136:
384:
208:
303:
2136:
2149:
472:
water, but cable crossing the landing zone is exposed to frequent changes in temperature and cycles of exposure and submerging. This environment could cause the insulation to crumble and expose the conductor. For this reason, these sections of cable were protected with an additional layer of another material such as
395:
Gutta-percha insulated core rapidly became the chief product of the company. In 1851–1852 they produced 1,300 nautical miles (2,400 km) of it. The company had a monopoly on this product, and the cores for nearly all submarine cables made before 1865 were made by them. The Gutta Percha
Company
471:
Highly purified gutta-percha is almost entirely resistant to chemical attack and ingress of water. However, obtaining this level of purity was not economical for submarine cables. Impure gutta-percha oxidises and becomes brittle. The rate of deterioration is very slow for cable permanently in the
379:
issues with
Siemens. This was because Siemens' work was largely for military purposes and consequently nothing was patented initially. Siemens even obtained the gutta-percha from the Gutta Percha Company. The cables were not just for military communications, one 1848 cable in Kiel harbour had the
275:
lead pipes and on the formation of the Gutta Percha
Company, he used this machine for extruding gutta-percha tubing. The company did not at first use this machine for insulating electrical cable. The method initially used was to apply strips of gutta-percha to copper wire. The resulting seam in
310:
On hearing of this possible application for gutta-percha, Hancock designed a machine for applying it to a conductor seamlessly. Hancock's machine was an adaptation of Bewley's tube extruding machine. However, Hancock denied Bewley the right to use the machine. The dispute resulted in
Hancock
479:
Additives to the gutta-percha could greatly affect quality. The material supplied for the
Siemens cables by the Gutta Percha Company had a high sulphur content. This, together with poor joints and poor manufacturing by Siemens, caused many of the early Siemens cables to quickly fail.
135:
354:
Although the Gutta Percha
Company were the first to make a cable for crossing an ocean, they were not the first to make a gutta-percha insulated underwater cable. Faraday published his suggestion in 1848, but had previously privately recommended gutta-percha to
190:
in 1851, used a cable made by the company. Except for a few early ones, submarine cables were armoured with iron, then later steel, wires. The Gutta Percha
Company made only the insulated cores, not the complete cable, until April 1864 when it merged into the
350:
manufacturer for armouring before laying. This order was four times as large as the 1849 order since the new cable was to have four gutta-percha insulated cores. This cable was a success, and became the first working oceanic submarine cable.
1953:
248:, passed samples to his brother Charles who was trying to invent a new bottle stopper made from cemented ground cork. Hancock then abandoned his original idea and took out a patent for bottle stoppers made from gutta-percha.
396:
never made finished cables; they supplied the cores and other companies, mostly wire rope manufacturers, laid them into the steel armouring to make complete cables. In April 1864, the Gutta Percha
Company merged with
383:
296:
who had suggested a cable between
England and France as early as 1840. None of these schemes were successful. Wheatstone had looked at gutta-percha but could not find a good way of applying it to the conductor.
