HD Radio - Knowledge

570: 2617: 1561: 594: 2343: 779: 578: 586: 22: 911:(NAB) requested a 10 dB (10×) increase in the digital signal from the FCC. This equates to an increase to 10% of the analog carrier power, but no decrease in the analog signal. This was shown to reduce analog coverage because of interference, but results in a dramatic improvement in digital coverage. Other levels were also tested, including a 6 dB or fourfold increase to 4% (−14 dBc or 25:1). 327: 711:

digital radios can process digital signals. The digital processing of analog signals in an HD Radio also delays them. The resulting unmistakable "reverb" or echo effect from playing digital and analog radios in the same room or house, tuned to the same station, can be annoying. It is more noticeable with simple voice transmission than with complex musical program content.

78:'s allocation. This leaves the original analog signal intact, allowing enabled receivers to switch between digital and analog as required. In most FM implementations, from 96 to 128 kbit/s of capacity is available. High-fidelity audio requires only 48 kbit/s so there is ample capacity for additional channels, which HD Radio refers to as "multicasting". 1031:(MP2) audio codec which has less efficient compression than newer codecs. The typical bitrate for DAB stereo programs is 128 kilobit per second|kbit/s or less and as a result most radio stations on DAB have a poorer sound quality than FM does under similar conditions. Many DAB stations also broadcast in mono. In contrast, DAB+ uses the newer 225:. Thus most stations can transmit carefully designed digital signals on their adjacent channels without interfering with other local stations, and usually without co-channel interference with distant stations on those channels. Outside the U.S., the heavier spectral loading of the FM broadcast band makes IBoC systems like HD Radio less practical. 555: 596: 600: 599: 595: 287:'s HD Radio technology, and 3% of incremental net revenues for any additional digital subchannels. The cost of converting a radio station can run between $ 100,000 and $ 200,000. Receiver manufacturers who include HD Radio pay a royalty, which is the main reason it failed to be fully-adopted as a standard feature. 601: 937:– the limit above which the FCC protects most stations. However, the IBOC signal resides within the analog signal of the immediately adjacent station(s). With the proposed power increase of 10 dB, the potential exists to cause the degradation of the second-adjacent analog signals within its 1 2829:

It would have been desirable to stop using 128 kbit/s as the standard bit rate for music, and use 160 bit/s instead. More demanding material should have the same quality as MP3 at 128 kbit/s, i.e. 192 kbit/s in DAB. As of today, there is not capacity to increase bit rates to these

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Note that the "reverb" effect is limited to analog vs. digital receivers, or in rare cases, digital receivers with remarkably different circuitry. Multiple receivers that are all HD (of the same make and model, at least), or multiple receivers that are all analog, in the same room or house, will not

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The costs of installing the system, including fees, vary from station to station, according to the station's size and existing infrastructure. Typical costs are at least several tens of thousands of dollars at the outset plus per-channel annual fees (3% of the station's annual revenue) to be paid to

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Mostly all existing FM receivers tuned to a channel broadcasting a HD signal are prone to increased noise on the analog signal, called "HD Radio self-noise", due to analog demodulation of the digital signal(s). In some high fidelity FM receivers in quality playback systems, this noise can be audible

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As young people are the target group for some of these stations, such as P3, this must be considered to be very undesirable. The reason is that the bit rates for all the channels in the Norwegian DAB network today are much lower than what scientific evaluation of audio quality has recommended, i.e.

699:. With no automatic identification of the station on the analog signal, there is no way for the receiver to recognize that there is no correlation between the two. The listener can possibly turn HD reception off (to listen to the local station, or avoid random flipping between the two stations), or 290:

If the HD receiver loses the primary digital signal (HD‑1), it reverts to the analog signal, thereby providing seamless operation between the newer and older transmission methods. The extra HD‑2 and HD‑3 streams do not have an analog simulcast; consequently, their sound will drop-out or "skip" when

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However, since 2012, HD capable receiver adoption has significantly increased in most newer cars, and several aftermarket radio systems both for vehicles and home use contain HD Radio receivers and special features such as Full Artist Experience. iBiquity reports that 78% of all radio listening is

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HD Radio is licensed so that the simulcast of the main channel is royalty-free. The company makes its money on fees on additional multicast channels. Stations can choose the quality of these additional channels; music stations generally add one or two high-fidelity channels, while others use lower

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In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) HD Radio transmits the digital signals in unused portions of the same channel as the analog AM and FM signals (in-band on-channel). As a result, radios are more easily designed to pick up both signals, which is why the HD in HD Radio stands for "hybrid digital," not "high

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in areas where the primary station's signal can already readily be received, translators can also be used in a more traditional manner to extend the range of the full content of the primary station, including the unmodified main signal and any HD Radio sub-channels, in areas where the station has

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higher than 70%. Digital transmitters operate in one of the other amplifier classes – one that is close to linear, and linearity lowers the efficiency. A modern hybrid HD FM transmitter typically achieves 50~60% efficiency, whereas an HD digital-only FM transmitter should manage just 40~45%. The

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Although the signals may be synchronized at the transmitter and reach the receiving equipment simultaneously, what the listener hears through an HD unit and an analog radio played together can be distinctly unsynchronized. This is because all analog receivers process analog signals faster than

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When the receiver can only decode the primary carriers in either mode, the audio will be mono and only text information can be displayed. The narrower bandwidth needed in either all-digital mode compared to hybrid mode reduces possible interference to and from stations broadcasting on adjacent

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stations to upgrade to digital without changing frequencies, is a different digital broadcasting standard. The lack of a common standard means that HD receivers cannot receive DAB or DRM broadcasts from other countries, and vice versa, and that manufacturers must develop separate products for

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Many first-generation HD Radios had insensitive receivers, which caused issues with sound quality. The HD Radio digital signal level is 10–20 dB below the analog signal power of the station's transmitter. In addition, commentators have noted that the analog section of some receivers were

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The ratio of power of the analog signal to the digital signal was initially standardized at 100:1 (−20 dBc), i.e., the digital signal power is 1% of the analog carrier power. This low power, plus the uniform, noise-like nature of the digital modulation, is what reduces its potential for

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HD Radio supports a service called "Artist Experience" in which the transmission of album art, logos, and other graphics can be displayed on the receiver. Album art and logos are displayed at the station's discretion, and require extra equipment. An HD Radio manufacturer should pass the

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The broadcast companies want us to make a choice between FM, with the best audio quality in stationary receivers, and DAB which is best in a car. Today this is an unnecessary choice as there are no technological problems in making a digital radio which is better than FM on all

919:, which are secondary and therefore left unprotected from such interference. Other broadcasters are also opposed (or indifferent), since increasing power would require expensive changes in equipment for many, and the already-expensive system has so far given them no benefit. 1064:

Digital radio, such as DAB, DAB+, and HD FM often have smaller coverage of markets as compared to analog FM, radios are more expensive, and reception inside vehicles and buildings may be poor, depending on the frequencies used. HD Radio shares most of these same flaws

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standard used conventional analog FM to modulate the audio carrier, the audio of television stations that broadcast on channel 6 could be heard on most FM receivers. In earlier days of television and radio, several television stations exploited this overlap and

1069:). On the other hand, digital radio allows for more stations and less susceptibility for disturbances in the signal. In the United States, however, other than HD Radio, digital broadcast technologies, such as DAB+, have not been approved for use on either the 82:

bit rates for voice-only news and sports. Previously these services required their own transmitters, often on low-fidelity AM. With HD, a single FM allocation can carry all of these channels, and even its lower-quality settings usually sound better than AM.

