8667: 8638: 8619:(1): 120–131. 8591: 8580:(3): 253–268. 8557: 8527: 8515: 8493: 8457: 8422: 8387: 8376:(2): L77–L80. 8353: 8334:(3): 247–256. 8307: 8285: 8259: 8247: 8225: 8203: 8191: 8166: 8159: 8117: 8102:(in Russian). 8085: 8059: 8048:on 11 May 2011 8042:New York Times 8029: 7999: 7977: 7951: 7919: 7893: 7866: 7840: 7810: 7777: 7750: 7733: 7706: 7686: 7656: 7628: 7607: 7581: 7546: 7544:, p. 188. 7534: 7495: 7493:, p. 238. 7489:, p. 83; 7479: 7451: 7424: 7395: 7392:, vol. 13 7370: 7368:, p. 180. 7358: 7333: 7299: 7267: 7237: 7235:, p. 117. 7225: 7203: 7172: 7157: 7130:(2): 123–132. 7109: 7097: 7086:(1): 173–179. 7070: 7039: 7026: 7010: 6983: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6914:WGSBN Bulletin 6898: 6867: 6860: 6834: 6808: 6781:(5): 160–171. 6756: 6728: 6697: 6671: 6658: 6632: 6625: 6606: 6572: 6527: 6491: 6484: 6470:Kronk, Gary W. 6461: 6454: 6434: 6407: 6388:(3): 456–459. 6367: 6342: 6316: 6299:Ne'eman, Yuval 6290: 6265: 6239: 6215: 6177: 6157:Kronk, Gary W. 6145: 6089: 6052: 5995: 5983: 5961: 5915: 5864: 5824: 5802: 5756: 5713: 5670: 5621: 5599: 5592: 5553: 5546: 5519: 5476: 5465:(1): 260–266. 5449: 5413: 5408:Universe today 5394: 5373:(1): 103–109. 5353: 5312: 5301:(1): 146–154. 5282: 5271:(1): 146–154. 5245: 5233: 5203: 5182:(2): L91–L94. 5159: 5133: 5111: 5097:10.1086/338692 5052: 5024: 5002: 4980: 4949: 4897: 4867: 4844: 4814: 4802: 4788: 4766: 4708: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4581: 4569: 4554: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4465: 4448: 4419: 4397: 4367: 4350:AstronomyToday 4329: 4300: 4279:Odenwald, Sten 4265: 4238: 4219:(2): 396–430. 4199: 4155: 4141: 4100: 4058: 4051: 4014: 3971: 3935: 3903: 3861: 3827: 3791: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3731: 3722: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2971:to the event. 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2928:March – April 2926: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2870:Attila the Hun 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2706:The Jewish War 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2500: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2478: 2475: 2445:polymerization 2423: 2420: 2381:Spartan Halley 2345: 2262:to detect the 2244:Hale Telescope 2221: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2178: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2060:gas masks and 2034:on 29 May 1910 2029: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2011: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1987:François Arago 1943: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1868: 1865: 1825:Petrus Apianus 1809: 1806: 1729:Ottoman Empire 1724: 1721: 1636: 1633: 1517: 1514: 1480: 1429:Attila the Hun 1358:Vahe Gurzadyan 1343:British Museum 1278: 1277: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1248: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1082:carbon dioxide 1029: 1026: 1009:symplectic map 1000:Boris Chirikov 970:scattered disc 928:meteor showers 854:Orionid meteor 852: 845: 844: 843: 834: 827: 826: 825: 824: 823: 821: 818: 774:Joseph Lalande 735:Petrus Apianus 692:Newton's Comet 679:published his 652: 649: 518: 515: 503:carbon dioxide 422:Halley's Comet 417: 416: 413: 412: 411:28.2 (in 2003) 407: 402: 399: 398: 395: 389: 388: 385: 380: 377: 376: 370: 365: 362: 361: 354:0.25 g/cm 347: 341: 338: 337: 321: 315: 314: 309: 304: 301: 300: 266: 260: 259: 255: 254: 251: 247: 242: 241: 236: 229: 228: 225: 220: 217: 216: 215:≈27 March 2134 211: 206: 203: 202: 199: 194: 191: 190: 187: 181: 180: 177: 172: 169: 168: 160: 155: 152: 151: 148: 142: 141: 138: 133: 130: 129: 122: 116: 115: 107: 101: 100: 93: 92: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 