182:. The company started making this type of cable in 1848 and it rapidly became their main product, on which it had a near monopoly. The world's first international telegraph connection under the sea, a link from
447:
Gutta-percha from different regions contains different amounts of resin, resulting in variations in quality. For electrical cables, the resin content needs to be minimal. The best gutta-percha came from
311:
leaving and setting up the rival West Ham Gutta Percha
Company. Hancock lost the dispute in court and his company went bankrupt. The first order for gutta-percha electrical cable came in 1848 from the
1124:
460:. The factory purification process could also make a difference. A good commercial gutta-percha would have around 80% gutta and 15% or less of resin. Water content has no appreciable effect on the
1838:
2176:
2008:
1117:
1110:
2181:
2154:
2191:
1874:
1071:
288:
because it was both waterproof and resistant to seawater as well as being thermoplastic. Gutta-percha's use as an electrical insulator was first suggested by
1879:
966:
375:
in 1849. However, the Gutta Percha Company were the first to make a cable that crossed an ocean. The Gutta Percha Company does not appear to have had any
2196:
2211:
2206:
2013:
2201:
2141:
1958:
2186:
2041:
1091:
401:
367:. In 1847 Werner invented a machine, described as like a macaroni machine, for applying gutta-percha to a conductor seamlessly. His company,
192:
94:
2076:
1568:
1149:
994:
975:
465:
820:
Ash, Stewart, "The development of submarine cables", ch. 1 in, Burnett, Douglas R. (ed); Beckman, Robert (ed); Davenport, Tara M. (ed),
1998:
1968:
1833:
959:
292:
after he tested a sample. Many possible insulation schemes for a submarine cable, such as hemp impregnated with tar, were tested by
1963:
1133:
2111:
2086:
1563:
207:
196:
110:
1943:
424:
The quality of gutta-percha, as supplied by the Gutta Percha Company, was extensively discussed by Charles Bright in his book
1983:
1843:
952:
408:
who became chairman of the company. Pender's motivation in this was that the new company should make the first successful
2046:
1678:
1014:
2121:
2003:
1325:
999:
225:. It can be moulded after placing in hot water and will reharden when cool. It was brought to attention in Europe by
1613:
1004:
268:, shoe soles, and toys. However, one of their most important products was gutta-percha insulated electrical cable.
2116:
1993:
1933:
1009:
1973:
1894:
327:
with messages sent through the cable to London. The railway afterwards used the cable in a wet railway tunnel.
256:
The company was formed on 4 February 1845 by partners Charles Hancock and Henry Bewley, a Dublin chemist making
151:
was an English company formed in 1845 to make a variety of products from the recently introduced natural rubber
2091:
1978:
1928:
1781:
1756:
938:
923:
908:
878:
829:
276:
the insulation was to prove problematic for underwater cables as it provided a route for the ingress of water.
233:
in Singapore where the trees from which the material is obtained are native. Montgomerie sent samples to the
1948:
1853:
1578:
1267:
1144:
437:
409:
302:
1923:
342:. This cable, laid in 1850, soon failed, largely because the Submarine Telegraph Company failed to have it
167:. Nothing else like it was available to manufacturing until well into the twentieth century when synthetic
1988:
1915:
404:
who could supply completed cables and provide maintenance for them. The merger was at the instigation of
1937:
1828:
1663:
1653:
1066:
1035:
316:
1623:
1583:
1553:
1081:
1040:
989:
441:
433:
413:
371:, then laid underground gutta-percha cables extensively around Germany, including one that crossed the
312:
2216:
2051:
1184:
1045:
285:
245:
179:
1102:
315:
for a 2-mile (3.2 km) length for experiment. South Eastern Railway, in collaboration with the
2061:
1889:
1658:
1315:
346:. Undeterred, the company placed a new order in 1850, but this time the cable was to be sent to a
2018:
319:, wished to extend their telegraph line through to France. The cable was successfully tested off
2071:
1573:
1281:
1076:
175:
1396:
853:
1766:
1618:
429:
1491:
1179:
461:
397:
376:
436:, a major customer of the Gutta Percha Company, and later electrician-in-chief of the first
526:
1302:
8:
1643:
1598:
1244:
1019:
368:
226:
221:
is a natural rubber that has the unusual property (for 19th-century materials) of being
2106:
2101:
1910:
1899:
1801:
1683:
1274:
364:
293:
237:
in London in 1843 with the idea that the material could be used for medical apparatus.