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This analysis of the audio quality of DAB has been made independently of the broadcasting companies and aims at balancing their information. Through measurement of the audio signal and through informal listening, we have found that DAB suffers from several

971:, the interfering station will be required to reduce to the next level down of 4%, 2% (−17 dB), or 1%, until the FCC finally determines that the interference has been satisfactorily reduced. The station to which the interference is caused bears the 511:(since December 2021) broadcast all-digital under new rules adopted by the FCC on 27 October 2020 that allow any AM station to voluntarily choose to convert to all-digital operation. However, WMGG subsequently dropped MA3 and WSRO left the air. 560: 559: 557: 67:

definition." HD Radios tune into the station's analog signal first and then look for a digital signal. The European DRM system shares channels similar to HD Radio, but the European DAB system uses different frequencies for its digital transmission.

561: 680:, to provide more variety to listeners. Stations may eventually go all-digital, thus allowing as many as three full-power channels and four low-power channels (seven total). Alternatively, they could broadcast one single channel at 300 2804:

The stereo image is smeared due to heavy use of joint stereo coding. Often the stereo image lacks focus and gives incorrect localization of instruments, in certain cases there is also incorrect balance between a vocalist and the background

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Initially, portable HD receivers were not available due to the early chipsets either being too large for a small enclosure and / or needing too much power to be practical for a battery-operated device. However, in January 2008 at the

963:), up from the previous maximum of 1% (−20 dBc). Individual stations may apply for up to 10% (−10 dBc) if they can prove it will not cause harmful interference to any other station. If at least six verified complaints of ongoing 1639:

works with the major owners of the stations to provide various additional choices for listeners, instead of having several stations independently deciding to create the same format. HD‑1 stations broadcast the same format as the regular

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Labs did a study of predicted HD Radio operation if the digital power levels were increased to 10% of the maximum analog carrier power as is now allowed by the FCC under certain circumstances, and found the digital signal would increase

1547:. Although costs have historically been higher for HD hardware, as adoption has increased, prices have been reduced, and receivers containing HD Radio are becoming more commonplace – especially as more stations broadcast in HD format. 1397:

in June 2009, and low-powered stations ceased analog broadcasts by July 2021. Because the digital television and all digital radio standards are incompatible, HD receivers are not able to receive digital TV signals on the

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Promotion for HD Radio often fails to make clear that some of its features are mutually incompatible with other features. For example, the HD system has been described as "CD quality"; however, the HD system also allows

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the data stream between two or more separate programs. A program utilizing one half or less of the data stream does not attain the higher audio quality of a single program allowed the full data stream. The FCC has declared

558: 3797: 441:. Inside this contour, stereo audio along with graphics (station logo and "artist experience" album artwork) and text information (the station's call sign, title, album, and artist) can be decoded by the receiver. 597: 1222:), either as a hybrid analog-digital or digital only broadcast, but with 0.1 MHz digital-only bandwidth, it allows 186.3 kbit/s data rate (compared to HD FM with 0.4 MHz allowing 300 kbps.) 346:

on both sides of the station's assigned channel. Some nighttime listeners have expressed concern this design harms reception of adjacent channels with one formal complaint filed regarding the matter:

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and offers reduction of both interference and static. However, the data rates in HD Radio are substantially lower than from a CD, and the digital signals sometimes interfere with adjacent analog

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There are still some concerns that HD FM will increase interference between different stations, even though HD Radio at the 10% power level fits within the FCC spectral mask. North American

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FCC rules require that one channel be a simulcast of the analog signal so that when the primary digital stream cannot be decoded, a receiver can fall back to the analog signal. This requires

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standards are open standards and predate HD Radio, HD receivers cannot be used to receive these stations when sold or moved overseas (with certain exceptions; there are HD stations in

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claimed its HD Radio technology was used by more than 3,500 individual services, mostly in the United States. This compares with more than 2,200 services operating with the

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in October 2020. The system sees little use elsewhere due to its reliance on the sparse allocation of FM broadcast channels in North America; in Europe, stations are more tightly spaced.

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The treble cut-off frequency is usually as low as 14 kHz and the result is a lack of brightness and a veiled sound stage. In particular young people will notice this degradation.

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lower than 192–256 kbit/s which was projected when DAB was debated in Stortinget (Norwegian Parliament) in 1998. When the capacity is fully utilized, stations with music in the

5780: 5049: 3879: 1823:. Since then numerous other channels have implemented HD‑4 subchannels as well, although with nearly 100% talk-based formats, because of the reduced audio quality. For example, 1119:. The receiver synchronization and data coding are quite different between HD AM and DRM 30. As of 2015 there are several radio chipsets available which can decode AM, FM, 556: 2329:

running hybrid HD signals do not repeat the HD part of the radio broadcast, due to technical limitations in equipment designed before the advent of HD Radio technology.

629:) compressed digital audio depending upon the station manager's power budget and desired range of signal. HD FM also provides several pure digital modes with up to 300 4017: 775:, and security alerts can be displayed on the radio. As with "Artist Experience", emergency alerts are displayed at the station's discretion, and require extra equipment. 2990: 1632: 1373:, and so fails to recover the former TV and FM radio compatibility enjoyed by TV channel 6 broadcasters. In the days of analog television, the lowest sliver of the 3149: 2071:

and offers their HD‑2 channel as one of the few "subchannel only" independent Christian music based formats on HD Radio. Branded as "The Crossing", it is operated by

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DAB is well suited to national broadcasting networks that provide several stations as is common in Europe, whereas HD is more appropriate for individual stations.

726:, provided it is within a certain distance and height referenced to the main analog signal. The limitation assures that the two transmissions have nearly the same 4094: 2132:

format on its HD‑2 band (the HD‑2 also feeds several analog translators around the metropolitan area – see below), due to an agreement between iHeartMedia and

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done on stations that broadcast in HD. There are an increasing number of stations switching to HD or adding subchannels compatible with digital radio, such as

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broadcasting with compatible radios already available for sale. DRM 30 is similar to HD AM, in that each station is broadcast via channels spaced 10

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stations. During mid-2010 a new generation of HD Radio broadcasting equipment was introduced, greatly lowering the startup costs of implementing the system.

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Spectrum of a HD Radio station as shown by a RTL-SDR USB device. The usual bandwidth of a regular FM station is visible as the marker width in the top image.

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on FM. However the boosted digital HD signal coverage would then exceed analog coverage, with 17% more population covered in vehicles but 17% less indoors.

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have expressed concern over the new HD system. A survey conducted in September 2008 saw a small percentage of participants that confused HD Radio with

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FM stations can divide their datastream into sub-channels (e.g., 88.1 HD‑1, HD‑2, HD‑3) of varying audio quality. The multiple services are similar to the

4052: 1394: 108:(FCC) in 2002 as a digital audio broadcasting method for the United States. It is officially known as NRSC‑5, with the latest version being NRSC‑5‑E. 5845: 4427: 1648:) stations, and many of these stations offer one, two, or even three subchannels (designated HD‑2, HD‑3, HD‑4) to complement their main programming. 1012:). That multiplex is then subdivided into multiple digital streams of between 9~12 programs (or stations). In contrast, HD FM requires 400 695:

events, an HD receiver will lock on to the digital stream of a distant station even though there is a much stronger local analog-only station on the

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of spectrum created by restricting the analog signal. Extended hybrid provides up to approximately 50 kbit/s additional capacity. Any existing

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on 15 September 2009. It included an HD receiver embedded in the media device. The Zune HD was discontinued in November 2011 in favor of

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licensing practice, dating from when receivers had poor adjacent-channel selectivity, assigns stations in geographically overlapping or adjacent