65: 59: 58: 54: 53: 50: 40:Halley's Comet 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11946: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11874: 11864: 11862: 11852: 11850: 11840: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11826: 11816: 11815: 11812: 11799: 11791: 11790: 11787: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11752: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11730: 11725: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11655:Siding Spring 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11499: 11498: 11495: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11478: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11261: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10975: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10922: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10880: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10656: 10645: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10624: 10621: 10618: 10615: 10612: 10609: 10606: 10603: 10600: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10583: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10523: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10502: 10496: 10495:289P/Blanpain 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10455:113P/Spitaler 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10410:27P/Crommelin 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10377: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10345:324P/La Sagra 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10325: 10324:118401 LINEAR 10322: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10267: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10220:289P/Blanpain 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10175:178P/Hug–Bell 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10125:141P/Machholz 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10064: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9767:27P/Crommelin 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9615: 9611: 9606: 9602: 9597: 9593: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9561: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9294: 9293:Unknown-orbit 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9220: 9214: 9204: 9203:Meteor shower 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9154: 9149: 9147: 9142: 9140: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9123: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9108: 9107: 9104: 9100: 9097: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9055: 9053:0-471-61011-9 9049: 9045: 9040: 9039: 9032: 9028: 9026:9781626830424 9022: 9018: 9017: 9011: 9000: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8981: 8977: 8971: 8967: 8966: 8960: 8956: 8954:0-394-54908-2 8950: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8922:1-57181-973-8 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8830: 8826: 8824:0-7137-1447-6 8820: 8816: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8795: 8794: 8788: 8784: 8782:0-691-09157-9 8778: 8774: 8770: 8765: 8761: 8759:9781633888579 8755: 8751: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8705: 8696: 8692: 8691: 8683: 8676: 8675:Milbrath 1999 8671: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8564: 8562: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8524: 8519: 8503: 8497: 8478: 8474: 8467: 8461: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8403:(2): L9–L12. 