Anglo-Nepalese War

1848:...Saadut Ali unexpectedly died. I found, however, that what had been provisionally agitated with him was perfectly understood by his successor, so that the latter came forward with a spontaneous offer of a crore of rupees, which I declined as a peishcush or tribute on his accession to the sovereignty of Oude, but accepted as a loan for the Honourable Company. Eight lacs were afterwards added to this sum, in order that the interest of the whole, at six per cent, might equal the allowances to different branches of the Nawab Vizier's family, for which guarantee of the British Government had been pledged, and the payment of which, without vexatious retardments, was secured, by the appropriation of the interest to the specific purpose. The sum thus obtained was thrown into the general treasury, whence I looked to draw such portions of it as the demands of the approaching service might require. My surprise is not to be expressed, when I was shortly after informed from Calcutta, that it had been deemed expedient to employ fifty four lacs of the sum obtained by me in discharging an eight per cent loan, that the remainder was indispensable for current purposes, and it was hoped I should be able to procure from the Nawab Vizier a further aid for the objects of the war. This took place early in autumn, and operations against Nepaul could not commence till the middle of November, on which account the Council did not apprehend my being subjected to any sudden inconvenience through its disposal of the first sum. Luckily I was upon such frank terms with the Nawab Vizier, as that I could explain to him fairly my circumstances. He agreed to furnish another crore; so that the Honourable Company was accommodated with above two millions and a half sterling on my simple receipt. 1701:, assumed the office of the Governor-General, and his first act was to re-examine the border dispute between Nepal and British East India Company. These disputes arose because there was no fixed boundary separating the Nepalese and the British. A struggle with the former was unpromising as the British were ignorant of the country or its resources and, despite their technological superiority, it was a received persuasion that the nature of the mountainous tract, which they would have to penetrate, would be as baffling to them as it had been to all the efforts of many successive Mahomedan sovereigns. A border commission imposed on Nepal by the Governor-General failed to solve the problem. The Nepalese Commissioners had remarked to the British the futility of debating about a few square miles of territory since there never could be real peace between the two States, until the British should yield to the Nepalese all the British provinces north of the Ganges, making that river the boundary between the two, "as heaven had evidently designed it to be." However, Nepalese Historian 1674:

lands.” British forces’ focus on land and territoriality throughout the various articles of this Treaty exemplifies that territorial concern helped spur the war. Article 3 further states, “The Raja of Nepal hereby cedes to the Honourable the East India Company in perpetuity all the under-mentioned territories,” followed by the listing of five very detailed territorial spaces. When describing one of these ceded lands, for example, the Treaty states, “hills eastward of the River Mitchee including the fort and lands of Nagree and the Pass of Nagarcote leading from Morung into the hills.” These high levels of specificity, once again, showcase the Company’s highly fixed perceptions of borders and borderlands. As a result of the Anglo-Nepalese War and the subsequent treaty, Nepal lost approximately one-third of its land. Disputes over territoriality, therefore, constituted a driving cause for war, following from the Company's deep concerns about Nepal’s fluid borders in the preceding years and decades.

1662:

leading up to 1814, conflicts over borderlands played a pivotal role in spurring conflict between Nepal and British India. Throughout its history, the Himalayas served as a site of political malleability and entangled agrarian entitlements. As such, Nepal’s boundaries remained porous. As opposed to fixed territorial lines, Nepal possessed “an unbounded space” that facilitated heterogeneous movements of trade and people. Nepal’s borders experienced frequent shifts in administration determined by the environment, tribute and taxation claims, and landholding patterns. As a result, control over Anglo-Gorkha borderlands – Nepal’s frontiers with British India – oscillated frequently among different agents. In the eighteenth century, these borderlands became an area of deep concern for the British. The British viewed borders as fixed and immutable, leading the Company to interpret Nepal’s fluid boundaries as encroachments on British territory.

3429:, p. 458: The entire letter by Bhimsen Thapa is as follows: "Through the influence of your good fortune, and that of your ancestors, no one has yet been able to cope with the state of Nipal. The Chinese once made war upon us, but were reduced to seek peace. How then will the English be able to penetrate into the hills? Under your auspices, we shall by our own exertions be able to oppose to them a force of fifty-two lakhs of men, with which we will expel them. The small fort of Bhurtpoor was the work of man, yet the English being worsted before it, desisted from the attempt to conquer it; our hills and fastnesses are formed by the hand of God, and are impregnable. I therefore recommend the prosecution of hostilities. We can make peace afterwards on such terms as may suit our convenience." 1770:

Therefore, the Company’s security concerns also aided in causing the war. In the early nineteenth century before the Anglo-Nepalese War, Nepal’s land stood directly north of Bengal, the heart of British administration. This posed a threat to the British. The Company feared that anti-British prejudices among the Nepalese might result in either an attack on Bengal that would strain British communication with North India, or may result in Indian states uniting into an anti-British alliance. Gorkhas’ impressive conquests of the Kathmandu Valley further supplied the British with an exaggerated view of Nepal’s strength, contributing to the British viewing Nepal as a security threat. Gorkhas’ strong resistance against British pressure since the 1760s contributed to British security concerns.

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possibility of an alliance between Nepal and Sikhs in northern India. The Company believed that if Nepal was expelled from its Western lands, the “Terai” region, it would no longer pose a danger. In 1814, this is what the British set out to do, alongside a goal of establishing a second Residency in Kathmandu to keep a close watch on the nation. In May 1814, British forces in Nepal temporarily left to escape malaria season. When Nepali forces aimed to reassert power, Company officials were killed in the process. In 1814, Warren Hastings – Governor General of Bengal – officially declared war on Nepal. 16,000 troops were then sent to invade Nepal in September 1814. The Treaty of Sagauli (1816) then marked the end of the Anglo-Nepalese War.

1749:

funds in Britain, in order to pay overheads, pensions, and dividends; but there were problems in remitting the necessary assets from India. Traditionally the company had bought Indian produce and sold it in London; but this no longer made economic sense. The staple Indian export was cotton goods, and demand for these was declining as home-produced textiles captured the British market. So the company was having to transfer its assets in another, more complicated and expensive way. It was having to ship its Indian textiles to Canton; sell them on the Chinese market; buy tea with the proceeds; then ship the tea for sale in Britain (all tea at this time came from China. It was not grown in India until the 1840s).

2259: 1738:, trade missions were carried out to further these trade interests with the goal of establishing commercial relations with Nepal, Bhutan, and, ultimately, Tibet. Tibet represented a source of Chinese silks, wool, dyestuffs, and other attractive commodities. The Gorkha’s conquest of Kathmandu Valley and Nepal’s push into the Terai regions during the latter half of the eighteenth century, however, was viewed by the British as a threat to the Company’s trading plans. British economic interests, therefore, played a major role in causing the Anglo-Nepalese War. The Treaty of Sagauli illustrates these economic interests, as seen by Britain ceding Nepali lands that covered these attractive trade routes. 2224:

losses. When word of this disaster reached the defenders at Almora, they were stunned. The British closed in on Almora and the Nepalese was unable to prevent the British advance. On 25 April 1815, 2,000 British regulars under Col. Nicholls and a force of irregular troops under Col. Gardiner assaulted and captured the heights of the town of Almorah. Subsequently, the British managed to establish gun positions within seventy yards of the gate of the fort at Almora and the British artillery demolished the walls of the fort at point blank range. Bam Shah surrendered Almora on 27 April 1815. The result of this British victory was the capitulation of the province of Kumaon and all of its fortresses.

1815:

Sheoraj, and whose family derived most of the advantages. Prinsep estimates that the revenue of the usurped lands could not have been less than a lakh of rupees a year to the Nepalese, in the manner they collected it: the retention of this income was therefore an object of no small importance to the ambitious views of Bhimsen Thapa and the preservation of the influence he had contrived to establish for his family. The Nepalese prime minister realized the Nepalese had several advantages over the British including knowledge of the region and recent experience fighting in the mountainous terrain. However, the British had numerical superiority and far more modern weapons.

2326:. Some of the heads of villagers were bribed for sensitive information about the defensive positions in the area of Hariharpur Gadhi. The information seriously compromised the Nepalese defences. Secret routes would have given the enemy advantage even if they were able to get only a battalion through. But the British were able to advance with more than a brigade's strength. Colonel Kelly and Colonel O’Hollorah launched their attack from two different directions on 29 February. The Nepalese troops were eventually driven back from Hariharpur Gadhi after a big battle. Kaji Ranjore Singh Thapa withdrew to Sindhuli Gadhi to link up with Bada Kaji 309: 299: 279: 267: 255: 223: 2434:

1815, while British forces were campaigning in far western Nepal, a high-ranking Manchu official advanced with a large military force from China to Lhasa; and the following year, after the Anglo-Nepalese treaty had been signed, the Chinese army moved south again, right up to Nepal's frontier. The Nepalese panicked, because memories were still vivid of the Chinese invasion of 1792, and there was a flurry of urgent diplomatic activity. Hastings sent mollifying assurances to the imperial authorities, and ordered the British Resident, newly arrived in Kathmandu, to pack his bags and be ready to leave at once if the Chinese invaded again.

2157:

to carry his undivided army against Amar Singh's son, Colonel Ranajor Singh Thapa, who was with about 2300 elite of the Gurkha army, at Nahan. It was further intended to reinforce the division considerably; and the command was handed over to Major-General Martindell. In the meantime Colonel Mawbey had led back the division through the Keree pass, leaving Colonel Carpenter posted at Kalsee, at the north western extremity of the Doon. This station commanded the passes of the Jumna on the main line of communication between the western and eastern portions of the Gurkha territory, and thus was well chosen for procuring intelligence.

1828: 1757:: the exquisitely soft and durable animal down that had been used since time immemorial to make the famous wraps, or shawls, of Kashmir. This down was found only on the shawl-wool goat, and the shawl-wool goat was found only in certain areas of western Tibet. It refused to breed anywhere else. This explains why, under the terms of the treaty of 1816, Nepal was required to surrender its far western provinces. Hastings hoped that this territory, partly annexed by the company and partly restored to its previous rulers, would give British merchants direct access to the wool-growing areas. 1896: 408: 396: 384: 372: 360: 347: 335: 323: 235: 2455:

Kashmir and Ladakh, and the only outsider with whom they dealt was Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the powerful Sikh ruler of Lahore. Ranjit was very zealous of his privilege, and he was the last person the British could afford to offend at this time of crisis and uncertainty. So the East India Company never did get its shawl wool. When it finally acquired the Punjab and Kashmir, after the Sikh Wars of the 1840s, it had long since given up trade, and Kashmir was so little valued that it was quickly discarded – sold for a knock-down price to the Raja of Jammu.

1877:

jungle. The trenches in these ridges are generally water-courses, and rather chasms or gulfs than any thing that deserves the name of a valley. The roads are very insecure, and invariably pathways over mountains, or the beds of rivers, the usual means of transport throughout the country being by hill porters. Notwithstanding this general description, spaces comparatively open and hollow, and elevated tracts of tolerably level land, are to be met with, but so completely detached as to contribute but little to facilitate intercourse.

1873:...The territory subject to Nepal consists of a mountainous tract of country, lying between Tibet and the valley of the Ganges, in breadth not exceeding one hundred miles, but in length stretching nearly along the whole extent of the north-west frontier of the British dominions. Below the hills they held possession of a portion of the plain of irregular width, distinguished by the name of the Nepal Turrye, but the period at which the acquisition was made is not ascertained. 2372: 1785:: "Political safety meant military preparedness. The military expenditure for 1761–62 to 1770–71 was 44 percent of the total spending of 22 million pounds. War and diplomacy rather than trade and improvement; most of the soldiers-would-be politicians and Governor Generals rarely understood. The political safety of Bengal was their first priority and they interpreted safety as requiring the subjugation of Mysore, the Marathas, the Pindaris, the Nepalese and the Burmese." 2093:

versed in mountain tactics. The British advance took place on 6 January 1814, to Jit Gadh. While they were advancing to this fortress, crossing the Tinau River, the Nepalese troops opened fire from the fortress. Another of the attackers' columns was advancing to capture Tansen Bazar. Here too, Nepalese spoiling attacks forced the General to fall back to Gorakhpur. About 70 Nepalese lost their lives in Nuwakot pakhe Gadhi. Meanwhile, more than 300 of the enemy perished.

2136:, was in charge of the attacking British troops. Gillespie was killed on the first day of the siege while rallying his men and despite considerable odds, both in terms of numbers and firepower, Balbhadra and his 600-strong garrison, which also consisted of brave women who reportedly shielded the bullets and cannonballs with their bodies, successfully held out against more than 5,000 British troops for over a month. Fraser recorded the situation in the following terms: 1794: 497: 1717:, with a view of invoking a war against the Nepalese. In the meantime, the British found that the Nepalese were preparing for war; that they had for some time been laying up large stores of saltpetre; purchasing and fabricating arms, and organizing and disciplining their troops under some European deserters in this service, after the model of the companies of East India's sepoy battalions. The conviction that the Nepalese raids into the flatlands of the 2070:, brother of Bhimsen Thapa, was to be the Sector Commander of Makawanpur-Hariharpur axis. He was given a very large fortress and about 4,000 troops with old rifles and a few pieces of cannons. But the British could not move forward from the border. Colonel Ranabir Singh Thapa had been trying to lure the enemies to his selected killing area. But Major General Wood would not venture forward from Bara Gadhi and he eventually fell back to Betiya. 3671:

were three or four only; all principal officers of the court, commanding more than one battalion. The title of Major was held by the adjutant of a battalion or independent company; and Captain was the next grade to colonel, implying the command of a corps. Luftun, or Lieutenant, was the style of the officers commanding companies under the Captain; and then followed the subaltern ranks of Soobadar, Jemadar, and Havildar, without any Ensigns. (

1536: 2172: 38: 1332: 2141:

slaughtered comrades, the sufferings of their women and children thus immured with themselves, and the hopelessness of relief, which destroyed any other motive for their obstinate defence they made, than that resulting from a high sense of duty, supported by unsubdued courage. This, and a generous spirit of courtesy towards their enemy, certainly marked the character of the garrison of Kalunga, during the period of its siege.