4224:[The sound quality in DAB digital radio] (research report) (in Norwegian). Digitale Utgivelser ved Universitetet i Oslo . Archived from 2243:

as would be needed to get a new separately-licensed station, and to avoid exceeding controlling-interest caps intended to prevent the excessive

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the audio of an HD Radio channel of the primary station the translator is assigned to. This also allows station owners, who already usually own

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unveiled a prototype of a new portable receiver, roughly the size of a cigarette pack. Two companies made low-power chipsets for HD receivers:

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translators which use a separate receiver and transmitter require an HD Radio transmitter, just as does the main station. Translators are not

4221: 2117:. That network of eight HD‑2 and HD‑3 stations was launched on 18 May 2009 and was fully functional within two weeks. Also, in Detroit, 1390: 835: 3529: 5243: 3346: 3208: 1689:‑HD2. It is common practice to broadcast an older, discontinued format on HD‑2 channels; for example, with the recent disappearance of the 522:, operating a second channel (HD2) at a low data rate while reducing the data rate of the primary channel (HD1). In October 2020, the 4373: 5545: 3702: 4930: 3779: 1443:

audio, together with multiple sub-channels, and to a lesser extent more freedom for low-power, personal FM transmitters, to pair modern

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Home and office listening equipment is available from a number of companies in both component receiver and tabletop models, including:

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or the addition of a post-detection filter to prevent degradation of the analog signal quality on stations broadcasting HD Radio.

1111:. The two standards also share the same basic modulation scheme (COFDM), and HD AM uses a proprietary codec. DRM 30 operates with 52:

an existing analog radio station in digital format with less noise and with additional text information. HD Radio is used primarily by

3887: 1297:, where many local radio outlets find a growing number of listeners tuning in to their HD signals, which in turn has benefited sales. 291:

digital reception degrades (similar to digital television drop-outs). Alternatively the HD signal can revert to a more robust 20

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In addition to the controversial practice of converting the HD-only secondary radio channels of a primary station into analog

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bandwidth – compatible with the 200 kHz channel spacing traditionally used in the United States – with capability of 300

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While it is typically used in conjunction with an existing channel it has been licensed for all-digital transmission as well. Four

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in the United States, U.S. Virgin Islands, Canada, Mexico and the Philippines, with a few implementations outside North America.

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In enhanced mode, the primary, secondary and tertiary carriers are transmitted, allowing for a maximum throughput of 40.2

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stations use the all-digital format, one under an experimental authorization, the other three under new rules adopted by the

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allows either hybrid digital-analog broadcasts or pure digital broadcasts, DRM allows broadcasters to use multiple options:

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the HDC+SBR codec is able to simulate the recreation of sounds up to 15,000 Hz, thus achieving moderate quality on the

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was opposed to any increase because it is likely to increase interference to their member stations, particularly to their

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20 kHz digital-only bandwidth using ±10 kHz (including half of the adjacent channels) allows 24–72 kbit/s.

722:, or are permitted by the FCC to use a separate antenna at the same general location, or at a site licensed as an analog 4256: 2038:

audio to the Milwaukee radio dial after a two-month break, following the digital transition; as a channel 6 analog

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on their HD‑3 subchannel since August 2009 as part of a news and weather content agreement between iHeartRadio and

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portable unit on 12 July 2009. It was the second portable HD receiver to come to the general market and featured

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Some commercial broadcasters also use their HD‑2 channels to broadcast the programming of noncommercial broadcasters.

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related equipment both for the broadcasters and all of the receivers that use the services shifted to HD subchannels.

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frequency, eliminating the former dual-medium compatibility of channel 6 television stations. Current low-power

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In the matter of all-digital AM broadcasting revitalization of the AM radio service – comments of Hubbard Radio, LLC

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Similarly DAB or DRM are open specifications, while iBiquity's HD specification is partly open, but mostly private.

1352:(AAC) family of codecs are publicly documented standards, the HDC codec exists only within the HD system, and is an 307: 201:

analog-digital hybrid transmission, making its adoption problematic outside of North America. In the United States,

5236: 3382: 2244: 5207: 5113: 2953: 1619: 1611: 4687: 4342: 3408: 3252: 2391: 1635:, acted as a liaison for stations to choose unduplicated formats for the extra channels (HD‑2, HD‑3, etc.). Now, 3289: 5830: 5717: 4307: 4061: 534:"The record does not establish that an audio stream on an HD-2 subchannel is currently technically feasible". 402: 5163: 5565: 4642: 4201: 4183: 2998: 2302: 930:

apart. An HD broadcast station will not generally cause interference to any analog station within its 1

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The term "on channel" is a misnomer because the system actually broadcasts on the ordinarily unused channels

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which is a public station on a college campus offer a student run station as one of the multicast channels.

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Before DAB+ was introduced, DAB's inefficient compression led in some cases to "downgrading" stations from

453:, typically only the primary carriers can be received, which restricts the maximum throughput to 20.2 4818: 4732: 4435: 1145:

10 kHz digital-only bandwidth confined to ±5 kHz of the channel center allows 12–35 kbit/s;

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hybrid digital / analog mode offers four options which can carry approximately 100, 112, 125, or 150

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HD Radio is one of several digital radio standards which are generally incompatible with each other:

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Two stations transmit in mono at rates of 80 and 96 kbit/s (Radio 2 Digital Moox and NRK Barn2)

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produces multiple portable HD radios with AM and FM reception, like the Sangean HDR-14 portable receiver.

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signals to request and receive permission to do so; in early 2020 it rejected a multiplex request from

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levels, so the DAB network has too low capacity with respect to requirements for decent audio quality.

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of the two, with a significant delay added to the analog service. In some cases, particularly during

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Hybrid mode (digital/analog) - 10 kHz analog plus 5 kHz digital bandwidth allows 5–16

362: 4956: 4590: 3968:. Consumer Technology Association & National Association of Broadcasters. April 2017. p. 10 2297:" setup, where the translator simply makes a frequency shift of the entire channel, often by simple 1752:, uses its HD‑2 channel to broadcast exclusive live recordings from their private recording studio. 1717:, program smooth jazz on their HD‑2 or HD‑3 bands. Some HD‑2 or HD‑3 stations are even simulcasting 798:. The bandwidth of an FM signal is found by doubling the sum of the peak deviation (usually 75 4695: 3651: 2820:

Three stations use 160 kbit/s with an audio quality similar to FM: P2, Alltid Klassisk1 and P4

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to transmit an HD Radio digital signal, and the vast majority of existing translators which repeat

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rights which could be sold. Thus, there is no deadline by which consumers must buy an HD receiver.

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50 to several hundred dollars, compared to regular FM radios which can sometimes even be found at

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which is entirely noncommercial and operates solely as a public service from Bonneville's owner,

2087: 1615: 839: 3628:(Report). Hubbard Radio, LLC. 9 March 2020. MB Docket No. 19-311, MB Docket No. 13-249 3361: 1381:) overlapped with the FM audio carrier of U.S. analog television's channel 6; because the 283:

HD equipped stations pay a one-time licensing fee for converting their primary audio channel to

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to other competing stations, in addition to airing them on its own stations. Some stations are

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co-channel interference with distant analog stations. Unlike with subcarriers, where the total

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Digital Audio Broadcasting Systems and their Impact on the Terrestrial Radio Broadcast Service

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stations from going on the air in the same footprint. Translator stations are allowed greater

865:. Extended primary sidebands are added to the main primary sidebands using the extra ±30 5737: 5560: 5540: 4922: 4826: 3729: 3446: 2452: 2354:

By 2012, there were several HD receivers available on the market. A basic model costs around

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audio quirk as an advantage, in order to allow viewers to hear the station's newscasts and

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According to a survey dated 8 August 2007 by Bridge Ratings, when asked the question,

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Griffin Technology produced an HD receiver designed to plug into the dock connector of an

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produced the first HD portable – the Coby HDR‑700 portable HD receiver for both AM and FM.