8402: 8398: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8295: 8289: 8273: 8269: 8268:"STS-35 (38)" 8263: 8256: 8251: 8235: 8229: 8213: 8207: 8200: 8195: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8162: 8160:0-333-75088-8 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8089: 8073: 8069: 8063: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8003: 7987: 7981: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7936: 7929: 7923: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7807: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7781: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7746: 7745: 7737: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7690: 7683: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7632: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7611: 7602: 7600: 7593: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7542:Goodrich 2023 7538: 7522: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7507:Strauss, Mark 7502: 7500: 7492: 7491:Goodrich 2023 7488: 7487:Goodrich 2023 7483: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7455: 7439: 7435: 7428: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7391: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7242: 7234: 7229: 7213: 7207: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7170:, p. 57. 7169: 7164: 7162: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7106: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7030: 7023: 7019: 7018:Slaje, Walter 7014: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6959: 6952: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6902: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6863: 6861:9783110186215 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6761: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6668: 6662: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6610: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6487: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6457: 6455:9781526745651 6451: 6447: 6446: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6222: 6220: 6203: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6009: 6002: 6000: 5992: 5987: 5971: 5965: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5812: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5604: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5557: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436:AccessScience 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5287: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5208: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5121: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5047: 5042: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5012: 5006: 4990: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4945: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856:New Scientist 4853: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4779:Jewish Review 4776: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4645:, p. 74. 4644: 4639: 4633:, p. 86. 4632: 4627: 4621:, p. 88. 4620: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4586: 4579:, p. 78. 4578: 4573: 4567:, p. 76. 4566: 4561: 4559: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4513:, p. 35. 4512: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4480:. 14 May 1985 4479: 4475: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4407: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4372: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3755: 3741: 3738:Prior to the 3735: 3726: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3490:John Herschel 3487: 3486:Roman College 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3402:at Islington 3401: 3400:Edmond Halley 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387:15 September 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180:30 September 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895:26 September 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2711:Second Temple 2708: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599:17 November? 