1549: 2364: 2474: 2192:. The first assault ended in disaster, with the Nepalese successfully warding off the British offensive. The second managed to cut off the water supply to the fort, but could not capture it mainly because of the exhausted state of the troops and shortage of ammunition. Martindale lost heart and ordered a withdrawal. Jaithak was eventually captured much later in the war, when Ochterlony had taken over the command. 2213:

Kumaun, and the capture of the captain himself, the Nepalese army were unable to stem the tide of the British advance. Hasti Dal Shah arrived in Almora with a small body of reinforcement troops. A further reinforcement of four companies was sent from Kathmandu to aid the beleaguered defences of Kumaun, but the difficulties of communication through the hills prevented them from arriving in time to be of any help.

1904: 1481:, and an ill-equipped and ill-prepared expedition, numbering 2,500, was led by Captain Kinlock in 1767. The expedition was a disaster, and the Gorkhali army easily overpowered those who had not succumbed to malaria or desperation. The ineffectual British force provided the Gorkhali with firearms and filled the Gorkhas with confidence, which possibly caused them to underestimate their opponents in future wars. 1690:

and afterwards, by transfer, to the British. During the regency of Rani Rajendra Laxmi, towards the close of the 18th century, the hill country of Palpa was conquered and annexed to Nepal. The rajah retreated to Butwal, but was subsequently induced, under false promises of redress, to visit Kathmandu, where he was put to death, and his territories in Butwal seized and occupied by the Nepalese.

2237:

attention to the intricate network of defensive posts that were designed to withstand any frontal assault. Although rear fortifications supported these posts, none could withstand a long cannonade by heavy guns. Because Ochterlony had sufficient troops to attack and overwhelm several positions simultaneously, the thinly spread Nepalese defences could be dangerously divided.

2017:, and to cooperate with the forces under Major-General Gillespie, moving downwards among the hills, when these positions should be forced, surrounding Amar Singh, and driving him upon that army. The force consisted exclusively of native infantry and artillery, and amounted to 5,993 men; it had a train of two 18-pounder, ten 6-pounders, and four mortars and howitzers. 2482: 2063:

and Hariharpur axis. A big attack base was established but Major General Marley showed reluctance to take risks against the Nepalese. Some skirmishes had already started taking place. Similarly, Major General George Wood, sometimes known as the Tiger of the British Indian Army, proved exceedingly cautious against the hard charging Nepalese.

2548:, remained in power despite the defeat of Nepal. Other ruling families, particularly the Pandes, decried what they saw as Bhimsen Thapa's submissive attitude towards the British. The prime minister however had been able to retain power by maintaining a large, modernized army and politically dominating the court during the minority of King 1811:, whom we have dispossessed. We have hitherto but hunted deer; if we engage in this war, we must prepare to fight tigers." He was against the measures adopted in Butwal and Sheeoraj, which he declared to have originated in the selfish views of persons, who scrupled not to involve the nation in war to gratify their personal avarice. 1694:, the Nepalese prime minister from 1806 to 1837, installed his own father as governor of Palpa, leading to serious border disputes between the two powers. The occupation of Terai of Butwal from 1804 till 1812 by the Nepalese, which was under British protection, was the immediate reason which led to the Anglo-Nepalese war in 1814. 2153:

surrender, led the 70 surviving members of the garrison in a charge against the besieging force. Fighting their way out of the fort, the survivors escaped into the nearby hills. The battle set the tone for the rest of the Anglo-Nepalese War, and a number of later engagements, including one at Jaithak, unfolded in a similar way.

1881:

somewhat improves in the district of Kemaoon. Further to the westward lies the valley of the Dhoon, and the territory of Sue-na-Ghur; and further still, the more recent conquests, stretching to the village, in which Umar Sing, a chief of uncommon talents, commanded, and indeed, exercised an authority almost independent.

1492:, resulted in the shift of the capital of his kingdom from Gorkha to Kathmandu, and the empire that he and his descendants built then came to be known as Nepal. Also, the invasion of the wealthy Kathmandu Valley provided the Gorkha army with economic support for furthering their martial ambitions throughout the region. 1778:

decision. He was wary of the Hindu revival and solidarity among the Marathas, the Sikhs, and the Gurkhas amid the decaying Mughal empire. He was hatching pre-emptive schemes of conquest against the Marathas in central India, and he needed to cripple Nepal first, in order to avoid having to fight on two fronts.

2450:

for which Lord Moira's administration is better known: Sicca Rs. 5,156,961 as against Sicca Rs. 3,753,789. This was the kind of fact which greatly influenced the policy of the Company government in subsequent years. Thus, while the Company Government, in theory, thoroughly approved of the development

2429:

The Terai lands, however, proved difficult for the British to govern and some of them were returned to the kingdom later in 1816 and the annual payments accordingly abolished. However even after the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War, the border issue between the two states was not yet settled. The

2289:

The British had given a 15-day ultimatum to Nepal to ratify a treaty on 28 November. But the points of the treaty were very difficult for the Nepalese to ratify quickly. The delay provided the excuse for the British to commence the second military campaign against the kingdom. Colonel Bhaktawar Singh

2249:

Both Kazi Amar Singh Thapa and Ranajor Singh Thapa were thus hemmed in and looking down the barrels of the British guns when Bam Shah's letter arrived, announcing the fall of Almora. Although the old commander was still reluctant to surrender, Kazi Amar Singh Thapa at last saw the hopelessness of the

2236:

Kazi Amar Singh Thapa's position in the Malaon Hills depended on Bilaspur in the lowlands for his food supplies, and the nature of the hills forced him to spread his forces very thinly in an attempt to defend every vantage point. Ochterlony cut off the supply of food from Bilaspur and then turned his

1777:

While trade was indeed a major objective of the company, out of it grew a concept of "political safety," which essentially meant a strategy of dissuasion and larger areas of occupation. The evidence does not support the claim that Hastings invaded Nepal only for commercial reasons. It was a strategic

1689:

were originally two separate principalities; they were afterwards united under one independent Rajput prince, who, having conquered Butwal, added it to his hereditary possessions of Palpa. The lands of Butwal, though conquered and annexed, were yet held in fief, or paid an annual sum, first to Awadh,

1665:

Motivated by territorial concern, the Company embarked on surveys and mapmaking projects. These activities involved carving political and administrative boundaries in Nepal to render the territory “more legible for colonial rule.” These maps were then produced by the Revenue Surveys in the nineteenth

2617:

died and the six-year-old heir to the throne, whom Ochterlony supported, was usurped by his cousin Durjan Sal. When Durjan Sal failed to submit to Ochterlony's demands to vacate the throne, the British general prepared to march on Bharatpur. He did not receive the backing of the new Governor-General

2501:

were quick to recognize the potential of Nepalese soldiers in British service. During the war the British were keen to use defectors from the Nepalese army and employ them as irregular forces. His confidence in their loyalty was such that in April 1815 he proposed forming them into a battalion under

2454:

Furthermore, despite the British merchants' direct access to the wool growing areas after the war, the hopes of shawl wool trade were never realised. The British merchants found that they were too late. The shawl wool market was strictly closed and closely guarded. It was monopolised by traders from

2245:

valiantly led assault after assault on this position, but he died during battle and the position did not fall. Immensely impressed by Bhakti's sustained courage against impossible odds, the British made the well appreciated and honourable gesture of returning his body with full military honours. The

2156:

The experience at Nalapani so discomforted the British that Lord Hastings so far varied his plan of operations as to forego the detachment of a part of this division to occupy Gurhwal. He accordingly instructed Colonel Mawbey to leave a few men in a strong position for the occupation of the Doon and

2062:

Major General Marley was tasked to occupy Hetauda and capture the fortresses of Hariharpur and Makawanpur before proceeding to Kathmandu. His frontage of advance lay between Rapati river and Bagmati river. After additional reinforcements, he had 12,000 troops for his offensive against the Makawanpur

1773:

The Treaty of Sagauli showcases British security concerns. Article 6 of the treaty states, “The Raja of Nepal renounces for himself, his heirs, and successors, all claim to or connection with the countries lying to the west of the River Kali and engages never to have any concern with those countries

2321:

During the campaign in February 1816, Ochterlony decided to take a very infrequently used pass through the mountains. The failure there would have been a disaster for British. But the successful passage would allow British to directly emerge and attack the Nepalese's rear. Colonel Kelly and Colonel

2240:

Ochterlony chose his target, a point on the ridge, and then proceeded to move slowly, consolidating each position that he took, and allowing the pioneers time to build roads so that the heavy guns could be moved forward to support each attack. After a series of carefully planned and executed moves,

2152:

After two costly and unsuccessful attempts to seize the fort by direct attack, the British changed their approach and sought to force the garrison to surrender by cutting off the fort's external water supply. Having suffered three days of thirst, on the last day of the siege, Balbhadra, refusing to

1880:

One of the largest and most fertile of these constitutes the valley of Nepal Proper. To the westward of Nepal, there is a difficult tract, till the country again opens in the valley of Gorkah, the original possession of the present dynasty. – Westward of this the country is again difficult, till it

1760:

Similarly David Ochterlony, then an agent at Ludhiana, on 24 August 1814 noted of Dehra Dun as a "potentially thriving entrepot for Trans-Himalayan trade." He contemplated annexing Garhwal not so much with the view to revenue, but for security of commercial communications with the country where the

1748:

Lord Hastings was not averse to exploiting any commercial opportunities that access to the Himalayan region might offer. He knew that these would gratify his employers and silence his critics, because the East India Company was at this time in the throes of a cash-flow crisis. It needed substantial

1673:

illustrate that clashes over territorial views aided in causing the war. Article 2 states, “The Raja of Nepal renounces all claim to the lands which were the subject of discussion between the two States before the war, and acknowledges the right of the Honourable Company to the sovereignty of those

3670:

The use of English terms for their grades of command was common in the Nepalese army, but the powers of the different ranks did not correspond with those of the British system. The title of General was assumed by Bhimsen Thapa, as Commander-in-chief, and enjoyed by himself alone; of Colonels there

2433:

The British never had the intention to destroy either the existence or the independence of a state which was usefully interposed between them and the dependencies of China. Lord Hastings had given up his plan to dismember Nepal from fear of antagonising China – whose vassal Nepal in theory was. In

2223:

and some five hundred Nepalese Army men had set out from Almora to secure Almora's Northern line of communications with Kathmandu. This party was intercepted. Hasti Dal Shah, the ablest Nepalese commander in this sector, was killed in the first moments of the battle. The Nepalese suffered terrible

1876:

The general military character of the country is that of extreme difficulty. Immediately at the front of the hills the plain is covered with the Great Saul Forest, for an average width of ten or twelve miles; the masses of the mountains are immense, their sides steep, and covered with impenetrable

1661:

Territorial conflict represents a significant cause of the Anglo-Nepalese War. First, Nepal’s views on borders and borderlands clashed with the Company’s visions of space and territoriality. Borderlands represent “zones of contact for the management, separation, and negotiation of difference,” and

2563:

became British resident, openly favouring Bhimsen Thapa's opponents, and in 1837 the king announced his intention to rule independently, depriving the prime minister and his nephew of their military powers. After the eldest son of the queen died, Bhimsen Thapa was falsely accused of attempting to

2216:

Meanwhile, Hastings sent Colonel Nicolls, Quartermaster-General for the British troops in India, to take charge of the Almora campaign and assigned two thousand regular troops to this front in addition to the very large number of irregulars already assigned to the area – all of this against fewer

2204:

Out West, the Nepalese were hopelessly overextended. Kumaun, a key link in Nepalese army communications with the Far West, was defended by a small force, numbering about seven hundred and fifty men, with an equal number of Kumaoni irregulars, altogether about fifteen hundred men to defend a whole

2195:

A single day of battle at Jaithak cost the British over three hundred men dead and wounded and cooled Martindell's ardour for battle. For over a month and a half, he refused to take any further initiative against the Nepalese army. Thus by mid-February, of the four British commanders the Nepalese

2144:

Whatever the nature of the Gurkhas may have been found in other quarters, there was here no cruelty to wounded or to prisoners; no poisoned arrows were used; no wells or waters were poisoned; no rancorous spirit of revenge seemed to animate them: they fought us in fair conflict, like men; and, in

2013:, was to operate in the hilly country lying near the Sutlej: it assembled under Brigadier-General Ochterlony, and was destined to advance against the strong and extensive cluster of posts held by Amar Singh and the troops under his immediate orders at and surrounding arki, a considerable town of 1733:

Economic interests also represent vital causes of the Anglo-Nepalese War. First, the British sought to utilize the trans-Himalayan trade routes through Kathmandu and eastern Nepal. These routes would create access to untapped markets for British manufactured goods in Tibet and China. In the late

2212:

The British force, numbering initially over forty five hundred men, was easily able to outmanoeuvre the Nepalese army defenders and force them to abandon one post after another. Despite a significant victory over Captain Hearsey's force, which had been sent on a flanking movement though Eastern

2092:

had deployed his 1200 troops in many defensive positions including Jit Gadhi, Nuwakot Gadhi and Kathe Gadhi. The troops under Colonel Ujir were very disciplined and he himself was a dedicated and able commander. He was famous for exploiting advantage in men, material, natural resources and well

2047:

The Commander-in-Chief of the British forces was Lord Moira. All four divisions composed mostly of Indian Sepoys. Ochterlony's army was the only division without a single British battalion. In conclusion, the Gorkhali Army defeated the British on three fronts consisting the middle and the east

2003:, in order to cut off that chief from the rest, and thus to reduce him to terms. This division originally consisted of his Majesty's 53d, which with artillery and a few dismounted dragoons, made up about one thousand Europeans, and two thousand five hundred native infantry, totaling 3,513 men. 1769:

Although the immediate cause of disputes between Nepal and the British occurred over territoriality, it is unlikely that the Company would have embarked on such an expensive and arduous war without a desire to “eliminate one of the few remaining threats to British dominance in northern India.”