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and irritating. Most all existing FM receivers will require modifications to the internal

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On the medium wave, actual DRM bit rates vary depending on day versus night transmission (

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reduced efficiency causes significantly increased costs for electricity and for cooling.

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DAB and DRM receivers cannot receive HD signals in the U.S. The HD system, which enables

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in Los Angeles operates an HD‑4 signal and aired The Mormon Channel which was 99% talk.

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digital stream of equal or greater quality than the station's existing analog signal".

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in September 2015 bringing the HD Radio technology under the same banner as

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The FCC has not indicated any intent to end analog radio broadcasting as it did with

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Most car manufacturers offer HD receivers as audio packages in new cars, including:

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The broadcasting industry is seeking FCC approval on future HD receiver models, for

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when the signal is too weak for the receiver to decode the primary digital carrier.

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claims that RadioGuard will "provide additional revenue-generating possibilities".

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to provide HD Radio with an encrypted content-delivery system called "RadioGuard".

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of spectrum. In extended hybrid mode, the analog signal is restricted to ±100

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systems. The HD Radio technology and trademarks were subsequently acquired by

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to pass the wider HD Radio signal, meaning one or both might have to be replaced.

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channel 6 stations that broadcast an audio carrier on 87.75 do not have HD Radio.

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and its associated expenses, rather than the station that causes the problem. For

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Twelve stations use 128 kbit/s with lower quality than FM, incl. P1 and P3.

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Xperi for HD‑2 and HD‑3 (HD‑1 has no royalty charge). Large companies in larger

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In order to do this, HD Radio may be passed along from the main station via a "

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on HD‑2 (though neither supports "Artist Experience"). In St. Louis, Missouri,

2110: 1718: 1440: 1435:

If the FCC disallows analog simulcasting, each station will have over 300

1246: 881:) that must be shut down to use extended hybrid can be restored through use of 795: 233: 123: 2935:

HF Radio startup costs include transmitter, diplexer (or a new, separate

2711:

discontinued the NS‑HD01 model by September 2019 in favor of the NS-HD02.

1897:, offers "Wonderground Radio", music for kids and their parents, on 89.3 5809: 5712: 5437: 5317: 5256: 3027: 2936: 2724: 2310: 1938: 1820: 1706: 1575: 1528:

stations, both commercial and noncommercial, in many cases cannot afford the

1226: 1160:) and the amount of bits dedicated for error correction (signal robustness). 407: 295:

stream, although the sound quality is then reduced to conventional AM-level.

157: 75: 60: 45: 4156:. 29 January 2010. MM Docket No. 99-235, DA 10-208. Archived from 4028:. Guest commentaries. New Bay Media, LLC. Figure 1 1014. Archived from 3563:. Dolby. Coding Technologies. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 3386: 2207:

to eliminate its analog transmissions and broadcast exclusively in digital.

1490:

Radio stations are licensed in the United States to broadcast at a specific

5784: 5259: 2742: 2625: 2477: 2386: 1878: 1804: 1792: 1757: 1544: 1513: 1459: 1416: 1356: 1190: 1050: 967:

to another station come from locations within the other station's licensed

960: 901: 700: 673: 2699:‑only playback and a non-removable rechargeable battery which charges via 1004:

version. DAB broadcasts a single multiplex that is approximately 1.5

641:

provides a "fallback" condition where it reverts to a more robust 25

5707: 5532: 5323: 3706: 3043:

Hirschmann Car Communication GmbH is now a subsidiary of TE Connectivity.

3006: 2887:

Former U.S. analog TV channel 6 occupied the upper end of the lower

2692: 2682: 2568: 2279: 2149: 1912: 1690: 1655: 1651: 1599: 1517: 1425: 1218: 1100: 1078: 772: 723: 661: 397: 296: 5114:"IBOC digital radio broadcasting for AM and FM radio broadcast stations" 1115:, historically with any of a number of codecs, including AAC, Opus, and 853:

of analog bandwidth. The primary main digital sidebands extend ±70

482:

Four stations have operated as all-digital / digital-only broadcasters:

377:

hybrid mode offers two options which can carry approximately 40~60

5589: 5575: 5277: 5121: 2994: 2920: 2667: 2557: 2487: 2342: 2314: 2298: 2236: 1458:; that is, enabling the extra subchannels to be available only by paid 1444: 1212: 1153: 897: 870: 704: 696: 4702: 4350: 1524:– can afford to implement the technology for their stations. However, 1189:

mode though in all-digital mode the signal fits inside the designated

577: 5652: 5511: 4692:

Radio Business Report / Television Business Report (rbr.com tvbr.com)

3281: 2916: 2714: 2638: 2306: 2294: 2224: 2064: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2019: 1942: 1824: 1816: 1808: 1800: 1780: 1773: 1765: 1753: 1682: 1659: 1471: 1463: 1314: 1250: 1234: 1005: 843: 819: 791: 764: 731: 543: 504: 175: 140:

was a competing U.S. standard, but has been stagnant since the 2010s.

49: 37: 5046:"Insignia NS‑HD01: First-ever portable HD Radio on sale at Best Buy" 4401:"End the radio engineering scourge that could mean doom to AM radio" 3759:

All-digital AM broadcasting – revitalization of the AM radio service

1693:

format from the analog radio dial in many markets, stations such as

5355: 5313: 5171: 3597:"Commission unanimously approves all-digital AM radio broadcasting" 3357: 3238: 3230: 2940: 2738: 2708: 2700: 2688: 2678: 2642: 2318: 2078:

College radio has also been impacted by HD Radio, stations such as

1858: 1636: 1467: 1448: 1403: 1353: 1318: 1238: 1054: 894: 815: 778: 771:(EAS) alerts in which the transmission of traffic, weather alerts, 752: 715: 585: 466:

In core-only mode, the station only transmits the primary carriers.

351: 300: 284: 183: 111: 101: 2274:

poor coverage or reception, as is done via the remote transmitter

2046: 979:

FM stations, which are allowed to remain over the limit for their

5442: 5397: 5351: 4239: 3959:"NRSC-5-D In-band/on-channel Digital Radio Broadcasting Standard" 3311:

Jones, Graham A.; Layer, David H.; Osenkowsky, Thomas G. (2013).

3031: 2730: 2719: 2621: 2599: 2581: 2542: 2430: 2283: 2275: 2185: 2145: 2118: 2099: 2083: 2079: 2015: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1946: 1924: 1886: 1866: 1838: 1784: 1769: 1761: 1737: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1671: 1330: 1157: 1112: 1070: 857:

on either side of the analog signal, thus taking a full 400

714:

Stations can transmit HD through their existing antennas using a

610: 406:, or a large waterfall, or a strong, steady wind through a dense 137: 5135:— Site with standards documents for the NRSC formats of HD Radio 5130: 4870: 3877: 3826: 3080: 1915:, offers a digital simulcast of its analog channel on 89.3 1175:

Shorter broadcast distance in hybrid mode compared to an analog

802:) and the highest baseband modulating frequency (around 60 389:

mode, which features redundancy (same data is broadcast twice).

330:

An example of information displayed by an AM HD station locking.

5666: 5482: 5456: 5451: 5410: 5361: 5347: 4830: 4724: 3253:

Planning Standards for Terrestrial FM Sound Broadcasting at VHF

3023: 2674: 2482: 2472: 2467: 2195:

In July 2018, as part of a projected one year experiment,

2189: 2177: 2133: 2129: 1812: 1796: 1322: 1300: 1230: 1206: 1058: 1043: 1039: 1036: 755:

certification, which includes displaying the artwork properly.