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2525:Return cycle 2524: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2496: 2488: 2485: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2391:of the comet 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361:Space Shuttle 2357: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2313:Halley Armada 2310: 2309: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2248:Mount Palomar 2245: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2218: 2201: 2190: 2175: 2161: 2147: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2100:Le Bon Marché 2096: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2044:spectroscopic 2033: 2026: 2015: 2008: 1994: 1992: 1991:Comet Tralles 1988: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1940: 1926: 1912: 1902: 1901: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1796:, Emperor of 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1755:wrote in his 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696:Roberta Olson 1694: 1693:art historian 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1522: 1513: 1511: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1272: 1263: 1252: 1243: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109:by the solar 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1039: 1034: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 996: 994: 988: 985: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 953: 951: 950: 947:short-period 944: 939: 937: 933: 932:Eta Aquariids 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 863: 859: 855: 849: 838: 831: 817: 815: 810: 805: 802: 798: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 743:perturbations 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:Edmond Halley 716: 713:'s letter to 712: 708: 704: 699: 695: 693: 688: 684: 683: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 608: 584: 580: 574: 550: 544: 517:Pronunciation 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:volatile ices 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 475:comet nucleus 472: 467: 465: 464:Edmond Halley 461: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 427: 423: 414: 409:2.1 (in 1986) 408: 405: 400: 396: 394: 390: 386: 383: 378: 375: 371: 368: 363: 348: 345: 339: 335: 322: 320: 316: 310: 307: 306:Mean diameter 302: 298: 297: 287: 286: 280: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 256: 252: 250: 243: 237: 235: 230: 226: 223: 218: 212: 209: 204: 200: 197: 192: 188: 186: 182: 178: 175: 170: 165: 161: 158: 153: 149: 147: 143: 139: 136: 131: 123: 121: 117: 112: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 70:Edmond Halley 66: 64: 60: 55: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 11934:Great comets 11873:Solar System 11485:C/2001 OG108 11277:Arend–Roland 10638:103P/Hartley 10628:(2005, 2011) 10614:19P/Borrelly 10601: 10562:75D/Kohoutek 10547:20D/Westphal 10470:177P/Barnard 10465:157P/Tritton 10460:122P/de Vico 10335:259P/Garradd 10170:177P/Barnard 10130:144P/Kushida 10115:122P/de Vico 10105:108P/Ciffréo 10095:103P/Hartley 10085:96P/Machholz 10017:77P/Longmore 10007:75D/Kohoutek 9862:46P/Wirtanen 9852:44P/Reinmuth 9782:30P/Reinmuth 9732:20D/Westphal 9727:19P/Borrelly 9636: 9325:Interstellar 9278:Non-periodic 9111: 9095: 9037: 9015: 9002:. Retrieved 8988: 8964: 8945:Random House 8939: 8912: 8890: 8855: 8838:. Springer. 8834: 8813: 8792: 8772: 8748: 8740:Bibliography 8724:. Retrieved 8716:JPL Horizons 8694: 8688: 8682: 8670: 8658:. Retrieved 8654: 8647:Ridpath, Ian 8641: 8616: 8612: 8605:Chang, Y. C. 8577: 8573: 8543: 8530: 8525:, p. 3. 