1814:

This contrasts sharply with the prime minister of Nepal, Bhimsen Thapa – " ... our hills and fastness are formed by the hand of God, and are impregnable." This stance by Bhimsen Thapa is not surprising, as insinuated by Amar Singh, considering Amar Singh had made the usurpations in Butwal and

1856:

The richest portion of the territory conquered by us bordered on the dominions the Nawab Vizier. I arranged the transfer of that tract to him in extinction of the second crore which I had borrowed. Of that crore the charges of the war absorbed fifty two lacs: forty eight lacs (£600,000) were

1435:

and became Nepal’s ruling force, paving the way for a declining relationship between British India and Nepal. In 1801, the Company established a British Residency in Kathmandu to seek a stronger hold over the region. As 1814 approached, however, the British found themselves concerned by the

2140:

The determined resolution of the small party which held this small post for more than a month, against so comparatively large a force, must surely wring admiration from every voice, especially when the horrors of the latter portion of this time are considered; the dismal spectacle of their

1964:, was meant to enter the hills by the Bhootnuill pass, and, turning to the eastward, to penetrate the hilly districts, towards Kathmandu, and cooperate with the first division, while its success would have divided the enemy's country and force into two parts, cutting off all the troops in 2232:

The second battle of Malaon and Jaithak cut the Nepalese lines of communication between Central Nepal and the Far West. It also sealed the fate of Kazi Amar Singh Thapa at Malaon and Ranajor Singh Thapa at Jaithak. At Malaon, Major-General Ochterlony had moved with extreme care summoning

1774:

or the inhabitants there of.” This illustrates that the British used territorial limitations as a way of curtailing their security concerns – whether it be their concern over Nepal’s relationships with Sikhs, or concerns around Nepal’s possibility of alliance with north India or Bengal.

1745:(1792), Maulvi Abdul Qader (1795), and later William O. Knox (1801), the Nepalese Durbar refused to budge an inch. The resistance to open up the country to the Europeans could be summed up in a Nepalese precept, "With the merchants come the musket and with the Bible comes the bayonet." 2451:

of trade, especially in shawl wool, between Western Tibet and its territories, it was unprepared to take any decisive step to bring this about. It preferred to leave the Chinese in Tibet to their own devices, and hoped to avoid the risk, however slight, of another expensive hill war.

1666:

century, serving as a strategy for the Company to divide land into non-overlapping, fixed spaces. Clashing ideas around borderlands and spatiality, therefore, played an instrumental role leading up to the height of territorial disputes in 1814 – the onset of the Anglo-Nepalese War.

1806:

When the Kathmandu Durbar solicited Nepalese chiefs' opinions about a possible war with the British, Amar Singh Thapa was not alone in his opposition, declaring that – "They will not rest satisfied without establishing their own power and authority, and will unite with the hill

1915:

The initial British campaign was an attack on two fronts across a frontier of more than 1,500 kilometres (930 mi), from the Sutlej to the Koshi. In the eastern front, Major-General Bennet Marley and Major-General John Sullivan Wood led their respective columns across the

1950:: thus at once carrying the war into the heart of the enemy's country. This force consisted of 8,000 men, including his Majesty's 24th foot of 907 strong; there was a train attached to it of four 18-pounders, eight 6- and 3-pounders, and fourteen mortars and howitzers. 1752:

So when Hastings told the directors of the Company about an alternative means of remittance, a rare and precious raw material that could easily and profitably be shipped from India directly to London, they were at once interested. The raw material in question was a

2196:

army had faced till that time, Gillespie was dead, Marley had deserted, Wood was harassed into inactivity, and Martindell was practically incapacitated by over-cautiousness. It set the scene for Octorloney to soon show his mettle and change the course of the war.

1823:

saw the Nepalese as a challenge to British supremacy — "Opinion is everything in such a country as India: and whenever the natives shall begin to lose their reverence for the English arms, our superiority in other respects will quickly sink into contempt."

1705:

contends that the British were striving to annex the hill regions of Nepal and were the ones responsible for creating border disputes. At the border demarcation, the British representative Major Bradshaw disrespected the Nepalese representatives – Rajguru

2101:

No special military action had taken place in Hariharpur Gadhi fortress in the first campaign. Major General Bannet Marley and Major General George Wood had not been able to advance for an offensive against Makawanpur and Hariharpur Gadhi fortresses.

2618:

however, and after Amherst countermanded his orders, Ochterlony resigned, as Amherst had anticipated. This episode badly affected the ailing general who died shortly after on 14 July 1825. A 165-foot-high memorial was later erected in

2341:

settled down to receive the treaty, signed by Kathmandu Durbar through Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya, Pandit Gajaraj Mishra and finally though Bhaktawar Singh Thapa. Two days later the ratified treaty was handed over to the British in

1405:

in 1816, which ceded some of the Nepalese-controlled territory to the EIC. The British war effort was led by the EIC against the Kingdom of Gorkha. Most of the Kingdom of Gorkha's war effort was led by the two Thapa families: the

2564:

poison the prince. Although acquitted, the Thapas were in turmoil. When the head of the Pande family, Rana Jang Pande, became prime minister, he had Bhimsen Thapa re-imprisoned; Bhimsen Thapa committed suicide in August 1839.

1932:. About the beginning of October 1814, the British troops began to move towards different depots; and the army was soon after formed into four divisions, one at Benares, one at Meeruth, one at Dinapur, and one at Ludhiana. 2183:

Major General Martindale now joined the force and took over command. He occupied the town of Nahan on 27 December, and started his attack on the fort of Jaithak. The fort had a garrison of 2000 men under the command of

1972:

from communication with the capital. Its force consisted of his Majesty's 17th foot, 950 strong, and about 3000 infantry, totaling 4,494 men; it had a train of seven 6- and 3-pounders, and four mortars and howitzers.

1426:

actively traded with Nepal. Viewed as an opulence hub, Nepal supplied the Company with commodities such as rice, butter, oil seeds, timber, dyes, and gold. In 1767, British concerns around this partnership grew when

1507:

of India for help. Anxious to avoid a confrontation with the Chinese, the Governor-General did not send troops but sent Captain Kirkpatrick as mediator. However, before he arrived the war with China had finished.

2430:

boundary between Nepal and Oudh was not finally adjusted until 1830; and that between Nepal and the British territories remained as a matter of discussion between the two Governments for several years later.

2250:

situation and, compelled by circumstances and the British guns, surrendered with honour for both himself and Ranajor Singh. The Nepalese positions in the Far West lost control to the British on 15 May 1815.

1818:

In the meantime, the Governor-General also naively believed that "the difficulties of mountain warfare were greater on the defensive side than on that of a well conducted offensive operation." Soldiers like

2379:

4 March 1816. It suited Ochterlony to bring the campaign to a speedy conclusion because of the approach of the dreaded aul-fever season but also because a number of his European troops were suffering from

2246:

British superiority in numbers made it inevitable that they would be able to establish themselves and their heavy guns on a vantage point within range of Ranajor Singh's fortifications, sooner or later.

1761:

shawl wool is produced. The British soon got to know that Kumaon provided a better facility for trade with Tibet. Therefore, the annexation of these two areas became part of their strategic objectives.

1721:, a much prized strip of fertile ground separating the Nepalese hill country from India, increased tensions – the British felt their power in the region and their tenuous lines of communication between 1869:

To the British, who were used to fighting in the plains, but were unacquainted with the terrain of the hills, the formidability of the topology is expressed by one anonymous British soldier as such:

1725:

and the northwest were under threat. Since there was no clear border, confrontation between the two powers was "necessary and unavoidable". Britain formally declared war on Nepal on 1 November 1814.

1503:

sent an army that expelled the Nepalese from Tibet to within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) of their capital, Kathmandu. Acting Regent Bahadur Shah (Prithvi Naryan's younger son) appealed to the British

6958: 2286:

appointed him as the Main Operational Commander in the second offensive on the Bharatpur-Makawanpur-Hariharpur front with 17,000 strong invasion force, but again, most of them were Indian sepoys.

2426:. The fear of having a British Resident in Kathmandu ultimately proved to be unfounded, as the rulers of Nepal managed to isolate the Resident to such an extent as to be in virtual house arrest. 2350:, which has been considered as an unequal treaty which led to Nepal losing its one-third territory. The river Mechi became the new Eastern border and the Mahakali the Western boundary of Nepal. 7811: 2442:

Despite the boast of Lord Moira to the British parliament on having increased the state coffers, the Gurkha War had in reality cost more than the combined cost of the campaigns against the

1861:

This was in contrast with the Nepalese who had spent huge amount of resources on the first and second wars against the Tibetans, which had led to the gradual exhaustion of their treasury.

5292: 2314:, was the overall commander against Nepal with a massive 17,000 British troops to assault the fronts including Upardang Gadhi, Sinchyang Gadhi, Kandrang Gadhi, Makawanpur Gadhi and 6854: 2514: 7806: 1515:, but by 1803, the Raja of Garhwal, Pradyuman Shah, had also been defeated. He was killed in the struggle in January 1804, and all his land was annexed. Further west, general 2506:, saw action at the Malaun fort under the leadership of Lieutenant Lawtie, who reported to Ochterlony that he "had the greatest reason to be satisfied with their exertions". 1741:

The British had made constant efforts to persuade the Nepalese government to allow them trade access to fabled Tibet through Nepal. Despite a series of delegations headed by

5220: 8425: 893: 2148:

So far from insulting the bodies of the dead and wounded, they permitted them to lie untouched, till carried away; and none were stripped, as is too universally the case.

3522:"Nepal Proper" refers to the Kathmandu Valley. Before the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley by Prithvi Narayan Shah, only this valley was originally referred to as Nepal. 6953: 4195: 3192:

Michael, Bernardo A. “Writing a World History of the Anglo-Gorkha Borderlands in the Early Nineteenth Century.” Journal of World History 25, no. 4 (2014): 535–58.

963: 3326:

English, Richard. “Himalayan State Formation and the Impact of British Rule in the Nineteenth Century.” Mountain Research and Development 5, no. 1 (1985): 61–78.

2241:

he succeeded in establishing a position on the crest of Deothal, not even over a thousand yards from Kazi Amar Singh Thapa's main fort at Malaon. The old warrior

8151: 7879: 2088:

and Nuwakot with a view to bypass the Butwal defenses, flushing out minor opposition on the axis, and assault Palpa from a less guarded flank. Nepalese Colonel

1857:

consequently left in the treasury, a clear gain to the Honourable Company, in addition to the benefit of precluding future annoyance from an insolent neighbour.

8405: 948: 913: 973: 938: 883: 8064: 6979: 6876: 4227: 2928: 2889: 918: 908: 2552:, (reigned 1816–1847). Additionally, he was able to freeze out the Pandes from power by appointing members of his own family into positions of authority. 7818: 7754: 6765: 958: 953: 943: 928: 903: 888: 4166:

Britain and Tibet 1765-1947: a select annotated bibliography of British relations with Tibet and the Himalayan states including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan

1605:

In the years leading up to the war, the British had been expanding their sphere of influence. While the Nepalese had been expanding their empire – into

3098:

Caplan, Lionel. “‘Bravest of the Brave’: Representations of ‘The Gurkha’ in British Military Writings.” Modern Asian Studies 25, no. 3 (1991): 571–97.

978: 968: 923: 898: 2838: 1734:

eighteenth century, therefore, the Company turned its attention toward trade between Tibet and British possessions in Bengal. Under the leadership of

6871: 2595: 1698: 933: 878: 259: 2028:

frontier. This officer was desired to open a communication with the Raja of Sikkim, and to give him every assistance and encouragement to expel the

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reinforcements and heavy guns from Delhi until his total attack force consisted of over ten thousand men well-equipped with heavy cannon.

8435: 8284: 7382: 6881: 8069: 7828: 7377: 2629:

Soon after Ochterlony's resignation Amherst was himself obliged to do what Ochterlony had prepared to do, and laid siege to Bharatpur.

2518: 1360: 7726: 6891: 2124:, which was placed under siege by the British between 31 October and 30 November 1814. The fort's garrison was commanded by Captain 1685:

into the close proximity of the raja(king) of Palpa – the last remaining independent town within the Nepalese heartlands. Palpa and

6861: 5328: 4847: 4450: 4220: 3930:

History of the political and military transactions in India during the administration of the Marquess of Hastings, 1813–1823, Vol 1

2773:, who was considered a member of the larger Thapa caucus, led the battle as overall commander against the columns of Major-General 2602:

and he lived in the style appropriate to a very senior figure of the company. However, after Lord Moira left India – succeeded by

206:

Nepal renounced all claim to the disputed Tarai, and ceded its conquests west of the Kali River and extending to the Sutlej River.

