51:
69:
292:
91:
1232:
697:
forest between 1970 and 2013. The U.S. Forest
Service allocates an average annual budget of $ 30 million toward control efforts. However, climate change has contributed to the prolongation of outbreak cycles, which typically occur every eight to twelve years. This has led to a more frequent and severe impact on the environment.
696:
Since the introduction of the species to North
America, spongy moths have caused significant ecological damage. Over the past century, their range has expanded at an average rate of 21 km (13 mi) per year, resulting in the cumulative defoliation of 33,000,000 ha (82,000,000 acres) of
632:
agents in attempts to help control this moth. Beginning in the late 1800s, at least ten species were established this way, but for nearly a century, there was little regulation or research on the effectiveness or non-target effects of these introduced natural enemies. Several were generalists that
693:. These regions were experiencing one of the most severe outbreaks ever recorded, with some areas reporting densities exceeding 2,500,000 caterpillars per hectare (1,000,000 per acre), and certain regions have been grappling with this issue for five consecutive years.
465:
by some Romany people in North
America. In January 2022, the new common name "spongy moth" was proposed, as a translation from the French name "spongieuse" for the species, referring to the sponge-like egg masses laid by
470:. Since the name Gypsy is widely embraced by Roma people as a self-referenced demonym in Europe, there has been no similar call to change the insect's name in its native area.
646:, which attacked many other host species (over 180 known hosts documented), decimating many of the large moth species previously abundant in the Northeast. Another is the
620:
in 1869, who imported it from Europe while looking for a source of silk to replace the shortage of cotton caused by the
American Civil War. Afterwards, several species of
664:
589:) is native to temperate Asia east of the Ural mountains. Since the early 1990s it has also been detected along the West Coast of temperate North America. From
486:. Confusion over the classification of species and subspecies exists. The U. S. Department of Agriculture defines the Asian subspecies as "any biotype of
385:
1145:
739:
1481:
914:
1592:
1260:
396:
The etymology of “gypsy moth” is not conclusively known; however, the term is known to have been in use (as 'Gipsey') as early as 1832.
1442:
1134:
Tom W. Coleman, Laurel J. Haavik, Chris
Foelker, Andrew M. Liebhold (2020) USDA Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 162: Gypsy Moth
1507:
786:
768:
1070:
1042:
891:
1512:
1696:
826:
50:
1520:
451:
decided to remove the name "gypsy moth" from its Common Names of
Insects and Related Organisms List as "hurtful to the
68:
1421:
369:
1666:
1455:
448:
1597:
1681:
1434:
216:
938:
617:
1691:
1579:
852:
980:
810:
1173:"Forest defoliation by an invasive outbreak insect: Catastrophic consequences for a charismatic mega moth"
1494:
1351:
870:
The Gypsy Moth: Research Toward
Integrated Pest Management, United States Department of Agriculture, 1981
31:
1525:
1356:
723:
1309:
1057:
682:
17:
498:
has been referred to as "gypsy moth" even when referring to
Japanese, Indian and Asiatic populations.
90:
1656:
1548:
551:
536:
344:
244:
238:
1676:
1236:
686:
1571:
1252:
1671:
521:
430:
338:
232:
1686:
1558:
1486:
1333:
1271:
1171:
Lindroth, Richard L.; Zierden, Mark R.; Morrow, Clay J.; Fernandez, Patricia C. (2024-08-19).
1633:
1535:
1032:
642:
195:
1623:
1390:
1318:
669:
8:
1323:
1150:
690:
1205:
380:
trees and can cause severe damage in years of mass reproduction. Due to these features,
1661:
1242:
1117:
651:
629:
253:
85:
1618:
1377:
1210:
1192:
1038:
1009:
437:
855:
1382:
1200:
1184:
1109:
353:
1146:"Millions of Very Hungry Caterpillars Are Munching Their Way through U.S. Forests"
1121:
1078:
1605:
1460:
705:
590:
494:
not being the only accepted subspecies that is capable of flight. Traditionally,
291:
1584:
1429:
1416:
659:
eggs but is not strictly host specific, and also parasitizes the eggs of other
352:
has been introduced to several continents and is now additionally found as an
1650:
1196:
879:
822:
701:
663:
species. The most effective control agents are microbial pathogens: a virus (
602:
575:
452:
365:
361:
212:
892:"Entomological Society of America Discontinues Use of Gypsy Moth, Ant Names"
1499:
1294:
1214:
457:
407:
403:
527:
Europe, western Asia and north Africa, introduced to
Eastern North America
1566:
1543:
1468:
1343:
1303:
915:"Insect Experts Will Change The Name Of The 'Gypsy Moth' And 'Gypsy Ant'"
660:
462:
411:
317:
142:
1610:
1172:
616:
was accidentally introduced into North
America by artist and astronomer
597:
and other countries, where it hybridizes with the European spongy moth,
1447:
1188:
1113:
647:
638:
621:
152:
1369:
1247:
1473:
1403:
400:
377:
373:
172:
122:
102:
1265:
1408:
1364:
1288:
625:
321:
162:
594:
769:""Spongy Moth" Proposed as New Common Name for Lymantria Dispar"
1395:
1231:
787:"'Spongy Moth' Adopted as New Common Name for Lymantria dispar"
579:
571:
542:
Eastern Asia, introduced to western North America and to Europe
357:
336:
is subdivided into several subspecies, with subspecies such as
325:
132:
112:
1170:
441:
422:
1012:. Pest Tracker National Agricultural Pest Information System
637:
and attacked other native insects. One such species is the
329:
849:
A conspectus of the butterflies and moths found in Britain
740:"Bug experts seeking new name for destructive gypsy moths"
700:
Defoliation by spongy moths triggers chemical defenses in
545:
Females winged and capable of flight; attracted to lights
1259:
from the National Invasive Species Information Center,
708:, posing an additional threat to their conservation.