8523:Schmude 2010 8518: 8506:. Retrieved 8496: 8484:. Retrieved 8472: 8460: 8441: 8435: 8425: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8373: 8369: 8356: 8331: 8327: 8298:. Retrieved 8288: 8276:. Retrieved 8272:the original 8262: 8250: 8238:. Retrieved 8228: 8216:. Retrieved 8206: 8199:Siddiqi 2018 8194: 8182:. Retrieved 8178: 8169: 8126: 8120: 8103: 8097: 8088: 8076:. Retrieved 8072:the original 8062: 8050:. Retrieved 8046:the original 8041: 8032: 8019:. Retrieved 8015: 8002: 7990:. Retrieved 7980: 7968:. Retrieved 7963: 7954: 7942:. Retrieved 7935:the original 7922: 7910:. Retrieved 7906:the original 7896: 7879: 7875: 7869: 7857:. Retrieved 7843: 7831:. Retrieved 7827:the original 7813: 7804: 7797:. 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Retrieved 6683: 6674: 6666: 6661: 6649:. Retrieved 6644: 6635: 6615: 6609: 6596:. Retrieved 6588:JPL Horizons 6540: 6536: 6530: 6513: 6509: 6474: 6464: 6444: 6437: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6385: 6379: 6370: 6358:. Retrieved 6354: 6345: 6333:. Retrieved 6325:Jaroff, Leon 6319: 6307:. Retrieved 6293: 6281:. Retrieved 6277: 6268: 6259: 6255: 6242: 6228: 6206:. Retrieved 6168:. Retrieved 6105: 6101: 6092: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6022: 6018: 5993:, p. 6. 5986: 5974:. Retrieved 5972:. NASA. 2005 5964: 5952:. Retrieved 5932: 5928: 5918: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5845:(1): 11–49. 5842: 5838: 5815:. Retrieved 5805: 5772: 5768: 5759: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5655:cite journal 5638: 5634: 5624: 5615: 5611: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5529: 5522: 5492:(4): 44–51. 5489: 5485: 5479: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5435: 5407: 5397: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5332:(2): 33238. 5329: 5326:Scholarpedia 5325: 5322:"Kepler map" 5315: 5298: 5294: 5268: 5264: 5248: 5241:Yeomans 1991 5236: 5219: 5215: 5179: 5175: 5162: 5150:. Retrieved 5136: 5124:. Retrieved 5114: 5079: 5075: 5015:. Retrieved 5005: 4993:. Retrieved 4983: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4938:cite journal 4914:(A71): A71. 4911: 4907: 4900: 4892: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4855: 4847: 4830: 4827:L'Astronomie 4826: 4817: 4805: 4791: 4782: 4778: 4769: 4728: 4722: 4697:cite journal 4672: 4668: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4597: 4593: 4572: 4535:(1): 53–74. 4532: 4528: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4482:. Retrieved 4477: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4439:. Retrieved 4435: 4428:Ridpath, Ian 4422: 4410:. Retrieved 4400: 4383: 4379: 4358:. Retrieved 4354:the original 4349: 4320:. Retrieved 4291:. Retrieved 4287:the original 4256:. Retrieved 4252:the original 4241: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4193: 4176:(1): 36–49. 4173: 4167: 4158: 4132: 4081:(3): 59–71. 4078: 4074: 4034: 4005:. Retrieved 3961:. Retrieved 3953:JPL Horizons 3929: 3893:. Retrieved 3885:JPL Horizons 3852:. Retrieved 3848:the original 3843: 3817:. Retrieved 3809:JPL Horizons 3781:. Retrieved 3734: 3725: 3713: 3694:Kepler orbit 3584: 3473:16 November 3226: 3081:9 September 3020:28 February 2826:17 February 2775:Dion Cassius 2704: 2551:Description 2534:Gap (years) 2528:Designation 2509: 2502: 2494: 2480: 2472: 2461: 2433: 2413: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2384: 2376: 2358: 2339: 2333: 2324: 2317: 2306: 2301: 2290: 2275: 2256: 2237: 2228: 2199: 2188: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2115: 2104: 2097: 2086: 2082: 2073:last dynasty 2066: 2058:panic buying 2040: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1966:Yale