7894: 7699: 7547: 7542: 7408: 6923: 6918: 6886: 1519:

overran lands as far as Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, the strongest fort in the hill region, and laid siege to it. However, Maharaja

102: 1499:

over a long-standing dispute over trade and control of the mountain passes triggered Chinese intervention. In 1792, the Chinese

8052: 7250: 6913: 6844: 5446: 5310: 2498: 2032:

from the eastern hills, short of an actual advance of troops for the purpose. Captain Barré Latter was sent to the border with

74: 4190: 2986: 8146: 7855: 7530: 7413: 7307: 6908: 6752: 6743: 5747: 4643: 4137: 4100: 4055: 3161: 2922: 2883: 1288: 1223: 4317: 3886:

Journal of a tour through part of the snowy range of the Himālā mountains, and to the sources of the rivers Jumna and Ganges

8158: 7889: 5400: 4673: 4486: 81: 8045: 7403: 5698: 5316: 5250: 4213: 1638: 55: 8035: 7387: 6066: 4528: 143: 7789: 7218: 7213: 6800: 6131: 5129: 4474: 4323: 4173: 4116: 4037: 2603: 2024:

eastward, Major Latter was furnished with two thousand men, including his district battalion, for the defence of the

1742: 1592: 1282: 121: 1574: 88: 8180: 7995: 7716: 7223: 6941: 6849: 6839: 6818: 6100: 5987: 5718: 5346: 4353: 3196: 3330: 1987:; and having reduced the forts in that valley, to move, as might be deemed expedient, to the eastward, to recover 8415: 8097: 8015: 7980: 7749: 7443: 6374: 6078: 6047: 5394: 4979: 4311: 3157:

Bradshaw, Parish and Gajaraj, Mishra, “Treaty of Sugauli,” 1816. Historic Treaties and Documents, Archive Nepal.

3102: 2422:

would pay 200,000 rupees annually to compensate for the loss of income from the Terai region. The British set up

3956: 2912: 2873: 8410: 8074: 7799: 7721: 5334: 4691: 4606: 4275: 4019: 2258: 1559: 1353: 70: 59: 2302:

in the first campaign. In this second campaign, Bada Kaji Amarsingh Thapawas detailed as Sector Commander for

8420: 7867: 7183: 6896: 6109: 6027: 5969: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4733: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4679: 4655: 2810:

with the same name. The two Amar Singhs are differentiated by the qualifier Bada (greater) and Sanu (lesser).

2748:

with the same name. The two Amar Singhs are differentiated by the qualifier Bada (greater) and Sanu (lesser).

2337:

The situation became very critical for Nepal and the British which eventually led to a treaty. Major General

1928:

commanded columns in the western front. These columns were faced with the Nepalese army under the command of

1312: 4727: 5897: 5045: 4257: 4237: 2830: 2036:

and after a successful mission to confine the Gorkhas to their own territory concluded the Anglo-Sikkimese

512: 5773: 4715: 4205: 2367:

Bhimsen Thapa's troops, right, at Segauli, 1816, with India Pattern Brown Bess muskets and chupi bayonets.

8445: 7492: 6627: 6293: 6275: 6059: 6054: 5791: 5232: 5184: 4769: 4570: 2769:) commanded over the Makwanpur-Hariharpur Axis and Bijayapur-Sindhuligadhi Axis, respectively. Bada Kaji 1294: 1176: 517: 1999:, where Ranjore Singh Thapa held the government for his father, Amar Singh; and so sweep on towards the 1840:

The Governor-General looked towards the Nawab of Awadh to finance the impending warfare with Nepal: two

8400: 8395: 8390: 8222: 6989: 6659: 6652: 6448: 6389: 6270: 6139: 6037: 5826: 5439: 4793: 4721: 4661: 4510: 3868:"An account of the war in Nipal; Contained in a Letter from an Officer on the Staff of the Bengal Army" 2587: 2419: 2057: 1622: 1411: 1271: 1132: 1018: 535: 17: 2205:

province. In addition, Doti which was to the East of Kumaun, had been practically stripped of troops.

8168: 8057: 8000: 7245: 6791: 6736: 5795: 5643: 5051: 4438: 4365: 4281: 2510: 2282:. He was the only successful British Commander in the first Nepal-Company campaign. Not surprisingly 2120:

was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War. The battle took place around the Nalapani fort, near

1346: 1300: 1164: 1102: 476: 327: 3365: 8141: 8040: 8005: 7794: 7264: 7103: 6642: 6406: 5783: 5763: 5737: 5304: 5117: 5063: 4949: 4937: 4907: 4649: 4540: 4341: 4335: 2468: 1682: 1265: 1229: 1188: 665: 4143: 1942:, being the largest, was commanded by Major-General Marley, and was intended to seize the pass at 8460: 7639: 7500: 7188: 6164: 6149: 6095: 6088: 5977: 5930: 5922: 5882: 5768: 5505: 5268: 5202: 5039: 5003: 4805: 4781: 4739: 4612: 4600: 4522: 4516: 4299: 3250: 2133: 1570: 1523:, the ruler of the Sikh state in Punjab, intervened and had driven the Nepalese army east of the 1241: 48: 4889: 4582: 2622:

in his memory; however, Sir David Ochterlony's greatest legacy is the continuing recruitment of

95: 8465: 8455: 8450: 8440: 8265: 8255: 8136: 8124: 8084: 7990: 7840: 7013: 6994: 6974: 6399: 6119: 6114: 5982: 5244: 4853: 4835: 4829: 4618: 4552: 4420: 4305: 4287: 2560: 1259: 599: 283: 1827: 8344: 8319: 8314: 7774: 7317: 7173: 6999: 6813: 6696: 6637: 6431: 6344: 6265: 6042: 6022: 5432: 4901: 4504: 4444: 4371: 3657: 3549: 2766: 2679: 2583: 2145:

intervals of actual combat, showed us a liberal courtesy worthy of a more enlightened people.

1988: 1317: 1075: 388: 1566: 8260: 8217: 8119: 8010: 7779: 7596: 6729: 6647: 6622: 6255: 5702: 5628: 5623: 5298: 5087: 5033: 4961: 4883: 4871: 4667: 4426: 4347: 2709: 2669: 2545: 2040:

confirming the Raja's dominions, although the latter lost territory from his border to the

1782: 1462: 1440: 1007: 719: 584: 4063: 3917:

Summary of the operations in India: with their results: from 30 April 1814 to 31 Jan. 1823

3861: 3852: 3827: 3800: 3351: 496: 8: 8270: 7657: 7327: 6866: 6572: 6359: 5172: 4985: 4943: 4396: 4263: 3924: 3476: 2664: 2399: 2185: 2079: 2067: 1831:

Francis Edward Rawdon, Marquess of Hastings, Governor-General of India from 1813 to 1823.

1398: 1306: 1247: 1108: 1048: 1036: 707: 400: 376: 3976: 3895: 3133:

Rose, Leo E. Nepal: Strategy for Survival. 1st ed. University of California Press, 1971.

2517:; an additional battalion, the Kumaon battalion was also raised eventually becoming the 2084:

With the help of an ousted Palpali king, Major General Wood planned to march on Siuraj,

8334: 8207: 8202: 7454: 6901: 6354: 6349: 6303: 6288: 6144: 6083: 6071: 6032: 5813: 5778: 5713: 5533: 5340: 5208: 5190: 5141: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5027: 4799: 4588: 4564: 4534: 4462: 4081: 3465: 2794: 2762: 2704: 2674: 2654: 2464: 2117: 2111: 1943: 1895: 1489: 1478: 1448: 1423: 1394: 1235: 1144: 1120: 1096: 1042: 1030: 1024: 853: 848: 843: 838: 818: 813: 808: 803: 778: 773: 763: 748: 743: 653: 635: 609: 227: 153: 2994: 8250: 8245: 8212: 8163: 8112: 8107: 8102: 7614: 7604: 7297: 7154: 6617: 6491: 6471: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6010: 5992: 5909: 5742: 5729: 5708: 5693: 5670: 5650: 5358: 5352: 5262: 5123: 5069: 4925: 4576: 4498: 4468: 4359: 4169: 4133: 4112: 4096: 4085: 4051: 4033: 4015: 3987: 3884: 3651: 2918: 2879: 2719: 2659: 2591: 2549: 2347: 2306:

and the eastern front. Colonel Bhaktawar Singh Thapa was manning his headquarters at

2166: 2037: 1714: 1707: 1670: 1444: 1402: 1217: 1182: 1138: 1126: 1070: 1065: 1012: 833: 823: 783: 768: 753: 192: 8430: 8240: 8232: 7948: 7936: 7924: 7662: 7652: 7609: 7045: 6823: 6689: 6682: 6461: 6334: 6322: 6298: 6243: 6172: 5959: 5887: 5665: 5638: 5467: 5459: 5382: 5370: 5364: 5322: 5226: 5196: 5111: 4931: 4913: 4895: 4865: 4480: 4329: 4269: 4073: 3510: 2786: 2778: 2770: 2758: 2649: 2644: 2614: 2579: 2573: 2423: 2338: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2279: 2271: 2209:, as governor of Kumaun, had final responsibility for the defence of the province. 2189: 2125: 2089: 1996: 1969: 1929: 1925: 1516: 1504: 1500: 1485: 1432: 1386: 1253: 1056: 873: 828: 798: 788: 738: 713: 574: 541: 485: 412: 364: 351: 287: 271: 239: 176: 4109:

Thapa politics in Nepal : with special reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806-1839

3158: 2502:

Lieutenant Ross called the Nasiri regiment. This regiment, which later became the

2398:

was ratified on 4 March 1816. As per the treaty, Nepal lost all Sikkim (including

1637:. This British expansion had already been resisted in India, culminating in three 8197: 8189: 8129: 7904: 7784: 7647: 7629: 7472: 7462: 7292: 7193: 7098: 7075: 7050: 6808: 6632: 6501: 6481: 6438: 6308: 6260: 6215: 5904: 5274: 5214: 5153: 5147: 5075: 4955: 4859: 4841: 4492: 4414: 4009: 3939: 3928: 3915: 3909: 3867: 3334: 3200: 3165: 3106: 2774: 2724: 2689: 2407: 2307: 2294:, had been appointed as Sector Commander for defensive battles for the area from 2129: 2025: 1921: 1820: 1735: 1702: 1614: 1512: 1397:(EIC). Both sides had ambitious expansion plans for the mountainous north of the 793: 758: 683: 641: 564: 149: 7672: 7624: 7467: 7137: 7110: 7055: 6705: 6587: 6541: 6496: 6476: 6426: 6379: 6364: 6280: 5618: 5595: 5515: 5500: 5406: 5135: 5057: 5015: 5009: 4997: 4685: 4241: 3998: 3497: 2714: 2694: 2684: 2415: 2403: 2395: 2389: 2376: 2303: 2299: 2275: 2220: 2029: 1965: 1678: 1610: 1458: 1428: 1170: 729: 659: 604: 579: 547: 4077: 1983:, under Major-General Gillespie; and it was purposed to march directly to the 8384: 7667: 7477: 7302: 7127: 7115: 7070: 7065: 6551: 6516: 6384: 5951: 5844: 5839: 5655: 5600: 5585: 5412: 5388: 5286: 5280: 5178: 4546: 4432: 4402: 2875:

Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J, Volume 1; Volume 6, pp. 493

2806:

Not to be confused with the better known commander of Gorkhali forces in the

2782: 2744:

Not to be confused with the better known commander of Gorkhali forces in the

2556: 2541: 2535: 2291: 1991:

from the troops of Amar Singh Thapa; or to the westward, to gain the post of

1754: 1691: 1642: 1470: 1431:

ascended their power and leadership in Nepal. In 1768, the Gorkhas conquered

1407: 1382: 1087: 1082: 677: 647: 339: 7965: 7872: 7677: 7482: 7350: 7142: 7080: 7060: 6710: 6592: 6526: 6486: 6202: 5688: 5680: 5610: 5256: 5099: 4973: 4624: 4594: 4377: 4235: 3897:

Military sketches of the Goorka war in India: in the years 1814, 1815, 1816

2242: 1711: 1646: 1520: 1473:

confederacy. Until then, only the Kathmandu Valley had been referred to as

1454: 1336: 1194: 1158: 1152: 1002: 614: 569: 4919: 3860:. The London Gazette. Issue: 17190. Published: 11 Nov 1816. pp. 1–4. 3851:. The London Gazette. Issue: 17052. Published: 19 Aug 1815. pp. 1–8. 2371: 8339: 7960: 7955: 7510: 7203: 7120: 6776: 6756: 6521: 5943: 5590: 5376: 5021: 4817: 4751: 4558: 4408: 2411: 2263: 2041: 2021: 1793: 1650: 864: 671: 559: 4064:

Pemble, John (2009), "Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurkha War",

7515: 7030: 6721: 6338: 6177: 6154: 5854: 5633: 5546: 5482: 4823: 4745: 4456: 4293: 3906:

Papers regarding the administration of the Marquis of Hastings in India

3327: 3193: 2807: 2745: 2343: 2331: 2283: 1946:, between Gunduk and Bagmati, the key to Nepal, and to push forward to 1535: 507: 2330:. The British troops did not approach Sindhuli Gadhi and fell back to 2270:

The outstretched Nepalese army was defeated on the Western front i.e.

1960:, under command of Major-General Wood, having subsequently removed to 1903: 8359: 8349: 8329: 7943: 7931: 7919: 7520: 6577: 6220: 6207: 5864: 5834: 5238: 4991: 4811: 3099: 2381: 2295: 2085: 1984: 1961: 1947: 1466: 2171: 1577:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1563:. There are citations but the content is not faithful to the sources 37: 8354: 8304: 8299: 8294: 7914: 7579: 7035: 6782: 6770: 6597: 5935: 5580: 5551: 5541: 5523: 4967: 2790: 2619: 2447: 2443: 2206: 2121: 2010: 1722: 1626: 593: 4185: 8324: 8309: 7619: 7505: 7312: 6546: 6511: 6506: 6456: 6394: 6225: 6197: 6192: 6182: 5859: 5556: 5424: 2490: 2486: 2473: 2363: 2176: 1957: 1939: 1681:'s lands by the British East India Company brought the region of 2509:

As well as Ochterlony's Gorkhali battalions, William Fraser and

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Battles of the honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj

2639: 2623: 2033: 2014: 2000: 1980: 1908: 1686: 1634: 1630: 1606: 1524: 553: 3904:

East India Company. (1824). Papers respecting the Nepaul War.