669: 665: 538:

The FCC requires stations that wish to multiplex their digital

269: 265: 21: 4788: 4215: 4213: 4211: 3939:. iBiquity Digital Corporation. 23 August 2011. pp. 14–16 1670:

broadcasts on sister stations' HD‑2 or HD‑3 channels, such as

1439:

bandwidth available, allowing for good stereo quality or even

986: 5487: 5382: 5274: 3057: 2576: 2552: 2513: 2462: 2447: 1326: 1242: 1197: 1124: 1107:(or 9 kHz in some regions) on frequencies up to 30 1032: 1001: 827: 626: 326: 261: 171: 143: 127: 4054:

IBOC Coverage and InterferenceIBOC Coverage and Interference

2282:, which rebroadcasts both the analog and digital signals of 633:

rate, and enabling extra features like surround sound. Like

104:

developed HD Radio, and the system was selected by the

4404: 4363:— describes Digital Radio Mondiale use in the United States 4208: 3536: 2813: 2670: 2586: 2422: 2263: 2259: 2248: 2219:

are prohibited from originating their own programming, the

2196: 2181: 2169: 2165: 2153: 2056: 1953: 1745: 1729: 1694: 1667: 1533: 1382: 1366: 1237:. HD Radio is based upon the intellectual property of 1185:

Interference with adjacent channels when using the 20

823: 807: 653: 527: 515: 508: 500: 486: 347: 249: 5101: 3880:"Sparc HD Radio receiver w/Bluetooth and emergency alerts" 2891:

TV band, which impinged on the lowest two channels of the

2262:

stations, so they may occupy a footprint in which several

1345:

different countries, which typically are not dual-format.

1057:, in order to include more channels in the limited 1 422:("MA3") allows for two modes: "Enhanced" and "core-only". 5251: 4952: 3267: 2904: 2896: 2888: 2457: 2407: 2255:(via less restrictive height and power limitations) than 2220: 1733: 1495: 1399: 1378: 1201: 1186: 1108: 1104: 1013: 927: 878: 874: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 811: 803: 799: 523: 494: 458: 431: 358: 339: 335: 222: 214: 210: 206: 194: 90: 2931: 2929: 1451:, and other devices to legacy analog FM receivers. 5202:— editorial discusses marketing challenges for HD Radio 4979:"Intel acquired SiPort, maker of Digital Radio Silicon" 4374:"HD Radio vs. internet radio: Which is radio's future?" 3652:"WWFD 820 AM becomes first all-digital AM station" 3114: 3112: 2534: 2090:, runs college radio programming on HD‑1 and HD‑2, and 794:

stations typically require up to 280 kilohertz of

385:

digital stations defaulting to the more-robust 40

160:

Eureka 147, is the most common standard in Europe.

4022:

and FCC Part 73.317 FM emission broadcast limits"

3930:"HD Radio Air Interface Design Description Layer 1 FM" 3768:. 6 October 2020. FCC-CIRC2010-05 / doc 367361A1. 1783:

inaugurated the first station with an HD4 subchannel,

2926: 2620:

Sangean HDR‑14 portable receiver playing San Diego's

2012:

signal is weaker, and does not cover the whole area.

3310: 3262:(Report). Broadcasting service (sound) (BS Series). 3109: 2656:

At least five companies made portable HD receivers:

1795:

station which also carries sister sports operations

1756:

is implementing plans to introduce its more popular

1618:. A class C amplifier can operate with overall 1167:, unfortunately it shares many of the same flaws as 392:

The digital radio signal received on a conventional

4795:(Press release). Southern California Public Radio. 2337: 2223:has controversially allowed translator stations to 1996:for their former frequency. The programming on the 1268:"Would you buy an HD Radio in the next two months?" 306:iBiquity Digital claims that the system approaches 232:, since it would not result in the recovery of any 4565:Petition for reconsideration of Jonathan E. Hardis 4515:"Boon or bust, HD Radio alters Minnesota airwaves" 4283:"Symposium DRM+ im VHF-Band III in Kaiserslautern" 742:at any given location where they may be received. 4343:"What's Happening with DRM in the United States?" 3798:"Stations in Maryland broadcasting on HD Signals" 3703:"Crawford Will Flip an Alabama AM to All-Digital" 1095:(DRM 30) is a system designed primarily for 947:On 29 January 2010, the U.S. FCC approved a 849:In (regular) hybrid mode a station has ±130 581:Spectrum of FM broadcast station without HD Radio 5807: 4623:. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008 4313:. DRM Consortium. 13 September 2013. p. 22. 4117:"Going digital – the end of radio as we know it" 3581:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2964:power put out by the transmitter divided by the 1614:, but not linear; HD Radio requires a different 1289:inferior compared to older, analog-only models. 900:is reduced, there is no reduction to the analog 4376:. Bridge Ratings. 8 August 2007. Archived from 4147:Digital power increase for FM stations approved 3994:. NewBay Media. 1 February 2008. Archived from 2761:Station identification is sent by voice, or as 2192:for the classical music station Classic 107.3. 2115:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 5209:HD Radio, analog FM, MP3 and OGG audio samples 4658:"More power for HD Radio, more buzz on analog" 3753: 3751: 2361:Automotive HD receiver manufacturers include: 1776:into Los Angeles) via HD‑2 and HD‑3 channels. 818:audio (baseband), with the remainder used for 589:Spectrum of FM broadcast station with HD Radio 497:since July 2018 to broadcast all-digital. 5237: 2707:50 – the least expensive receiver available. 2247:. Such new translator stations can block new 2109:uses its HD‑2 and HD‑3 channels to broadcast 1857:‑HD2 and additional news programming called " 1539:HD Radio receivers cost anywhere from around 1066: 303:providing song titles or artist information. 221:to channels separated by (at least) 400 4018:"iBiquity spurious noise and emissions mask 2703:. The Insignia unit sold in 2009 for around 2008:programming in some form, as the 105.9 1654:is selling programming of several different 1301:Different format and compatibility standards 1182:Poor reception inside vehicles and buildings 1035:codec and HD FM uses a codec based upon the 951:to voluntarily increase the maximum digital 885:. However, this requires the replacement of 814:of the baseband bandwidth is used by analog 361:channel on the AM band is limited. By using 5184:— information on an early IBOC installation 4308:"DRM Introduction and Implementation Guide" 4261:Digital Radio Tech (digitalradiotech.co.uk) 3780:"FCC to vote on authorizing all-digital AM" 3748: 2972:, ranging over all classes from 25% at the 2180:on its primary frequency, and rebroadcasts 1409: 1256: 987:Comparison to other digital radio standards 434:of bandwidth out to the station's 0.5 5244: 5230: 3886:. Get a radio / home radio. Archived from 2960:final-stage amplifier. It is the ratio of 2899:TV stations on analog channel 6, and 2778: 1956:) re-broadcasts a locally programmed, all- 1905:KPCC‑FM (Southern California Public Radio) 4688:"WJFK launches first HD Radio "quadcast"" 4349:. DRM news. 30 April 2010. Archived from 4323: 4123:. Feature. 3 January 2002. Archived from 2765:data, but not all stations transmit RBDS. 2677:, with tuning functionality provided via 1261: 396:tuned to an adjacent channel sounds like 48:broadcast technology. HD radio generally 5846:2002 establishments in the United States 5196:. Mercury Radio Research. Archived from 5070: 4854:"Hubbard testing all-digital AM on WWFD" 4326:"Use of DRM+ in the FM Band 87.5-108MHz" 4257:"Mono is the new stereo on national DAB" 3503:Write or Karl me! (karlzuk.blogspot.com) 3461: 3156:. Nielsen Business Media. Archived from 3141: 2691:started selling the Insignia NS‑HD01, a 2615: 2341: 1560: 1485: 1393:. Full-powered television stations were 777: 592: 584: 576: 568: 553: 334:The AM hybrid mode ("MA1") uses 30 325: 174:configurations) was intended mostly for 20: 5218:— audio samples of actual HD broadcasts 4929:(Press release). DTS / iBiquity. 2009. 4879:. Get a radio / new car. Archived from 4851: 4655: 4428:"HD Radio awareness is up ... so what?" 4181: 4050: 3409:"Becoming an HD Radio IP licensee" 3172: 2840:Capacity for all the stations one wants 2685:display. This product was discontinued. 1395:forced to cease their analog broadcasts 1371:digital television in the United States 264:based upon, but incompatible with, the 5808: 5205: 5187: 5079:from the original on 22 September 2009 5071:Topolsky, Joshua (17 September 2009). 4425: 4087:"HD Radio – less choice / more noise!" 3988:"NAB will ask FCC to up FM IBOC power" 3727: 3147: 3119:Dortch, Marlene H. (11 October 2002). 3118: 3022:Note however, that at some point, the 2786:The sound quality in DAB digital radio 1229:system, albeit one that is subject to 1163:Although DRM offers a growth path for 786: 213:elsewhere. Furthermore, long-standing 106:U.S. Federal Communications Commission 5622: 5225: 5043: 4735:from the original on 28 November 2017 4614: 4465:from the original on 28 December 2008 4456: 3670:"FCC authorizes all-digital AM radio" 3419:from the original on 31 December 2008 3264:International Telecommunication Union 2000:‑HD2 channel now is a rebroadcast of 998:Eureka-147 Digital Audio Broadcasting 4591:Second Report & Order (U.S. FCC) 4459:"HD Radio undermined by weak tuners" 4219: 4182:Stimson, Leslie (15 February 2010). 4097:from the original on 19 October 2006 3319:National Association of Broadcasters 3026:simulcast changed to a simulcast of 2968:it consumes. Efficiencies differ by 2956:" is actually the efficiency of the 2741:was trying to get HDR chipsets into 2266:might have been licensed otherwise. 2148:'s HD‑2 channel. On a similar note, 2004:, in order to give full coverage of 1554: 1550: 909:National Association of Broadcasters 763:Since 2016, newer HD Radios support 745: 730:, and that they maintain the proper 4799:from the original on 5 October 2017 4769:from the original on 7 October 2015 4656:Behrens, Steve (2 September 2008). 3496: 3292:from the original on 20 August 2017 1532:1,000 yearly Xperi fee assessed to 13: 5623: 4959:from the original on 25 April 2009 4852:Reigart, Emily M. (16 July 2018). 4426:Saghir, Ryan (12 September 2008). 4398: 3478:. National Radio Systems Committee 3439:"How does HD Digital Radio Sound?" 3189:. National Radio Systems Committee 2837:Reception without garbling in cars 2301:. This may require an increase in 2022:has offered an audio simulcast of 274:modified discrete cosine transform 16:Digital radio broadcast technology 14: 5857: 5214:Open Geek (opengeek.blogspot.com) 5190:"The premature death of HD Radio" 5118:Federal Communications Commission 5094: 5073:"Zune HD review by Engadget" 5052:from the original on 13 July 2009 5009:"Coby HDR‑700 HD receiver manual" 4933:from the original on 3 April 2015 4569:Federal Communications Commission 4331:. Deutsches DRM-Forum. p. 6. 4188:Radio World online (rwonline.com) 4154:Federal Communications Commission 3878:Juan@HDRadio (28 October 2016). 3839:from the original on 25 July 2016 3766:Federal Communications Commission 3728:Fybush, Scott (6 December 2019). 3681:Federal Communications Commission 3638:Federal Communications Commission 3128:Federal Communications Commission 2053:programming on their car radios. 1992:as part of a frequency swap with 738:to each other so as not to cause 565:HD Radio DX during a band opening 413: 5778: 4615:Pizzi, Skip (1 September 2007). 4567:(Report). before U.S. FCC. U.S. 4457:Menta, Richard (24 March 2007). 4403:. Stop IBOC Now!. Archived from 4222:Lydkvalitetet i DAB digitalradio 3527:MP3 sample of the interference: 3509:from the original on 8 July 2011 3415:. iBiquity Digital Corporation. 3383:Consumer Electronics Association 2350:in a Volkswagen RCD‑510 receiver 2338:Automotive and home/professional 2245:concentration of media ownership 1559: 1087: 996:Some countries have implemented 991: 664:broadcasting. For example, some 197:wide channel is required for HD 5126:— IBOC general information page 5064: 5037: 5001: 4971: 4945: 4915: 4864: 4845: 4811: 4781: 4747: 4717: 4680: 4649: 4608: 4583: 4557: 4527: 4507: 4477: 4450: 4419: 4392: 4366: 4335: 4317: 4300: 4275: 4249: 4175: 4139: 4109: 4079: 4044: 4010: 3980: 3951: 3922: 3871: 3820: 3790: 3772: 3764:(Report). FCC fact sheet. U.S. 3721: 3695: 3662: 3644: 3615: 3589: 3553: 3545:(mp3 soundclip). Archived from 3521: 3497:Zuk, Karl (20 November 2007) . 3490: 3431: 3401: 3371: 3347:"iBiquity licensing fact sheet" 3339: 3304: 3046: 3037: 3016: 2983: 2946: 2910: 2881: 2768: 2755: 2346:HD‑1 signal on KOST 103.5 1736:analog and HD) is simulcast on 1245:The United States uses DRM for 471:channels. However, all-digital 5718:Error detection and correction 5206:Dingus, Doug (11 March 2005). 5106:HD Digital Radio (hdradio.com) 5044:Murph, Darren (12 July 2009). 