230:
391:
works shortly after the merger into the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company
2081:
1389:
934:
919:
904:
889:
874:
859:
842:
825:
265:
241:
164:
1628:
1608:
1346:
1219:
489:
360:
260:, initially to make Hancock's bottle stoppers. Their premises were at Wharf Road,
140:
1869:
1761:
1464:
1320:
836:
356:
289:
234:
1447:
1383:
929:
Scott, Jesup W., "1851: Precipice in time", introduction in, Wilson, Ben (ed),
343:
334:(46 km) of cable from the Submarine Telegraph Company to lay a cable from
156:
944:
2170:
2096:
2036:
1751:
1593:
1558:
1548:
1370:
1214:
331:
222:
160:
1710:
1532:
1484:
1416:
1411:
1296:
1086:
473:
218:
152:
893:
863:
846:
2056:
1673:
1507:
1421:
1403:
1260:
1249:
405:
264:, London. The range of products was soon greatly expanded, and included
306:
Tube extruding machine, the basis of Hancock's cable core making machine
1720:
1668:
1527:
1514:
1359:
1340:
1194:
320:
257:
1633:
1364:
1209:
1204:
1189:
1132:
388:
347:
272:
261:
50:
1839:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
1776:
1771:
1725:
1522:
1501:
1477:
1442:
1427:
1335:
1310:
1254:
1199:
453:
271:
Bewley was also a lead pipe maker. He had designed a machine for
1730:
1588:
1470:
1330:
1288:
212:
168:
1735:
1434:
1354:
1174:
901:
Circuits in the Sea: The Men, the Ships, and the Atlantic Cable
457:
339:
187:
2066:
1884:
1848:
1715:
1648:
1638:
1378:
372:
335:
183:
139:
A collection of objects from the Gutta Percha Company at the
1806:
449:
2177:
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
387:
Reels of gutta-percha insulated cable being loaded at the
529:
in Museums Victoria Collections. Accessed 27 March 2022
527:
Telegraph Construction & Maintenance Co., 1864-1959
1072:
India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company
432:, was the chief electrician (chief engineer) of the
330:This trial was followed in 1849 by an order for 25
1880:Internet Telephony Services Providers' Association
93:Merged with Glass, Elliot & Co. to become the
1134:Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom
931:Heyday: Britain and the Birth of the Modern World
444:, also using the Gutta Percha Company's product.
2182:Telecommunications companies established in 1845
2168:
822:Submarine Cables: The Handbook of Law and Policy
974:
380:overtly military purpose of setting off mines.
244:'s raincoat company. A partner in the company,
2192:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1864
2042:British Approvals Board for Telecommunications
1092:Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company
858:, vol. 1, Singapore: Fraser & Neave, 1902
855:An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore
402:Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company
193:Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company
107:Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company
95:Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company
1118:
1055:Cable manufacturing and maintenance companies
960:
400:, one of these wire rope makers, to form the
143:of 1851, including a table and picture frames
1150:Science and technology in the United Kingdom
995:British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company
464:of the material until the content reaches a
2197:Manufacturing companies established in 1845
916:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
871:Victorian Telegraphy Before Nationalization
1614:London & Provincial District Telegraph
1125:
1111:
967:
953:
363:who passed the information to his brother
2212:1845 establishments in the United Kingdom
2207:Telegraph companies of the United Kingdom
1834:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
2202:British companies disestablished in 1864
2009:South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
382:
301:
206:
134:
2087:Interception of Communications Act 1985
419:
240:In 1844, Montgomerie left samples with
2169:
1875:Internet Service Providers Association
2187:British companies established in 1845
1844:International Telecommunication Union
1106:
948:
284:Gutta-percha made possible practical
2148:
1569:British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph
1564:Bonelli's Electric Telegraph Company
824:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013
197:British Insulated Callender's Cables
111:British Insulated Callender's Cables
2047:British Telecommunications Act 1981
1015:Universal Private Telegraph Company
903:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004
279:
174:Gutta-percha proved to be an ideal
13:
1000:British Electric Telegraph Company
251:
14:
2228:
1005:London District Telegraph Company
2147:
2135:
2134:
2117:UK telephone code misconceptions
1010:United Kingdom Telegraph Company
841:, London: Crosby Lockwood, 1898
886:Cableships and Submarine Cables
814:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
613:
604:
595:
202:
1954:British Indian Ocean Territory
1579:Cable & Wireless Worldwide
586:
577:
568:
559:
550:
532:
519:
510:
501:
195:, which was later acquired by
1:
1854:Phone-paid Services Authority
1268:BT Business and Public Sector
1145:Economy of the United Kingdom
495:
438:transatlantic telegraph cable
410:transatlantic telegraph cable
1916:British Overseas Territories
229:, a Scottish surgeon of the
7:
1938:British Antarctic Territory
1829:Broadband Stakeholder Group
1679:Universal Private Telegraph
1082:Glass, Elliot & Company
1036:Submarine Telegraph Company
976:British telegraph companies
884:Haigh, Kenneth Richardson,
483:
317:Submarine Telegraph Company
211:Gutta-percha harvesting on
16:English rubber manufacturer
10:
2233:
1624:National Telephone Company
1584:Electric Telegraph Company
1554:Atlantic Telegraph Company
1041:Atlantic Telegraph Company
990:Electric Telegraph Company
442:Atlantic Telegraph Company
434:Magnetic Telegraph Company
414:Atlantic Telegraph Company
286:submarine telegraph cables
180:submarine telegraph cables
2130:
2052:British telephone sockets
2027:
1908:
1862:
1819:
1794:
1744:
1703:
1696:
1541:
1237:
1228:
1185:BT Wholesale and Ventures
1165:
1158:
1140:
1054:
1046:Eastern Telegraph Company
1029:Submarine cable companies
1028:
982:
852:Buckley, Charles Burton,
398:Glass, Elliot and Company
163:allowing it to be easily
119:
100:
89:
74:
57:
34:
26:
2062:BT site engineering code
2014:Turks and Caicos Islands
1890:London Internet Exchange
1574:Cable & Wireless plc
1067:Hooper's Telegraph Works
2112:Telephone numbers in UK
2072:Communications Act 2003
1077:R.S. Newall and Company
718:Huurdeman, pp. 132, 136
40:; 179 years ago
1959:British Virgin Islands
1767:Marconi Communications
456:, the worst came from
430:Charles Tilston Bright
392:
307:
215:
144:
1924:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1492:Virgin Media Business
1180:Babcock International
914:Huurdeman, Anton A.,
888:, Adlard Coles, 1968
462:electrical resistance
386:
377:intellectual property
313:South Eastern Railway
305:
210:
138:
2077:Earth stations in UK
1604:Gutta Percha Company
1326:Cable & Wireless
1245:Andrews & Arnold
1062:Gutta Percha Company
933:, Hachette UK, 2016
838:Submarine Telegraphs
592:Bright, pp. 250, 301
525:Thompson, D. (2008)
426:Submarine Telegraphs
420:Gutta-percha quality
369:Siemens & Halske
159:, this material was
149:Gutta Percha Company
38:4 February 1845
22:Gutta Percha Company
1664:Submarine Telegraph
1599:General Post Office
1020:General Post Office
899:Hearn, Chester G.,
799:Bright, pp. 265–266
736:Bright, pp. 263–269
682:Bright, pp. 251–252
664:Bright, pp. 249–250
428:. Bright's father,
325:Princess Clementine
227:William Montgomerie
23:
2122:Web blocking in UK
2107:Telegraph Act 1885
2102:Telegraph Act 1868
1911:Crown Dependencies
1900:Symbian Foundation
1802:Carphone Warehouse
1275:BT Global Services
646:Haigh, pp. 27, 192
393:
365:Werner von Siemens
308:
294:Charles Wheatstone
242:Charles Mackintosh
231:East India Company
216:
145:
21:
2164:
2163:
2082:Hull Colour Pages
1822:regulatory bodies
1815:
1814:
1790:
1789:
1692:
1691:
1517:
1510:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1459:
1454:
1437:
1430:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1373:
1349:
1305:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1100:
1099:
873:, Springer, 2015
835:Bright, Charles,
133:
132:
124:Islington, London
2224:
2217:Rubber companies
2151:
2150:
2138:
2137:
2019:Tristan da Cunha
1999:Pitcairn Islands
1969:Falkland Islands
1944:Ascension Island
1701:
1700:
1513:
1506:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1457:
1452:
1433:
1426:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1369:
1347:Eclipse Internet
1345:
1321:The Co-operative
1301:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1235:
1234:
1220:Telehouse Europe
1163:
1162:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1103:
983:Inland companies
969:
962:
955:
946:
945:
809:
806:
800:
797:
791:
788:
782:
779:
773:
770:
764:
761:
755:
752:
746:
743:
737:
734:
728:
725:
719:
716:
710:
707:
701:
698:
692:
689:
683:
680:
674:
671:
665:
662:
656:
653:
647:
644:
638:
635:
629:
628:Haigh, pp. 26–27
626:
620:
617:
611:
608:
602:
599:
593:
590:
584:
581:
575:
572:
566:
563:
557:
554:
548:
536:
530:
523:
517:
514:
508:
505:
490:Willoughby Smith
468:of around 2–3%.