1844:(20 million) rupees were solicited. Of this matter he writes: 1625:

had consolidated its position in India from its main bases of

1401:. The war ended with a British victory and the signing of the 8369: 7574: 7340: 6187: 5892: 5455: 2699: 2599: 1992: 1917: 1841: 1808: 1718: 1618: 1496: 1474: 1390: 407: 395: 383: 371: 359: 346: 334: 322: 234: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 2606:

as Governor-General in 1823 – Ochterlony fell out of favor.

1920:

towards the heart of the valley of Kathmandu. Major-General

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Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War 2009

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Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War 2009

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Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War 2009

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commanded over the Butwal-Jitgadhi Axis, and his brothers (

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Bhimsen Thapa, prime minister of Nepal from 1806 to 1837.

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commanded the Nahan and Jaithak forts. Ranjor's nephew

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The Tibet affair had postponed a planned attack on the

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Narrative of a five-year's residence at Nepaul. Vol 1

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Britain's Gorkha War: The Invasion of Nepal, 1814–16

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19th-century military history of the United Kingdom

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The Monthly Magazine. Volume: XLIX Part: I for 1820

3821: 3782: 3509:tree, is a species of tree belonging to the family 3410: 3408: 3406: 3281: 3206: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3021: 2521:. None of these men fought in the second campaign. 2199: 2048:whereas lost the remaining two fronts in the west. 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3739: 3737: 2513:raised the Sirmoor battalion, later to become the 2477:Gurkahs of 66th Regiment in their national costume 3712: 3710: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3621: 3619: 3606: 3604: 3582: 3444: 3393: 3391: 3228: 3226: 3224: 8382: 3770: 3722: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3403: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3296: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3136: 3112: 2278:area. Ochterlony had finally outfoxed Bada Kaji 1899:Officer and Private, 40th Regiment of Foot, 1815 7861:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks 4014:(Revised ed.), Routledge, pp. 26–43, 3849:Dispatches, dated Fort-William, 25 January 1815 3794: 3734: 3159:https://www.archivenepal.org/treatiescollection 2322:O’Hollorah followed the river Bagmati to reach 3811: 3809: 3707: 3690: 3631: 3616: 3601: 3420: 3388: 3221: 2943: 1781:That it was a flawed strategy is explained by 1469:Valley, which consisted of the capital of the 8406:Wars involving the British East India Company 7419:Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests 6737: 5440: 4221: 3858:Dispatches, dated Fort-William, 30 March 1816 3563: 3432: 3340: 3262: 3094: 2096: 1495:To the north, however, aggressive raids into 1354: 447:100,000 Indian troops during both campaigns. 3653:Frontier and overseas expeditions from India 3238: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 2872:Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). 2051: 1890: 7383:Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests 6560: 4030:Imperial Warriors – Britain and the Gorkhas 3957:"King Girvan's letter to Kaji Ranjor Thapa" 3806: 3755:India-Board (8 November 1816) in Kathmandu. 2955: 2871: 1488:by Prithvi Narayan Shah, starting with the 1422:In the mid-eighteenth century, the British 7378:Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows 6744: 6730: 5447: 5433: 4228: 4214: 2489:is the traditional weapon and tool of the 2217:than one thousand Nepalese army soldiers. 1477:. The confederacy requested help from the 1361: 1347: 3071: 2555:When queen Tripura Sundari died in 1832, 2497:David Ochterlony and the political agent 2418:the western boundary of the kingdom. The 1593:Learn how and when to remove this message 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 6751: 4196:Indian-Nepalese border; The Tarai region 4045: 3985: 3937: 3933:, London: Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen 3913: 3776: 3764: 3743: 3728: 3684: 3453: 3275: 3232: 2949: 2480: 2472: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2257: 2170: 1902: 1894: 1852:In the aftermath of the war, he writes: 1826: 1792: 1534: 7409:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests 4106: 3954: 3923: 3716: 3701: 3672: 3637: 3625: 3610: 3426: 3414: 3397: 3256: 3065: 3053: 3015: 2973: 2859: 2544:, with the support of the queen regent 2524: 2519:3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles 2515:2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles 1656: 27:1814–1816 war between Nepal and Britain 14: 8383: 3996: 3882: 3872:Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany 3576: 3438: 3247:, Warlike Preliminaries, Ch. 8, p. 172 2831:"Britisch-Nepalischer Krieg 1814-1816" 2414:became the new eastern border and the 6725: 5428: 4209: 4027: 3974: 3649: 3595: 3376:from the original on 30 November 2022 3363: 3244: 2961: 2910: 2458: 2105: 2007:The fourth, or north-western division 1728: 1224:Back to the Village National Campaign 4487:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 4050:, APH Publishing, pp. 189–191, 4007: 3955:Acharya, Baburam (1 January 1971) , 3948: 3893: 3865: 3815: 3788: 3328:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673223 3290: 3215: 3194:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43818464 3038: 2911:Raugh, Harold E. (25 October 2004). 2626:into the British and Indian armies. 2586:and became the first officer in the 2160: 2073: 1764: 1542: 60:adding citations to reliable sources 31: 7404:Western Himalayan broadleaf forests 4126:Nepalese Army Headquarters (2010), 4095:. Casemate Pub & Book Dist Llc 2598:also reinstated him as Resident at 2567: 2504:1st King George's Own Gurkha Rifles 2228:Second Battle of Malaon and Jaithak 2132:, who had previously fought at the 1801: 1697:In October 1813, the ambitious the 24: 7388:Himalayan subtropical pine forests 5454: 3841: 3100:http://www.jstor.org/stable/312617 2931:from the original on 11 April 2023 2892:from the original on 27 April 2023 2841:from the original on 10 April 2021 2559:began to lose influence. In 1833, 2253: 1788: 1484:Victory and the occupation of the 25: 8477: 8113:Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro 7414:Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands 7219:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 7214:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 4236:Colonial conflicts involving the 4179: 4011:British India and Tibet 1766–1910 1885: 1283:1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly 7880:Monuments of National Importance 3986:Oldfield, Henry Ambrose (1880), 3856:India-Board. (8 November 1816). 2529: 2200:Trying times for Nepalese troops 1547: 1393:) and the forces of the British 1330: 495: 406: 394: 382: 370: 358: 345: 333: 321: 307: 297: 277: 265: 253: 233: 221: 142: 36: 7895:Tourist attractions in Dehradun 4312:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 4158: 3997:Hunter, William Wilson (1896), 3847:India-Board. (16 August 1815). 3749: 3678: 3664: 3643: 3598:, Plan of Operation, p. 215-219 3554: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3490: 3481: 3470: 3459: 3364:Cowan, Sam (30 November 2022). 3357: 3259:, Causes of Nipal War, p. 54-80 2800: 2751: 1071:Second Campaign Against Gurkhas 1066:First Campaign Against Tibetans 1057:Declaration of Kingdom of Nepal 47:needs additional citations for 8436:Nepal–United Kingdom relations 8152:Institutes of higher education 4415:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 4111:. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. 4000:Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson 3883:Fraser, James Baillie (1820), 2987:"History of the Nepalese Army" 2979: 2904: 2865: 2823: 2738: 2437: 167:9 November 1814 – 4 March 1816 13: 1: 7184:Ceded and Conquered Provinces 6892:Provincial Armed Constabulary 4812:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 4656:Castle Hill convict rebellion 3914:Hastings, Marquis of (1824), 3650:Paget, William Henry (1907). 2914:The Victorians at war, pp.155 2817: 1417: 1313:2015 Mount Everest avalanches 434:22,000 men with sixty cannons 7819:Parliamentary constituencies 7755:Community Development Blocks 7251:Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh 5898:Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal 5748:Back to the Village campaign 5719:Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923 4191:History of the Nepalese Army 3992:, London: W.H. Allen and Co. 3889:, London: Rodwell and Martin 3304:Britain's Declaration of War 2993:. Nepal Army. Archived from 2353: 674:c. 12th century CE – 1790 CE 7: 6887:Fire and Emergency Services 6276:South Asian Free Trade Area 4164:Marshall, Julie G. (2005). 2632: 1653:had their own aspirations. 1573:the claims made and adding 1295:April 2015 Nepal earthquake 1177:Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike 10: 8482: 6390:Nepal Academy of Fine Arts 5329:Jewish revolt in Palestine 4974:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 4619:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 4511:American Revolutionary War 3989:Sketches from Nipal, Vol 1 3836: 2588:British East India Company 2582:received thanks from both 2571: 2533: 2511:Lieutenant Frederick Young 2462: 2420:British East India Company 2387: 2334:by the end of March 1816. 2290:Thapa, another brother of 2262:Gorkhali soldiers in 1815 2175:Stockaded position of the 2164: 2109: 2097:Battle of Hariharpur Gadhi 2077: 2058:Battle of Makwanpur (1816) 2055: 1864: 1835: 1623:British East India Company 1438: 1412:family of Amar Singh Thapa 1272:Comprehensive Peace Accord 656:, c. 954 CE – 14th century 8283: 8231: 8188: 8179: 8169:Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman 8083: 8028: 7979: 7903: 7885:State Protected Monuments 7848: 7839: 7767: 7742: 7709: 7698: 7638: 7595: 7588: 7567: 7560: 7529: 7491: 7453: 7442: 7435: 7396: 7370: 7363: 7326: 7285: 7276: 7263: 7236: 7202: 7172: 7163: 7089: 7021: 7012: 6967: 6934: 6924:Provincial Forest Service 6919:Provincial Police Service 6909:Public Service Commission 6832: 6799: 6790: 6763: 6676: 6610: 6447: 6330: 6321: 6251: 6242: 6163: 6130: 6018: 6009: 5968: 5921: 5875: 5825: 5821: 5812: 5756: 5727: 5679: 5609: 5569: 5532: 5514: 5491: 5475: 5466: 5163: 5100:Jameson Raid South Africa 4634: 4387: 4248: 4078:10.1080/03068370903195154 3981:, London: Colburn and Co. 2346:. The war ended with the 2052:Battle of Makwanpur Gadhi 1891:British plan of operation 1530: 1381:, was fought between the 1301:May 2015 Nepal earthquake 1289:Nepal humanitarian crisis 1165:1846 Bhandarkhal massacre 1103:1806 Bhandarkhal massacre 662:, c. 1097 CE – c. 1324 CE 456: 452:a little more than 11,000 421: 328:Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah 245: 214: 159: 141: 136: 6959:Leader of the Opposition 6914:Provincial Civil Service 5311:Arab revolt in Palestine 4908:Second Anglo-Burmese War 4650:Second Anglo-Maratha War 4541:Australian frontier wars 4046:Naravane, M. S. (2006), 4008:Lamb, Alastair (1986) , 3333:15 December 2023 at the 3199:23 November 2023 at the 3164:23 November 2023 at the 3105:22 November 2023 at the 2731: 2469:Gorkha regiments (India) 1457:of Nepal began with the 1266:2006 Nepalese revolution 1230:1990 Nepalese revolution 1189:1951 Nepalese revolution 7807:Assembly constituencies 7189:North-Western Provinces 6882:Disaster Response Force 6048:Chief of the Army Staff 5506:Maya (mother of Buddha) 5305:Second Mohmand campaign 5040:Third Anglo-Burmese War 5004:Second Anglo-Afghan War 4806:First Anglo-Burmese War 4782:Third Anglo-Maratha War 4613:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 4523:Second Anglo-Mysore War 4517:First Anglo-Maratha War 4107:Pradhan, K. L. (2012). 2917:. Bloomsbury Academic. 2835:www.bilder-aus-nepal.de 2410:and Western Terai. The 1677:The acquisition of the 1242:Nepalese royal massacre 556:, c. 1st millennium BCE 544:, c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE 538:, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE 8416:History of Uttarakhand 8159:Awards and decorations 8147:School Education Board 7732:Municipal Corporations 7041:Khasa Janapada kingdom 6375:International rankings 5245:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5130:First Mohmand campaign 4854:First Anglo-Afghan War 4553:Third Anglo-Mysore War 4091:Pemble, John. (2009). 