478:
The European native, and introduced North American,
608:
681:In June 2024, the severity of the outbreak in the
823:"100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species"
30:"Gypsy moth" redirects here. For other uses, see
1648:
482:moths are considered to be the same subspecies,
436:means 'to separate' in Latin; it refers to the
939:"Gypsy Roma and Traveller History and Culture"
490:possessing female flight capability", despite
348:being clearly identifiable without ambiguity.
1034:Invasive Species: What Everyone Needs to Know
410:due to the tussock-like tufts of hair on the
1010:"Asian Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar asiatica"
763:
761:
676:
570:) is native to temperate forests in western
421:is composed of two Latin-derived words. The
1261:United States National Agricultural Library
1092:Brown, M. W. (1984). "Literature review of
1068:
1030:
990:. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team
978:
67:
49:
1204:
1143:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
758:
884:
386:world's 100 worst invasive alien species
290:
811:FAO - Profiles of selected forest pests
14:
1649:
1253:Species Profile: European Gypsy Moth (
953:
912:
866:
864:
704:, rendering them unfit host trees for
1270:
1269:
1091:
689:of the United States was reported by
1435:8d1cdf20-82f4-498b-8f16-9a5b2b4f0691
1002:
825:. Global Invasive Species Database.
815:
1031:Simberloff, Daniel (October 2013).
861:
24:
894:. Entomological Society of America
601:. A colony had been reported from
25:
1708:
1224:
981:"A review of selected species of
1230:
791:Entomological Society of America
609:Biological pest control measures
593:it is spreading northwards into
574:. It had been introduced to the
449:Entomological Society of America
440:observed in the male and female
89:
1164:
1137:
1128:
1085:
1075:Midwest Biological Control News
1062:
1051:
1024:
931:
906:
829:from the original on 2016-03-04
1144:Teirstein, Zoya (2024-06-10).
1069:Christenson, Amy (June 1997).
873:
841:
804:
779:
732:
717:
530:Females winged but flightless
13:
1:
880:Free Dictionary for Lymantria
711:
560:Large males, very dark brown
501:
1058:Biological Control Backfires
913:Doubek, James (2021-07-10).
515:Identifying characteristics
391:
372:larvae live on a variety of
7:
1697:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1037:. Oxford University Press.
473:
32:Gypsy moth (disambiguation)
10:
1713:
633:offered little control of
29:
1278:
677:Current status in the USA
618:Étienne Léopold Trouvelot
587:Lymantria dispar asiatica
566:The European subspecies (
552:Lymantria dispar japonica
537:Lymantria dispar asiatica
259:
252:
229:
224:
201:
194:
86:Scientific classification
84:
75:
66:
57:
48:
41:
941:. The Traveller Movement
628:have been introduced as
1667:Moths described in 1758
568:Lymantria dispar dispar
522:Lymantria dispar dispar
484:Lymantria dispar dispar
429:means 'destroyer'. The
78:Lymantria dispar dispar
60:Lymantria dispar dispar
1682:Moths of North America
585:The Asian subspecies (
300:
1243:Gypsy moth on UKmoths
1177:Ecology and Evolution
1096:, an egg parasite of
985:Huber [1819]"
643:Compsilura concinnata
294:
1692:Naming controversies
1430:Fauna Europaea (new)
1239:at Wikimedia Commons
1081:on 26 November 2018.
670:Entomophaga maimaiga
406:are commonly called
384:is listed among the
308:, also known as the
1151:Scientific American
1071:"Know Your Friends"
775:. January 25, 2022.