361:Siemens Brothers
280:Submarine cables
171:were developed.
155:. Unlike other
141:Great Exhibition
85:
83:
48:
46:
41:
24:
20:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2126:
2029:
2023:
1914:
1904:
1870:GSM Association
1863:Industry bodies
1858:
1821:
1811:
1786:
1762:Marconi Company
1740:
1688:
1537:
1465:Virgin Media O2
1230:
1224:
1167:
1154:
1136:
1131:
1101:
1096:
1050:
1024:
978:
973:
817:
812:
807:
803:
798:
794:
789:
785:
780:
776:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
740:
735:
731:
726:
722:
717:
713:
708:
704:
699:
695:
690:
686:
681:
677:
672:
668:
663:
659:
654:
650:
645:
641:
636:
632:
627:
623:
618:
614:
610:Bright, pp. 2–4
609:
605:
600:
596:
591:
587:
582:
578:
573:
569:
564:
560:
555:
551:
547:
544:Buckley, p. 404
537:
533:
524:
520:
515:
511:
506:
502:
498:
486:
440:project of the
422:
357:William Siemens
290:Michael Faraday
282:
254:
252:Company history
235:Society of Arts
205:
157:natural rubbers
129:
125:
115:
81:
79:
78:April 1864
70:
64:Charles Hancock
44:
42:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2145:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Internet in UK
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Cayman Islands
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1820:Government and
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1481:
1474:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1448:Trunk Networks
1445:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1166:Infrastructure
1160:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
984:
980:
979:
972:
971:
964:
957:
949:
943:
942:
927:
918:, Wiley, 2003
912:
897:
882:
869:Fari, Simone,
867:
850:
833:
816:
813:
811:
810:
808:Bright, p. 250
801:
792:
790:Bright, p. 262
783:
781:Bright, p. 267
774:
772:Bright, p. 263
765:
763:Bright, p. 265
756:
747:
738:
729:
727:Bright, p. 156
720:
711:
702:
693:
691:Bright, p. 251
684:
675:
673:Bright, p. 251
666:
657:
648:
639:
630:
621:
612:
603:
594:
585:
576:
567:
558:
549:
546:
545:
542:
538:
531:
518:
509:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
485:
482:
421:
418:
332:nautical miles
323:from the ship
281:
278:
253:
250:
246:Thomas Hancock
204:
201:
131:
130:
128:United Kingdom
127:
123:
121:
117:
116:
114:
113:
108:
104:
102:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
76:
72:
71:
69:
68:
65:
61:
59:
55:
54:
36:
32:
31:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2229:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Telegraph Act
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Adastral Park
2035:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1684:Virgin Mobile
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:Be Un Limited
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1371:Sky Broadband
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:TelecityGroup
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
985:
981:
977:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
951:
950:
947:
940:
936:
932:
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
856:
851:
848:
844:
840:
839:
834:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:
805:
796:
787:
778:
769:
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
715:
706:
697:
688:
679:
670:
661:
652:
643:
634:
625:
616:
607:
598:
589:
580:
571:
562:
553:
543:
540:
539:
535:
528:
522:
516:Bright, p. 11
513:
504:
500:
491:
488:
487:
481:
477:
475:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
390:
385:
381:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
304:
300:
298:
295:
291:
287:
277:
274:
269:
267:
266:machine belts
263:
259:
249:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:thermoplastic
220:
214:
209:
200:
198:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
161:thermoplastic
158:
154:
150:
142:
137:
122:
118:
112:
109:
106:
105:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
77:
73:
66:
63:
62:
60:
56:
52:
37:
33:
30:Manufacturing
29:
25:
19:
2153:
2140:
2004:Saint Helena
1711:Arm Holdings
1603:
1533:Zen Internet
1485:Virgin Media
1412:Telecom Plus
1297:China Mobile
1087:W. T. Henley
1061:
930:
915:
900:
885:
870:
854:
837:
821:
815:Bibliography
804:
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
754:Hearn, p. 81
750:
745:Fari, p. 109
741:
732:
723:
714:
709:Haigh, p. 27
705:
700:Haigh, p. 27
696:
687:
678:
669:
660:
655:Haigh, p. 26
651:
642:
633:
624:
615:
606:
601:Haigh, p. 26
597:
588:
583:Haigh, p. 26
579:
570:
565:Haigh, p. 26
561:
556:Haigh, p. 26
552:
541:Haigh, p. 26
534:
521:
512:
503:
478:
474:India rubber
470:
446:
425:
423:
394:
353:
329:
324:
309:
299:
283:
270:
255:
239:
219:Gutta-percha
217:
203:Gutta-percha
173:
153:gutta-percha
148:
146:
120:Headquarters
67:Henry Bewley
18:
2057:BT Research
2030:legislation
1984:Isle of Man
1936:(including
1757:GEC Plessey
1659:Sainsbury's
1644:Post Office
1508:Vodafone UK
1261:BT Consumer
1250:Asda Mobile
619:Haigh, p.26
406:John Pender
2171:Categories
1994:Montserrat
1934:Antarctica
1721:Metaswitch
1669:Tiscali UK
1528:WightFibre
1515:Talkmobile
1360:Lycamobile
1341:KCOM Group
1316:Colt Group
1195:KCOM Group
939:0297864114
924:0471205052
909:0275982319
879:1137406526
830:9004260331
507:Ash, p. 29
496:References
321:Folkestone
258:soda water
101:Successors
45:1845-02-04
1974:Gibraltar
1697:Suppliers
1231:providers
1210:Interxion
1205:Openreach
1190:CityFibre
1168:providers
1159:Companies
894:497380538
864:220728943
847:776529627
466:threshold
389:Greenwich
348:wire rope
273:extruding
262:Islington
199:in 1959.
176:insulator
51:Islington
2142:Category
2028:History,
1979:Guernsey
1929:Anguilla
1782:Standard
1777:PicoChip
1726:Sarantel
1674:T-Mobile
1523:Voipfone
1502:Vodafone
1478:Giffgaff
1453:Leetline
1428:Three UK
1390:Business
1384:TalkTalk
1336:Inmarsat
1311:Claranet
1255:BT Group
1200:Nexfibre
484:See also
454:Makassar
412:for the
344:armoured
169:plastics
58:Founders
53:, London
27:Industry
2155:Commons
1949:Bermuda
1745:Defunct
1731:Spirent
1704:Current
1619:Mercury
1589:Energis
1542:Defunct
1331:Entanet
1289:Plusnet
1238:Current
1229:Service
213:Sarawak
165:moulded
82:1864-04
80: (
75:Defunct
43: (
35:Founded
2152:
2139:
1989:Jersey
1736:Telent
1654:Rabbit
1634:Orange
1609:Ionica
1594:Family
1458:No One
1435:SMARTY
1397:Mobile
1355:Lebara
1303:CMLink
1175:Arqiva
937:
922:
907:
892:
877:
862:
845:
828:
458:Borneo
340:Calais
188:Calais
2067:Buzby
1895:MaNAP
1885:LONAP
1849:Ofcom
1795:Other
1716:Icera
1649:Pipex
1639:Ovivo
1422:Three
1417:Tesco
1379:spusu
637:Scott
574:Scott
373:Rhine
336:Dover
184:Dover
1807:Hibu
1772:Pace
935:ISBN
920:ISBN
905:ISBN
890:OCLC
875:ISBN
860:OCLC
843:OCLC
826:ISBN
452:and
450:Java
178:for
147:The
90:Fate
1913:and
1909:In
1752:CSR
1629:NTL
1549:AOL
1443:Tru
1365:Sky
359:of
338:to
186:to
49:in
2173::
1471:O2
1404:TV
1282:EE
476:.
416:.
126:,
1940:)
1126:e
1119:t
1112:v
968:e
961:t
954:v
941:.
926:.
911:.
896:.
881:.
866:.
849:.
832:.
84:)
47:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
,_RP-F-F25214-AP.jpg)