3975:Smith, Thomas (1852), 2494: 2478: 2402:), the territories of 2385: 2368: 2267: 2180: 2150: 2128:, while Major-General 1912: 1900: 1883: 1859: 1850: 1832: 1798: 1617:to the west, and into 1540: 1260:Second Battle of Khara 964:Kingdom of Atbis Gotam 594:Limbuwan tribal states 550:, c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE 246:Commanders and leaders 8411:19th century in Nepal 7812:Former constituencies 7790:2016 political crisis 7775:Coolie-Begar movement 6060:Provincial assemblies 5757:Multi-party democracy 4902:Second Anglo-Sikh War 4559:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 4445:French and Indian War 4003:, London: John Murray 3964:Regmi Research Series 3938:Shackell, W. (1820), 3550:Srinagar, Uttarakhand 2767:Bakhtawar Singh Thapa 2680:Company rule in India 2484: 2476: 2374: 2366: 2359:The Treaty of Sugauli 2261: 2174: 2165:Further information: 2138: 2110:Further information: 1906: 1898: 1871: 1854: 1846: 1830: 1796: 1755:superior-quality wool 1538: 1439:Further information: 1318:Constitution of Nepal 1076:Third Nepal-Tibet War 686:c. 1404 CE – 1789 CE 650:, c. 700 CE – 1065 CE 585:Khasas in Mahabharata 457:Casualties and losses 389:Bakhtawar Singh Thapa 8421:Wars involving Nepal 8053:Association football 8046:Women's cricket team 7246:Rampur Tiraha firing 6942:Legislative Assembly 6850:Council of Ministers 6780:(summer); judicial: 6155:Rural Municipalities 6110:Council of Ministers 6028:Constituent Assembly 5703:Treaty of Thapathali 5624:Prithvi Narayan Shah 5064:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 4872:First Anglo-Sikh War 4848:Egyptian–Ottoman War 4028:Gould, Tony (2000), 3925:Prinsep, Henry Thoby 2710:Treaty of Thapathali 2670:Nepalese-Tibetan War 2584:Houses of Parliament 2550:Rajendra Bikram Shah 2525:Fate of protagonists 1995:, the chief town of 1657:Territorial Conflict 1539:Map of India in 1805 1463:Prithvi Narayan Shah 1441:Unification of Nepal 1008:Unification of Nepal 949:Kingdom of Phalawagh 914:Kingdom of Thalahara 730:Twenty-four kingdoms 720:Kingdom of Bhaktapur 680:c. 1380 CE – 1795 CE 638:, c. 400 – c. 750 CE 596:c. 580 BCE – 1774 CE 560:Nepal in Mahabharata 71:"Anglo-Nepalese War" 56:improve this article 8058:Men's football team 7856:World Heritage Site 7824:Rajya Sabha members 5317:Waziristan campaign 5251:Waziristan campaign 4944:Revolt of Rajab Ali 4421:War of Jenkins' Ear 3477:Ghazi-ud-Din Haider 2997:on 28 December 2017 2878:. Greenwood Press. 2186:Ranajor Singh Thapa 2080:Battle of Jit Gadhi 2068:Ranabir Singh Thapa 2020:Lastly, beyond the 1954:The second division 1743:William Kirkpatrick 1621:to the south – the 1399:Indian subcontinent 1307:2015 Nepal blockade 1248:Battle of Bhalubang 1133:Battle of Makwanpur 1049:Battle of Bhaktapur 1037:Battle of Kathmandu 1019:Battle of Makwanpur 974:Kingdom of Gurnakot 939:Kingdom of Sallyana 884:Kingdom of Jajarkot 865:Twenty-two kingdoms 708:Kingdom of Kantipur 401:Ranajor Singh Thapa 377:Ranabir Singh Thapa 8446:Anglo-Nepalese War 8041:Men's cricket team 7996:Govind Pashu Vihar 7780:Statehood movement 7727:Urban Local Bodies 7150:Anglo-Nepalese War 7031:Uttarakuru kingdom 6628:Capital punishment 6294:Telecommunications 5910:Siliguri Corridor 5790:2015 earthquake - 5191:Bambatha Rebellion 5106:Anglo-Zanzibar War 5094:Chitral Expedition 5028:Anglo-Egyptian War 4800:Anglo-Ashanti wars 4505:Lord Dunmore's War 4463:Anglo-Cherokee War 4372:King William's War 4201:The Sugauli Treaty 4146:on 26 January 2013 3830:, pp. 366–367 3767:, pp. 304–305 3466:Saadat Ali Khan II 2795:Battle of Nalapani 2763:Ranbir Singh Thapa 2705:Battle of Nalapani 2675:East India Company 2655:Brigade of Gurkhas 2590:to be awarded the 2495: 2479: 2465:Brigade of Gurkhas 2459:Gorkha recruitment 2386: 2369: 2268: 2181: 2118:Battle of Nalapani 2112:Battle of Nalapani 2106:Battle of Nalapani 1977:The third division 1936:The first division 1913: 1901: 1833: 1799: 1729:Economic Interests 1669:Contents from the 1641:as well as in the 1639:Anglo-Maratha wars 1558:possibly contains 1541: 1490:Battle of Kirtipur 1479:East India Company 1449:East India Company 1424:East India Company 1395:East India Company 1375:Anglo-Nepalese War 1236:Nepalese Civil War 1145:Brigade of Gurkhas 1121:Battle of Nalapani 1115:Anglo-Nepalese War 1097:Battle of Khurbura 1062:Sino-Nepalese War 1043:Battle of Lalitpur 1031:Battle of Sindhuli 1025:Battle of Kirtipur 919:Kingdom of Dailekh 909:Kingdom of Malneta 894:Kingdom of Musikot 854:Kingdom of Tanahun 849:Kingdom of Satahun 844:Kingdom of Rishing 839:Kingdom of Pyuthan 819:Kingdom of Nuwakot 814:Kingdom of Musikot 809:Kingdom of Lamjung 804:Kingdom of Khanchi 779:Kingdom of Garahun 774:Kingdom of Ghiring 764:Kingdom of Dhurkot 749:Kingdom of Bhirkot 744:Kingdom of Bajhang 654:Khas Malla Kingdom 644:, c. 600 – c. 1200 610:Mahisapala dynasty 313:John Sullivan Wood 228:East India Company 154:Battle of Nalapani 137:Anglo-Nepalese War 8401:Conflicts in 1816 8396:Conflicts in 1815 8391:Conflicts in 1814 8378: 8377: 8279: 8278: 8223:Udham Singh Nagar 8164:Uttarakhand Ratna 8108:Char Dham Railway 8103:Char Dham Highway 8024: 8023: 8016:Valley of Flowers 7829:Lok Sabha members 7763: 7762: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7556: 7555: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7359: 7358: 7298:Garhwal Himalayas 7259: 7258: 7232: 7231: 7155:Treaty of Sugauli 7008: 7007: 6902:Police Department 6897:Forest Department 6719: 6718: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6660:Human trafficking 6606: 6605: 6317: 6316: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6067:Political parties 6038:Foreign relations 6005: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5709:Lamjang and Kaski 5694:Jung Bahadur Rana 5671:Treaty of Sugauli 5565: 5564: 5422: 5421: 5353:Malayan Emergency 5263:Malabar rebellion 5124:Siege of Malakand 5070:Anglo-Manipur War 4926:Anglo-Persian War 4475:Anglo-Spanish War 4427:King George's War 4348:King Philip's War 4324:Anglo-Spanish War 4139:978-9937-2-2472-7 4129:The Nepalese Army 4101:978-1-84832-520-3 4057:978-81-313-0034-3 3949:Secondary sources 3866:Anon (May 1816), 3675:, pp. 86–87) 2924:978-1-57607-925-6 2885:978-0-313-29367-2 2757:Bhimsen's nephew 2720:Treaty of Sagauli 2660:Sino-Nepalese War 2396:Treaty of Sugauli 2377:Treaty of Sugauli 2348:Treaty of Sugauli 2188:, the son of the 2167:Battle of Jaithak 2161:Battle of Jaithak 2074:Battle of Jitgadh 2038:Treaty of Titalia 1765:Security Concerns 1715:Dalabhanjan Pande 1708:Ranganath Poudyal 1671:Treaty of Sagauli 1609:to the east, the 1603: 1602: 1595: 1560:original research 1445:Sino-Nepalese War 1403:Treaty of Sugauli 1371: 1370: 1238:, c. 1996 – 2006 1183:Jayatu Sanskritam 1139:Treaty of Sugauli 1127:Battle of Jaithak 1013:Battle of Nuwakot 959:Kingdom of Darnar 954:Kingdom of Jehari 944:Kingdom of Chilli 929:Kingdom of Duryal 904:Kingdom of Biskot 889:Kingdom of Bajura 834:Kingdom of Parbat 824:Kingdom of Paiyun 784:Kingdom of Gorkha 769:Kingdom of Galkot 754:Kingdom of Butwal 617:, c. 205 – c. 305 469: 468: 462:Unknown but heavy 210: 209: 193:Treaty of Sugauli 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 8473: 8186: 8185: 7949:Kedarnath Temple 7937:Badrinath Temple 7925:Yamunotri Temple 7846: 7845: 7707: 7706: 7593: 7592: 7565: 7564: 7548:Scheduled Tribes 7543:Scheduled Castes 7535:Scheduled Tribes 7531:Scheduled Castes 7451: 7450: 7440: 7439: 7368: 7367: 7283: 7282: 7274: 7273: 7224:United Provinces 7170: 7169: 7046:Himalaya kingdom 7019: 7018: 6797: 6796: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6699: 6692: 6685: 6558: 6557: 6445: 6444: 6328: 6327: 6284: 6249: 6248: 6211: 6128: 6127: 6103: 6016: 6015: 5955: 5947: 5939: 5913: 5912:(Chicken's Neck) 5888:Kathmandu Valley 5823: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5774:2005 coup d'état 5743:Panchayat system 5666:Balbhadra Kunwar 5639:Kingdom of Nepal 5607: 5606: 5489: 5488: 5473: 5472: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5426: 5425: 5371:Cyprus Emergency 5197:Maritz rebellion 5185:Tibet expedition 5118:Benin Expedition 4938:Indian Rebellion 4932:Second Opium War 4914:Eureka Rebellion 4890:British Honduras 4866:New Zealand Wars 4451:Seven Years' War 4397:Queen Anne's War 4230: 4223: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4186:History of Nepal 4154: 4153: 4151: 4142:, archived from 4122: 4088: 4060: 4042: 4032:, Granta Books, 4024: 4004: 3993: 3982: 3971: 3961: 3944: 3934: 3920: 3901: 3890: 3879: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3705: 3699: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3614: 3608: 3599: 3593: 3580: 3574: 3561: 3560:Amar Singh Thapa 3558: 3552: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3511:Dipterocarpaceae 3501:, also known as 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3417:, pp. 79–80 3412: 3401: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3338: 3324: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3219: 3213: 3204: 3190: 3169: 3155: 3134: 3131: 3110: 3096: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3042: 3036: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2991:nepalarmy.mil.np 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2827: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2787:Balbhadra Kunwar 2779:David Ochterlony 2771:Amar Singh Thapa 2759:Ujir Singh Thapa 2755: 2749: 2742: 2650:Kingdom of Nepal 2645:History of Nepal 2580:David Ochterlony 2574:David Ochterlony 2568:David Ochterlony 2339:David Ochterlony 2328:Amar Singh Thapa 2324:Hariharpur Gadhi 2316:Hariharpur Gadhi 2312:David Ochterlony 2310:. Major General 2280:Amar Singh Thapa 2190:Amar Singh Thapa 2126:Balbhadra Kunwar 2090:Ujir Singh Thapa 1979:, was formed at 1930:Amar Singh Thapa 1926:David Ochterlony 1909:Gorkhali warrior 1802:Pre-war opinions 1598: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1575:inline citations 1551: 1550: 1543: 1517:Amar Singh Thapa 1505:Governor-General 1501:Qianlong Emperor 1486:Kathmandu Valley 1433:Kathmandu Valley 1387:Kingdom of Nepal 1363: 1356: 1349: 1337:Nepal portal 1335: 1334: 1333: 1291:, c. 2015 – 2017 1254:2004 Beni attack 1226:, c. 1967 – 1975 1220:, c. 1960 – 1990 1155:, c.1846 – 1951 979:Kingdom of Rukum 969:Kingdom of Majal 924:Kingdom of Dullu 899:Kingdom of Gajur 874:Kingdom of Jumla 829:Kingdom of Palpa 799:Kingdom of Kaski 789:Kingdom of Gulmi 739:Kingdom of Argha 722:, c. 1482 – 1769 716:, c. 1482 – 1768 714:Kingdom of Patan 710:, c. 1484 – 1826 668:, c. 1201 – 1482 636:Licchavi Kingdom 575:Himalaya kingdom 499: 489: 471: 470: 413:Dalbhanjan Pande 411: 410: 399: 398: 387: 386: 375: 374: 365:Ujir Singh Thapa 363: 362: 352:Amar Singh Thapa 350: 349: 338: 337: 326: 325: 312: 311: 310: 302: 301: 300: 292: 282: 281: 280: 272:David Ochterlony 270: 269: 268: 258: 257: 256: 238: 237: 226: 225: 224: 188:British victory 177:Kingdom of Nepal 161: 160: 146: 134: 133: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8286: 8275: 8227: 8175: 8130:Kumaoni cuisine 8086: 8079: 8070:Olympic Stadium 8065:Cricket Stadium 8020: 7982: 7975: 7906: 7899: 7835: 7800:Local elections 7785:Chipko movement 7759: 7738: 7701: 7682: 7634: 7584: 7552: 7534: 7532: 7525: 7487: 7445: 7423: 7392: 7355: 7322: 7293:Great Himalayas 7278: 7268: 7266: 7255: 7238: 7228: 7205: 7198: 7194:Agra Presidency 7175: 7165: 7159: 7116:Katyuri dynasty 7099:Garhwal Kingdom 7091: 7085: 7076:Kuninda Kingdom 7051:Parvata kingdom 7036:Paurava kingdom 7023: 7004: 6963: 6930: 6862:Chief Secretary 6828: 6786: 6768:: legislative: 6759: 6750: 6720: 6715: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6664: 6602: 6556: 6502:Maghe Sankranti 6443: 6407:Public holidays 6370:Gurkhas/Gorkhas 6313: 6282: 6230: 6209: 6159: 6126: 6101: 5997: 5988:Protected areas 5964: 5953: 5945: 5937: 5917: 5911: 5905:Tibetan Plateau 5883:Cities of Nepal 5871: 5800: 5784:Jana Andolan II 5752: 5738:1951 revolution 5723: 5675: 5661:Anglo-Nepal War 5611:Early Shah rule 5605: 5573: 5571: 5561: 5534:Lichchhavi rule 5528: 5510: 5493:Shakya Republic 5487: 5462: 5453: 5423: 5418: 5359:Kenya Emergency 5165: 5159: 5154:Second Boer War 5148:Boxer Rebellion 5076:Pahang Uprising 4956:Ambela campaign 4878:Río de la Plata 4860:First Opium War 4842:Aden Expedition 4674:Río de la Plata 4636: 4630: 4601:Irish Rebellion 4493:First Carib War 4389: 4383: 4306:Confederate War 4300:Irish Rebellion 4250: 4244: 4234: 4182: 4161: 4149: 4147: 4140: 4119: 4058: 4040: 4022: 3959: 3951: 3844: 3842:Primary sources 3839: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3744:Naravane (2006) 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3665: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3602: 3594: 3583: 3575: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3460: 3456:, pp. 9–10 3452: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3404: 3396: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3341: 3335:Wayback Machine 3325: 3310: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3282: 3274: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3222: 3214: 3207: 3201:Wayback Machine 3191: 3172: 3166:Wayback Machine 3156: 3137: 3132: 3113: 3107:Wayback Machine 3097: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2950:Naravane (2006) 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2925: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2886: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2805: 2801: 2775:Rollo Gillespie 2756: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2725:Warren Hastings 2690:Garhwali people 2665:Gurkha–Sikh War 2635: 2576: 2570: 2546:Tripura Sundari 2540:Prime Minister 2538: 2532: 2527: 2471: 2463:Main articles: 2461: 2440: 2392: 2361: 2356: 2308:Makwanpur Gadhi 2256: 2254:Second campaign 2230: 2202: 2169: 2163: 2130:Rollo Gillespie 2114: 2108: 2099: 2082: 2076: 2060: 2054: 1922:Rollo Gillespie 1893: 1888: 1867: 1838: 1821:Rollo Gillespie 1804: 1791: 1789:War preparation 1767: 1736:Warren Hastings 1731: 1703:Baburam Acharya 1659: 1599: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1564: 1552: 1548: 1533: 1527:River by 1809. 