691:Scientific American
1189:10.1002/ece3.70046
1114:10.1007/BF02372112
1094:Ooencyrtus kuvanae
652:Ooencyrtus kuvanae
630:biological control
316:, is a species of
301:
1644:
1643:
1619:Open Tree of Life
1272:Taxon identifiers
1235:Media related to
1044:978-0-19-992201-7
667:), and a fungus (
564:
563:
461:is considered an
447:In July 2021 the
438:sexual dimorphism
289:
288:
283:
279:Porthetria dispar
275:
267:
16:(Redirected from
1704:
1657:Lymantria dispar
1637:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1585:NBNSYS0000006120
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1516:
1515:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1476:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1334:Lymantria-dispar
1327:
1326:
1324:Lymantria_dispar
1314:
1313:
1312:
1310:Lymantria dispar
1299:
1298:
1297:
1280:Lymantria dispar
1267:
1266:
1255:Lymantria dispar
1237:Lymantria dispar
1234:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1098:Lymantria dispar
1089:
1083:
1082:
1077:. Archived from
1066:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
989:
979:Pogue, Michael.
976:
951:
950:
948:
946:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
888:
882:
877:
871:
868:
859:
847:Renie, J. 1832.
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
819:
813:
808:
802:
801:
799:
797:
783:
777:
776:
765:
756:
755:
753:
751:
736:
730:
726:Lymantria dispar
721:
706:Polyphemus moths
614:Lymantria dispar
578:in 1869, and to
506:
505:
480:Lymantria dispar
419:Lymantria dispar
382:Lymantria dispar
354:invasive species
350:Lymantria dispar
334:Lymantria dispar
305:Lymantria dispar
297:Lymantria dispar
282:(Linnaeus, 1758)
281:
274:(Linnaeus, 1758)
273:
265:
207:
205:Lymantria dispar
94:
93:
71:
53:
43:Lymantria dispar
39:
38:
21:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1677:Moths of Europe
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1606:Observation.org
1604:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1274:
1227:
1222:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1090:
1086:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
987:
977:
954:
944:
942:
937:
936:
932:
923:
921:
911:
907:
897:
895:
890:
889:
885:
878:
874:
869:
862:
846:
842:
832:
830:
821:
820:
816:
809:
805:
795:
793:
785:
784:
780:
767:
766:
759:
749:
747:
738:
737:
733:
722:
718:
714:
679:
611:
591:Southern Europe
504:
476:
431:species epithet
394:
263:Phalaena dispar
242:
236:
220:
209:
203:
190:
88:
35:
28:
27:Species of moth
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1710:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:Moths of Japan
1669:
1664:
1659:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1589:
1576:
1563:
1553:
1540:
1530:
1517:
1504:
1491:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1417:Fauna Europaea
1413:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1315:
1300:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1226:
1225:External links
1223:
1221:
1220:
1163:
1136:
1127:
1108:(3): 249–265.
1084:
1061:
1050:
1043:
1023:
1001:
952:
930:
905:
883:
872:
860:
840:
814:
803:
778:
757:
746:. July 9, 2021
731:
715:
713:
710:
678:
675:
655:which attacks
610:
607:
562:
561:
558:
555:
547:
546:
543:
540:
532:
531:
528:
525:
517:
516:
513:
510:
503:
500:
492:L. d. asiatica
475:
472:
393:
390:
345:L. d. japonica
320:in the family
287:
286:
285:
284:
276:
271:Ocneria dispar
268:
266:Linnaeus, 1758
257:
256:
250:
249:
245:L. d. japonica
239:L. d. asiatica
227:
226:
222:
221:
210:
199:
198:
192:
191:
187:L. dispar
184:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
82:
81:
73:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1709:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Moths of Asia
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1016:September 14,
1011:
1005:
994:September 14,
986:
984:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
940:
934:
920:
916:
909:
893:
887:
881:
876:
867:
865:
857:
856:page 42183122
854:
850:
844:
828:
824:
818:
812:
807:
792:
788:
782:
774:
770:
764:
762:
745:
741:
735:
729:
727:
720:
716:
709:
707:
703:
702:quaking aspen
698:
694:
692:
688:
684:
674:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:
649:
648:encyrtid wasp
645:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
606:
604:
603:Great Britain