4953:"Intel Mobile Modem Solutions" 4877:HD Digital Radio (hdradio.com) 4729:HD Digital Radio (hdradio.com) 4701:. 8 March 2010. Archived from 4617:"Subscription radio gets real" 4489:HD Digital Radio (hdradio.com) 4324:Schroeder, Jens (April 2016). 4184:"FCC order lays out the steps" 3884:HD Digital Radio (hdradio.com) 3833:HD Digital Radio (hdradio.com) 3827:Juan@HDRadio (24 July 2013). 3786:. FCC Report. 11 October 2020. 3443:HD Digital Radio (hdradio.com) 3274: 3245: 3223: 3201: 3091: 3073: 2997:of major broadcasters such as 2210: 1626: 1333:, and a few other countries). 701:listen to the distant stations 446:Beyond the station's 0.5 1: 4871:Juan@HDRadio (9 July 2013). 4091:Worldsupercaster.Blogspot.com 3150:"FCC approves HD Radio rules" 3148:Tucker, Ken (22 March 2007). 3067: 2235:and nationally, to avoid the 1833:are also embracing HD Radio. 1728:, for example, clear-channel 1506: 1225:Digital Radio Mondiale is an 873:services (usually at 92 758: 457:while only requiring 10 209:apart as opposed to 100 5188:Ramsey, Mark (16 May 2005). 5140:"Canadian HD Radio stations" 5016:Coby Electronics Corporation 4699:Washington metropolitan area 4026:Radio World (radioworld.com) 3992:Radio World (radioworld.com) 3802:iBiquity Digital Corporation 3358:iBiquity Digital Corporation 3239:iBiquity Digital Corporation 3011:Clear Channel Communications 2919:is a maker of digital media 2748: 2661:Coby Electronics Corporation 2396:Hirschmann Car Communication 2332: 2138:Educational Media Foundation 1685:'s programming on 96.5 1570:appears to contradict itself 475:lacks the analog signal for 239: 7: 5791:Comparison of radio systems 3379:"Terrestrial Digital Radio" 3235:HD Radio (hdradio.com) 2611: 503:(since January 2021), 491:special temporary authority 10: 5862: 5764:International broadcasting 5733:FM extended band in Brazil 5216:(MP3 and OGG audio clips). 3730:"HD‑2 arrives on AM radio" 2943:), and installation labor. 2843:Audio with near-CD quality 2775:produce a noticeable echo. 1391:operated as radio stations 518:experimented with using a 507:(since May 2021) and 357:The capacity of a 30 154:Digital Audio Broadcasting 96: 5772: 5751: 5690: 5650: 5629: 5618: 5574: 5531: 5501: 5465: 5430: 5423: 5375: 5304: 5273: 5266: 4725:"Local HD Radio stations" 4641:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4200:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2991:HD Digital Radio Alliance 2816:area use these bit rates: 2635:Consumer Electronics Show 2233:multiple stations locally 2160:‑HD3 signal rebroadcasts 1633:HD Digital Radio Alliance 969:service geographic region 836:rental to other customers 363:spectral band replication 350:owner Bob Savage against 128:Xperi Holding Corporation 4121:DIY Media (diymedia.net) 3381:. Digital America 2006. 3314:NAB Engineering Handbook 3099:"Definition of HD Radio" 3030:, sister sports station 2239:process of changing the 2123:urban adult contemporary 2107:Bonneville International 2073:Azusa Pacific University 1492:effective radiated power 1410:Reduced-quality concerns 1257:Acceptance and criticism 953:effective radiated power 740:destructive interference 260:). HDC is a proprietary 254:audio compression format 5743:Shortwave relay station 5642:Audio signal processing 4491:(image). Archived from 3231:"HD Radio broadcasters" 3081:"HDR/FM Nomad Analyzer" 2499:Audio Design Associates 2168:, and in Santa Barbara 1881:" service on 99.5 1861:and More" on 91.1 1849:, offers music service 1837:offers a few services: 1602:normally operate with " 1127:, and HD AM and HD FM. 840:transmitter/studio link 810:is used). Only 15 338:of bandwidth (±15 315: 299:is also possible, with 244:Digital information is 5637:Audio data compression 5164:"WOR transmitter tour" 4763:Minnesota Public Radio 4051:Veriner, Doug (2006). 3360:. 2009. Archived from 3266:(ITU). December 1998. 3056:, startup acquired by 2954:Transmitter efficiency 2903:on 87.7 and 87.9 2629: 2351: 2127:contemporary Christian 2092:electronic dance music 1835:Minnesota Public Radio 1779:On 8 March 2009, 1760:into distant markets ( 1678:simulcasting 610 1620:transmitter efficiency 1365:HD Radio does not use 1262:Awareness and coverage 1093:Digital Radio Mondiale 1020:in digital-only mode. 955:(ERP) to 4% of analog 783: 769:Emergency Alert System 614: 607:Emergency Alert System 590: 582: 574: 566: 331: 314:stations. (see § 278:audio data compression 258:High-Definition Coding 164:Digital Radio Mondiale 26: 5831:Broadcast engineering 5738:Multipath propagation 5561:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 5431:Frequency allocations 5306:Frequency allocations 5124:on 30 September 2007. 4827:New York Public Radio 4596:(Report). 31 May 2007 2681:through the device's 2619: 2345: 2217:broadcast translators 1990:New York Public Radio 1935:New York Public Radio 1931:‑HD2 in Los Angeles. 1907:, heard on 89.3 1578:for more information. 1486:Reduced analog signal 1466:has made a deal with 1350:Advanced Audio Coding 1029:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 1023:The first generation 917:broadcast translators 913:National Public Radio 832:radio reading service 781: 604: 588: 580: 572: 564: 549: 329: 321: 144:Compatible AM Digital 122:'s eponymous theater 24: 5691:Technical (emission) 4539:NETH‑FM (nethfm.com) 4220:Holm, Steve (2007). 3325:. pp. 558–559. 3323:Taylor & Francis 2522:Directed Electronics 2382:Directed Electronics 1764:into New York City, 1522:Cumulus Broadcasting 1295:St. Cloud, Minnesota 1270:Only 1.0% responded 1239:iBiquity Digital Co. 1067:see criticisms below 926:are spaced 200 693:tropospheric ducting 668:stations have added 573:HD Radio transmitter 430:while using 20 205:are spaced 200 184:iBiquity Digital Co. 5836:American inventions 5174:on 21 December 2016 4833:on 26 February 2010 4668:on 30 December 2008 4523:. 21 February 2015. 4407:on 4 September 2011 4380:on 16 December 2008 4287:www.drm-radio-kl.eu 4242:) with Summary (in 3829:"Artist Experience" 3499:"Night of the bees" 3469:"NRSC‑5‑D standard" 3219:. 2 September 2015. 3180:"NRSC‑5‑E standard" 2862:— Steve Holm (2007) 2731:Sangean Electronics 2241:table of allotments 2227:in standard analog 2203:, became the first 2201:Frederick, Maryland 1831:Public broadcasters 1701:, (formerly WVMV), 1369:, the standard for 1279:broadcast engineers 1000:(DAB) or the newer 883:digital subchannels 787:Bandwidth and power 678:digital subchannels 650:digital subchannels 381:of data, with most 5841:2002 introductions 4907:has generic name ( 4621:Radio World online 4263:. 15 December 2006 4127:on 11 January 2009 4093:. 16 August 2005. 4020:TX SSS 1026s rev E 3914:has generic name ( 3863:has generic name ( 3449:on 21 January 2009 3282:"Receiving NRSC‑5" 3160:on 3 November 2007 2974:worst-of-the-worst 2630: 2530:Jensen Electronics 2377:Delphi Corporation 2367:Alpine Electronics 2352: 2257:locally originated 2188:-HD2 rebroadcasts 2125:station, airs the 2040:television station 1768:into Florida, and 1456:conditional access 1130:Similar to HD AM, 1123:, DRM 30 and 1010:megabit per second 784: 658:digital television 625:of data carrying ( 615: 591: 583: 575: 567: 520:digital subchannel 332: 182:By May 2018, 42:in-band on-channel 27: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5723:FM broadcast band 5630:Technical (audio) 5527: 5526: 5419: 5418: 4438:on 4 January 2009 3966:nrscstandards.org 3937:nrscstandards.org 3683:. 27 October 2020 3679:(Press release). 3603:. 30 October 2020 3549:on 25 March 2009. 3531:IBOC observations 3476:nrscstandards.org 3389:on 8 January 2009 3332:978-1-136-03410-7 3187:nrscstandards.org 2893:FM broadcast band 2313:if either is too 1750:Boulder, Colorado 1699:Detroit, Michigan 1593: 1592: 1551:Power consumption 1386:analog television 1375:FM broadcast band 1243:Xperi Holding Co. 746:Artist Experience 703:and try to get a 637:, purely-digital 602: 562: 400:– the sound of a 344:adjacent channels 230:analog television 5853: 5785:Radio portal 5783: 5782: 5781: 5759:History of radio 5703:AM expanded band 5620: 5619: 5503:Commercial radio 5428: 5427: 5271: 5270: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5201: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5170:. Archived from 5168:hawkins.pair.com 5159: 5157: 5155: 5150:on 24 April 2018 5146:. Archived from 5134: 5131:"NRSC standards" 5125: 5120:. Archived from 5109: 5108:(official site). 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5024: 5018:. Archived from 5013: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4985:. Archived from 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4900: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4883:on 14 April 2018 4868: 4862: 4861: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4829:. Archived from 4825:. New York, NY: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4705:on 11 March 2010 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4664:. Archived from 4653: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4595: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4541:. Archived from 4535:"Our technology" 4531: 4525: 4524: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4495:on 15 March 2015 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4434:. Archived from 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4370: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4353:on 26 April 2012 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4217: 4206: 4205: 4199: 4191: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4162: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4067:on 25 March 2009 4066: 4060:. Archived from 4059: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4021: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3998:on 4 August 2008 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3934: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3907: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3890:on 14 April 2018 3875: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3804:. Archived from 3794: 3788: 3787: 3784:radioinsight.com 3776: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3709:. 