1513:Garhwal Kingdom 1451: 1420: 1367: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1279: 1212: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1117:c. 1814 – 1816 1109:Gurkha–Sikh War 997: 989: 988: 987: 986: 985: 934:Kingdom of Dang 879:Kingdom of Doti 867: 861: 860: 794:Kingdom of Isma 759:Kingdom of Dhor 732: 704:Three Kingdoms 699: 691: 690: 689: 684:Kallala dynasty 642:Thakuri dynasty 630: 622: 621: 620: 565:Parvata kingdom 530: 522: 487: 480: 449: 438:Second campaign 417: 405: 393: 381: 369: 357: 344: 332: 320: 316: 308: 306: 298: 296: 288: 284:Rollo Gillespie 278: 276: 266: 264: 254: 252: 232: 222: 220: 202: 179: 150:Rollo Gillespie 147: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8479: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8461:1810s in Nepal 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8291: 8289: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8237: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8194: 8192: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8139: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8122: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8091: 8089: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8075:Sports College 8072: 8067: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7985: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7917: 7911: 7909: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7868:Ramsar Wetland 7865: 7864: 7863: 7852: 7850: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7724: 7719: 7713: 7711: 7704: 7700:Administrative 7696: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7644: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7571: 7569: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7539: 7537: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7497: 7495: 7493:Tibeto-Burmans 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7448: 7437: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7308:Mountain peaks 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7280: 7271: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7138:Gorkha Kingdom 7135: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7111:Kumaon Kingdom 7108: 7107: 7106: 7104:Panwar dynasty 7095: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7056:Kirata kingdom 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6847: 6845:Chief Minister 6842: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6805: 6803: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6766:State capitals 6764: 6761: 6760: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6726: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6564: 6562: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6542:Chasok Tangnam 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6497:Buddha Jayanti 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6477:Dipankha Yatra 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6453: 6451: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6150:Municipalities 6147: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6112: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6096:Prime Minister 6093: 6092: 6091: 6089:Vice President 6081: 6079:Heads of state 6076: 6075: 6074: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5978:Climate change 5974: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5949: 5941: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5831: 5829: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5771: 5769:Royal massacre 5766: 5764:Jana Andolan I 5760: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5728:Post-Rana and 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5651:Sino-Nepal War 5648: 5647: 5646: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5619:Gorkha Kingdom 5615: 5613: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5596:Chaubisi Rajya 5593: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5516:Kirata kingdom 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5501:Gautama Buddha 5497: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5452: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5299:Barzani revolt 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5169: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5136:Tirah campaign 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5046:Central Africa 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5016:First Boer War 5013: 5007: 5001: 4998:Anglo-Zulu War 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4686:Froberg mutiny 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4393: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4366:Williamite War 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4254: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4242:British Empire 4233: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4181: 4180:External links 4178: 4177: 4176: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4138: 4123: 4117: 4104: 4089: 4072:(3): 361–376, 4061: 4056: 4043: 4038: 4025: 4020: 4005: 3994: 3983: 3972: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3935: 3921: 3911: 3902: 3891: 3880: 3863: 3854: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3820: 3805: 3793: 3791:, p. 428. 3781: 3769: 3757: 3748: 3733: 3721: 3706: 3689: 3677: 3663: 3642: 3630: 3615: 3600: 3581: 3562: 3553: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3498:Shorea robusta 3489: 3480: 3469: 3458: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3402: 3387: 3356: 3339: 3308: 3295: 3293:, p. 426. 3280: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3220: 3218:, p. 425. 3205: 3170: 3135: 3111: 3070: 3058: 3043: 3041:, p. 427. 3020: 3008: 2978: 2976:, p. 115. 2966: 2954: 2942: 2923: 2903: 2884: 2864: 2852: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2799: 2789:commanded the 2750: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2715:Gorkha Kingdom 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2695:Kumauni people 2692: 2687: 2685:Nawab of Awadh 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2578:For his part, 2572:Main article: 2569: 2566: 2534:Main article: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2499:William Fraser 2460: 2457: 2439: 2436: 2416:Mahakali river 2390:Sugauli Treaty 2388:Main article: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2304:Sindhuli Gadhi 2300:Sindhuli Gadhi 2255: 2252: 2229: 2226: 2221:Hasti Dal Shah 2201: 2198: 2162: 2159: 2134:Battle of Java 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2078:Main article: 2075: 2072: 2056:Main article: 2053: 2050: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1886:First campaign 1884: 1866: 1863: 1837: 1834: 1803: 1800: 1790: 1787: 1766: 1763: 1730: 1727: 1679:Nawab of Awadh 1658: 1655: 1601: 1600: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1532: 1529: 1419: 1416: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1351: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1171:Battle of Alau 1168: 1162: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1028: 1022: 1016: 1005: 999: 998: 995: 994: 991: 990: 984: 983: 982: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 868: 863: 862: 859: 858: 857: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 733: 728: 727: 726: 725: 724: 723: 717: 711: 701: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 688: 687: 681: 675: 669: 663: 660:Karnat dynasty 657: 651: 645: 639: 632: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623: 619: 618: 612: 607: 605:Gopala dynasty 602: 600:Videha kingdom 597: 591: 590: 589: 587: 582: 580:Kirata kingdom 577: 572: 567: 557: 554:Shakya Kingdom 551: 545: 539: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 521: 520: 515: 510: 504: 501: 500: 492: 491: 482: 481: 474: 467: 466: 463: 459: 458: 454: 453: 450: 445: 444: 441: 435: 429:First campaign 427: 424: 423: 419: 418: 416: 415: 403: 391: 379: 367: 355: 342: 319: 317: 315: 314: 304: 294: 274: 251: 248: 247: 243: 242: 230: 217: 216: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 198: 197: 196: 195: 185: 181: 180: 175: 173: 169: 168: 165: 157: 156: 139: 138: 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8478: 8467: 8466:1815 in Nepal 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8456:1814 in Nepal 8454: 8452: 8451:1816 in Nepal 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8441:1810s in Asia 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8282: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8266:Tehri Garhwal 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8256:Pauri Garhwal 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7697: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7640:Tibeto-Burman 7637: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7528: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7303:Sivalik Hills 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7262: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7235: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7133:Raika Kingdom 7131: 7129: 7128:Khasa Kingdom 7126: 7122: 7121:Chand dynasty 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7071:Kushan Empire 7069: 7067: 7066:Maurya Empire 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6980:Chief Justice 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6740: 6735: 6733: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6517:Gyalpo Lhosar 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6400:Ethnic groups 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6385:Nepal Academy 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6120:Chief Justice 6118: 6117: 6116: 6115:Supreme Court 6113: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6008: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5983:Deforestation 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5942: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5840:Mount Everest 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5656:Bhimsen Thapa 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5601:Newa kingdoms 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5586:Khasa kingdom 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5568: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5287:Ikhwan revolt 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5162: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4734:Spice Islands 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4692:Santo Domingo 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4633: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4481:Pontiac's War 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4433:Carnatic Wars 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4403:Tuscarora War 4401: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4386: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4174:0-415-33647-3 4171: 4168:. Routledge. 4167: 4163: 4162: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4118:9788180698132 4114: 4110: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4066:Asian Affairs 4062: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4039:1-86207-365-1 4035: 4031: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3894:Anon (1822), 3892: 3888: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3803:, p. 367 3802: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3779:, p. 306 3778: 3777:Oldfield 1880 3773: 3766: 3765:Oldfield 1880 3761: 3752: 3746:, p. 191 3745: 3740: 3738: 3731:, p. 190 3730: 3729:Naravane 2006 3725: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3687:, p. 590 3686: 3685:Shackell 1820 3681: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3557: 3551: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3493: 3484: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3454:Hastings 1824 3450: 3448: 3441:, p. 100 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3400:, p. 460 3399: 3394: 3392: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3354:, p. 366 3353: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3277: 3276:Hastings 1824 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3233:Oldfield 1880 3229: 3227: 3225: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3068:, p. 93. 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3018:, p. 26. 3017: 3012: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2964:, p. 218 2963: 2958: 2952:, p. 189 2951: 2946: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2868: 2862:, p. 50. 