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
576:United States
573:
569:
559:
556:
554:
553:
549:
548:
544:
541:
539:
538:
534:
533:
529:
526:
524:
523:
519:
518:
514:
511:
508:
507:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
471:
469:
464:
460:
459:
454:
453:Romani people
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
408:tussock moths
405:
402:
399:Moths of the
397:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:South America
363:
362:North America
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
298:
293:
280:
277:
272:
269:
264:
261:
260:
258:
255:
251:
248:
247:
246:
241:
240:
235:
234:
228:
223:
218:
214:
208:
206:
200:
197:
196:Binomial name
193:
189:
188:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
149:Superfamily:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1279:
1254:
1248:Bugguide.net
1180:
1176:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1149:
1139:
1130:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1079:the original
1074:
1064:
1053:
1033:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1004:
992:. Retrieved
982:
943:. Retrieved
933:
922:. Retrieved
918:
908:
896:. Retrieved
886:
875:
848:
843:
831:. Retrieved
817:
806:
794:. Retrieved
790:
781:
772:
748:. Retrieved
743:
734:
725:
719:
699:
695:
680:
668:
656:
650:
641:
639:tachinid fly
634:
613:
612:
599:L. d. dispar
598:
586:
584:
567:
565:
557:All of Japan
550:
535:
520:
512:Distribution
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
477:
467:
456:
446:
433:
426:
418:
416:
412:caterpillars
404:Lymantriinae
398:
395:
381:
349:
343:
339:L. d. dispar
337:
333:
313:
309:
304:
303:
302:
296:
278:
270:
262:
243:
237:
233:L. d. dispar
231:
230:
204:
202:
186:
185:
173:
77:
59:
42:
36:
1567:NatureServe
1559:LymanDispar
1469:iNaturalist
1304:Wikispecies
1102:Entomophaga
833:5 September
728:at UK Moths
724:Gypsy Moth
661:Lepidoptera
622:parasitoids
463:ethnic slur
370:polyphagous
314:spongy moth
299:caterpillar
225:Subspecies
143:Lepidoptera
1651:Categories
1157:2024-06-11
924:2021-07-22
773:entsoc.org
712:References
509:Subspecies
502:Subspecies
378:coniferous
324:native to
310:gypsy moth
153:Noctuoidea
123:Arthropoda
18:Gypsy Moth
1662:Lymantria
1197:2045-7758
983:Lymantria
744:king5.com
683:Northeast
657:L. dispar
635:L. dispar
626:predators
605:in 1995.
582:in 1912.
496:L. dispar
488:L. dispar
468:L. dispar
455:", since
427:Lymantria
417:The name
401:subfamily
392:Etymology
374:deciduous
181:Species:
174:Lymantria
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
1572:2.117138
1556:MaBENA:
1521:LepIndex
1487:10955719
1365:BugGuide
1341:BioLib:
1331:BAMONA:
1289:Wikidata
1215:39161623
1206:11331496
827:Archived
750:July 10,
474:Taxonomy
442:imagines
322:Erebidae
254:Synonyms
213:Linnaeus
163:Erebidae
159:Family:
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:Mounted
58:Mounted
1634:7945201
1448:1820406
945:12 June
796:3 March
687:Midwest
595:Germany
423:generic
312:or the
169:Genus:
139:Order:
133:Insecta
129:Class:
80:female
1631:uBio:
1624:886835
1513:709249
1422:447060
1409:LYMADI
1396:860845
1295:Q45532
1213:
1203:
1195:
1122:867738
1120:
1041:
898:8 July
665:LdmNPV
580:Canada
572:Europe
434:dispar
368:. The
358:Africa
326:Europe
1598:13123
1533:LoB:
1526:52480
1500:31807
1482:IRMNG
1474:47802
1383:3WRPC
1357:24220
1344:54702
1183:(8).
1118:S2CID
988:(PDF)
458:gypsy
425:name
62:male
1611:1768
1593:NCBI
1549:8318
1544:MONA
1536:5184
1508:ITIS
1456:GISD
1443:GBIF
1404:EPPO
1370:8780
1352:BOLD
1211:PMID
1193:ISSN
1039:ISBN
1018:2012
996:2012
947:2024
900:2021
835:2018
798:2022
752:2021
685:and
624:and
376:and
364:and
342:and
330:Asia
328:and
318:moth
217:1758
1580:NBN
1495:ISC
1391:EoL
1378:CoL
1319:ADW
1201:PMC
1185:doi
1110:doi
1100:".
919:npr
853:BHL
673:).
356:in
1653::
1621::
1608::
1595::
1582::
1569::
1546::
1523::
1510::
1497::
1484::
1471::
1461:96
1458::
1445::
1432::
1419::
1406::
1393::
1380::
1367::
1354::
1321::
1306::
1291::
1209:.
1199:.
1191:.
1181:14
1179:.
1175:.
1148:.
1116:.
1106:29
1104:.
1073:.
955:^
917:.
863:^
851::
789:.
771:.
760:^
742:.
444:.
414:.
388:.
360:,
332:.
295:A
215:,
1257:)
1217:.
1187::
1160:.
1124:.
1112::
1047:.
1020:.
998:.
949:.
927:.
902:.
858:.
837:.
800:.
754:.
219:)
211:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_Female_Dos.jpg)