College 1962: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1898: 1875:in Ireland, 1870: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1834: 1823: 1802:Debre Berhan 1791: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1756: 1731:invaded the 1726: 1716: 1714: 1707: 1699: 1689:Arena Chapel 1666: 1662:Genghis Khan 1659: 1652: 1644: 1625:The Emperor 1624: 1616: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1571: 1569: 1539:died at the 1530: 1507: 1505: 1490: 1483: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1449: 1448:s entry for 1442: 1440: 1437: 1422: 1419: 1404: 1365: 1363: 1347: 1338: 1332: 1330: 1282: 1202: 1195:Fred Whipple 1190: 1189: 1164: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1099:fluorescence 1055: 1049: 1047: 1038:Giotto probe 1021:David Hughes 997: 989: 954: 946: 942: 940: 869: 836: 806: 793:Mesopotamian 790: 751: 726: 720: 680: 654: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 578: 548: 520: 487:Fred Whipple 468: 457: 452: 449:Comet Halley 448: 444: 441:Solar System 426:short-period 421: 420: 294: 283: 240:(epoch 1968) 213:28 July 2061 174:Mean anomaly 146:Eccentricity 36: 11861:Outer space 11849:Spaceflight 11749: [ 11727: [ 11623:C/2015 ER61 11332:C/2013 US10 10919: [ 10877: [ 10572:85D/Boethin 10567:83D/Russell 10552:25D/Neujmin 10355:354P/LINEAR 10313:167P/CINEOS 10303:165P/LINEAR 10285:2060 Chiron 10280:596 Scheila 10250:354P/LINEAR 10245:333P/LINEAR 10205:252P/LINEAR 10200:249P/LINEAR 10185:209P/LINEAR 10080:92P/Sanguin 10057:85D/Boethin 10047:83D/Russell 10042:82P/Gehrels 10022:78P/Gehrels 9972:68P/Klemola 9962:66P/du Toit 9872:48P/Johnson 9842:42P/Neujmin 9832:40P/Väisälä 9812:36P/Whipple 9772:28P/Neujmin 9757:25D/Neujmin 9662:6P/d'Arrest 9565:speculation 9563:Culture and 9392:Exploration 9300:Great Comet 9256:Halley-type 9251:Long period 8935:Druyan, Ann 8931:Sagan, Carl 8366:Hainaut, O. 8362:West, R. M. 8218:6 September 8106:: 291–296. 7770:16 December 7764:Chautauquan 7726:16 December 7636:anonymous, 7527:14 November 7516:Smithsonian 7472:15 November 7322:(1): 1–15. 7288:: 175–177. 7218:18 November 6999:: 125–126. 6721:11 November 6516:: 201–213. 6423:: 203–205. 6283:14 February 6160:"1P/Halley" 6108:(4): 4.06. 5152:6 September 4969:: 157–173. 4833:: 351–355. 4810:Rayner 1998 4412:21 December 4322:26 February 4293:29 November 4258:16 December 3930:Comet Orbit 3666:3 February 3566:9 February 3376:1P/1682 Q1 3353:27 October 3342:1P/1607 S1 3332:Peter Apian 3308:1P/1531 P1 3274:1P/1456 K1 3254:9 November 3243:1P/1378 S1 3210:24 October 3199:1P/1301 R1 3169:1P/1222 R1 3135:1P/1145 G1 3100:1P/1066 G1 2956:28 October 2688:26 January 2588:1P/−163 U1 2573:May – June 2559:1P/−239 K1 2531:Year BC/AD 2499:Apparitions 2320:ultraviolet 2293:space probe 2196: Earth 1761: [ 1671:chronicler 1392:theologians 1380:Cassius Dio 1376:Han dynasty 1367:Book of Han 1325:in the sky. 1227:Before 1066 1155:rubble pile 1094:Sublimation 966:Kuiper belt 799:, tractate 667:, who used 665:Tycho Brahe 657:Renaissance 583:Colin Ronan 277:× 7.4 273:× 7.4 269:14.42 232:Earth 185:Inclination 74:periodicity 11883:Categories 11697:Stonehouse 11650:Seki–Lines 11598:Pan-STARRS 11588:Oukaimeden 11463:C/2000 WM1 11386:Ikeya-Seki 11263:After 1910 11219:2I/Borisov 10977:After 1990 10671:Until 1990 10588:spacecraft 10586:Visited by 10537:5D/Brorsen 10430:69P/Taylor 10405:17P/Holmes 10400:15P/Finlay 10350:331P/Gibbs 10270:Comet-like 10075:88P/Howell 10066:After 1985 10052:84P/Giclas 9982:70P/Kojima 9977:69P/Taylor 9827:39P/Oterma 9817:37P/Forbes 9797:33P/Daniel 9717:17P/Holmes 9712:16P/Brooks 9707:15P/Finlay 9697:13P/Olbers 9682:10P/Tempel 9657:5D/Brorsen 9628:Until 1985 9490:2I/Borisov 9373:Oort cloud 9305:Sungrazing 9288:Hyperbolic 9266:Encke-type 9198:Comet dust 9116:1P/Halley 8991:. Praxis. 