2861: 2856: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2783:Ranjore Thapa 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2747: 2741: 2737: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2565: 2562: 2561:Brian Hodgson 2558: 2557:Bhimsen Thapa 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:Bhimsen Thapa 2537: 2536:Bhimsen Thapa 2530:Bhimsen Thapa 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2365: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292:Bhimsen Thapa 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2260: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2234: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2103: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1910: 1905: 1897: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1795: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1699:Earl of Moira 1695: 1693: 1692:Bhimsen Thapa 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1597: 1594: 1586: 1583:December 2021 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1556:This section 1554: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1408:Thapa dynasty 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389:(present-day 1388: 1384: 1383:Gorkhali army 1380: 1376: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1328: 1327: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1207: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088:Thapa dynasty 1086: 1084: 1083:Pande dynasty 1081: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1044: 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519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 503: 502: 498: 494: 493: 490: 484: 483: 478: 473: 472: 464: 461: 460: 455: 451: 448: 442: 439: 436: 433: 432: 430: 426: 425: 420: 414: 409: 404: 402: 397: 392: 390: 385: 380: 378: 373: 368: 366: 361: 356: 353: 348: 343: 341: 340:Bhimsen Thapa 336: 331: 330: 329: 324: 318: 305: 303:Bennet Marley 295: 293: 291: 285: 275: 273: 263: 262: 261: 260:Earl of Moira 250: 249: 244: 241: 236: 231: 229: 219: 218: 213: 205: 200: 199: 194: 191: 190: 189: 186: 183: 182: 178: 174: 171: 170: 166: 163: 162: 158: 155: 151: 148:The death of 145: 140: 135: 126: 123: 115: 112:November 2019 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 7966:Panch Prayag 7873:Asan Barrage 7436:Demographics 7351:Ganges Basin 7237:Contemporary 7149: 7143:Shah dynasty 7081:Gupta Empire 7061:Nanda Empire 6781: 6775: 6769: 6697:Bibliography 6638:Human rights 6561:Celebrations 6527:Sonam Lhosar 6487:Yomari Punhi 6432:Christianity 6345:Demographics 6266:Child labour 6023:Constitution 5845:Kanchenjunga 5689:Kot massacre 5660: 5257:Iraqi Revolt 5112:Matabeleland 5088:North Borneo 5082:Matabeleland 5034:Saskatchewan 4836:Upper Canada 4830:Lower Canada 4788:Persian Gulf 4757: 4704:Persian Gulf 4644:Newfoundland 4625:Polygar Wars 4595:Kandyan Wars 4547:Nootka Sound 4165: 4159:Bibliography 4148:, retrieved 4144:the original 4128: 4108: 4092: 4069: 4065: 4047: 4029: 4010: 3999: 3988: 3977: 3967: 3963: 3940: 3929: 3916: 3905: 3896: 3885: 3875: 3871: 3857: 3848: 3823: 3818:, p. 41 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3751: 3724: 3719:, p. 95 3717:Prinsep 1825 3704:, p. 94 3702:Prinsep 1825 3680: 3673:Prinsep 1825 3666: 3652: 3645: 3640:, p. 83 3638:Prinsep 1825 3633: 3628:, p. 84 3626:Prinsep 1825 3613:, p. 85 3611:Prinsep 1825 3579:, p. 13 3556: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3472: 3461: 3434: 3427:Prinsep 1825 3422: 3415:Prinsep 1825 3398:Prinsep 1825 3378:. 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Marshal 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1732: 1696: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1647:Ranjit Singh 1604: 1589: 1580: 1557: 1521:Ranjit Singh 1510: 1494: 1483: 1452: 1421: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1211:Contemporary 1195:Delhi Accord 1159:Kot massacre 1153:Rana dynasty 1114: 1003:Shah dynasty 615:Soma dynasty 570:Nepa kingdom 446: 437: 428: 289: 215:Belligerents 187: 118: 109: 99: 92: 85: 78: 66: 54:Please help 49:verification 46: 29: 8340:Pithoragarh 8261:Rudraprayag 8218:Pithoragarh 8001:Jim Corbett 7961:Panch Kedar 7956:Sapta Badri 7455:Indo-Aryans 7239:Uttarakhand 7166:Uttarakhand 6990:Bar Council 6935:Legislature 6877:Departments 6777:Bhararisain 6757:Uttarakhand 6623:Witch-hunts 6578:Bratabandha 6522:Tamu Lhosar 6256:Agriculture 5970:Environment 5699:Tibetan War 5629:Unification 5591:Baise Rajya 5377:Suez Crisis 5275:Transjordan 5179:West Africa 5156:(1899–1902) 5150:(1898–1901) 5142:Six-Day War 5090:(1894–1905) 5078:(1891–1895) 5058:Mashonaland 5022:Mahdist War 4962:Shimonoseki 4892:(1847–1901) 4802:(1824–1901) 4770:Cape Colony 4668:Cape Colony 4627:(1799–1805) 4621:(1799–1803) 4609:(1798–1800) 4597:(1796–1818) 4571:Cape Colony 4561:(1793–1806) 4543:(1788–1934) 4439:Nova Scotia 4409:Yamasee War 4380:(1694–1700) 4354:Child's War 4342:2nd Tangier 4336:1st Tangier 4332:(1655–1739) 4282:Saint Kitts 4260:(1593–1603) 3577:Fraser 1820 3439:Hunter 1896 3380:30 November 3278:, p. 9 2791:Doon region 2438:Cost of war 2412:Mechi River 2042:Tamur River 2022:Koshi River 1651:Sikh Empire 1429:the Gorkhas 672:Chand kings 486:History of 201:Territorial 8385:Categories 8271:Uttarkashi 8094:Transport 8006:Nanda Devi 7658:Chaudangsi 7597:Indo-Aryan 7364:Ecoregions 7277:Geological 6995:Lok Adalat 6975:High Court 6792:Government 6774:(winter); 6360:Literature 6283:(currency) 6208:Kathmandu 6178:Biratnagar 6055:Parliament 5960:West Rapti 5938:(Ghaghara) 5855:Dhaulagiri 5634:Kalu Pande 5547:Amshuverma 5483:Bhadrabahu 5281:Pink's War 5173:Somaliland 5010:Basutoland 4764:Guadeloupe 4746:Xhosa Wars 4728:Seychelles 4710:Guadeloupe 4698:Martinique 4565:Rohilkhand 4529:Gold Coast 4499:Rohilkhand 4457:Bengal War 4294:Pequot War 4150:3 February 4021:0710208723 3656:. p. 3596:Smith 1852 3370:The Record 3245:Smith 1852 3001:16 January 2962:Smith 1852 2818:References 2808:Gurkha War 2781:. His son 2746:Gurkha War 2596:Lord Moira 2400:Darjeeling 2344:Makawanpur 2332:Makawanpur 2284:Lord Moira 2179:at Jaithak 1567:improve it 1418:Background 1379:Gorkha War 698:Golden Age 542:Bronze Age 82:newspapers 18:Gurkha War 8360:Mussoorie 8350:New Tehri 8330:Rishikesh 8208:Champawat 8203:Bageshwar 8181:Districts 8142:Education 7944:Kedarnath 7932:Badrinath 7920:Yamunotri 7849:Monuments 7795:Elections 7717:Districts 7702:divisions 7561:Languages 7521:Banrawats 7473:Jaunsaris 7463:Garhwalis 7371:Highlands 7286:Mountains 7265:Geography 7000:Lokayukta 6968:Judiciary 6833:Executive 6449:Festivals 6355:Languages 6350:Education 6309:Workforce 6304:Transport 6289:Squatting 6271:Companies 6221:Nepalgunj 6210:(capital) 6173:Bharatpur 6145:Provinces 6140:Districts 6132:Divisions 6084:President 6072:Communism 6033:Elections 5954:(Gandaki) 5952:Narayani 5865:Annapurna 5835:Himalayas 5827:Mountains 5814:Geography 5779:Civil war 5730:Panchayat 5714:Tribhuvan 5681:Rana rule 5413:Falklands 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4742:(1810–11) 4722:Mauritius 4694:(1808–09) 4676:(1806–07) 4652:(1803–05) 4615:(1798–99) 4585:(1795–96) 4579:(1795–96) 4555:(1789–92) 4531:(1781–82) 4525:(1779–84) 4519:(1775–82) 4513:(1775–83) 4501:(1773–74) 4495:(1769–73) 4489:(1765–71) 4483:(1763–66) 4477:(1762–63) 4465:(1758–61) 4459:(1756–65) 4453:(1756–63) 4447:(1754–63) 4441:(1749–55) 4435:(1746–63) 4429:(1744–48) 4423:(1740–42) 4417:(1722–25) 4411:(1715–17) 4405:(1711–15) 4399:(1702–13) 4374:(1688–97) 4368:(1688–91) 4356:(1686–90) 4350:(1675–78) 4326:(1654–60) 4320:(1654–67) 4314:(1649–53) 4308:(1641–53) 4296:(1634–38) 4266:(1609–46) 4086:159606340 3878:: 425–429 3816:Lamb 1986 3789:Anon 1816 3291:Anon 1816 3216:Anon 1816 3039:Anon 1816 2615:Bharatpur 2382:dysentery 2354:Aftermath 2296:Bijayapur 2086:Jit Gadhi 1985:Dehra Dun 1962:Gorakhpur 1948:Kathmandu 1944:Makwanpur 1683:Gorakhpur 1571:verifying 1467:Kathmandu 1465:invading 1320:, c. 2015 1309:, c. 2015 1303:, c. 2015 1297:, c. 2015 1285:, c. 2008 1274:, c. 2006 1268:, c. 2006 1262:, c. 2005 1256:, c. 2004 1250:, c. 2003 1244:, c. 2001 1232:, c. 1990 1218:Panchayat 1197:, c. 1951 1191:, c. 1951 1185:, c. 1947 1179:, c. 1947 1173:, c. 1847 1167:, c. 1846 1161:, c. 1846 1147:, c. 1816 1141:, c. 1816 1135:, c. 1816 1129:, c. 1814 1123:, c. 1814 1111:, c. 1809 1105:, c. 1806 1099:, c. 1804 1059:, c. 1768 1051:, c. 1769 1045:, c. 1768 1039:, c. 1768 1027:, c. 1767 1021:, c. 1762 1015:, c. 1744 629:Classical 536:Neolithic 508:Etymology 8355:Nainital 8345:Srinagar 8335:Ramnagar 8320:Rudrapur 8315:Kashipur 8305:Haldwani 8300:Haridwar 8295:Dehradun 8251:Haridwar 8246:Dehradun 8213:Nainital 8098:Airports 7991:Gangotri 7981:National 7915:Gangotri 7905:Chardham 7768:Politics 7750:Parganas 7615:Jaunsari 7605:Garhwali 7580:Sanskrit 7568:Official 7501:Bhotiyas 7468:Kumaonis 7397:Lowlands 7279:features 7164:Colonial 7092:kingdoms 7090:Medieval 7024:kingdoms 6872:Agencies 6855:Cabinets 6840:Governor 6783:Nainital 6771:Dehradun 6706:Category 6643:Intersex 6618:Abortion 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7890:Temples 7841:Tourism 7722:Tehsils 7663:Darmiya 7653:Byangsi 7620:Bangani 7610:Kumaoni 7506:Shaukas 7313:Bugyals 7269:ecology 7174:Company 7022:Ancient 7014:History 6954:Speaker 6947:History 6867:Gazette 6801:Symbols 6683:Outline 6547:Chhechu 6512:Ubhauli 6507:Udhauli 6457:Dashain 6335:Cuisine 6323:Culture 6299:Tourism 6244:Economy 6226:Pokhara 6198:Itahari 6193:Hetauda 6183:Birgunj 5860:Manaslu 5557:Araniko 5476:Ancient 5468:History 5395:Sarawak 5347:Sarawak 5239:Nigeria 5227:Mohmand 5215:Nigeria 5166:century 4824:Malacca 4818:Jamaica 4776:Algiers 4716:Reunion 4662:Surinam 4637:century 4583:Grenada 4577:Jamaica 4469:Jamaica 4390:century 4330:Jamaica 4258:Ireland 4251:century 4238:English 3837:Sources 3302:Smith, 2845:20 July 2793:at the 2624:Gorkhas 2491:Gurkhas 2487:Khukuri 2408:Garhwal 2272:Garhwal 2034:Poornea 2030:Gorkhas 2026:Poornea 1997:Sirmaur 1970:Garhwal 1958:Benares 1940:Dinapur 1865:Terrain 1836:Finance 1615:Garhwal 1565:Please 1385:of the 529:Ancient 465:Unknown 290:† 203:changes 152:at the 96:scholar 8365:Almora 8287:cities 8198:Almora 8190:Kumaon 8087:topics 8029:Sports 8011:Rajaji 7971:Gomukh 7648:Rongpo 7589:Spoken 7483:Tharus 7478:Buksas 7446:groups 7444:Ethnic 7336:Bhabar 7328:Plains 6985:Judges 6814:Emblem 6711:Portal 6633:Health 6611:Issues 6568:Nwaran 6537:Chhath 6472:Swonti 6467:Mohani 6395:People 6281:Rupee 6261:Energy 6165:Cities 5946:(Kosi) 5944:Koshi 5923:Rivers 5850:Makalu 5574:modern 5458: 5415:(1982) 5391:(1962) 5389:Brunei 5379:(1956) 5343:(1945) 5325:(1943) 5307:(1935) 5283:(1925) 5277:(1923) 5265:(1921) 5259:(1920) 5247:(1919) 5241:(1918) 5235:(1917) 5233:Quebec 5223:(1915) 5217:(1915) 5211:(1915) 5193:(1906) 5144:(1899) 5126:(1897) 5120:(1897) 5108:(1896) 5102:(1896) 5096:(1895) 5072:(1891) 5066:(1891) 5060:(1890) 5054:(1888) 5052:Hazara 5042:(1885) 5036:(1885) 5030:(1882) 5000:(1879) 4988:(1870) 4982:(1868) 4964:(1864) 4952:(1863) 4916:(1854) 4910:(1852) 4898:(1848) 4896:Ceylon 4886:(1847) 4884:Canton 4844:(1839) 4796:(1823) 4794:Guiana 4790:(1819) 4778:(1816) 4772:(1815) 4766:(1815) 4736:(1810) 4730:(1810) 4724:(1810) 4718:(1810) 4712:(1810) 4706:(1809) 4700:(1809) 4688:(1807) 4682:(1807) 4670:(1806) 4664:(1804) 4658:(1804) 4646:(1800) 4603:(1798) 4591:(1795) 4589:Ceylon 4573:(1795) 4567:(1794) 4549:(1789) 4537:(1786) 4507:(1774) 4471:(1762) 4362:(1687) 4344:(1664) 4338:(1662) 4318:Acadia 4302:(1641) 4290:(1628) 4288:Quebec 4284:(1626) 4278:(1622) 4272:(1612) 4270:Swally 4172: 4136: 4115: 4099: 4084: 4054: 4036: 4018: 3531:Kumaon 2921: 2882: 2640:Gurkha 2404:Kumaon 2276:Kumaon 2015:Kahlur 2001:Sutlej 1981:Meerut 1966:Kumaon 1687:Butwal 1645:where 1643:Punjab 1635:Bombay 1631:Madras 1611:Kumaon 1607:Sikkim 1531:Causes 1525:Sutlej 1459:Gorkha 1447:, and 996:Modern 479:on the 443:17,000 354:(Bada) 286: 184:Result 98: 91: 84: 77: 69: 8370:Pauri 8285:Major 8120:Music 8085:Other 7983:parks 7743:Rural 7710:Urban 7673:Rawat 7630:Tharu 7625:Buksa 7575:Hindi 7511:Rajis 7341:Terai 7318:Lakes 7204:Crown 6824:Motto 6753:State 6690:Index 6653:Women 6588:Bahra 6573:Pasni 6552:Jatra 6462:Tihar 6439:Sport 6427:Islam 6380:Media 6365:Music 6188:Damak 5893:Terai 5876:Areas 5792:April 5456:Nepal 5293:Tirah 5203:Tochi 4992:Perak 4758:Nepal 4680:Egypt 4607:Malta 4535:Assam 4378:Ghana 4276:Ormuz 4082:S2CID 3960:(PDF) 3507:shala 3487:Terai 2732:Notes 2700:Awadh 2600:Delhi 2009:, at 1993:Nahan 1956:, at 1938:, at 1918:Tarai 1842:crore 1809:rajas 1719:Terai 1619:Awadh 1497:Tibet 1475:Nepal 1471:Malla 1461:King 1391:Nepal 488:Nepal 240:Nepal 103:JSTOR 89:books 7668:Raji 7516:Jads 7346:Doab 7206:rule 7176:rule 6819:Song 6648:LGBT 6532:Holi 6339:wine 6102:list 5931:Arun 5407:Aden 5383:Oman 5365:Oman 5164:20th 4740:Java 4635:19th 4388:18th 4360:Siam 4249:17th 4170:ISBN 4152:2012 4134:ISBN 4113:ISBN 4097:ISBN 4052:ISBN 4034:ISBN 4016:ISBN 3382:2022 3003:2019 2937:2023 2919:ISBN 2898:2023 2880:ISBN 2847:2020 2765:and 2611:Raja 2485:The 2467:and 2406:and 2394:The 2375:The 2274:and 2116:The 1968:and 1712:Kaji 1710:and 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