22 August 2023 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3674: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3580: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3473: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3445:. Archived from 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3385:. Archived from 3375: 3369: 3368: 3367:on 13 July 2011. 3366: 3351: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3257: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3106: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3077: 3061: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3020: 3014: 2987: 2981: 2978:best-of-the-best 2976:, to 90% at the 2966:electrical power 2950: 2944: 2933: 2924: 2914: 2908: 2885: 2879: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2782: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2759: 2722: 2591: 2573: 2565: 2539: 2518:DICE Electronics 2507: 2503:Boston Acoustics 2427: 2140:(EMF), allowing 2034:. This restored 1988:was acquired by 1980:) on 105.9 1968:", on 93.9 1869:, the classical 1789:Washington, D.C. 1631:Until 2013, the 1588: 1585: 1579: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1494:level. In 2008, 1377:(87.7–87.9 949:report and order 603: 563: 530:'s experiments: 405: 342:), and overlaps 308:CD quality audio 114:was acquired by 5861: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5795: 5779: 5777: 5768: 5747: 5728:FM broadcasting 5698:AM broadcasting 5686: 5646: 5625: 5614: 5570: 5523: 5497: 5466:Digital systems 5461: 5446: 5415: 5376:Digital systems 5371: 5300: 5262: 5250: 5177: 5175: 5162: 5153: 5151: 5138: 5129: 5112: 5100: 5097: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4983:abiresearch.com 4977: 4976: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4904: 4903: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4884: 4869: 4865: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4759:publicradio.org 4753: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4654: 4650: 4634: 4633: 4626: 4624: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4545:on 14 July 2011 4533: 4532: 4528: 4520:St. Cloud Times 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4356: 4354: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4291: 4289: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4231: 4229: 4218: 4209: 4193: 4192: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4152:(Report). U.S. 4149: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4032:on 28 June 2017 4019: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3911: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3872: 3860: 3859: 3850: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3808:on 13 July 2011 3796: 3795: 3791: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3658:. 16 July 2018. 3650: 3649: 3645: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3564: 3561:"SBR explained" 3559: 3558: 3554: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3288:. 9 June 2017. 3280: 3279: 3275: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3126:(Report). U.S. 3123: 3117: 3110: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3064: 3054:Santa Clara, CA 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3021: 3017: 3009:(then known as 2988: 2984: 2970:amplifier class 2951: 2947: 2934: 2927: 2915: 2911: 2886: 2882: 2834: 2831: 2817: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2718: 2624:HD‑2 channel, " 2614: 2609: 2589: 2571: 2563: 2537: 2505: 2492: 2435: 2425: 2340: 2335: 2253:broadcast range 2213: 2096:WolfBytes Radio 1994:Univision Radio 1889:, on 89.3 1873:station in the 1851:Radio Heartland 1845:station in the 1715:Cleveland, Ohio 1629: 1616:amplifier class 1589: 1583: 1580: 1574:Please see the 1573: 1564: 1553: 1526:community radio 1509: 1501:RF interference 1488: 1412: 1303: 1283:satellite radio 1264: 1259: 1165:AM broadcasters 1090: 994: 989: 981:broadcast class 973:burden of proof 965:RF interference 935:service contour 789: 761: 748: 736:signal strength 728:broadcast range 689:synchronization 593: 554: 552: 526:concluded from 416: 410:, or similar. 401: 373:. The HD Radio 324: 242: 99: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5859: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5677:Kahn-Hazeltine 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5624:Related topics 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5579: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5508: 5506: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5359: 5341: 5331: 5321: 5310: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5282: 5280: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5203: 5200:on 3 May 2007. 5185: 5160: 5136: 5127: 5110: 5096: 5095:External links 5093: 5091: 5090: 5063: 5036: 5025:on 8 July 2011 5000: 4989:on 7 July 2017 4970: 4944: 4914: 4863: 4858:radioworld.com 4844: 4810: 4780: 4746: 4716: 4679: 4648: 4607: 4582: 4556: 4526: 4506: 4485:"Stats banner" 4476: 4449: 4418: 4391: 4365: 4334: 4316: 4299: 4274: 4248: 4207: 4174: 4163:on 23 May 2014 4138: 4108: 4078: 4043: 4009: 3979: 3950: 3921: 3870: 3819: 3789: 3771: 3747: 3720: 3694: 3661: 3643: 3614: 3588: 3552: 3543:(wysl1040.com) 3520: 3489: 3460: 3430: 3400: 3370: 3338: 3331: 3303: 3273: 3244: 3222: 3200: 3171: 3140: 3108: 3090: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3045: 3036: 3015: 2982: 2945: 2925: 2909: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2810: 2809: 2806: 2777: 2767: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2735: 2734: 2728: 2725:Windows Phones 2712: 2686: 2664: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2590:(discontinued) 2584: 2579: 2574: 2572:(discontinued) 2566: 2564:(discontinued) 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2538:(discontinued) 2532: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2506:(discontinued) 2500: 2496: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2426:(discontinued) 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2288:Salt Lake City 2212: 2209: 2111:Mormon Channel 2059:, operated by 2045:exploited the 1923:music service 1726:St. Louis 1668:lower-power FM 1628: 1625: 1597:analog-only FM 1591: 1590: 1567: 1565: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1508: 1505: 1487: 1484: 1441:surround sound 1433: 1432: 1411: 1408: 1302: 1299: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1227:open standards 1195: 1194: 1183: 1180: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1089: 1086: 1008:wide (≈1 993: 990: 988: 985: 788: 785: 760: 757: 747: 744: 697:same frequency 551: 548: 536: 535: 513: 512: 498: 468: 467: 463: 462: 443: 442: 415: 414:All-digital AM 412: 323: 320: 241: 238: 234:radio spectrum 219:coverage areas 180: 179: 161: 151: 141: 124:surround sound 98: 95: 61:radio stations 25:HD Radio logo. 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5858: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826:Digital radio 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713:Digital radio 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5257:digital audio 5254: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4910: 4905:|author= 4898: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4644: 4638: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4592: 4586: 4571:. 9 July 2007 4570: 4566: 4560: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4406: 4402: 4399:Savage, Bob. 4395: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4327: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4245: 4241: 4228:on 1 May 2008 4227: 4223: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4203: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4063: 4056: 4055: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4013: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3938: 3931: 3925: 3917: 3912:|author= 3905: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3861:|author= 3854: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3584: 3578: 3562: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3477: 3470: 3464: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3307: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3213:DTS (dts.com) 3210: 3204: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3072: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3040: 3033: 3029: 3028:Dallas, Texas 3025: 3019: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958:transmitter's 2955: 2949: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2787: 2781: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2744: 2743:mobile phones 2740: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2717:released the 2716: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2659: 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