8660:15 January 8508:20 January 8078:2 December 8021:10 January 7992:16 January 7970:2 December 7944:2 December 7859:24 October 7833:15 January 7351:7 November 7105:Grier 2005 6951:Kronk 1999 6550:2107.07241 6543:: 114278. 6170:13 October 5991:Kronk 1999 5976:5 December 5817:5 December 4921:2101.04541 3854:29 October 3750:References 3580:perihelion 3546:1P/1982 U1 3503:1P/1909 R1 3456:1P/1835 P1 3413:1P/1758 Y1 3319:25 August 3070:1P/989 N1 3040:1P/912 J1 3009:1P/837 F1 2979:1P/760 K1 2945:1P/684 R1 2914:1P/607 H1 2884:1P/530 Q1 2846:1P/451 L1 2815:1P/374 E1 2785:1P/295 J1 2751:1P/218 H1 2721:1P/141 F1 2713:in 70 AD. 2657:5 October 2646:1P/−11 Q1 2617:1P/−86 Q1 2422:After 1986 2405:Challenger 2397:Challenger 2252:CCD camera 2122:perihelion 2118:Mark Twain 1889:jet forces 1845:Guru Nanak 1794:Zara Yaqob 1741:papal bull 1669:Florentine 1612:New Mexico 1593:The Irish 1115:solar wind 1013:Kepler map 993:perihelion 958:Oort cloud 912:retrograde 878:, with an 876:elliptical 874:is highly 758:perihelion 747:perihelion 471:spacecraft 312:11 km 264:Dimensions 124:0.59278 au 120:Perihelion 11825:Astronomy 11763:Zhu–Balam 11717:C/2020 F8 11712:C/2012 E2 11707:C/2006 M4 11665:C/2013 A1 11660:C/2007 Q3 11640:Pojmański 11628:C/2017 K2 11618:C/2014 Q1 11608:C/2012 K1 11603:C/2011 L4 11593:ʻOumuamua 11583:Nishimura 11571:C/2002 V1 11566:C/2001 Q4 11544:C/2009 R1 11539:C/2006 P1 11517:C/2014 Q2 11512:C/2013 R1 11507:C/2011 W3 11502:C/2007 E2 11490:C/2007 F1 11473:C/2002 T7 11468:C/2001 A2 11458:C/1999 S4 11436:C/2019 U6 11431:C/2018 C2 11426:C/2012 F6 11379:C/1964 N1 11374:C/1963 A1 11364:Hyakutake 11354:Hale-Bopp 11327:C/1999 F1 11312:Bradfield 11287:Beljawsky 11265:(by name) 10708:C/1652 Y1 10663:(notable) 10632:C/2006 P1 10626:9P/Tempel 10602:1P/Halley 10525:Not found 10504:Destroyed 10388:Recovered 10330:238P/Read 10308:166P/NEAT 10272:asteroids 10235:323P/SOHO 10230:322P/SOHO 10210:255P/Levy 10195:246P/NEAT 10190:238P/Read 10165:169P/NEAT 10120:126P/IRAS 10068:(notable) 9987:71P/Clark 9882:50P/Arend 9742:22P/Kopff 9677:9P/Tempel 9672:8P/Tuttle 9637:1P/Halley 9540:C/2014 UN 9510:C/2017 U7 9271:Main-belt 9090:Ephemeris 9004:7 January 8444:: 26–29. 8300:21 August 8278:7 January 8240:7 January 8234:"STS-51L" 7882:: 24–36. 7152:118670662 7065:0151-4105 6976:1 October 6752:Anglorum. 6604:(SAO/837) 6394:0008-7912 6262:: 83–101. 6140:119357985 5106:122240711 4995:31 August 4864:0262-4079 4761:123592786 4484:9 January 4133:Comets II 4035:Comets II 3671:0.515 au 3645:0.092 au 3640:27 March 3619:0.477 au 3572:0.417 au 3529:0.151 au 3523:20 April 3430:13 March 3146:21 April 3111:23 March 3026:0.033 au 2925:13 March 2799:1–30 May 2796:20 April 2732:22 March 2677:1P/66 B1 2628:2 August 2570:30 March 2363:missions— 2359:Two U.S. 2264:magnitude 2260:Mauna Kea 2207: Sun 1993:of 1819. 1808:1531-1759 1635:1145–1378 1476:Pentecost 1456:(May 760 1291:cuneiform 1180:deuterium 1086:sublimate 998:In 1989, 858:Milky Way 837:animation 788:in 1759. 703:Flamsteed 661:Aristotle 497:—such as 445:1P/Halley 433:naked eye 140:17.737 au 57:Discovery 11798:Category 11687:Southern 11534:McNaught 11529:Machholz 11416:Kohoutek 11322:Catalina 11297:Boattini 10620:81P/Wild 10557:34D/Gale 10511:3D/Biela 10037:81P/Wild 9957:65P/Gunn 9947:63P/Wild 9802:34D/Gale 9702:14P/Wolf 9647:3D/Biela 9642:2P/Encke 9618:Periodic 9383:Asteroid 9320:Exocomet 9241:Numbered 9236:Periodic 9193:Antitail 9171:Features 9122:2P/Encke 9109:Previous 9092:from JPL 9079:seds.org 8937:(1985). 8911:(1998). 8885:(1959). 8720:Archived 8697:(1): 16. 8649:(1985). 8607:(1979). 8477:Archived 8417:11538062 8068:"Suisei" 7851:(1998). 7697:(1912). 7682:page 37. 7644:archived 7619:(1931). 7406:(1985). 7381:(2019), 7092:26163925 6803:24965203 6715:Archived 6690:25 March 6651:25 March 6592:Archived 6472:(2009). 6402:43722716 6309:15 March 6301:(1983). 6250:(1995). 6208:15 March 6164:Archived 6047:33251962 5910:25489175 5514:24944791 5070:(2002). 5017:15 March 4430:(1985). 4406:"Halley" 4360:15 March 4147:Archived 4131:(eds.). 4001:Archived 3957:Archived 3889:Archived 3813:Archived 3777:Archived 3683:See also 3614:28 July 3578:Reached 3549:1986 III 3459:1835 III 3398:Seen by 3364:Seen by 3330:Seen by 3221:Seen by 3117:0.10 au 2931:0.09 au 2857:24 June 2832:0.09 au 2701:Josephus 2663:0.16 au 2441:asteroid 2416:Hirohito 2401:Columbia 2389:spectrum 2369:STS-61-E 2365:STS-51-L 2308:Sakigake 2111:Oklahoma 2049:cyanogen 2014:Arequipa 1903:magazine 1798:Ethiopia 1751:scholar 1749:humanist 1685:Nativity 1630:English. 1481:— 1411:Josephus 1354:Armenian 1216:volatile 1184:hydrogen 1149:, or an 943:periodic 936:Orionids 916:ecliptic 904:aphelion 669:parallax 332:10 179:0.07323° 105:Aphelion 11811:Portals 11758:Yi–SWAN 11635:Pereyra 11578:NEOWISE 11497:Lovejoy 11443:Leonard 11411:Johnson 11406:Jacques 11401:Iwamoto 11359:Humason 11344:Eclipse 11302:Borisov 11292:Bennett 9652:4P/Faye 9351:Centaur 9334:Related 9315:Extinct 9178:Nucleus 9044:260–261 8726:30 June 8621:Bibcode 8582:Bibcode 8548:Bibcode 8405:Bibcode 8378:Bibcode 8336:Bibcode 8184:25 June 8131:Bibcode 8108:Bibcode 8052:21 July 7912:11 July 7884:Bibcode 7806:return. 7650:30 June 7564:Bibcode 7444:19 June 7417:19 June 7324:Bibcode 7290:Bibcode 7258:Bibcode 7256:: 127. 7196:24 July 7132:Bibcode 7001:Bibcode 6783:Bibcode 6598:29 June 6555:Bibcode 6518:Bibcode 6425:Bibcode 6360:30 June 6335:29 June 6120:Bibcode 6072:Bibcode 6027:Bibcode 5954:14 July 5937:Bibcode 5902:9072959 5882:Bibcode 5874:Science 5847:Bibcode 5797:4351413 5777:Bibcode 5751:4333809 5731:Bibcode 5708:4335780 5688:Bibcode 5643:Bibcode 5572:Bibcode 5494:Bibcode 5467:Bibcode 5375:Bibcode 5334:Bibcode 5303:Bibcode 5273:Bibcode 5224:Bibcode 5184:Bibcode 5126:15 July 5084:Bibcode 4971:Bibcode 4885:Bibcode 4835:Bibcode 4733:Bibcode 4677:Bibcode 4602:Bibcode 4388:Bibcode 4221:Bibcode 4178:Bibcode 4083:Bibcode 4039:Bibcode 4007:28 June 3963:28 June 3895:28 June 3783:28 June 3575:+2 mag 3506:1910 II 3438:-1 mag 3327:-1 mag 3285:9 June 3262:-1 mag 3233:Procyon 3218:-1 mag 3188:-1 mag 3154:-2 mag 3120:-4 mag 3089:-1 mag 3059:-2 mag 3051:9 July 3029:-3 mag 2998:-2 mag 2990:22 May 2964:-2 mag 2934:-4 mag 2903:-3 mag 2872:at the 2865:-3 mag 2835:-3 mag 2804:-3 mag 2770:-4 mag 2762:17 May 2740:-4 mag 2696:-7 mag 2666:-5 mag 2282:nucleus 2077:Sichuan 1879:used a 1835:In the 1783:Kashmir 1655:Eadwine 1601:Calends 1497:degrees 1431:at the 1374:of the 1309:4. The 1305:Horayot 1295:Babylon 1222:History 1199:sublime 1172:ammonia 1168:methane 1151:avocado 1107:ionised 1103:scatter 1062:nucleus 979:2008 KV 896:Mercury 801:Horayot 762:Jupiter 687:gravity 507:ammonia 372:~0.002 344:density 248:Jupiter 227:112.05° 201:59.396° 189:161.96° 150:0.96658 11480:LONEOS 11453:LINEAR 11421:Lemmon 11349:Elenin 11317:Brooks 11307:Bowell 11282:Austin 10661:comets 10646:(2014) 10640:(2010) 10634:(2007) 10622:(2004) 10616:(2001) 10610:(1992) 10604:(1986) 10598:(1985) 10326:(176P) 10320:(174P) 10299:(133P) 10293:(107P) 9620:comets 9413:Latest 9361:LINEAR 9309:Kreutz 9160:Comets 9050: 9023: 8995: 8972: 8951: 8919: 8897: 8871: 8842: 8821: 8800: 8779: 8756: 8486:9 July 8415: 8157: 7799:7 July 7601: 7150: 7090: 7063: 6924:5 July 6891:6 July 6858: 6801: 6623: 6537:Icarus 6482: 6452: 6400: 6392: 6138: 6063:Nature 6045: 6019:Nature 5929:Nature 5908: 5900: 5795: 5769:Nature 5749: 5723:Nature 5706: 5680:Nature 5618:: 351. 5590: 5544: 5512: 5122:. NASA 5104: 4991:. 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